Статті в журналах: "Low inertia power systems"

1

Mujcinagic, Alija, Mirza Kusljugic, and Emir Nukic. "Wind Inertial Response Based on the Center of Inertia Frequency of a Control Area." Energies 13, no. 23 (November 24, 2020): 6177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236177.

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As a result of the increased integration of power converter-connected variable speed wind generators (VSWG), which do not provide rotational inertia, concerns about the frequency stability of interconnected power systems permanently arise. If the inertia of a power system is insufficient, wind power plants’ participation in the inertial response should be required. A trendy solution for the frequency stability improvement in low inertia systems is based on utilizing so-called “synthetic” or “virtual” inertia from modern VSWG. This paper presents a control scheme for the virtual inertia response of wind power plants based on the center of inertia (COI) frequency of a control area. The PSS/E user written wind inertial controller based on COI frequency is developed using FORTRAN. The efficiency of the controller is tested and applied to the real interconnected power system of Southeast Europe. The performed simulations show certain conceptual advantages of the proposed controller in comparison to traditional schemes that use the local frequency to trigger the wind inertial response. The frequency response metrics, COI frequency calculation and graphical plots are obtained using Python.

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2

Worsnopp, Tom, Michael Peshkin, Kevin Lynch, and J. Edward Colgate. "Controlling the Apparent Inertia of Passive Human-Interactive Robots." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 128, no. 1 (November 14, 2005): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2168165.

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Passive robotic devices may exhibit a spatially varying apparent inertia perceptible to a human user. The apparent inertia is the projection of the inertia matrix onto the instantaneous direction of motion. The spatial variation is due to the configuration dependence of the inertia matrix and relevant to many passive mechanisms, including programmable constraint machines or “cobots,” which use low-power steering actuators to choose the direction of motion. We develop two techniques for controlling the apparent inertia in cobots to emulate the desired inertial properties of a virtual object or mechanism. The first is a path-limiting method, which constraints the cobot to steer along certain paths where the apparent inertia and desired inertia are equivalent. The second uses a low-power actuator to control the apparent inertia by driving the device along its direction of motion. We illustrate these ideas for a two-link cobot we have built for experiments in human motor control and rehabilitation. For the actuated control method, we show that the power actuator can be relatively low power compared to the actuators of a traditional robot performing similar tasks.

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3

Nguyen, Ha Thi, Guangya Yang, Arne Hejde Nielsen, and Peter Højgaard Jensen. "Challenges and Research Opportunities of Frequency Control in Low Inertia Systems." E3S Web of Conferences 115 (2019): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911502001.

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The dominance of converter-based generation in power systems results in a significant reduction of the number of conventional power plants. The transition introduces major challenges of substituting synchronous generators and their ancillary dynamic control services with converter-interfaced generations whose control and interaction with the grid have not been fully understood. This paper presents challenges and research opportunities of frequency control of such low inertia systems. Challenges of frequency control in converter-based systems and a review of power systems facing the challenges caused by low inertia conditions around the world are first investigated. Then, a summary of the solutions that have been proposed for frequency control in low inertia systems is analysed. The paper will conclude with research opportunities for frequency control in low inertia systems, which require further investigation for converter-interfaced systems.

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4

Kosmecki, Michał, Robert Rink, Anna Wakszyńska, Roberto Ciavarella, Marialaura Di Somma, Christina N. Papadimitriou, Venizelos Efthymiou, and Giorgio Graditi. "A Methodology for Provision of Frequency Stability in Operation Planning of Low Inertia Power Systems." Energies 14, no. 3 (January 31, 2021): 737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14030737.

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Along with the increasing share of non-synchronous power sources, the inertia of power systems is being reduced, which can give rise to frequency containment problems should an outage of a generator or a power infeed happen. Low system inertia is eventually unavoidable, thus power system operators need to be prepared for this condition. This paper addresses the problem of low inertia in the power system from two different perspectives. At a system level, it proposes an operation planning methodology, which utilises a combination of power flow and dynamic simulation for calculation of existing inertia and, if need be, synthetic inertia (SI) to fulfil the security criterion of adequate rate of change of frequency (RoCoF). On a device level, it introduces a new concept for active power controller, which can be applied virtually to any power source with sufficient response time to create synthetic inertia. The methodology is demonstrated for a 24 h planning period, for which it proves to be effective. The performance of SI controller activated in a battery energy storage system (BESS) is positively validated using a real-time digital simulator (RTDS). Both proposals can effectively contribute to facilitating the operation of low inertia power systems.

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5

Adrees, Atia, J. V. Milanović, and Pierluigi Mancarella. "Effect of inertia heterogeneity on frequency dynamics of low-inertia power systems." IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 13, no. 14 (July 23, 2019): 2951–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2018.6814.

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6

Heylen, Evelyn, Fei Teng, and Goran Strbac. "Challenges and opportunities of inertia estimation and forecasting in low-inertia power systems." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 147 (September 2021): 111176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111176.

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7

Barrueto Guzmán, Aldo, Héctor Chávez Oróstica, and Karina A. Barbosa. "Stability Analysis: Two-Area Power System with Wind Power Integration." Processes 11, no. 8 (August 18, 2023): 2488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11082488.

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This paper focuses on a comprehensive stability study of a two-area power system with wind power integration and synthetic inertia control in each area, considering the effects of varying the interconnection link. Normally, synthetic inertia proposals are analyzed in one-area systems, in which stability is tested without considering transmission system phenomena, such as coherency. As modern power systems are progressively becoming interconnected, the possibility of forming two or more non-coherent areas is likely, which poses a challenge to synthetic inertia control techniques that use system frequency as a main feedback signal. In this context, this work addresses a crucial gap in the existing literature and provides a valuable starting point for studying more complex interconnected power systems with wind power integration. Simulations were performed in Matlab-Simulink considering a data-driven frequency dynamics model of the Chilean Electric System, and a wind power model with synthetic inertia control H2 norm minimization in each area. The results showed that it is possible to find local optimal feedback gains, preserving the stability of the global system under significant variations in the interconnection link. RoCoF and Nadir indicators are provided, highlighting the benefits of synthetic inertia control, particularly in low-inertia situations.

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8

Chae, Dong-Ju, and Kyung Soo Kook. "Inertia Energy-Based Required Capacity Calculation of BESS for Achieving Carbon Neutrality in Korean Power System." Energies 17, no. 8 (April 12, 2024): 1843. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17081843.

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Frequency response performance in power systems is becoming vulnerable due to the transition toward the higher penetration of renewable energy such as achieving carbon neutrality. In particular, reducing power system inertia energy as the asynchronous generation increases could result in violating the frequency stability constraint when a disturbance occurs in the power systems. In order to control the rapidly fluctuating frequency of the power system with low inertia, it is necessary to introduce fast frequency response resources such as a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS). This paper proposes a method to calculate the required capacity of BESS for compensating the frequency control performance of the power system using inertia energy. For calculating the required capacity of BESS, the inertia energy in the critical power system, where frequency control performance marginally satisfies frequency stability constraint, should be calculated. Also, the inertia energy in the evaluated power system having deficit inertia energy should be calculated. By comparing power systems that respond with different dynamics when the same disturbance occurs, the proposed calculation corresponds to the ratio of inertia energy deficiency based on critical power system inertia energy within the power imbalance. Through various case studies employing Korean power systems, the effectiveness of the inertia energy-based calculation method for the required BESS is verified by the fact that the BESS integrated power system marginally satisfies the frequency stability constraint. In these study cases, it is found that the instant response of BESS is very effective for compensating the frequency control performance of the low inertia power system. By applying the proposed method, it is also found that about 840 MW of BESS can achieve carbon neutrality in the Korean power system.

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9

Zhou, Jinghua, and Hao Yan. "Research on Parallel Control Strategy of Grid-forming of Power Conversion System." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2592, no. 1 (September 1, 2023): 012075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2592/1/012075.

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Abstract A high proportion of power electronic equipment, distributed energy, and other new energy access to the grid system, low inertia and low damping to the power grid system, these kinds of power grid characteristics in power electric wire aging remote mountains or island areas, therefore, need energy storage system under the microgrid can provide inertial support for load or grid, improve the system damping characteristics. On this basis, the grid-forming control is proposed, so that the power conversion system can work under the off-grid, and can provide inertia and damping to maintain the system stability. In addition, large-scale energy storage systems often require multiple machines operating in parallel. In this paper, the topology of NPC for a power conversion system is studied and analyzed in off-grid mode.

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10

Wang, Feng, Lizheng Sun, Zhang Wen, and Fang Zhuo. "Overview of Inertia Enhancement Methods in DC System." Energies 15, no. 18 (September 13, 2022): 6704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15186704.

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The modern power system is experiencing transformation from the rotational-generation-equipment-dominated system to a power-electronics-converter-dominated system, with the increasing penetration of renewable energy resources such as wind and photovoltaic. The power-electronics-based renewable generation, as well as energy storage system, can lead to the reduction of system inertia. As dc systems such as dc microgrids are attracting more attention, the low-inertia issues will challenge their stability. In this paper, a comprehensive review of inertia-enhancement methods in dc power systems is presented. The concept and significance of the inertia in dc systems is firstly introduced, and then the types of inertia-providing sources in dc systems are discussed. After that, the different virtual inertia control strategies applied in power electronics converters are classified and investigated. These virtual inertia control methods are proven to have a great ability to enhance the inertia of a dc system. The challenges and future research direction are discussed at the end of the article. In this paper, the previous research work on the inertia of dc power systems is summarized in detail, the inertia-enhancement methods of DC systems are comprehensively introduced, and the future research directions are prospected.

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11

Liu, Ruiming, Shengtie Wang, Guangchen Liu, Sufang Wen, Jianwei Zhang, and Yuechao Ma. "An Improved Virtual Inertia Control Strategy for Low Voltage AC Microgrids with Hybrid Energy Storage Systems." Energies 15, no. 2 (January 9, 2022): 442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15020442.

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This paper proposes a novel virtual inertia control (VIC) method based on a feedforward decoupling strategy to address the low inertia issue of power-converter-interfaced microgrids. The feedforward control scheme is employed to eliminate the coupling between active and reactive power caused by line impedance. The active power-voltage droop can be applied to the battery converter in the hybrid energy storage system (HESS). A novel VIC method is developed for the supercapacitor (SC) converter of HESS to increase the inertia of the microgrid. Detailed small-signal modeling of the SC converter with the proposed VIC was conducted, and the transfer function model was obtained. Parameter analysis of the virtual inertia and virtual damping was carried out with the pole-zero map method, and the step response characteristic of output voltage amplitude with power variation was analyzed in detail, deriving the parameter design principle. The simulation study verifies the effectiveness and validity of the proposed control strategy. The proposed feedforward decoupling method and VIC can be widely applied in microgrids to enhance inertia and improve their power quality.

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12

Gonzalez-Longatt, Francisco, Juan Manuel Roldan-Fernandez, Harold R. Chamorro, Santiago Arnaltes, and Jose Luis Rodriguez-Amenedo. "Investigation of Inertia Response and Rate of Change of Frequency in Low Rotational Inertial Scenario of Synchronous Dominated System." Electronics 10, no. 18 (September 17, 2021): 2288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10182288.

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The shift to a sustainable energy future is becoming more reliant on large-scale deployment of renewable and distributed energy resources raising concerns about frequency stability. Rate of Change of Frequency (RoCoF) is necessary as a system inertia metric in order for network operators to perform control steps to preserve system operation. This paper presents in a straightforward and illustrative way several relevant aspects of the inertia response and RoCoF calculation that could help to understand and explain the implementation and results of inertial response controllers on power converter-based technologies. Qualitative explanations based on illustrative numerical experiments are used to cover the effects on the system frequency response of reduced rotational inertia in synchronous dominated power systems. One main contribution of this paper is making evident the importance of the governor action to avoid the synchronous machine taking active power from the system during the recovering period of kinetic energy in an under frequency event.

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13

Deng, Xiaoyu, Ruo Mo, Pengliang Wang, Junru Chen, Dongliang Nan, and Muyang Liu. "Review of RoCoF Estimation Techniques for Low-Inertia Power Systems." Energies 16, no. 9 (April 26, 2023): 3708. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16093708.

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As the traditional generation is gradually replaced by inverter-based resources, a lack of rotational inertia is now a common issue of modern power systems, which leads to an increasingly larger rate of change of frequency (RoCoF) following contingencies and may result in frequency collapse. As a crucial index of the frequency security and stability of power systems, the accurate estimation of the RoCoF can be a foundation for the development of advanced operations and control techniques of the future power system. This paper firstly analyzes the role of the RoCoF in typical blackouts occurring in recent years and discusses the physical and numerical nature of the RoCoF; then, by introducing the frequency spatial distribution of the power system, the paper discusses the concept of the “center” RoCoF that can present the frequency security and stability of the entire system. The estimation and prediction techniques of the maximal power system RoCoF following a contingency and the existing real-time tracking techniques of the power system RoCoF are comprehensively reviewed. Finally, the open questions and related research topics of the RoCoF estimation are discussed.

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14

Ding, L., Z. Ma, P. Wall, and V. Terzija. "Graph Spectra Based Controlled Islanding for Low Inertia Power Systems." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 32, no. 1 (February 2017): 302–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2016.2582519.

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15

Rakhshani, Elyas, Arcadio Perilla, Jose L. Rueda Torres, Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, Thiago Batista Soeiro, and Mart A. M. M. Van Der Meijden. "FAPI Controller for Frequency Support in Low-Inertia Power Systems." IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy 7 (2020): 276–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oajpe.2020.3010224.

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16

Garcia-Rosa, Paula B., and Olav B. Fosso. "Frequency support by wave farms in low inertia power systems." Energy Reports 9 (October 2023): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2023.08.049.

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17

Mathew, Reshma, and Preetha Parakkat Kesava Panikkar. "Inertial issues in renewable energy integrated systems and virtual inertia techniques." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 15, no. 1 (March 1, 2024): 466. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v15.i1.pp466-479.

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The global proliferation of renewable energy drastically altered the characteristics of power systems. Integration of clean energy sources reduces the inherent rotational inertia, making the system precarious and susceptible to various disturbances. The major challenges encountered are fast frequency fluctuations, voltage fluctuations, high rate of change of frequency (RoCoF), and frequency nadir. In order to address and adapt to a future low-inertia scenario, it is crucial to understand the effect of inertia on various parameters. This paper introduces a comprehensive review of the fundamental aspects of inertia and challenges that arise due to the reduction in inertia. Researchers have tackled this issue by employing various virtual inertia (VI) emulation techniques, which also have been extensively reviewed in the literature along with their merits, limitations, and recent developments. The impact of RES penetration on system dynamics is analyzed by simulating an IEEE-9 bus system with renewable energy source (RES) in MATLAB/Simulink. Furthermore, a three-phase fault is also introduced, to emphasize the effect of reduced inertia by observing the rotor angle and frequency deviation. The results validate that RES integration and fault location are observed to have a significant impact on stability parameters, making them extremely unstable.

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18

Stojković, Jelena, Aleksandra Lekić, and Predrag Stefanov. "Adaptive Control of HVDC Links for Frequency Stability Enhancement in Low-Inertia Systems." Energies 13, no. 23 (November 24, 2020): 6162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236162.

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Decarbonization of power systems has put Renewable Energy Sources (RES) at the forefront when it comes to electric power generation. The increasing shares of converter-connected renewable generation cause a decrease of the rotational inertia of the Electric Power System (EPS), and consequently deteriorate the system capability to withstand large load-generation imbalances. Low-inertia systems are subjected to fast and large frequency changes in case of in-feed loss, where the traditional primary frequency control is not sufficient to preserve the frequency stability and to maintain the frequency above the critical value. One possible solution to this rising problem is seen in Fast Frequency Response (FFR) provided by the High-Voltage Direct-Current (HVDC)-based systems. This paper presents the adaptive FFR control of HVDC-based systems for frequency stability enhancement in the low-inertia system. The EPS is considered as a “black box” and the HVDC response is determined only using the locally measured frequency change. Sliding Mode Control (SMC) of the Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) was developed and demonstrated to provide faster and more appropriate frequency response compared to the PI controller. The described adaptive HVDC control considers the size of disturbance and the inertia of the power system, and it is verified by simulations on the IEEE 39 bus test system implemented in MATLAB/Simulink for different system configurations and different sizes of disturbance.

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19

Dinkelbach, Jan, Ghassen Nakti, Markus Mirz, and Antonello Monti. "Simulation of Low Inertia Power Systems Based on Shifted Frequency Analysis." Energies 14, no. 7 (March 27, 2021): 1860. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14071860.

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New types of power system transients with lower time constants are emerging due to the replacement of synchronous generation with converter interfaced generation and are challenging the modeling approaches conventionally applied in power system simulation. Quasi-stationary simulations are based on classical phasor models, whereas EMT simulations calculate the instantaneous values of models in the time domain. In addition to these conventional modeling approaches, this paper investigates simulation based on dynamic phasor models, as has been proposed by the Shifted Frequency Analysis. The simulation accuracy of the three modeling approaches was analyzed for characteristic transients from the electromagnetic to the electromechanical phenomena range, including converter control as well as low inertia transients. The analysis was carried out for systems with converter interfaced and synchronous generation whilst considering the simulation step size as a crucial influence parameter. The results show that simulations based on dynamic phasors allow for larger step sizes than simulations that calculate the instantaneous values in the time domain. This can facilitate the simulation of more complex component models and larger grid sizes. In addition, with dynamic phasors, more accurate simulation results were obtained than with classical phasors, in particular—but not exclusively—in a low inertia case. Overall, the presented work demonstrates that dynamic phasors can enable fast and accurate simulations during the transition to low inertia power systems.

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20

Lu, Shengyang, Wuyang Zhang, Deyun Han, Huibin Wang, Linglin Meng, Zhenhong Yan, Yupeng Cai, Haixin Wang, Junyou Yang, and Yuqiu Sui. "Low Frequency Oscillation Suppression Strategy in New Power System Based on Virtual Synchronous Generator." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2592, no. 1 (September 1, 2023): 012058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2592/1/012058.

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Abstract With the blend of massive new energy into power network systems, the inertia and damping features of new power systems are reduced, which is prone to cause low-frequency oscillations (LFO) in the power systems. Virtual synchronous generators (VSG) have received widespread attention by simulating the external characteristics of synchronous generators (SG) to enhance the inertia of new power systems and help suppress low-frequency oscillations. By analyzing the mathematical model of VSG, the control links of each part of VSG are established, the traditional reactive power-voltage (Q-V) of VSG is improved, and the formulas of active voltage control and reactive power control droop coefficient are deduced. Finally, a simulation model of VSG is created by MATLAB/Simulink platform, and new methods for suppressing LFO in power systems are compared and analyzed. The correctness of the formula and the improvement effect of reactive power and voltage control are verified.

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Wamukoya, Brian K., Christopher M. Muriithi, and Keren K. Kaberere. "Improving frequency regulation for future low inertia power grids: a review." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 13, no. 1 (February 1, 2024): 76–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v13i1.5873.

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The modern power system is witnessing an unprecedented increase in the penetration of renewable variable generation (VG) sources. Increased uptake of converter interfaced VG like solar PV and wind power while replacing conventional synchronous generators (SGs) introduces new challenges to grid operators in terms of dynamically handling frequency stability and regulation. Reducing the number of SGs while increasing non-synchronous, inertia-less converter interfaced VG reduces grid natural inertia, which is critical for maintaining frequency stability. To cure inertia deficiency, researchers, broadly, have proposed implementing supplemental control strategies to VG sources or energy storage systems to emulate natural inertia (virtual inertia (VI)). Alternatively, VG sources can be operated below their maximum power point (deloaded mode), making available a reserve margin which can rapidly be deployed in case of a contingency with the help of power electronic devices, to provide fast frequency response. This paper reviews recent solutions proposed in literature to address the low inertia problem to improve frequency stability. Additionally, it highlights the formulation of an optimization problem for VI sizing and placement as well as techniques applied in solving the optimization problem. Finally, gaps in literature that require further research were identified

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Nouti, Diala, Ferdinanda Ponci, and Antonello Monti. "Heterogeneous Inertia Estimation for Power Systems with High Penetration of Converter-Interfaced Generation." Energies 14, no. 16 (August 17, 2021): 5047. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14165047.

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The increasing and fast deployment of distributed generation is posing challenges to the operation and control of power systems due to the resulting reduction in the overall system rotational inertia and damping. Therefore, it becomes quite crucial for the transmission system operator to monitor the varying system inertia and damping in order to take proper actions to maintain the system stability. This paper presents an inertia estimation algorithm for low-inertia systems to estimate the inertia (both mechanical and virtual) and damping of systems with mixed generation resources and/or the resource itself. Moreover, the effect of high penetration of distributed energy resources and the resulting heterogeneous distribution of inertia on the overall system inertia estimation is investigated. A comprehensive set of case studies and scenarios of the IEEE 39-bus system provides results to demonstrate the performance of the proposed estimator.

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Magdy, Gaber, Abualkasim Bakeer, Morsy Nour, and Eduard Petlenkov. "A New Virtual Synchronous Generator Design Based on the SMES System for Frequency Stability of Low-Inertia Power Grids." Energies 13, no. 21 (October 28, 2020): 5641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13215641.

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In light of the challenges of integrating more renewable energy sources (RESs) into the utility grid, the virtual synchronous generator (VSG) will become an indispensable configuration of modern power systems. RESs are gradually replacing the conventional synchronous generators that are responsible for supplying the utility grid with the inertia damping properties, thus renewable power grids are more vulnerable to disruption than traditional power grids. Therefore, the VSG is presented to mimic the behavior of a real synchronous generator in the power grid through the virtual rotor concept (i.e., which emulates the properties of inertia and damping) and virtual primary and secondary controls (i.e., which emulate the conventional frequency control loops). However, inadequate imitation of the inertia power owing to the low and short-term power of the energy storage systems (ESSs) may cause system instability and fail dramatically. To overcome this issue, this paper proposes a VSG based on superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) technology to emulate the needed inertia power in a short time and thus stabilizing the system frequency at different disturbances. The proposed VSG based on SMES is applied to improve the frequency stability of a real hybrid power grid, Egyptian Power System (EPS), with high renewables penetration levels, nonlinearities, and uncertainties. The performance superiority of the proposed VSG-based SMES is validated by comparing it with the traditional VSG approach based on battery ESSs. The simulation results demonstrated that the proposed VSG based on the SMES system could significantly promote ultra-low-inertia renewable power systems for several contingencies.

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Kerdphol, Thongchart, Masayuki Watanabe, Yasunori Mitani, and Veena Phunpeng. "Applying Virtual Inertia Control Topology to SMES System for Frequency Stability Improvement of Low-Inertia Microgrids Driven by High Renewables." Energies 12, no. 20 (October 15, 2019): 3902. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12203902.

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To integrate renewable energy into microgrids with a favorable inertia property, a virtual inertia control application is needed. Considering the inertia emulation capabilities, insufficient emulation of inertia power due to the lower and short-term power of storage systems could significantly cause system instability and failure. To enhance such capability, this paper applies a virtual inertia control topology to the superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) technology. The SMES-based virtual inertia control system is implemented in a microgrid with renewables to emulate sufficient inertia power and maintain good system frequency stability. The efficacy and control performance of the proposed control method are compared with those of the traditional virtual inertia control system. Simulation results show that the shortage of system inertia due to renewable penetration is properly compensated by the proposed control method, improving system frequency stability and maintaining the robustness of system operations.

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Udalov, Sergey N., Andrey A. Achitaev, Alexander G. Pristup, Boris M. Bochenkov, Yuri Pankratz, and Richard D. Tarbill. "Increasing the regulating ability of a wind turbine in a local power system using magnetic continuous variable transmission." Wind Engineering 42, no. 5 (June 17, 2018): 411–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309524x18780404.

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The paper is devoted to investigations of dynamic processes in a local power system consisting of wind turbines with a magnetic continuously variable transmission. Due to low inertia of wind turbine generator rotors, there is a problem of ensuring dynamic stability at sharp load changes or at short circuits in an autonomous power system. To increase dynamic stability of the system, two algorithms for controlling a magnetic continuously variable transmission are presented. The first algorithm stabilizes a rotation speed of the high-speed rotor of a magnetic continuously variable transmission from the generator side in a local power system consisting of wind turbines with uniform synchronous generators with permanent magnets having equal moments of inertia. Undoubtedly, local power systems having only the wind turbines with equal mechanical inertia time constants are not widely used due to stochastic nature of wind energy. Therefore, wind power systems are combined with a diesel generator or a gas-turbine unit. Investigations show that the use of the only speed stabilization algorithm is not enough for such power systems, because there is a possibility for occurrence of asynchronous operation under specific power changes due to the difference in moments of inertia of generator rotors. Thus, the second algorithm uses the phase shift compensation in accordance with a primary generator in an autonomous power system consisting of non-uniform generators having different mechanical inertia time constants. As a primary generator, a diesel generator or a gas-turbine unit having a primary speed controller may be used. It should be noted that algorithms of stabilization for speed and phase angle are extended by an inertial circuit of aerodynamic compensation for torque of rotation from the wind turbine side to reduce loading on an energy storage unit of the magnetic continuously variable transmission at disturbances from the generator side and the turbine side.

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Zarifakis, Marios, William T. Coffey, Yuri P. Kalmykov, Serguey V. Titov, Declan J. Byrne, and Stephen J. Carrig. "Active Damping of Power Oscillations Following Frequency Changes in Low Inertia Power Systems." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 34, no. 6 (November 2019): 4984–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.2019.2911845.

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27

Ochoa, Daniel E., Felipe Galarza-Jimenez, Felipe Wilches-Bernal, David A. Schoenwald, and Jorge I. Poveda. "Control Systems for Low-Inertia Power Grids: A Survey on Virtual Power Plants." IEEE Access 11 (2023): 20560–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3249151.

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28

Song, Jiyu, Xinhang Zhou, Zhiquan Zhou, Yang Wang, Yifan Wang, and Xutao Wang. "Review of Low Inertia in Power Systems Caused by High Proportion of Renewable Energy Grid Integration." Energies 16, no. 16 (August 18, 2023): 6042. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16166042.

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Анотація:

With the power industry moving toward a green and low-carbon direction, renewable energy is occupying an increasingly larger share in the power system. However, compared with traditional thermal power generation, the instability of new energy generation is very prominent, which also leads to a decrease in the inertia of the power system after the grid integration of a high proportion of renewable energy. If no measures are taken, this may lead to frequency collapse accidents. Therefore, this paper first introduces two international major power outage accidents that have occurred in recent years, analyzing the causes, and then summarizes the inspiration obtained from the accidents. Subsequently, some research results on low inertia-related issues in the power system caused by the high proportion of new energy grid integration in recent years were summarized and analyzed from three aspects: inertia evaluation methods, optimal operation measures for the power system, and under frequency load-shedding (the abbreviation “ULFS” in the following text stands for it) schemes. Finally, suggestions were made for future research directions.

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29

Patsalides, Minas, Christina N. Papadimitriou, Venizelos Efthymiou, Roberto Ciavarella, Marialaura Di Somma, Anna Wakszyńska, Michał Kosmecki, Giorgio Graditi, and Maria Valenti. "Frequency Stability Evaluation in Low Inertia Systems Utilizing Smart Hierarchical Controllers." Energies 13, no. 13 (July 7, 2020): 3506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13133506.

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The high penetration of the Renewable Energy Sources and other emerging technologies likely to be installed in future power grids will pose new operational challenges to grid operators. One of the main issues expected to affect the operation of the power grid is the impact of inverter-based technologies to the power system inertia and, hence, to system stability. Consequently, the main challenge of the future grid is the evaluation of the frequency stability in the presence of inverter-based systems and how the aforementioned technology can support frequency stability without the help of the rotating masses of the traditional power grid systems. To assess the above problem, this paper proposes a methodology to evaluate the frequency stability in a projection of the real distribution grid in Cyprus with the time horizon to be the year 2030. The power grid under investigation is evaluated with and without the presence of smart hierarchical controllers for providing support to the power system under disturbance conditions. The advanced controllers were applied to manage the available power resource in a fast and effective manner to maintain frequency within nominal levels. The controllers have been implemented in two hierarchical levels revealing useful responses for managing low-inertia networks. The first is set to act locally within a preselected area and the second level effectively supporting the different areas for optimal operation. After undertaking a significant number of simulations for time-series of one year, it was concluded from the results that the local control approach manages to minimize the frequency excursion effectively and influence all related attributes including the rate of change of frequency (RoCoF), frequency nadir and frequency zenith.

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30

Krishna, Ajay, Ismael Jaramillo-Cajica, Sabine Auer, and Johannes Schiffer. "A power-hardware-in-the-loop testbed for intelligent operation and control of low-inertia power systems." at - Automatisierungstechnik 70, no. 12 (December 1, 2022): 1084–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/auto-2022-0025.

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Abstract Low-inertia power systems, i.e., power-electronics-dominated power systems, possess significantly different dynamics to conventional power systems, both on a component and a system-wide level. A direct implication of these substantial changes is that a pure simulation-based assessment of novel control and operational schemes for such systems is insufficient. Instead, flexible and easily reconfigurable experimental testing facilities are required. A prominent concept to enable such capabilities is power-hardware-in-the-loop (PHiL) testing. We present a PHiL testbed facility (230/400 VAC, 750 VDC, 100 kW) specifically designed for experimentally testing and validating control and operational schemes for low-inertia power systems. The main features of the testbed are its flexibility to rapidly implement and test advanced control algorithms, ranging from low-level controls of individual components to distributed and system-wide controls, its ability to be configured with different network topologies, and the efficient emulation of commonly observed parameter uncertainties as well as disturbances. The detailed description of the PHiL testbed is complemented by a performance demonstration via a case study.

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31

Setiadi, Herlambang, Rakibuzzaman Shah, Md Rabiul Islam, Dimas Anton Asfani, Tigor Hamonangan Nasution, Muhammad Abdillah, Prisma Megantoro, and Awan Uji Krismanto. "An Extreme Learning Machine Based Adaptive VISMA for Stability Enhancement of Renewable Rich Power Systems." Electronics 11, no. 2 (January 13, 2022): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11020247.

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Maintaining power system stability in renewable-rich power systems can be a challenging task. Generally, the renewable-rich power systems suffer from low and no inertia due to the integration of power electronics devices in renewable-based power plants. Power system oscillatory stability can also be affected due to the low and no inertia. To overcome this problem, additional devices that can emulate inertia without adding synchronous machines can be used. These devices are referred to as virtual synchronous machines (VISMA). In this paper, the enhancement of oscillatory stability of a realistic representative power system using VISMA is proposed. A battery energy storage system (BESS) is used as the VISMA by adding an additional controller to emulate the inertia. The VISMA is designed by using Fruit Fly Optimization. Moreover, to handle the uncertainty of renewable-based power plants, the VISMA parameters are designed to be adaptive using the extreme learning machine method. Java Indonesian Power Grid has been used as the test system to investigate the efficacy of the proposed method against the conventional POD method and VISMA tuning using other methods. The simulation results show that the proposed method can enhance the oscillatory stability of the power system under various operating conditions.

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32

Maleki, Shahryar, Javad Nikoukar, and Mohammad Hassan Tousifian. "Robust Frequency Control of Microgrids: A Mixed H 2 / H ∞ Virtual Inertia Emulation." International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems 2023 (April 13, 2023): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/6872765.

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This article proposes a robust inertial controller for converter-based distributed generators employed in low-inertia power systems like microgrids. The increasing penetration level of renewable energy sources based on power electronics converters in modern power systems reduces the inertial features of the system. It also increases concerns associated with the system uncertainty and sensitivity against disturbances. To cope with these challenges, by employing the proposed linear matrix inequality (LMI)-based mixed H 2 / H ∞ robust method, an optimal robust controller aided for inertial support as well as fast frequency restoration is provided. Using the proposed solution not only presents a better inertial response but also proposes a faster frequency restoration, by which the system’s frequency can be restored immediately following any disturbance, even in the presence of system uncertainties. Through in-detailed frequency response analysis and time-domain simulations for different scenarios, it is illustrated that the proposed mechanism can be successfully employed to address the inertial requirements in power electronic-based power systems. In addition, the proposed LMI-based mixed H 2 / H ∞ control solution is compared with a number of other solutions to illustrate its better performance against disturbances. Simulation results validate the merits and effectiveness of the proposed controller.

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33

Ratnam, Kamala Sarojini, K. Palanisamy, and Guangya Yang. "Future low-inertia power systems: Requirements, issues, and solutions - A review." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 124 (May 2020): 109773. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.109773.

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34

Alsharif, Hassan, Mahdi Jalili, and Kazi N. Hasan. "Fast frequency response services in low inertia power systems—A review." Energy Reports 9 (October 2023): 228–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2023.05.193.

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35

Markovic, Uros, Ognjen Stanojev, Petros Aristidou, Evangelos Vrettos, Duncan Callaway, and Gabriela Hug. "Understanding Small-Signal Stability of Low-Inertia Systems." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 36, no. 5 (September 2021): 3997–4017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.2021.3061434.

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36

Casasola-Aignesberger, Leo, and Sergio Martinez. "Fast frequency oscillations detection in low inertia power systems with excessive demand-side response for frequency regulation." Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal 19 (September 2021): 557–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24084/repqj19.344.

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The reduction in inertia present in electric power systems due to the increase in renewable generation interfaced with power converters presents various challenges in power system operation. One of these challenges is keeping the frequency of the system within acceptable bounds, as the reduced inertia allows faster changes in frequency. A possible way to mitigate this effect is to introduce a certain degree of frequency response in the demand side, in such a way that a loss in generation leads to a decrease in the demanded power, levelling the generation-demand balance. In this paper, one limitation of this approach is analysed, specifically the case where the demand response is excessive to the system inertia and demand, producing fast frequency oscillations. A scenario where this happens, on a simulated islanded system based on the electric power system of the island of San Cristóbal, in Galápagos (Ecuador), is studied, and a method of detecting these oscillations is proposed, as a first step to develop an appropriate response to them.

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37

Peña Asensio, Andrés, Francisco Gonzalez-Longatt, Santiago Arnaltes, and Jose Luis Rodríguez-Amenedo. "Analysis of the Converter Synchronizing Method for the Contribution of Battery Energy Storage Systems to Inertia Emulation." Energies 13, no. 6 (March 20, 2020): 1478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13061478.

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This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the effect of the converter synchronizing methods on the contribution that Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs) can provide for the support of the inertial response of a power system. Solutions based on phase-locked loop (PLL) synchronization and virtual synchronous machine (VSM) synchronization without PLL are described and then compared by using time-domain simulations for an isolated microgrid (MG) case study. The simulation results showed that inertial response can be provided both with and without the use of a PLL. However, the behavior in the first moments of the inertia response differed. For the PLL-based solutions, the transient response was dominated by the low-level current controllers, which imposed fast under-damped oscillations, while the VSM systems presented a slower response resulting in a higher amount of energy exchanged and therefore a greater contribution to the support of the system inertial response. Moreover, it was demonstrated that PLL-based solutions with and without derivative components presented similar behavior, which significantly simplified the implementation of the PLL-based inertia emulation solutions. Finally, results showed that the contribution of the BESS using VSM solutions was limited by the effect of the VSM-emulated inertia parameters on the system stability, which reduced the emulated inertia margin compared to the PLL-based solutions.

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38

Alandžak, Matej, Tomislav Plavsic, and Dubravko Franković. "Provision of Virtual Inertia Support Using Battery Energy Storage System." Journal of Energy - Energija 70, no. 4 (November 28, 2022): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37798/2021704250.

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The paper presents the importance of the grid inertia constant for the frequency stability of the future high-res low-inertia power systems. Since more and more renewable energy sources (RES) are being connected to the power system via frequency converters, the grid inertia constant is reduced. This issue can be mitigated by applying appropriate control mechanisms through which RES can provide virtual inertia and provide rotating reserves for primary frequency control. The concept of a virtual synchronous generator for providing virtual inertia is elaborated, as a solution to the presented problems. By applying virtual synchronous generators, RES can provide support for frequency control during disturbances almost like conventional synchronous generators. The influence of virtual inertia on the stability of the Croatian power system was analyzed using a battery energy storage systems (BESS) with a control mechanism that enables its participation in frequency control.

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39

Makhmudov, T. F. "ВЛИЯНИЕ РЕГУЛЯТОРА СИНТЕТИЧЕСКОЙ ИНЕРЦИИ НА ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ ЧАСТОТЫ ЭЛЕКТРОЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКИХ СИСТЕМ В ПЕРЕХОДНЫХ РЕЖИМАХ". Journal of Science and Innovative Development 6, № 4 (15 серпня 2023): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.36522/2181-9637-2023-4-5.

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The article is devoted to the use of wind power plants as sources of synthetic inertia in order to increase the stability margins and damping frequency fluctuations. The purpose of this study is to establish the possibility of using the synthetic inertia controller of wind turbines to reduce the amplitudes of frequency fluctuations in transient conditions. One consequence of integrating a large number of wind farms is to reduce the amount of kinetic energy (inertia) available to operate the system. If the system inertia becomes too low, it can compromise frequency stability when large generating units fail. The smaller the moment of inertia in the system, the greater the frequency fluctuations occur after the active power balance is disturbed. A regulator of synthetic inertia of a wind power plant has been obtained, which makes it possible to reduce frequency dips during transient conditions. Recommendations are made regarding the choice of gain factors for the inertia controller. A control model for wind turbines with a synthetic inertia controller is presented. On the example of a test circuit of an electric power system, modeling of disturbances in the form of a load surge and a short circuit was carried out. As a result, the characteristics of the change in the frequency of the electric power system in the absence and presence of a wind power plant are given.

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40

Gao, Qun, Yan Jiang, Ke Peng, and Lei Liu. "A Virtual Inertia Method for Stability Control of DC Distribution Systems with Parallel Converters." Energies 15, no. 22 (November 16, 2022): 8581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15228581.

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DC distribution systems are a typical power electronic system with low inertia, low-rotational kinetic energy, and poor antidisturbance capability when loads fluctuate or parameters change. In this paper, a virtual inertia control with an additional first-order filtering link is proposed on the basis of P-Udc droop control. The results of the simulations and experiments verify that the additional inertia control reduces the voltage change rate and improves the system inertia by adjusting the virtual capacitance value on the DC side of the converter, which can achieve a smoother and more accurate voltage control and suppress the continuous voltage oscillation.

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41

Huo, Yujia, Simone Barcellona, Luigi Piegari, and Giambattista Gruosso. "Reactive Power Injection to Mitigate Frequency Transients Using Grid Connected PV Systems." Energies 13, no. 8 (April 17, 2020): 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13081998.

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The increasing integration of renewable energies reduces the inertia of power systems and thus adds stiffness to grid dynamics. For this reason, methods to obtain virtual inertia have been proposed to imitate mechanical behavior of rotating generators, but, usually, these methods rely on extra power reserves. In this paper, a novel ancillary service is proposed to alleviate frequency transients by smoothing the electromagnetic torque of synchronous generators due to change of active power consumed by loads. Being implemented by grid-tied inverters of renewables, the ancillary service regulates the reactive power flow in response to frequency transients, thereby demanding no additional power reserves and having little impact on renewables’ active power generation. Differently from the active power compensation by virtual inertia methods, it aims to low-pass filter the transients of the active power required to synchronous generators. The proposed ancillary service is firstly verified in simulation in comparison with the virtual inertia method, and afterwards tested on processor by controller-hardware-in-the-loop simulation, analysing practical issues and providing indications for making the algorithm suitable in real implementation. The ancillary service proves effective in damping frequency transients and appropriate to be used in grid with distributed power generators.

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42

Im, Seunghyuk, Jeonghoo Park, Kyungsang Lee, Yongbeom Son, and Byongjun Lee. "Estimation of Quantitative Inertia Requirement Based on Effective Inertia Using Historical Operation Data of South Korea Power System." Sustainability 16, no. 23 (December 2, 2024): 10555. https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310555.

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In low-inertia systems with a high penetration of renewable energy, the rotational kinetic energy and inertia constant are significant factors in determining frequency stability. The energy released owing to the frequency decrease during contingency represents a portion of the inertia that a synchronous machine possesses in the normal state. However, when securing inertia or planning additional resources to secure frequency stability, inertia in the normal state is analyzed as the standard rather than the amount of energy released during a fault. Therefore, in this paper, we define the actual energy emitted from a synchronous machine as Effective inertia. In order to evaluate Effective inertia in various operating conditions, we conducted a comprehensive review on approximately 24,627 cases from the years 2019, 2020, and 2021. As a result, in systems with low rotational kinetic energy, both low- and high-frequency nadirs were observed, indicating high uncertainty. However, Effective inertia presented a consistent trend regarding the energy release aligned with the minimum frequency. For instance, the rotational kinetic energy required to satisfy the frequency standard was 23 GWs, while the required Effective inertia was 858 MWs. We emphasize that securing inertia based on rotational kinetic energy includes additional imaginary energy that does not contribute to frequency, resulting in an energy requirement greater than that needed for Effective inertia. Therefore, in order to secure the frequency stability of the future system, the actual required energy amount based on Effective inertia will be presented and utilized in the inertia market and FFR (Fast Frequency Response) resource design.

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43

Püschel-Løvengreen, Sebastián, Mehdi Ghazavi Dozein, Steven Low, and Pierluigi Mancarella. "Separation event-constrained optimal power flow to enhance resilience in low-inertia power systems." Electric Power Systems Research 189 (December 2020): 106678. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2020.106678.

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44

Li, Weifeng, Pengwei Du, and Ning Lu. "PFR ancillary service in low-inertia power system." IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 14, no. 5 (March 13, 2020): 920–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2019.1536.

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45

Karpana, Sivakrishna, Efstratios Batzelis, Suman Maiti, and Chandan Chakraborty. "PV-Supercapacitor Cascaded Topology for Primary Frequency Responses and Dynamic Inertia Emulation." Energies 14, no. 24 (December 10, 2021): 8347. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14248347.

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Owing to rapid increase in PV penetration without inherent inertia, there has been an unremitting deterioration of the effective inertia of the existing power systems. This may pose a serious threat to the stability of power systems during disturbances if not taken care of. Hence, the problem of how to emulate Synthetic Inertia (SI) in PV Systems (PVS) to retain their frequency stability demands attention. Super Capacitor (SC)-based storage become an attractive option over the other energy storage types because of its high-power density, burst power handling capability, faster response and longer life cycle. Considering this, the authors here propose a novel PV-SC Cascaded Topology (PSCT) as a cost-effective approach to emulate SI by integrating a low voltage SC to a high voltage grid-connected PVS. The proposed PSCT helps in operating the SC as a voltage source rather than a current source. Thus, it eliminates the high gain requirements of the SC interfacing converters. The aim is to target two main frequency response services, i.e., Primary Frequency Response (PFR) and Synthetic Inertial Response (SIR), using a novel common control scheme, but without affecting any other energy intensive services. The authors introduced a Droop-Inspired (DI) method with an adjustable inertia constant to emulate dynamic inertia so that a wider range of Rate of Change of Frequency (RoCoF) values can be serviced with a limited storage. A very streamlined analysis was also carried out for sizing of the SC stage based on a simple Three-Point Linearization (TPL) technique and DI technique with a limited knowledge of the disturbance parameters. The whole system was initially validated in a MATLAB Simulink environment and later confirmed with the OPAL-RT Real-Time Simulator. The investigated response was subject to variation in terms of control parameters, changes in solar irradiance, grid frequency variation, etc.

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46

Rudnik, V. E., A. A. Suvorov, N. Yu Ruban, M. V. Andreev, and Yu D. Bay. "Operation of synthetic inertia units in electric power systems of various densities." iPolytech Journal 26, no. 3 (October 8, 2022): 465–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/1814-3520-2022-3-465-486.

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This study is aimed at improving the efficiency of photovoltaic plants operated in the electric networks of various densities by adjusting the synthetic inertia algorithm and automatic frequency control circuits. To this end, the automatic control system of a photovoltaic plant was investigated using hybrid modelling methods in an all-mode online simulation complex of electric power systems. It was shown that the stability of photovoltaic power plants could be improved through the use of synthetic inertia. According to the conducted research, effective operation of this algorithm can be ensured by a correct determination of the bandwidth of automatic frequency control. Operation of this automatic frequency control circuit can lead to the oscillations of various frequencies during the installation of photovoltaic power plants in low-current electrical networks (electrical networks with the short circuit coefficient of less than 10 a.u.) and, subsequently, negatively affect the operability of the synthetic inertia algorithm. In addition, in high-current networks with an increased bandwidth of the automatic frequency control unit, the value of the network frequency reduction decreases (optimal bandwidth of 50 Hz). Conversely, in low-current networks, the automatic frequency control unit, under an increase in the bandwidth, decreases the response rate of the synthetic inertia algorithm, which leads to an increase in the frequency reduction value (optimal bandwidth of 0.3 Hz). Thus, the conducted investigations showed that the automatic frequency control circuit in the control system of a photovoltaic power plant can be used to alter the operation of the synthetic inertia algorithm. However, the nature of this effect depends on the electrical network density and can be both positive and negative. The effect observed in the tested power system was confirmed for a real-dimension power system.

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47

Kushwaha, Priyanka, Vivek Prakash, Sumanth Yamujala, and Rohit Bhakar. "Fast frequency response constrained electric vehicle scheduling for low inertia power systems." Journal of Energy Storage 62 (June 2023): 106944. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2023.106944.

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48

Jannesar, Mohammad Rasol, Sajad Sadr, and Mehdi Savaghebi. "Analysis of Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Oscillations in Low-Inertia Power Systems." Journal of Iranian Association of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 20, no. 2 (June 1, 2023): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/jiaeee.20.2.65.

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49

Muntwiler, Simon, Ognjen Stanojev, Andrea Zanelli, Gabriela Hug, and Melanie N. Zeilinger. "A stiffness-oriented model order reduction method for low-inertia power systems." Electric Power Systems Research 235 (October 2024): 110630. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2024.110630.

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50

Zhou, Jianguo, Ye Guo, Lun Yang, Jiantao Shi, Yi Zhang, Yushuai Li, Qinglai Guo, and Hongbin Sun. "A review on frequency management for low-inertia power systems: From inertia and fast frequency response perspectives." Electric Power Systems Research 228 (March 2024): 110095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2023.110095.

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