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Статті в журналах з теми "Low Frequency Instrument"
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Vujicic, V. V., S. S. Milovancev, M. D. Pesaljevic, D. V. Pejic, and I. Z. Zupunski. "Low-frequency stochastic true RMS instrument." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 48, no. 2 (April 1999): 467–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/19.769630.
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Lawrence, C. R. "The low frequency instrument on Planck." New Astronomy Reviews 47, no. 11-12 (December 2003): 1025–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.newar.2003.09.009.
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Vujicic, V. "Generalized low-frequency stochastic true RMS instrument." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 50, no. 5 (2001): 1089–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/19.963164.
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Sandri, M., F. Villa, M. Bersanelli, C. Burigana, R. C. Butler, O. D'Arcangelo, L. Figini, et al. "Planckpre-launch status: Low Frequency Instrument optics." Astronomy and Astrophysics 520 (September 2010): A7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/200912891.
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Aghanim, N., C. Armitage-Caplan, M. Arnaud, M. Ashdown, F. Atrio-Barandela, J. Aumont, C. Baccigalupi, et al. "Planck2013 results. II. Low Frequency Instrument data processing." Astronomy & Astrophysics 571 (October 29, 2014): A2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201321550.
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Hamza, Veton, Bojan Stopar, Tomaž Ambrožič, Goran Turk, and Oskar Sterle. "Testing Multi-Frequency Low-Cost GNSS Receivers for Geodetic Monitoring Purposes." Sensors 20, no. 16 (August 5, 2020): 4375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20164375.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) technology is widely used for geodetic monitoring purposes. However, in cases where a higher risk of receiver damage is expected, geodetic GNSS receivers may be considered too expensive to be used. As an alternative, low-cost GNSS receivers that are cheap, light, and prove to be of adequate quality over short baselines, are considered. The main goal of this research is to evaluate the positional precision of a multi-frequency low-cost instrument, namely, ZED-F9P with u-blox ANN-MB-00 antenna, and to investigate its potential for displacement detection. We determined the positional precision within static survey, and the displacement detection within dynamic survey. In both cases, two baselines were set, with the same rover point equipped with a low-cost GNSS instrument. The base point of the first baseline was observed with a geodetic GNSS instrument, whereas the second baseline was observed with a low-cost GNSS instrument. The results from static survey for both baselines showed comparable results for horizontal components; the precision was on a level of 2 mm or better. For the height component, the results show a better performance of low-cost instruments. This may be a consequence of unknown antenna calibration parameters for low-cost GNSS antenna, while statistically significant coordinates of rover points were obtained from both baselines. The difference was again more significant in the height component. For the displacement detection, a device was used that imposes controlled movements with sub-millimeter accuracy. Results, obtained on a basis of 30-min sessions, show that low-cost GNSS instruments can detect displacements from 10 mm upwards with a high level of reliability. On the other hand, low-cost instruments performed slightly worse as far as accuracy is concerned.
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Wilson, Gavin, Jacob Conrad, John Anderson, Andrei Swidinsky, and Jeffrey Shragge. "Developing a low-cost frequency-domain electromagnetic induction instrument." Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems 11, no. 2 (August 5, 2022): 279–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gi-11-279-2022.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Recent advancements and the widespread availability of low-cost microcontrollers and electronic components have created new opportunities for developing and using low-cost, open-source instrumentation for near-surface geophysical investigations. Geophysical methods that do not require ground contact, such as frequency-domain electromagnetics, allow one or two users to quickly acquire significant amounts of ground resistivity data in a cost-effective manner. The Colorado School of Mines electromagnetic system (CSM-EM) is a proof-of-concept instrument capable of sensing conductive objects in near-surface environments, and is similar in concept to commercial-grade equipment while costing under USD 400 to build. We tested the functionality of the CSM-EM system in a controlled laboratory setting during the design phase and validated it over a conductive target in an outdoor environment. The transmitter antenna can generate a current of over 2.5 A, and emit signals that are detectable by a receiver antenna at offsets of up to 25 m. The system requires minor refitting to change the functioning frequency, and has been operationally validated at 0.4 and 1.6 kHz. The receiver signal can be measured by off-the-shelf digital multimeters. Future directions will focus on improving the electronic and mechanical stability of the CSM-EM with the goal of using acquired data to make quantitative measurements of subsurface resistivity.
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Zacchei, A., D. Maino, C. Baccigalupi, M. Bersanelli, A. Bonaldi, L. Bonavera, C. Burigana, et al. "Planckearly results. V. The Low Frequency Instrument data processing." Astronomy & Astrophysics 536 (December 2011): A5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201116484.
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Pjevalica, V., and V. Vujicic. "Further Generalization of the Low-Frequency True-RMS Instrument." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 59, no. 3 (March 2010): 736–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2009.2030874.
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Aghanim, N., C. Armitage-Caplan, M. Arnaud, M. Ashdown, F. Atrio-Barandela, J. Aumont, C. Baccigalupi, et al. "Planck2013 results. IV. Low Frequency Instrument beams and window functions." Astronomy & Astrophysics 571 (October 29, 2014): A4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201321544.
Повний текст джерелаДисертації з теми "Low Frequency Instrument"
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Pugh, Alan James. "An optical displacement monitor for the measurement of low frequency vibrations." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.335511.
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Maino, Davide. "The Planck-LFI : a Study of Instrumental and Astrophysical Effects." Doctoral thesis, SISSA, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11767/4381.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis aims to address some aspects of the Low Frequency Instrument (LFI) on board
the PLANCK satellite. As for any CMB experiment a great attention has to be devoted
to all the possible systematic effects. Previous experiences in CMB experiments have in
fact demonstrated that the more and the larger are systematic effects which contaminate
the data and which have to be scrubbed in the data analysis, the less robust the final
results will be. It is therefore of great importance, for not degrading the nominal angular
resolution and sensitivity per resolution element, to carefully address and quantify all
potential systematic effects. Through accurate and realistic simulations of PLANCK-LFI
observations we study how LFI performances are affected by some of these systematic
effects and how to control and further reduce these effects.
This thesis is organized as follows. We give a brief overview of the origin of microwave
sky fluctuations, including CMB anisotropy, foreground contaminations originated
within our Galaxy (synchrotron, free-free and dust emission) and extra-galactic
foregrounds (Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect and point sources fluctuations). Since accurate
simulations are needed, they must include complete and realistic simulated microwave sky
at the various observing frequencies. Unfortunately our present knowledge of foreground
emissions (both galactic and extra-galactic) is far from complete and approximations have
to be made. All these problems are discussed in Chapter 2.
A presentation of the PLANCK mission and its scientific capabilities is reported in
Chapter 3: §3.2 reports on the selected orbit and scanning strategy; §3.3 describes the
adopted telescope configuration and actual focal plane arrangement; §3.4 briefly outlines
the LFI instrument and §3.5 reports LFI scientific capabilities. An introduction to the
systematic effects addressed in this thesis is in §3.6 and the Flight Simulator code is
presented in §3. 7. .
The rest of the work deals with the results from different kinds of PLAN9K-LFI :?imulations.
The off-axis position of the LFI instrument, as in the present baseline, results in
optical aberrations in the angular response function of the instrument. The effect of these
distortions (usually called main-beam distortions since they affect the very central part
of the response function) on the nominal angular resolution is addressed in Chapter 4,
firstly considering a pure CMB sky, and then a more realistic sky including galactic emission.
§4.l uses approximated response functions while "real" optical simulated ones are
considered in §4.4. The effective angular resolution is derived and the loss in capabilities
of cosmological parameters extraction properly quantified. The angular response function of the LFI instrument at large angles out of the central
part is extremely complex and depends not only on the telescope design but also on
the whole optical system (shields, supporting structures, focal plane assembly). Signal
and signal variations entering at large angles from the true direction of observation may
produce errors on CMB measurem~nts. Chapter 5 addresses this issue using a simulated
full pattern of the response function and considering signal coming from our Galaxy (§5.1
and §5.2). The level of this contamination and its spatial distribution on the sky are
discussed in §5.4.
As described in Chapter 2, PLANCK is a spinning space-craft with 1 minute period.
Instrumental drifts occurring on time scales less than the spinning period are possible
sources of systematic artifacts in final data. In general they produce "stripes" in the
final maps. Chapter 6 considers typical instrumental drifts which are mainly due to gain
fluctuations in the LFI amplifiers. A de-striping code for removing these artifacts is
described in §6.6; its performances and possible residual striping are evaluated in §6. 7.
Finally, Chapter 7 overviews simulations results and their implication on the optimization
of the PLANCK design.
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Callegary, James Briggs. "Spatial sensitivity of low-induction-number frequency-domain electromagnetic-induction instruments." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282901.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Numerical simulations were used to study spatial averaging in low-induction-number frequency-domain electromagnetic induction (LIN FEM) instruments. Local ( LS) and cumulative (CS) sensitivity were used to analyze three different aspects of LIN FEM spatial sensitivity. LS is the variation in a measured property given a small change at a given location of the property of interest. CS contours are derived from LS and reveal the shape and the fraction of total instrument sensitivity enclosed within the contours. The first study re-evaluated the asymptotic approach to LIN FEM spatial sensitivity. Using this approach, LIN FEM measurements have often been assumed to represent electrical conductivity (sigma) at discreet depths that do not vary with the sigma of the ground. This assumption was tested using simulations of electromagnetic fields in environments with homogeneous and layered sigma distributions. When the induction number was greater than 0.01, the 1-D vertical CS distribution and the depth of investigation varied up to 20% over the range of sigma simulated. As sigma increased, CS contours and depth of investigation decreased in depth. In the second study a small perturbation approach was used to calculate CS distributions so that each distribution is unique to a given LS distribution. CS was summed from regions of high to low LS, and retained information on the magnitude and location of LS. As sigma increased, CS became focused around the highest LS values. The maximum reduction in depth of investigation was about 40% at the highest sigma investigated. In the final study, a series of small, electrically conductive perturbations was simulated in a three-dimensional, homogeneous environment. Three-dimensional LS varied markedly with a large difference between horizontal (HMD) and vertical (VMD) orientations of the transmitter and receiver dipoles. In some regions, the calculated magnetic field intensity with the perturbation was less than that calculated for the host without the perturbation. This occurred for both VMD and HMD orientations of the transmitter. CS contours were highly complex. One dimensional, vertical LS curves extracted from the three-dimensional data were very different from curves from infinite layer simulations.
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Aja, Abelán Beatriz. "Amplificadores de banda ancha y bajo ruido basados en tecnología de GaAs para aplicaciones de radiometría." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Cantabria, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/10664.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
En esta Tesis se ha realizado análisis, diseño y caracterización de los amplificadores de bajoruido y banda ancha en tecnología de GaAs PHEMT con aplicación a los módulos posteriores delradiómetro del instrumento de baja frecuencia del satélite Planck. La Tesis se compone de las siguientes partes:- Introducción y estudio del funcionamiento del radiómetro del instrumento de baja frecuencia de Planck.- Diseño y caracterización de amplificadores de bajo ruido utilizando tecnología de GaAs. Se presentan diseños MMIC en la banda Ka y en la banda Q, y un diseño MIC en la banda Q.- Diseño y construcción de los módulos posteriores en las bandas de 30 y 44 GHz. Se presentan varios prototipos fabricados en ambas bandas, así como medidas de cada uno de los subsistemas que los forman.- Desarrollo de técnicas de medida para receptores de banda ancha con detección directa y su aplicación a la caracterización de los módulos posteriores, mostrando el funcionamiento de los prototipos representativos para las dos bandas de frecuencia.- Integración de los módulos posteriores con los módulos frontales y presentación de algunos de los resultados de medida de los radiómetros completos.This Thesis deals with the analysis, design and characterization of broadband low noise amplifiersin GaAs PHEMT technology with application to the radiometer Back-End Modules for the Planck Low Frequency Instrument (LFI). The Thesis is composed of the next parts:- Introduction and study about the radiometer of the Planck low frequency instrument.- Design and characterization of low noise amplifiers using GaAs technology. Ka-band MMIC designs and Q-band MMIC and a MIC design are presented.- Design and assembly of the 30 and 44 GHz back-end modules. Several prototypes have been manufactured in both frequency bands and the most representative test results of each subsystem are presented.- Development of measurement techniques for broadband direct detection receivers and their application to the characterization of the back-end modules. Performance of representative prototypes in both frequency bands is included.- Integration of the back end modules and front end modules and significant results of the tests for a radiometer in each frequency band.
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Bakas, Konstantinos. "Construction and testing of compact low noise hydrophones with extended frequency response." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Jun%5FBakas.pdf.
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LeBel-Buchanan, Nicholas. "Review of new instruments in low frequency radio interferometry and their calibration: LOFAR and MWA." Thesis, McGill University, 2014. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=121206.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Low frequency radio astronomy is experiencing a renaissance due to advances in computing power and efficiency. New instruments are being designed and built to take advantage of this. An introduction is given to radio astronomy. The physical mechanisms of radio emission are explained. The measurement of radio waves is discussed, particularly in regard to the properties and advantages of interferometric arrays. Two modern instruments currently being deployed and tested are described, with particular attention paid to their calibration techniques. These instruments are the Murchison Widefield Array (MWA) in Western Australia and the Low Frequency Array (LOFAR) in Europe, with most components in The Nether-lands. These instruments are compared with one another.La radioastronomie de fréquence basse connaît une renaissance grâce aux progrès de la puissance de calcul et d'efficacité. De nouveaux instruments sont conçus et construits pour profiter de cette. Une introduction est donnée à la radioastronomie. Les mécanismes physiques de l'émission de radio sont expliqué. La mesure des ondes radio est discutée, en particulier en ce qui concerne les propriétés et avantages de réseaux interférométriques. Deux instruments modernes actuellement déployés et testés sont décrits, avec une attention particulière à leurs techniques d'étalonnage. Ces instruments sont le "Murchison Widefield Array" (MWA) en l' Ouest de l'Australie et le "Low Frequency Array" (LOFAR) en Europe, la plupart des composants dans les Pays-Bas. Ces instruments sont comparé l'un à l'autre.
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Noël, Patrick. "Construction d'un appareil d'acquisition et de traitement de données basses fréquences piloté par microprocesseur Z 80." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066247.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Appareil pour le traitement de signaux basse fréquence à faible coût et à adaptabilité de l'ensemble à une grande variété de traitements. Description des circuits et des logiciels associés. Mode d'emploi de l'appareil.
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Calvo, García-Maroto Marta. "Analysis of long-term gravity records in europe : consequences for the retrieval of small amplitude and low frequency signals including the core resonance effects." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAH003/document.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
L’étude des variations temporelles de gravité ont une longue tradition en Europe Centrale. Dans la station, J9, située à Strasbourg depuis les années 1970, les trois principaux types de gravimètre (ressort, supraconducteur (SG), absolu) ont été utilisés. Ces séries permettent l’examen des améliorations instrumentales à partir de la stabilité à long terme et de la dérive instrumentale. Nous montrons que le SG est l’instrument le plus performant pour l’étude des marées de longues périodes et de faibles amplitudes. Nous montrons les résultats obtenus par analyse de marée de ces petites ondes. Nous estimons la période de la Free Core Nutation et nous recherchons celle de la Free Inner Core Nutation (FICN), qui n'a pas encore été observée. Pour cela nous faisons une étude précise, afin de séparer les ondes de faible amplitude, au voisinage de périodes possibles de la FICNThe study of temporal variations of gravity has a long tradition in Central Europe. Since the 1970s three main gravimeter types (spring, superconducting (SG) and absolute) have been set up at the J9 gravity station located in Strasbourg. These series allow us to review the instrumental improvements from the analyses of long term stability and instrumental drift. We show that the SG is the most powerful tool for thestudy of the low frequency and small amplitudes tides. We show the tidal analysis results for these tidal waves. We estimate the period of the Free Core Nutation and we seek the one of the Free Inner Core Nutation (FICN), which has not yet been observed. For this we make a careful study, in order to separate the low-amplitude waves in the vicinity of possible periods of FICN
La deformación elasto-gravitacional de la Tierra y las correspondientes variaciones temporales de la gravedad asociadas, registradas en la superficie terrestre mediante los gravímetros, son debidas a distintos fenómenos geofísicos con diferentes períodos y amplitudes, incluyendo entre otros a las denominadas mareas terrestres, que son el fenómeno que genera los efectos más fuertes (dichas mareas terrestres son los movimientos inducidos en la Tierra sólida y los cambios en su potencial gravitatorio derivados de las fuerzas de marea generadas por los cuerpos celestes).El objetivo principal de este trabajo consiste en mostrar la importancia tanto de la longitud de las series de datos de gravedad, como de la calidad de dichas series para mejorar nuestro conocimiento sobre la dinámica de la Tierra a través de los análisis de las mareas terrestres. [...]
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Eliades, John Alexander. "A Radio Frequency Quadrupole Instrument for use with Accelerator Mass Spectrometry: Application to Low Kinetic Energy Reactive Isobar Suppression and Gas–phase Anion Reaction Studies." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/32706.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A radio frequency (rf) quadrupole instrument, currently known as an Isobar Separator for Anions (ISA), has been integrated into an Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) system to facilitate anion–gas reactions before the tandem accelerator. An AMS Cs+ sputter source provided > 15 keV ions that were decelerated in the prototype ISA to < 20 eV for reaction in a single collision cell and re-accelerated for AMS analysis. Reaction based isobar suppression capabilities were assessed for smaller AMS systems and a new technique for gas–phase reaction studies was developed.
Isobar suppression of 36S– and 12C3– for 36Cl analysis, and YF3– and ZrF3– for 90Sr analysis were studied in NO2 with deceleration to < 12 eV. Observed attenuation cross sections, σ [x 10^–15 cm^2], were σ(S– + NO2) = 6.6, σ(C3– + NO2) = 4.2, σ(YF3– + NO2) = 7.6, σ(ZrF3– + NO2) = 19. With 8 mTorr NO2, relative attenuations of S–/Cl– ~ 10^–6, C3–/Cl– ~ 10^–7, YF3–/SrF3– ~ 5 x 10^–5 and ZrF3–/SrF3– ~ 4 x 10^–6 were observed with Cl– ~ 30% and SrF3– > 90% transmission. Current isobar attenuation limits with < 1.75 MV accelerator terminal voltage and ppm impurity levels were calculated to be 36S–/Cl– ~ 4 x 10^–16, 12C3–/Cl– ~ 1.2 x 10^–16, 90YF3–/SrF3– ~ 10^–15 and 90ZrF3–/SrF3– ~ 10^–16.
Using 1.75 MV, four 36Cl reference standards in the range 4 x 10^–13 < 36Cl/Cl < 4 x 10^–11 were analyzed with 8 mTorr NO2. The measured 36Cl/Cl ratios plotted very well against the accepted values. A sample impurity content S/Cl < 6 x 10^–5 was measured and a background level of 36S–/Cl < 9 x 10^–15 was determined.
Useful currents of a wide variety of anions are produced in AMS sputter sources and molecules can be identified relatively unambiguously by stripping fragments from tandem accelerators. Reactions involving YF3–, ZrF3–, S– and SO– + NO2 in the ISA analyzed by AMS are described, and some interesting reactants are identified.
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Anand, Raj R. "Kalman Filter Estimation Of Ionospheric TEC And Differential Instrumental Biases Over Low Latitude Using Dual Frequency GPS Observations." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/426.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The low latitude tropical ionosphere has been investigated by various researchers
using Global Positioning System (GPS). Presently for many civil aviation applications, the ionospheric modeling of the tropical region has gained importance, in particular for flight safety. Since ionosphere is dispersive in nature, dual frequency (L1 = 1575.42 MHz and L2 = 1227.60 MHz) GPS observations can be used to obtain Ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC). Since TEC varies with local time and geomagnetic latitude, an Ionospheric Modeling Technique using spatial linear approximation of vertical TEC over receiver station has been implemented following Sardon et al. The effects of all the
systematic errors due to the satellite plus the receiver (SPR) instrumental biases can reach upto several nanoseconds. (1 TEC is 1016 electrons/m2, 1 ns = 2.86 TEC and
1 TEC = 0.16 m). Hence, to have an accurate estimation of ionospheric TEC, the
instrumental biases must also be estimated. This thesis describes a heuristic adaptive
Kalman Filtering scheme developed to estimate the TEC, the constants in the
linearisation scheme, as well as the above total instrumental biases.
The Kalman filter implementation is basically an optimization problem of
minimizing the Cost Function J based on the difference between the model output and the
measurement, called as the ‘innovation’, scaled by its covariance. In order to obtain the best possible results using the Kalman Filter approach, it is essential to provide
appropriate values for the initial state, process and measurement noise covariances (P0, Q and R) respectively, which in general may not be known. Usually manual tuning of the filter parameter is carried out without using the above cost function J! The filter
estimates can be highly sensitive to the above chosen statistics and thus these will have to be estimated carefully. Hence, we have utilized the Adaptive Kalman Filtering procedure of Myers and Tapley extended by Gemson and Ananthasayanam. The minimization is carried out by simultaneously estimating the above statistics and the unknown
parameters, which include the TEC and the instrumental bias. In addition, A Constant
Gain Kalman Filter approach using Genetic Algorithm (GA) has also been developed for
the above requirement. It is observed that the steady state gains in KF and AKF
approaches are in good match with the constant gains obtained from Genetic Algorithm.
Using the above Adaptive Kalman Filtering technique and Constant Gain Kalman Filter approach, vertical TEC values and SPR biases have been estimated from the IGS receiver observations stationed at ISTRAC/ISRO, Bangalore, India. A diurnal TEC variation over Bangalore for a period of one year for 2003 and January 2004 is estimated and reported in this thesis. This approach has also been applied to study the behaviour of
the ionosphere over low latitude IGS station at Fortaleza, Brazil data during the great
magnetic storm on the 15th July 2000 and the results were found to be consistent with the
results of Basu et al. In addition, Using Constant Kalman filter, the TEC enhancement
over Indian region has been estimated for the October 2003 Ionospheric storm, and the
results were found to be consistent with the reported results in the literature.
Книги з теми "Low Frequency Instrument"
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Benjamin, Geva, and Peari Sagi. International Negotiable Instruments. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198828686.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This book marries two fields of law: negotiable instruments and choice-of-law. Bills of exchange, cheques, and promissory notes are the main classical negotiable instruments. For centuries, these have played a vital role in the smooth operation of domestic and international commerce. The rapid technological progress of payment mechanisms has embraced the traditional institution of negotiable instruments leading to their adaptation in order to meet the challenges of the frequent mobility of people, goods, and high volumes of cross-border transactions. While the principles governing negotiable instruments tend to be based on a common set of ideas, detailed rules vary from place to place, which requires knowledge of the national law that should govern an international negotiable instrument. The book offers a thorough analysis of the choice-of-law rules applicable to negotiable instruments. The internal structure of negotiable instruments law is complex, which has given rise to a popular view favouring the exclusion of negotiable instruments from the scope of general contract and property law doctrines, and their subsequent exclusion from ordinary choice-of-law analysis. The book contests this view. Indeed, the complex structure of negotiable instruments creates a significant challenge for traditional contract and property doctrines and the choice-of-law analysis applicable to them. Nevertheless, the book contends that the complex case of international negotiable instruments should be analysed through the lens of traditional contract and property choice-of-law doctrines. It concludes that choice-of-law rules in the area of international negotiable instruments need to be dramatically revised and harmonized.
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Sonnenschein, Jonas. Understanding Indicator Choice for the Assessment of RD&D Financing of Low-Carbon Energy Technologies. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802242.003.0010.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Rapid decarbonization requires additional research, development, and demonstration of low-carbon energy technologies. Various financing instruments are in place to support this development. They are frequently assessed through indicator-based evaluations. There is no standard set of indicators for this purpose. This study looks at the Nordic countries, which are leading countries with respect to eco-innovation. Different indicators to assess financing instruments are analysed with respect to their acceptance, the ease of monitoring, and their robustness. None of the indicators emerges as clearly superior from the analysis. Indicator choice is subject to trade-offs and leaves room for steering evaluation results in a desired direction. The study concludes by discussing potential policy implications of biases in indicator-based evaluation.
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Baldus, Christian. Possession in Roman Law. Edited by Paul J. du Plessis, Clifford Ando, and Kaius Tuori. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198728689.013.41.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In Roman terms, there is no real equivalent to the modern concepts of “possession”, as present-day laws use them. Possessio may describe the actual control over things that could lead to the acquisition of ownership; the control that made it possible to defend against encroachments by third parties; and the control that could result in the capacity to be sued in an ownership case. Frequently, the use of possessory elements is subordinated to property law. This chapter surveys the development of the law of possession in the late Classical period, when some attempts were made to structure the relevant conceptual instruments in a coherent fashion.
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Eduardo Martinez, Llarena. Part II Commentaries to Typical Sofa Rules, 23 Logistic Support. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198808404.003.0023.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter discusses logistic support arrangements. When properly orchestrated, logistics arrangements can be conceived as a decisive instrument of multinational warfare and champion the change from a military coalition to an alliance. Nevertheless, logistics is a low-profile discipline that only comes to light when it fails. In this regard, looking for market-oriented efficiencies should never result in a gap on strategic projection. It is by creating and sustaining superior performance that an organization will dilute costs due to a greater value of its overall activities. Very great attention is paid to short-term cash economy in detriment to long-range military planning benefits. Tactical logistics are well monitored: everyone understands the importance of not running out of fuel during combat and it is not difficult to flag the problem. On the other hand, strategic logistics and its implication on support arrangements are frequently neglected during peacetime.
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Frank, Berman, and Bentley David. Book VII Treaties and Treaty-Making, 35 Treaties and other International Instruments—V Interpretation, Reservations, Termination, The Effect of War, Ius Cogens. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198739104.003.0035.
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This chapter is devoted to certain miscellaneous aspects of the law of treaties. Treaty interpretation is the daily fare of international activity, and is also of considerable importance at the national level. In addition, the chapter shows how it is important to grasp what reservations are (and what they are not), and what effect they might have—these being difficult and delicate questions that arise both when a treaty is under negotiation and after its conclusion. Similarly, claims by States to terminate their treaty obligations are a frequent source of international friction. The same goes for claims that a treaty, or part of it, should be regarded as void, because it conflicts with a fundamental rule of international law (ius cogens). Finally, the effect of armed conflict on treaty rights and obligations may have immediate consequences for diplomats.
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Frank, Berman, and Bentley David. Book VII Treaties and Treaty-Making, 33 Treaties and other International Instruments—III Pact, Act, Modus Vivendi , Declaration, Exchange of Notes, Memorandum of Understanding. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198739104.003.0033.
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This chapter continues the typology of treaties begun in the previous chapter. ‘Pacts’ in an international context refer to formal agreements between States. ‘Act’ meanwhile constitutes a piece of international law-making and may embody the decisive terms of the treaty complex. ‘Modus vivendi’ is used for a temporary or provisional agreement. ‘Declarations’ may be defined under the general heading of ‘unilateral acts’. The treaty concluded in the form of an Exchange of Notes or letters is the most frequently used device for formally recording the agreement of two governments upon all kinds of transactions. An MOU records international ‘commitments’, but in a form and with wording which expresses an intention that it is not to be legally binding. Finally, the term ‘Final Act’ is normally used to designate a document recording the formal summary of the proceedings and outcome of an international conference.
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Hanschel, Dirk. Enforcement of Federal Law against the German Länder. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198746560.003.0016.
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This chapter examines the various legal and political means of federal law enforcement by Germany’s Federal Government and by the Federal Constitutional Court. This is understood as a form of resolution of vertical power conflicts within federations. While by its nature the main focus of this chapter lies on the legal means of federal law enforcement within the context of the notion of executive federalism, it also devotes some attention to the political dimension. Since German federalism is strongly based on consensus and cooperation, this dimension is very important in practice. Where antagonism between the Federation and the Länder occurs (whether expressed in political or legal terms), it is frequently either motivated by party politics or triggered by matters where specific subnational interests are at stake. Apart from negotiation, adjudication by the Constitutional Court is one of the key instruments to deal with that.
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Christanus Campililiensis, Opera poetica: Instrumenta lexicologica latina. Turnhout: Brepols, 1993.
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Collins, Philippa. Putting Human Rights to Work. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192894595.001.0001.
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Abstract The very existence of an employment relationship places the human rights of a worker at risk. Employers can, and frequently do, exercise their managerial and disciplinary powers in a manner that interferes with the most fundamental rights of the individual worker. Adequate safeguards against such infringements are necessary if individuals are to receive full protection of their rights. This book examines how far the labour laws of England and Wales offer such guarantees, with a particular focus on dismissal law. The chapters reflect on the relationship between employment, labour, and human rights before conducting a detailed and critical analysis of the scope, shape, and application of domestic employment law. The framework for evaluation is drawn from the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, as it develops a principled and tailored approach to how the rights contained in the European Convention on Human Rights should be enforced in working relationships. Statutory mechanisms, such as the law of unfair dismissal, and common law causes of action are examined and found to be lacking in their capacity to vindicate and enforce the human rights of workers. The book culminates in the proposal and elaboration on an innovative solution, the Bill of Rights for Workers, that would draw on the successes of human rights and labour law instruments to render the Convention rights directly enforceable in the relationship between a worker and their employer.
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Ness, Immanuel. Who Can Organize? Trade Unions, Worker Insurgency, Labor Power. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036279.003.0007.
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This chapter investigates the policy and practice of established U.S. labor unions toward migrant labor and guest workers and provides alternative models for building worker power on a global basis. Organized labor operates at a disadvantage as it typically responds rather than acts as capital changes the nature of work to lower wages. Ideally, a proactive labor movement would shape the nature of work. Therefore, U.S. national labor unions and peak organizations have historically opposed all forms of migration. Most notably, in 1986, national unions were instrumental in shaping the employer-sanction provision in the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA). However, because legal penalties for hiring undocumented workers are minimal, the law has not deterred employers from hiring them. Furthermore, because minimum wage and hour standards are often unenforced by state and federal government regulatory agencies, undocumented immigrants are frequently more desirable to employers than U.S.-born workers.
Частини книг з теми "Low Frequency Instrument"
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Juang, Ying-Shen, Tze-Yun Sung, and Hsi-Chin Hsin. "VLSI Implementation of Low-Power and High-SFDR Digital Frequency Synthesizer for Underwater Instruments and Network Systems." In Springer Proceedings in Physics, 289–304. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03749-3_23.
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PERUFFO, MIMMO. "Balance on the Lute: The Role of the Strings." In The Music Room in Early Modern France and Italy. British Academy, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197265055.003.0008.
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The lute was the instrument on which the luthiers and string-makers of the past expended the greatest effort in order to achieve the best possible acoustic balance between the instrument and its strings. Formidable skills in the design and making of instruments were necessitated by the low tension of the strings, the sound produced simply by plucking with the fingers (rather than stroking with the bow) and the huge difference in frequency between the highest and lowest strings (especially in the versions with ten or eleven strings on the same fingerboard). The lute-makers of the Renaissance designed their instruments starting from the mechanical and acoustic properties of the strings, rather from the characteristics of existing instruments. It can thus be asserted that the lute guaranteed its success thanks to the best possible reconciliation of certain variables, in order to achieve the optimum balance between the rules of statics and acoustics.
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Dorothee, Fischer-Appelt. "Part II The New EU Prospectus Rules, 13 Prospectus Formats and Shelf Registration." In Prospectus Regulation and Prospectus Liability. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198846529.003.0013.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter discusses prospectus formats and shelf registration. It reveals that the new EU prospectus rules introduce more flexibility and efficiency in the use of different prospectus formats. Different options for formats overlap even more than in the past and their use will depend on the frequency of issuances and instruments issued. The overlap between the uniform registration document (URD) and simplified prospectus will leave issuers to choose what best suits their needs, depending on how often, through which instruments and from which investors issuers seek to raise capital in future and the timing of financial disclosures. The cost of keeping an URD up-to-date for more frequent issuers and issuers requiring both equity and debt must be balanced with the utility of having different equity and debt securities registered. The option of filing annual and half-yearly reports under the Transparency Directive in the form of a URD may reduce costs for certain issuers. According to this chapter, the ‘frequent issuer status’ may in practice not offer much improvement on the service already provided by certain competent authorities, also considering the advance notice requirement. The chapter concludes that there is room for improving the URD system in future.
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Ryan, Caitlin, David Huebner, Rafael M. Diaz, and Jorge Sanchez. "Family Rejection as a Predictor of Negative Health Outcomes in White and Latino Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Young Adults." In Pediatric Collections: LGBTQ+: Support and Care (Part 2: Health Concerns and Disparities), 5–11. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/9781610025409-family.
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OBJECTIVE We examined specific family rejecting reactions to sexual orientation and gender expression during adolescence as predictors of current health problems in a sample of lesbian, gay, and bisexual young adults. METHODS On the basis of previously collected in-depth interviews, we developed quantitative scales to assess retrospectively in young adults the frequency of parental and caregiver reactions to a lesbian, gay, or bisexual sexual orientation during adolescence. Our survey instrument also included measures of 9 negative health indicators, including mental health, substance abuse, and sexual risk. The survey was administered to a sample of 224 white and Latino self-identified lesbian, gay, and bisexual young adults, aged 21 to 25, recruited through diverse venues and organizations. Participants completed self-report questionnaires by using either computer-assisted or pencil-and-paper surveys. RESULTS Higher rates of family rejection were significantly associated with poorer health outcomes. On the basis of odds ratios, lesbian, gay, and bisexual young adults who reported higher levels of family rejection during adolescence were 8.4 times more likely to report having attempted suicide, 5.9 times more likely to report high levels of depression, 3.4 times more likely to use illegal drugs, and 3.4 times more likely to report having engaged in unprotected sexual intercourse compared with peers from families that reported no or low levels of family rejection. Latino men reported the highest number of negative family reactions to their sexual orientation in adolescence. CONCLUSIONS This study establishes a clear link between specific parental and caregiver rejecting behaviors and negative health problems in young lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults. Providers who serve this population should assess and help educate families about the impact of rejecting behaviors. Counseling families, providing anticipatory guidance, and referring families for counseling and support can help make a critical difference in helping decrease risk and increasing well-being for lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth.
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Andreas, Schloenhardt. "Part IV Access to Protection and International Responsibility-Sharing, Ch.29 Smuggling of Migrants and Refugees." In The Oxford Handbook of International Refugee Law. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198848639.003.0030.
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This chapter focuses on the smuggling of migrants in the context of refugee movements, and examines the scope and application of international law pertaining to these phenomena. The principal binding global instrument on this topic is the United Nations Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air which, on the surface, coexists alongside international refugee law in situations where smuggled migrants are seeking asylum. Although the Smuggling of Migrants Protocol expressly recognizes the protection afforded to refugees under international law, its interpretation, operation, and implementation often run into conflict with the Refugee Convention. All too frequently, measures to prevent and combat the smuggling of migrants focus exclusively on law enforcement, criminal justice, and restrictive border measures without recognizing the rights of refugees, asylum seekers, and smuggled migrants, which are the subject of this chapter.
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Guénaël, Mettraux. "1 A Short History of Crimes Against Humanity." In International Crimes: Law and Practice. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198860099.003.0001.
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This introductory chapter provides a background of crimes against humanity. The first formal acknowledgement of crimes against humanity as a separate category of international crimes can be found in the Charter of the Nuremberg Tribunal. However, the view that there are overarching legal principles, sometimes referred to as the laws of humanity, that regulate the conduct of men above and beyond the laws of individual nations long pre-dated this instrument. During the First World War, references to the laws of humanity became increasingly frequent. The notion was generally used to describe a category of violent actions that disturbed the international order and that could be directly imputed not only to people but also to states. Significant to the development of the law of crimes against humanity was the work of the Inter-Allied Commission on the Responsibility of the Authors of the War and Enforcement of Penalties. The chapter then details the drafting of the Charter of the Nuremberg Tribunal as well as its legacy.
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Lie, Einar. "Downfall of the Regulatory System and Triumph of the Market." In Norges Bank 1816-2016, 230–50. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198860013.003.0013.
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This chapter discusses how, in the 1970s and 1980s, Norges Bank began to develop instruments with a view to steering economic policy under freer market conditions. However, governments of changing political hues were unwilling to let go of the low interest rate. The oil price fall in 1986 brought an abrupt change in interest rate and credit policy. The government’s tightening actions included the introduction of a more binding fixed exchange rate policy. The frequent recourse to corrective devaluations was to be a thing of the past. Hence, there was a justification for using the interest rate as an ongoing instrument to stabilize the exchange rate. This task fell to Norges Bank. The transition to an independent, active interest rate policy on the part of the central bank was abrupt and came as a surprise. Barely a year before the collapse of the oil price, the Storting had passed a law that made Norges Bank one of the least autonomous central banks in all of western Europe. Ultimately, it was the external situation, and in no sense an increase in government’s and the public’s recognition of the bank and its institutional legitimacy, that restored greater operative autonomy to Norges Bank.
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Lagerlund, Terrence D. "Digital Signal Processing." In Clinical Neurophysiology, edited by Devon I. Rubin, 1033—C58.P124. 5th ed. Oxford University PressNew York, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190067854.003.0059.
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Abstract Digital Signal Processing reviews technical considerations for digital signal processing applied to clinical neurophysiologic studies. Digital instruments are replacing analog systems because of convenient storage, retrieval, and review of studies and improved reliability of interpretation. Digitization involves quantization and sampling. Quantization is characterized by quantum size, number of bits, and input range. Sampling is characterized by sampling interval and sampling frequency. The sampling theorem specifies the minimum sampling frequency necessary to adequately represent igher frequency components of a signal. Sampling at less than this frequency produces aliasing. Signal averaging is used for evoked potential and nerve conduction studies, repetitive transient waveforms, and movement-associated potentials. Digital filtering removes unwanted frequency components from a signal by means of software algorithms. In contrast, analog filtering uses electrical circuit components like resisters, capacitors, and coils to remove unwanted frequency components. Both types of filters can be classified as low-pass, high-pass, bandpass, or notch filters. Interval analysis, autocorrelation analysis, and spectral analysis are ways to quantify the frequency content of a signal. Pattern recognition is used to detect waveforms with characteristic features.
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Scanlon, Zoe. "The Significance of Informal Lawmaking in International Fisheries Law." In Unconventional Lawmaking in the Law of the Sea, 210—C11.N150. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192897824.003.0011.
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Abstract Although a substantial body of formal international law exists within the international fisheries sector, many informal legal instruments have also been developed. These include various international plans of action, UN–FAO voluntary guidelines, and UN General Assembly resolutions. This chapter examines the development processes, and substance, of these informal instruments. It considers their function in a sector where formal law is regularly developed at the regional level; legal instruments are often technical, detailed, and regionally specific; technology, science, and circumstances change frequently; and the legal framework must be flexible enough to adapt rapidly. It examines their contribution to the development of international law in this area, including customary international law, and the development of globally agreed minimum standards that may be incorporated into instruments at regional or domestic levels. It considers whether, and how, these informal instruments influence the interpretation of well-established treaty law in this area.
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Coulon, Romain. "Evaluation of the Long-Term Stability of Metrology Instruments." In Applied Aspects of Modern Metrology [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.100511.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter aims to emphasize the issue of the long-term stability of instruments used in metrology. This issue is a concern mentioned in the IEC/ISO17025:2017 standard and the JCGM100:2008 guide. Control charts are mentioned in these key documents as tools to assess whether a measurement process is under statistical control or not. Control charts (Shewhart charts, CUSUM chart, EWMA chart) are introduced and tested with simulated and real datasets from metrology instruments that operate at the ionizing department of the BIPM. The interest and the limits of such statistical analysis are discussed. They take their basis in a measurement model composed of Gaussian white noise. Although a measurement monitored over a relatively short period may be consistent with this model, it has been observed that the autocorrelation of the measurement data acquired over a long period limits the relevance of control charts. In this case, time series analysis seems more appropriate than conventional control charts. As an illustration, an optimal Bayesian smoother is introduced to demonstrate how to deconvolve the low-frequency random noise and refine the evaluation of uncertainty according to the measurement model for long-term measurement.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Low Frequency Instrument"
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Mandolesi, N. "Planck low frequency instrument." In EXPERIMENTAL COSMOLOGY AT MILLIMETRE WAVELENGTHS: 2K1BC Workshop. AIP, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1475627.
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Mandolesi, Nazzareno, Gianluca Morgante, and Fabrizio Villa. "Low Frequency Instrument of Planck." In Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation, edited by John C. Mather. SPIE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.461196.
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Sandri, M. "Planck Low Frequency Instrument: Beam patterns." In EXPERIMENTAL COSMOLOGY AT MILLIMETRE WAVELENGTHS: 2K1BC Workshop. AIP, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1475637.
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Lamarre, J. M., M. Piat, P. A. R. Ade, J. Bock, P. De Bernardis, M. Giard, A. Lange, et al. "Use of high sensitivity bolometers for astronomy: Planck high frequency instrument." In LOW TEMPERATURE DETECTORS: Ninth International Workshop on Low Temperature Detectors. American Institute of Physics, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1457711.
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Villa, F., N. Mandolesi, M. Bersanelli, R. C. Butler, C. Burigana, A. Mennella, G. Morgante, M. Sandri, and L. Valenziano. "The low frequency instrument of the Planck mission." In ASTROPHYSICAL POLARIZED BACKGROUNDS: Workshop on Astrophysical Polarized Backgrounds. AIP, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1471837.
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Piat, M., J. P. Torre, J. M. Lamarre, J. W. Beeman, R. S. Bhatia, B. Leriche, J. P. Crussaire, and F. Langlet. "Design and tests of high sensitivity NTD Ge thermometers for the Planck-High Frequency Instrument." In LOW TEMPERATURE DETECTORS: Ninth International Workshop on Low Temperature Detectors. American Institute of Physics, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1457600.
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Bentum, Mark, and Albert-Jan Boonstra. "The RFI situation for a space-based low-frequency radio astronomy instrument." In 2016 Radio Frequency Interference (RFI). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rfint.2016.7833521.
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Mennella, A. "The Low Frequency Instrument in the ESA Planck mission." In PLASMAS IN THE LABORATORY AND IN THE UNIVERSE: New Insights and New Challenges. AIP, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1718488.
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Letizia, P. S., G. Crotti, D. Giordano, A. Delle Femine, D. Gallo, C. Landi, and M. Luiso. "Low Cost Procedure for Frequency Characterization of Voltage Instrument Transformers." In 2019 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc.2019.8827018.
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Wei, Xiao-Hui, and Hai-Yun Sheng. "Design of Intelligence Low-Frequency Pulsed Magnetic-Field Therapeutic Instrument." In 2010 International Conference on Intelligent Computation Technology and Automation (ICICTA). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icicta.2010.23.
Повний текст джерелаЗвіти організацій з теми "Low Frequency Instrument"
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Wieberg, Scott. Integration of Full Tensor Gravity and Z-Axis Tipper Electromagnetic Passive Low Frequency EM Instruments for Simultaneous Data Acquisition - Final Technical Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1338618.
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Kelly, Luke. Policy and Administrative Barriers to IDPs Accessing Basic Services. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.112.
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Literature shows that IDPs struggle to access services, which has an impact on their ability to live healthy and fulfilling lives. In the field of health, IDPs frequently have worse outcomes than both host community and refugees. This rapid literature review finds evidence of a number of policy and administrative barriers to access of services for internally displaced persons (IDPs). IDPs remain citizens of the countries in which they are displaced, and the national authorities retain responsibility for meeting their basic rights. However, their displacement, loss of livelihoods and assets, lack of documentation, as well as discrimination against them, lack of protection under international law, lack of policy to address their needs, poor services and conflict or disaster conditions, can all make it more difficult for IDPs to access basic services than non-displaced citizens. There is relatively little literature systematically addressing the issue of administrative and policy barriers to service access among IDPs. Much of the literature discusses IDPs alongside refugees (who have a different legal status and access to different national and international support), or discusses the whole range of difficulties facing IDPs but does not focus on administrative or policy barriers. The literature frequently does not compare IDPs and other citizens and service users. Nevertheless, policy and administrative barriers are discussed, ranging from analysis of international instruments on IDPs to documentation procedures in particular countries. Much of the literature shows the prevalence of disease, lack of school attendance, limited provision of services etc. faced by IDPs, but does not discuss the policy and administrative barriers in detail.
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Galili, Naftali, Roger P. Rohrbach, Itzhak Shmulevich, Yoram Fuchs, and Giora Zauberman. Non-Destructive Quality Sensing of High-Value Agricultural Commodities Through Response Analysis. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7570549.bard.
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The objectives of this project were to develop nondestructive methods for detection of internal properties and firmness of fruits and vegetables. One method was based on a soft piezoelectric film transducer developed in the Technion, for analysis of fruit response to low-energy excitation. The second method was a dot-matrix piezoelectric transducer of North Carolina State University, developed for contact-pressure analysis of fruit during impact. Two research teams, one in Israel and the other in North Carolina, coordinated their research effort according to the specific objectives of the project, to develop and apply the two complementary methods for quality control of agricultural commodities. In Israel: An improved firmness testing system was developed and tested with tropical fruits. The new system included an instrumented fruit-bed of three flexible piezoelectric sensors and miniature electromagnetic hammers, which served as fruit support and low-energy excitation device, respectively. Resonant frequencies were detected for determination of firmness index. Two new acoustic parameters were developed for evaluation of fruit firmness and maturity: a dumping-ratio and a centeroid of the frequency response. Experiments were performed with avocado and mango fruits. The internal damping ratio, which may indicate fruit ripeness, increased monotonically with time, while resonant frequencies and firmness indices decreased with time. Fruit samples were tested daily by destructive penetration test. A fairy high correlation was found in tropical fruits between the penetration force and the new acoustic parameters; a lower correlation was found between this parameter and the conventional firmness index. Improved table-top firmness testing units, Firmalon, with data-logging system and on-line data analysis capacity have been built. The new device was used for the full-scale experiments in the next two years, ahead of the original program and BARD timetable. Close cooperation was initiated with local industry for development of both off-line and on-line sorting and quality control of more agricultural commodities. Firmalon units were produced and operated in major packaging houses in Israel, Belgium and Washington State, on mango and avocado, apples, pears, tomatoes, melons and some other fruits, to gain field experience with the new method. The accumulated experimental data from all these activities is still analyzed, to improve firmness sorting criteria and shelf-life predicting curves for the different fruits. The test program in commercial CA storage facilities in Washington State included seven apple varieties: Fuji, Braeburn, Gala, Granny Smith, Jonagold, Red Delicious, Golden Delicious, and D'Anjou pear variety. FI master-curves could be developed for the Braeburn, Gala, Granny Smith and Jonagold apples. These fruits showed a steady ripening process during the test period. Yet, more work should be conducted to reduce scattering of the data and to determine the confidence limits of the method. Nearly constant FI in Red Delicious and the fluctuations of FI in the Fuji apples should be re-examined. Three sets of experiment were performed with Flandria tomatoes. Despite the complex structure of the tomatoes, the acoustic method could be used for firmness evaluation and to follow the ripening evolution with time. Close agreement was achieved between the auction expert evaluation and that of the nondestructive acoustic test, where firmness index of 4.0 and more indicated grade-A tomatoes. More work is performed to refine the sorting algorithm and to develop a general ripening scale for automatic grading of tomatoes for the fresh fruit market. Galia melons were tested in Israel, in simulated export conditions. It was concluded that the Firmalon is capable of detecting the ripening of melons nondestructively, and sorted out the defective fruits from the export shipment. The cooperation with local industry resulted in development of automatic on-line prototype of the acoustic sensor, that may be incorporated with the export quality control system for melons. More interesting is the development of the remote firmness sensing method for sealed CA cool-rooms, where most of the full-year fruit yield in stored for off-season consumption. Hundreds of ripening monitor systems have been installed in major fruit storage facilities, and being evaluated now by the consumers. If successful, the new method may cause a major change in long-term fruit storage technology. More uses of the acoustic test method have been considered, for monitoring fruit maturity and harvest time, testing fruit samples or each individual fruit when entering the storage facilities, packaging house and auction, and in the supermarket. This approach may result in a full line of equipment for nondestructive quality control of fruits and vegetables, from the orchard or the greenhouse, through the entire sorting, grading and storage process, up to the consumer table. The developed technology offers a tool to determine the maturity of the fruits nondestructively by monitoring their acoustic response to mechanical impulse on the tree. A special device was built and preliminary tested in mango fruit. More development is needed to develop a portable, hand operated sensing method for this purpose. In North Carolina: Analysis method based on an Auto-Regressive (AR) model was developed for detecting the first resonance of fruit from their response to mechanical impulse. The algorithm included a routine that detects the first resonant frequency from as many sensors as possible. Experiments on Red Delicious apples were performed and their firmness was determined. The AR method allowed the detection of the first resonance. The method could be fast enough to be utilized in a real time sorting machine. Yet, further study is needed to look for improvement of the search algorithm of the methods. An impact contact-pressure measurement system and Neural Network (NN) identification method were developed to investigate the relationships between surface pressure distributions on selected fruits and their respective internal textural qualities. A piezoelectric dot-matrix pressure transducer was developed for the purpose of acquiring time-sampled pressure profiles during impact. The acquired data was transferred into a personal computer and accurate visualization of animated data were presented. Preliminary test with 10 apples has been performed. Measurement were made by the contact-pressure transducer in two different positions. Complementary measurements were made on the same apples by using the Firmalon and Magness Taylor (MT) testers. Three-layer neural network was designed. 2/3 of the contact-pressure data were used as training input data and corresponding MT data as training target data. The remaining data were used as NN checking data. Six samples randomly chosen from the ten measured samples and their corresponding Firmalon values were used as the NN training and target data, respectively. The remaining four samples' data were input to the NN. The NN results consistent with the Firmness Tester values. So, if more training data would be obtained, the output should be more accurate. In addition, the Firmness Tester values do not consistent with MT firmness tester values. The NN method developed in this study appears to be a useful tool to emulate the MT Firmness test results without destroying the apple samples. To get more accurate estimation of MT firmness a much larger training data set is required. When the larger sensitive area of the pressure sensor being developed in this project becomes available, the entire contact 'shape' will provide additional information and the neural network results would be more accurate. It has been shown that the impact information can be utilized in the determination of internal quality factors of fruit. Until now,
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Unmanned airborne vehicle (UAV): Flight testing and evaluation of two-channel E-field very low frequency (VLF) instrument. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/290856.
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