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Статті в журналах з теми "Low enthalpy geothermic"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 14 березня 2023

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1

Szymiczek, Jakub, Krzysztof Szczotka, Marian Banaś, and Przemysław Jura. "Efficiency of a Compressor Heat Pump System in Different Cycle Designs: A Simulation Study for Low-Enthalpy Geothermal Resources." Energies 15, no. 15 (July 30, 2022): 5546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15155546.

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The development of district heating systems results in a search for alternative heat sources. One of these is low-enthalpy geothermic energy, more available than traditional geothermal energy. However, utilization of these resources is difficult, due to the low quality of the produced heat. To utilize them, the heat pump system can be used. Such a system was designed for this case study of a city in a region of the Polish Lowlands. The data necessary for the design came from the project of the borehole and operational parameters of the existing heating plant. Four heat pump-cycle designs were proposed, modeled, and simulated using Ebsilon software. Afterward, the designs were optimized to achieve maximum coefficient of performance (COP) value. As a result of the simulation, the efficiency of each design was determined and the seasonal COP value was calculated with the annual measured heat demand of the plant. The system based on the cascade design proved the most efficient, with a seasonal COP of 7.19. The seasonal COP for the remaining basic, subcooling, and regenerator variants was 5.61, 3.73, and 5.60, respectively. The annual heat production of the designed system (22,196 MWh) was calculated based on the thermal power of the designed system and historical demand data. This paper presents a simulation methodology for assessment of the efficiency and feasibility of a heat pump system in district heating.

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2

Zhang, Yi, Dong Ming Guo, and Da Liu. "Utilization and Research on Medium-Enthalpy and Low-Enthalpy Geothermal Energy in WSHP System." Advanced Materials Research 374-377 (October 2011): 392–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.374-377.392.

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Geothermal energy is a stable energy, stored underground and not influenced by the geographical, seasonal weather and the change of day and night. Medium-enthalpy and low-enthalpy geothermal energy are distributed in many areas of China, having a broad prospect for development. Taking water resources heat pump (WSHP) engineering in Tianqiao District as an example, medium-enthalpy and low-enthalpy geothermal energy is combined with the technology of aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES), providing cold energy in summer and warm energy in winter for the buildings. On the base of analysis of hydrogeological conditions in Tianqiao District, the temperature field of energy storage aquifers is numerically analyzed in the period of heating and cooling. The results show that the energy storage well can meet the requirement of heating and cooling conditions. The system of WSHP greatly utilizes medium-enthalpy and low-enthalpy geothermal energy, making the running costs economical.

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3

Quick, Hubert, Joachim Michael, Ulvi Arslan, and Heiko Huber. "Geothermal application in low-enthalpy regions." Renewable Energy 49 (January 2013): 133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2012.01.047.

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4

Dominco, Edoardo, and Paolo Emilio Liguori. "Low enthalpy geothermal project in Zambia." Geothermics 15, no. 5-6 (January 1986): 759–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(86)90089-1.

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5

Tole, Mwakio P. "Low enthalpy geothermal systems in Kenya." Geothermics 17, no. 5-6 (January 1988): 777–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(88)90037-5.

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6

Ting, David S. ‐K. "Low‐Enthalpy Geothermal Resources for Power Generation." International Journal of Environmental Studies 67, no. 4 (August 2010): 621–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2010.498602.

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7

Buonomo, B., V. Ciccarelli, O. Manca, S. Nardini, and R. E. Plomitallo. "Effect of nanofluid on a Low-enthalpy geothermal plant." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2385, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2385/1/012018.

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Abstract In Italy 40% of total energy consumption is destined for buildings. To reduce energy consumption and consequently achieve a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions, it is necessary to design well and build better. The technologies that make it possible to increase the energy saving of buildings for civil use are linked to three main aspects: envelope, insulation, and air conditioning; high efficiency systems, integrated building-plant design, use of appliances and lighting with low energy consumption, use of energy from renewable sources; building automation. In this work, the energy demand of a building located in Campania is supplied by a low-enthalpy geothermal plant where the working fluid is a nanofluid. Building thermal loads and performance of the geothermal plant are evaluated by means of TRNSYS®. Borehole heat exchangers design is carried out by means of the ASHRAE procedure. The geothermal system is designed considering the geological characteristics of the site, the characteristics of the geothermal plant and energy conversion system. The performance of the system is evaluated for different nanofluid as working fluid, water-Al2O3, water-CuO and water-SiO2, for several nanoparticle concentrations.

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8

Paltrinieri, Diego, Paolo Favali, Francesco Italiano, Patrizio Signanini, Carlo Caso, and Fabrizio B. Armani. "The Marsili Seamount Offshore Geothermal Reservoir: A Big Challenge for an Energy Transition Model." Energies 15, no. 5 (March 4, 2022): 1900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15051900.

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Renewable energies have been the only sources recording a clear increase in total installed capacity, setting a record in new power capacity in 2020, despite the pandemic. The European Union Green Deal represents a strategy towards a sustainable economic model. In this framework, land-based geothermics has seen very limited development; however, offshore geothermics is almost completely absent in the discussion on energy source alternatives, even though it represents a real challenge for energy transition, including the production of green hydrogen. This article discusses an excursus on the activities carried out on offshore geothermal areas worldwide. We focused on the energy potential capacity of the Marsili volcanic seamount located over the bathial plain of the Tyrrhenian Basin, describing the detailed geological, geochemical, and geophysical investigations that have been carried out on that seamount since the 2000s. All the collected data have shown evidence supporting the existence of an exploitable geothermal system in the Marsili seamount consisting of a reservoir of supercritical geothermal fluids of about 100 km3. We discuss and evaluate the actual consistence of the impacts associated with the occurrence of potential risks. We also describe the necessary further steps towards the pilot well. An important breakthrough in the short-medium term that allows for an exit from the predominance of fossil sources may come from the development of energy production derived from offshore high-enthalpy geothermal fields, especially in areas such as the Southern Tyrrhenian Sea. There is a natural clear predisposition for its exploitation combined with a low ecological footprint, which is the target objective of international agreements in the context of a blue economy strategy.

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9

Carlini, M., S. Castellucci, E. Allegrini, and A. Tucci. "Down-Hole Heat Exchangers: Modelling of a Low-Enthalpy Geothermal System for District Heating." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2012 (2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/845192.

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In order to face the growing energy demands, renewable energy sources can provide an alternative to fossil fuels. Thus, low-enthalpy geothermal plants may play a fundamental role in those areas—such as the Province of Viterbo—where shallow groundwater basins occur and conventional geothermal plants cannot be developed. This may lead to being fuelled by locally available sources. The aim of the present paper is to exploit the heat coming from a low-enthalpy geothermal system. The experimental plant consists in a down-hole heat exchanger for civil purposes and can supply thermal needs by district heating. An implementation in MATLAB environment is provided in order to develop a mathematical model. As a consequence, the amount of withdrawable heat can be successfully calculated.

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10

Hristov, V., N. Stoyanov, S. Valtchev, S. Kolev, and A. Benderev. "Utilization of low enthalpy geothermal energy in Bulgaria." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 249 (April 12, 2019): 012035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/249/1/012035.

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11

Andritsos, N., P. Dalabakis, G. Karydakis, N. Kolios, and M. Fytikas. "Characteristics of low-enthalpy geothermal applications in Greece." Renewable Energy 36, no. 4 (April 2011): 1298–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2010.10.008.

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12

Buzăianu, Aurelian, Ioana Csáki, Petra Moţoiu, Gabriela Popescu, Ingolfur Thorbjornsson, Kolbrun R. Ragnarsodottir, Sæmundur Guðlaugsson, and Daniel Goubmunson. "Recent Advances of the Basic Concepts in Geothermal Turbines of Low and High Enthalpy." Advanced Materials Research 1114 (July 2015): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1114.233.

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A few numbers of countries in the world are involved in geothermal exploration and geothermal development projects. In order to provide a stable power supply without increasing carbon dioxide on global environment problem, a basic condition need to be fulfilled. This condition is high reliability and high maintainability for the geothermal energetic pumps and turbines. Effective efficiency improvement and geothermal turbines system upgrading are very important and also fundamental economical factor. This means that CO2 emissions into the atmosphere are minimal and a higher reliance on geothermal power generation would work on preventing global warming.The solution to climate changes threat is based now, mainly, on renewable and ecological sources of energy. Geothermal energy has the potential to play a significant role in moving the Europe and other regions of the world toward a cleaner and more sustainable energy system. In order to increase the reliability of geothermal steam turbines, assessing the materials life under geothermal environment condition will be an important step. The corrosion process in the geothermal turbine and pumps depends on temperature, pressure, chemistry, mechanical and vaporous carryover of impurities and water treatment (distribution between the vapors, the surface film and rotor blades material, heat transfer properties etc).The aim of this paper is to present a new coating method for geothermal turbines and pumps components using multi composite technology in order to obtain a protective layer to reduce corrosion damages. The results were very promising and the technique used, plasma jet spraying is a very good method to be used on the geothermal turbines and pumps components.

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13

Scarascia Mugnozza, Giacomo, Simone Pascuzzi, Alexandros Sotirios Anifantis, and Giuseppe Verdiani. "Use of low-enthalpy geothermal resources for greenhouse heating: an experimental study." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Technica Agraria 11, no. 1-2 (April 15, 2022): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24326/aspta.2012.1-2.2.

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The energy and economic performance analysis of integrated photovoltaic and geothermal systems, for greenhouse heating, was investigated in a experimental study developed at the University of Bari, Southern Italy. A 7.2 kW geothermal heat pump combined with a 120 m vertical double U-bend ground heat exchanger was installed in order to supply the thermal energy demand of 48 m2 single plastic skin greenhouse. Heat extraction energy from the soil, air temperature above the heated cultivated surface, growing media temperature, water temperature inside the heating system were measured and recorded continuously by a system composed of sensors and data logger. Results of the experiment showed that the use of geothermal sources integrated with photovoltaic panels can supply of totally heat energy demand of greenhouse with zero air emission and economy saving of 40% compared to the traditional heating systems.

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14

Panea, Crina, Ioan Felea, and Ioan Almăşan. "The Simulation of Processes and Performances within Low Enthalpy Geothermal Power Plants." Advanced Materials Research 875-877 (February 2014): 1647–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.875-877.1647.

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On the perspective of constant development, a major objective of today’s international strategies – the exploitation of nonpolluting resources becomes a very important aspect. Geothermal energy represents one of the renewable energy resources. The exploitation of geothermal resources of low enthalpy with the aim of producing electric energy is a well extended direction of development. The paper is dedicated to the simulation of processes and performances within equipments which build up a GPP having as a destination the exploitation of low enthalpy geothermal deposits. After the short presentation of the actuality subject and the structure of GPP we pass on to the draft modules for the equipments from the GPP structure, with the aim of specific processes simulation. By using the programming medium Matlab/Simulink we apply the model for a GPP which will function according to pre-established conditions. The obtained result after simulation are verry good, and the most important parameter wich is followed is the efficiency of the plant. The results for this parameter is high for this type of power plants.

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15

Criaud, A., and C. Fouillac. "Sulfide scaling in low enthalpy geothermal environments: A survey." Geothermics 18, no. 1-2 (January 1989): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(89)90012-6.

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16

Kaczmarczyk, Michał, Barbara Tomaszewska, and Agnieszka Operacz. "Sustainable Utilization of Low Enthalpy Geothermal Resources to Electricity Generation through a Cascade System." Energies 13, no. 10 (May 15, 2020): 2495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13102495.

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The article presents an assessment of the potential for using low temperature geothermal water from the C-PIG-1 well (Małopolskie Voivodship, southern Poland) for electricity generation, as the first stage in a geothermal cascade system. The C-PIG-1 well is characterised by a temperature of geothermal water of 82 °C and a maximum flow rate of 51.22 kg/s. Geothermal water is currently only utilised for recreation purposes in swimming pools. In such locations, with the potential to use renewable energy for energetic purposes, the possibility of comprehensive management of the geothermal waters extracted should be considered both in the first stage of the cascade and after recreational use. Thermodynamic calculations were conducted assuming the use of the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) or Kalina Cycle. Two variants were analysed—the use of the maximum flow rate of geothermal waters and partial use with an assumption of a priority for recreational/heating purposes. The analysis and calculations indicate that the gross capacity in the most optimistic variant will not exceed 250 kW for the ORC and 440 kW for the Kalina Cycle. As far as the gross electricity generation is concerned, for ORC this will not exceed 1.9 GWh/year and for the Kalina Cycle it will not exceed 3.5 GWh/year.

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17

Zhang, Yi, and Dong Ming Guo. "Thermal Environment Simulation of Buildings on the Ground in Low Enthalpy Geothermal Engineering." Advanced Materials Research 393-395 (November 2011): 476–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.393-395.476.

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By using a variety of energy-saving technologies, low-grade geothermal energy will be efficiently used for improving the indoor thermal environment with few high-grade electric energy in low enthalpy geothermal engineering. In order to be more targeted and precise, geothermal energy conservation engineering should be designed and controlled on the basis of characteristics and variation of indoor thermal environment. Taking the low enthalpy geothermal engineering in the Air Force Command Academy veteran cadre living area as an example, it generalizes the building and simulates the indoor thermal environment by DeST software. The results show that the thermal enironment of rooms which are on the different storeies and different orientations is different. it is be obvious regularity, the thermal enironment of rooms in the high storey and low storey is worse than the middle storey in winter, the thermal enironment of rooms in north is worse than in south, the thermal enironment of rooms in west is worse than in east, and the thermal enironment of rooms in the corner is worse than in the middle. All of these may be a guide to equipment selection, layout of pipe network and terminal equipment, and can provide a theoretical basis for energy conservation design and operations control.

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18

Gilang, Alfian, Mohammad H. Jauhari, and Maria T. Kristiati. "Geothermal Salt Factory (GSF) Design in Parangwedang Geothermal, Bantul, Special Region of Yogyakarta." Indonesian Journal of Energy 3, no. 2 (August 31, 2020): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33116/ije.v3i2.92.

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Indonesia has the largest geothermal energy potential in the world with potential value ±28 GWe, but the potential of geothermal low enthalpy is still not utilized properly. On the other hand, improvement in the salt industry needs to be done because the salt industry in Indonesia has not been able to meet domestic salt demand. Domestic salt supply deficit is caused by the salt industry in Indonesia just relies on salt traditional farmers who are very dependent on the sunlight and the absence of a modern and sustainable salt-making industry. Therefore, the authors made a salt factory design using low enthalpy geothermal by utilizing Parangwedang geothermal as a heat source energy. Parangwedang geothermal is located in the Special Region of Yogyakarta with existence manifestation as a hot spring. Based on previous research, the potential of Parangwedang geothermal was 10 MWe. The reservoir rock may have a temperature range 115 °C and the hot spring fluid temperature 43 °C. The hot spring distance from the seashore is 403 meters with elevation reach 8 meters. The method used in this study is literature study and data collection in the field. Literature data is obtained from various sources and then compiled and grouped for the design of the salt factory that utilizes low enthalpy geothermal energy. This factory system will involve two pumps, one of which will drain the hot water from the Parangwedang hot spring and the other will drain the water from the ocean to the salt production pan. A boiling tank and condenser are used to boil the sea. Hot water from the boiling tank is used for drying the salt brine and brine is dried in the salt pan. In the result, the authors calculated factory production capacity, the GSF production capacity is ±14 tons salt each year.

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19

Trota, Ferreira, Gomes, Cabral, and Kallberg. "Power Production Estimates from Geothermal Resources by Means of Small-Size Compact Climeon Heat Power Converters: Case Studies from Portugal (Sete Cidades, Azores and Longroiva Spa, Mainland)." Energies 12, no. 14 (July 23, 2019): 2838. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12142838.

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Renewable forms of energy are increasingly penetrating the electricity market, particularly, geothermal energy. A wide range of resource temperatures and fluid quality are converted mostly using traditional binary power plants and, recently, using Climeon modular units. Portuguese natural geothermal resources are far from precise estimations. Despite the parameter uncertainties, electric power resource estimations of two natural geothermal reservoirs are presented: a volcanic sourced heated high-enthalpy geothermal reservoir in Sete Cidades, São Miguel Island, Azores; and a low-enthalpy geothermal reservoir linked to a fractured zone in a granitic setting in Longroiva, in the northern part of the Portuguese mainland. Based on the volumetric method, we assessed the power potential of geothermal resources in Sete Cidades and Longroiva using a probabilistic methodology—Monte Carlo simulation. The average reserve estimations for Climeon module were 5.66 MWe and 0.64 MWe for Sete Cidades and Longroiva, respectively. This figure was by far higher when compared to traditional binary technology; those differences were mostly attributed to distinct conversions efficiency factors.

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20

Carrier, A., F. Fischanger, J. Gance, G. Cocchiararo, G. Morelli, and M. Lupi. "Deep electrical resistivity tomography for the prospection of low- to medium-enthalpy geothermal resources." Geophysical Journal International 219, no. 3 (September 16, 2019): 2056–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggz411.

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SUMMARY The growth of the geothermal industry sector requires innovative methods to reduce exploration costs whilst minimizing uncertainty during subsurface exploration. Until now geoelectrical prospection had to trade between logistically complex cabled technologies reaching a few hundreds meters deep versus shallow-reaching prospecting methods commonly used in hydro-geophysical studies. We present a recent technology for geoelectrical prospection, and show how geoelectrical methods may allow the investigation of medium-enthalpy geothermal resources until about 1 km depth. The use of the new acquisition system, which is made of a distributed set of independent electrical potential recorders, enabled us to tackle logistics and noise data issues typical of urbanized areas. We acquired a 4.5-km-long 2-D geoelectrical survey in an industrial area to investigate the subsurface structure of a sedimentary sequence that was the target of a ∼700 m geothermal exploration well (Geo-01, Satigny) in the Greater Geneva Basin, Western Switzerland. To show the reliability of this new method we compared the acquired resistivity data against reflection seismic and gravimetric data and well logs. The processed resistivity model is consistent with the interpretation of the active-seismic data and density variations computed from the inversion of the residual Bouguer anomaly. The combination of the resistivity and gravity models suggest the presence of a low resistivity and low density body crossing Mesozoic geological units up to Palaeogene–Neogene units that can be used for medium-enthalpy geothermal exploitation. Our work points out how new geoelectrical methods may be used to identify thermal groundwater at depth. This new cost-efficient technology may become an effective and reliable exploration method for the imaging of shallow geothermal resources.

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21

Amoo, L. M. "Low-Enthalpy Geothermal Springs for Power Generation—An Alternative Approach." OALib 06, no. 11 (2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1105866.

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22

Cerutti, Paolo. "[Renewable Resources, High to Low Enthalpy Geothermal, opportunities and perspectives]." Acque Sotterranee - Italian Journal of Groundwater 11, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 77–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.7343/as-2022-593.

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23

Soengkono, Supri, Chris Bromley, Robert Reeves, Stewart Bennie, and Duncan Graham. "Geophysical techniques for low enthalpy geothermal exploration in New Zealand." Exploration Geophysics 44, no. 3 (September 2013): 215–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/eg13036.

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24

Husna Rekinagara, Istifari, Rizqi Mahfudz Prasetyo, Barlian Dwinagara, Muhammad Kunta Biddinika, Muhammad Aziz, and Fumitake Takahashi. "Engineering Students’ Reference of Low Enthalpy Geothermal Potential in Parangtritis." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1175 (March 2019): 012187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1175/1/012187.

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25

Saeid, Sanaz, Rafid Al-Khoury, and Frans Barends. "An efficient computational model for deep low-enthalpy geothermal systems." Computers & Geosciences 51 (February 2013): 400–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2012.08.019.

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26

Speight, James G. "A Review of “Low-enthalpy Geothermal Resources for Power Generation." Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy 4, no. 1 (January 6, 2009): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567240802557137.

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27

Soengkono, Supri, Chris Bromley, Robert Reeves, and Stewart Bennie. "Geophysical Techniques for Low Enthalpy Geothermal Exploration in New Zealand." Preview 2011, no. 153 (August 2011): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pvv2011n153p37.

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28

Mauro, Alessandro, and Jeffrey C. Grossman. "Street-heat: Controlling road temperature via low enthalpy geothermal energy." Applied Thermal Engineering 110 (January 2017): 1653–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.08.180.

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29

Kaczmarczyk, Michał, Barbara Tomaszewska, and Wiesław Bujakowski. "Innovative desalination of geothermal wastewater supported by electricity generated from low-enthalpy geothermal resources." Desalination 524 (February 2022): 115450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2021.115450.

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30

Salloom, Alaa H., Omar A. Abdulrazzaq, Sahar Sadoon, and Wathiq G. Abdulnaby. "A Review of the Geothermal Potential Hot Spots in Iraq Using Geophysics Methods." Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies 12, no. 1 (March 20, 2022): 51–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v12i1.590.

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Анотація:

This review introduces the concept of geothermal energy and the technologies used to harvest this sustainable and clean source. Geothermal systems were explained in details in the review. They were classified into two major types, steam cycle and binary cycle. The steam cycle is always used at higher enthalpy, and a binary cycle is used at low enthalpy. The power generation methods used to produce geothermal power from geothermal resources, typically, comprises of well production, injection and steam and gas separators, heat exchangers, preheaters, turbines and condenser. The steam cycle type allows the water to evaporate and the steam will be separated from brine solution and expanded in a turbine, generally the salty water will have discarded out of system, or it is flashed again at lower system part. Power generation methods were divided into single Flash Steam Plant, Double Flash Steam Plant, and Dry Steam Plant. The components of the geothermal power plant were elucidated, namely, feed pump, heat exchanger, preheater, evaporator, turbine, and condenser. After surveying the geothermal energy worldwide briefly, the Iraqi geothermal energy was introduced. Thermal gradient in Iraqi tectonic zone was analyzed. There is a very limited available literature on Iraq geothermal. However, we were able to analyze the geothermal temperature gradient in Iraq by dividing it into two regions; the northern Iraq, and the southern Iraq. Our analysis shows that Iraq is a poor zone for geothermal with no significant hot spots all over the country. However, low temperature applications can be invested using the exhausted petroleum wells.

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31

Colmenar-Santos, Antonio, Elisabet Palomo-Torrejón, Enrique Rosales-Asensio, and David Borge-Diez. "Measures to Remove Geothermal Energy Barriers in the European Union." Energies 11, no. 11 (November 18, 2018): 3202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11113202.

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This article examines the main market barriers that hamper the introduction of geothermal energy at local, national, and European levels as well as the necessary steps that need to be taken to eradicate them, thus contributing to the general use of this renewable source of energy. The novelty of this study lies in the detailed description of four different scenarios: the European Union (EU), Spain, the Canary Islands, and the agricultural sector for the three types of geothermal energies and their uses: Low-enthalpy or thermal uses, high-enthalpy or electrical uses and renewable energy mix. The results are expected to differ in terms of level of introduction, barriers, and measures to be taken. We have selected Spain within the European context due to its meagre 0.1% geothermal market share in primary demand for renewable energy, and the Canary Islands in particular, given its insular nature. We have likewise picked the agricultural sector due to its underdevelopment as far as renewable energies are concerned, including geothermal energy.

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32

Ceglia, Francesca, Adriano Macaluso, Elisa Marrasso, Maurizio Sasso, and Laura Vanoli. "Modelling of Polymeric Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers for Low-Medium Temperature Geothermal Applications." Energies 13, no. 11 (May 29, 2020): 2737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13112737.

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Improvements in using geothermal sources can be attained through the installation of power plants taking advantage of low and medium enthalpy available in poorly exploited geothermal sites. Geothermal fluids at medium and low temperature could be considered to feed binary cycle power plants using organic fluids for electricity “production” or in cogeneration configuration. The improvement in the use of geothermal aquifers at low-medium enthalpy in small deep sites favours the reduction of drilling well costs, and in addition, it allows the exploitation of local resources in the energy districts. The heat exchanger evaporator enables the thermal heat exchange between the working fluid (which is commonly an organic fluid for an Organic Rankine Cycle) and the geothermal fluid (supplied by the aquifer). Thus, it has to be realised taking into account the thermodynamic proprieties and chemical composition of the geothermal field. The geothermal fluid is typically very aggressive, and it leads to the corrosion of steel traditionally used in the heat exchangers. This paper analyses the possibility of using plastic material in the constructions of the evaporator installed in an Organic Rankine Cycle plant in order to overcome the problems of corrosion and the increase of heat exchanger thermal resistance due to the fouling effect. A comparison among heat exchangers made of commonly used materials, such as carbon, steel, and titanium, with alternative polymeric materials has been carried out. This analysis has been built in a mathematical approach using the correlation referred to in the literature about heat transfer in single-phase and two-phase fluids in a tube and/or in the shell side. The outcomes provide the heat transfer area for the shell and tube heat exchanger with a fixed thermal power size. The results have demonstrated that the plastic evaporator shows an increase of 47.0% of the heat transfer area but an economic installation cost saving of 48.0% over the titanium evaporator.

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33

Bruhn, Matthias. "Hybrid geothermal–fossil electricity generation from low enthalpy geothermal resources: geothermal feedwater preheating in conventional power plants." Energy 27, no. 4 (April 2002): 329–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-5442(01)00088-3.

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34

Kyriakarakos, George, Erika Ntavou, and Dimitris Manolakos. "Investigation of the Use of Low Temperature Geothermal Organic Rankine Cycle Engine in an Autonomous Polygeneration Microgrid." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (December 15, 2020): 10475. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410475.

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Low-enthalpy geothermal resources (<150 °C) can be used for electricity generation and are widespread around the world, occurring at shallow depths. At the same time, in many parts of the world, there are existing low-enthalpy geothermal wells that are used for a multitude of applications such as for buildings’ heating and agriculture-related applications. The dominant technology to convert low-grade heat (<150 °C) to electricity is the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC). The autonomous polygeneration microgrid (APM) concept aims to holistically meet in a sustainable way the needs of an off-grid community in terms of electrical loads, space heating and cooling, potable water production through desalination, and the use of hydrogen as fuel for transportation, in the most cost-effective manner possible. Photovoltaics (PVs) and wind turbines have been investigated extensively, since PVs can be installed practically anywhere in the world and wind turbines in areas with sufficient wind potential. The aim of this paper is to investigate techno-economically the potential of utilizing low-enthalpy geothermal resources in small-scale APMs through an ORC engine to fully satisfy the needs of small settlements. In order to accomplish this task with confidence, a case study for the Greek island of Milos has been developed and a typical settlement has been considered. It is worth mentioning that experimental results from a realized low-power (<10 kWe) ORC engine manufactured to operate at temperatures up to 140 °C are used to add reliability in the calculations. In order to meet the needs of the people, four different APMs based on PVs, wind turbines, and geothermal ORC of different but appropriate configurations were designed and sized through optimization. The optimization process was based on particle swarm optimization (PSO). The comparative examination of the results shows that the use of a low-power, low-temperature ORC engine in an APM is technically feasible; more cost effective than the configurations based on PVs, wind turbines, or combination of both; and has increased environmental sustainability.

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35

Kaczmarczyk, Michał, Barbara Tomaszewska, and Leszek Pająk. "Geological and Thermodynamic Analysis of Low Enthalpy Geothermal Resources to Electricity Generation Using ORC and Kalina Cycle Technology." Energies 13, no. 6 (March 13, 2020): 1335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13061335.

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The article presents an assessment of the potential for using low enthalpy geothermal resources for electricity generation on the basis of the Małopolskie Voivodeship (southern Poland). Identification the locations providing the best prospects with the highest efficiency and possible gross power output. Thermodynamic calculations of power plants were based on data from several geothermal wells: the Bańska PGP-1, Bańska IG-1, Bańska PGP-3 and Chochołów PIG-1 which are working wells located in one of the best geothermal reservoirs in Poland. As the temperature of geothermal waters from the wells does not exceed 86 °C, considerations include the use of binary technologies—the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) and Kalina Cycle. The potential gross capacity calculated for existing geothermal wells will not exceed 900 kW for ORC and 1.6 MW for Kalina Cycle. In the case of gross electricity, the total production will not exceed 3.3 GWh/year using the ORC, and will not exceed 6.3 GWh/year for the Kalina Cycle.

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36

Benn, Douglas I., Robert L. Jones, Adrian Luckman, Johannes J. Fürst, Ian Hewitt, and Christian Sommer. "Mass and enthalpy budget evolution during the surge of a polythermal glacier: a test of theory." Journal of Glaciology 65, no. 253 (August 29, 2019): 717–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jog.2019.63.

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AbstractAnalysis of a recent surge of Morsnevbreen, Svalbard, is used to test predictions of the enthalpy balance theory of surging. High-resolution time series of velocities, ice thickness and crevasse distribution allow key elements of the enthalpy (internal energy) budget to be quantified for different stages of the surge cycle. During quiescence (1936–1990), velocities were very low, and geothermal heat slowly built-up enthalpy at the bed. Measurable mass transfer and frictional heating began in 1990–2010, then positive frictional heating-velocity feedbacks caused gradual acceleration from 2010 to 2015. Rapid acceleration occurred in summer 2016, when extensive crevassing and positive air temperatures allowed significant surface to bed drainage. The surge front reached the terminus in October 2016, coincident with a drop in velocities. Ice plumes in the fjord are interpreted as discharge of large volumes of supercooled water from the bed. Surge termination was prolonged, however, indicating persistence of an inefficient drainage system. The observations closely match predictions of the theory, particularly build-up of enthalpy from geothermal and frictional heat, and surface meltwater, and the concomitant changes in ice-surface elevation and velocity. Additional characteristics of the surge reflect spatial processes not represented in the model, but can be explained with respect to enthalpy gradients.

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37

Nikita-Martzopoulou, C. "GREENHOUSE HEATING SYSTEMS WITH GEOTHERMAL ENERGY OF LOW ENTHALPY IN GREECE." Acta Horticulturae, no. 263 (June 1990): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1990.263.17.

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38

De Giorgi, Lara, and Giovanni Leucci. "Study of Shallow Low-Enthalpy Geothermal Resources Using Integrated Geophysical Methods." Acta Geophysica 63, no. 1 (February 2015): 125–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11600-014-0243-4.

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39

Bruno, P. P. G., V. Paoletti, M. Grimaldi, and A. Rapolla. "Geophysical exploration for geothermal low enthalpy resources in Lipari Island, Italy." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 98, no. 1-4 (May 2000): 173–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0377-0273(99)00183-3.

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40

Rubio-Maya, C., V. M. Ambríz Díaz, E. Pastor Martínez, and J. M. Belman-Flores. "Cascade utilization of low and medium enthalpy geothermal resources − A review." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 52 (December 2015): 689–716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.07.162.

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41

Martín-Gamboa, Mario, Diego Iribarren, and Javier Dufour. "On the environmental suitability of high- and low-enthalpy geothermal systems." Geothermics 53 (January 2015): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2014.03.012.

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42

Tole, Mwakio P. "Stable isotope studies of some low enthalpy geothermal systems in Kenya." Journal of African Earth Sciences (and the Middle East) 11, no. 1-2 (January 1990): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(90)90074-o.

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43

Frau, Franco, Rosa Cidu, Giorgio Ghiglieri, and Guglielmo Angelo Caddeo. "Characterization of low-enthalpy geothermal resources and evaluation of potential contaminants." Rendiconti Lincei. Scienze Fisiche e Naturali 31, no. 4 (August 18, 2020): 1055–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12210-020-00950-6.

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44

Pivin, Martine. "French low enthalpy geothermal energy, assessment of 10 years of operation." Geothermics 21, no. 5-6 (October 1992): 927–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(92)90043-9.

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45

Liu, Qiang, Linlin Shang, and Yuanyuan Duan. "Performance analyses of a hybrid geothermal–fossil power generation system using low-enthalpy geothermal resources." Applied Energy 162 (January 2016): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.10.078.

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46

Hernández-Magallanes, Javier Alejandro, Jonathan Ibarra-Bahena, Wilfrido Rivera, Rosenberg J. Romero, Efraín Gómez-Arias, Ulises Dehesa-Carrasco, Orlando Miguel Espinoza-Ojeda, and Sanal Kozhiparambil Chandran. "Thermodynamic Analysis of a Half-Effect Absorption Cooling System Powered by a Low-Enthalpy Geothermal Source." Applied Sciences 9, no. 6 (March 22, 2019): 1220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9061220.

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A thermodynamic analysis of a half-effect absorption cooling system powered by a low-enthalpy geothermal source was carried out. This paper presents modeling of the half-effect absorption cooling system operating with an ammonia/lithium nitrate mixture and based on the first and second laws of thermodynamics, using as energy inputs real data from two geothermal wells located at Las Tres Vírgenes volcanic complex, Baja California Sur, México. Plots of coefficients of performance and exergy efficiency against condenser, evaporator, and generator temperatures are presented for the half-effect cooling system. The results showed that the system was able to operate at generation temperatures between 56 and 70 °C, which were supplied by the geothermal wells in order to produce cooling at temperatures as low as −16 °C, achieving coefficients of performance between 0.10 and 0.36, while the exergy efficiency varied from 0.15 to 0.40 depending on the system operating temperatures.

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47

Wang, Shu Fang, Andri Arnaldsson, Gudni Axelsson, Zhong He Pang, and Jiu Rong Liu. "Modelling of the Response of the Niutuozhen Low-Enthalpy Geothermal System in Hebei Province, China." Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (May 2012): 842–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.842.

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The Niutuozhen geothermal system, located in North China, is composed of the Jixian system dolomite reservoir and a Neogene sandstone reservoir. A three-dimensional model with 5437 elements and seven layers based on the geological and geothermal data was built using the AQUA3D package designed for solving flow and heat transport problems. Production history of forty five wells and pressure monitoring data from six wells were used for calibration. The calibrated model was then used to predict the geothermal system response of the geothermal field. The maximum predicted drawdown after 20 years of production without any reinjection ranged from 30 to 120 m in the north and south, respectively. The rate of drawdown was predicted to be kept at a lower level if 50% of the produced water was reinjected into the system. Cones of depression were predicted to gradually enlarge due to an increased production rate without reinjection, but were effectively limited and even diminished with a reinjection ratio of 50%. A maximum temperature decrease of 2.75°C was predicted to occur in production well A34, located near the reinjection well R3, for a production rate of 162 l/s with 50% reinjection. The maximum temperature decrease of 24.81°C was predicted to occur in the southern reinjection well R2. Prediction of temperature response indicated that the reinjection rate, the temperature of the reinjected water and the distance between the reinjection and production wells are the three factors affecting the reservoir temperature change. Reinjection is a indispensible measure for maintaining pressure of the reservoir. However, reservoir cooling induced by reinjection of the cold water should be considered carefully.

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48

Kilkis, Birol. "Exergy: Game Changer or Game Maker." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 06024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911106024.

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Many standard practices of today in the High Performance and Sustainably Green Buildings simply rely on the First-Law of Thermodynamics and economic feasibility in their evaluation and ratings. Although these practices seem to be quite `efficient` and green, new metrics, which are based on the Second-Law, namely exergy rationality metrics show that these practices are not feasible and environmentally advantageous, unless they are redesigned accordingly. For example, a simple ORC system using low-enthalpy geothermal source is not feasible, which means that such a system may save money and apparently energy but definitely destroys exergy compared to direct use of the thermal power from the geothermal well. This poster emphasizes the urgency of switching to exergy-based designs and practices.

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49

Kárpi, Marcell, Szilvia Szilágyiné Sebők, and Renáta Zákányiné Mészáros. "Investigating the reopening potential of medium enthalpy abandoned oil wells with Bayesian networks." Multidiszciplináris tudományok 12, no. 4 (2022): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.35925/j.multi.2022.4.7.

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The study examines the suitability of a new analytical method that can provide reliable results to end users during geothermal investments. The use of individual risks, influencing factors, and evidence with appropriate complexity can support sound, considered decisions. In the research work, we investigated the reopening potential of three barren wells for heat recovery in a sample area in north-eastern Hungary using Bayesian probability-based nets. In our model, the replacement of current fossil energy use with geothermal energy was simulated, the effect of which was expressed in tonnes of CO2 emissions saved. Our studies confirmed the suitability of reopening and geothermal utilization of low-enthalpy infertile wells.

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Dwinanto, Ariya, and Sudjati Rachmat. "Aerated Underbalance Drilling Screening Assessment at “X” Geothermal Field." KnE Energy 1, no. 1 (December 1, 2015): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/ken.v1i1.339.

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<p>Fault network is a challenging problem for geothermal drilling operations. Formation fluid contains high temperature production fluid which can reach >225oC on high enthalpy system. The other consequences is that almost all fault network has low pressure or subnormal pressure. This low pressure results to a loss circulation problem. This low pressure can even go lower if the geothermal field has been exploited for a long period. A miss reservoir management, that do not re-inject sufficient amount of fluid, will cause the reservoir pressure go lower. Another problem in Indonesia is the conservation area which almost all high enthalpy geothermal system exist. The pay zone that is beneath the conservation area must be reached by directional drilling as a solution. High temperature fluid, low formation pressure and conservation areas are problems for geothermal drilling. To overcome these problems, underbalance drilling method has an advantage dealing with low pressure reservoir.</p><p><br />This paper introduces a way to screen the underbalance drilling method on a certain field. This study will help the quantitative and qualitative decision whether the underbalance drilling is feasible or not. The first phase qualitative decision is based on wellbore stability, loss circulation, reservoir damage, stuck pipe incident, hard drilling and cost benefit. Then it will go to the drilling fluid decision. And at the end as a quantitative decision for constructing a feasible bottom hole pressure window area with some hole cleaning assessment. Underbalance drilling assessment will be studied on field “X” at one of Indonesia’s geothermal field. The screening of “X” geothermal field comes with conclusions that it has an opportunity underbalance drilling can be implemented with vertical aerated drilling wells on spesific gas and liquid flow rates.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: <em>Geothermal, underbalance drilling, aerated drilling </em></p>

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