Статті в журналах: "Longitudinal study of Indigenous children"

1

Macniven, Rona, Rachel Wilson, Tim Olds, and John Evans. "Footprints in Time: Physical Activity Levels and Sociodemographic and Movement-Related Associations Within the Longitudinal Study of Indigenous Children." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 18, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2020-0460.

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Background: Emerging evidence suggests that Indigenous children have higher physical activity levels that non-Indigenous children, yet little is known of the factors that influence these levels or how they may be optimized. This study examines correlates of achieving ≥1 hour/day of physical activity among Indigenous Australian children aged 8–13 years. Methods: Data were collected through parental self-report in the Longitudinal Study of Indigenous Children. Proportions of children achieving ≥1 hour/day physical activity, approximating the Australian aerobic physical activity recommendations, were calculated, and associations with sociodemographic, family composition, and movement-related factors were quantified using multiple logistic regression analyses. Results: Half of the 1233 children achieved ≥1 hour/day physical activity. Children from families with low parental education and unemployment, remote residence, low socioeconomic status, and without a father in the household were more likely to meet the recommendations. Achieving ≥1 hour/day of physical activity was also associated with low levels of playing electronic games and total screen time. Conclusions: Sociodemographic correlates of physical activity among Indigenous Australian children run counter to those typically found in non-Indigenous Australian children. Further longitudinal examination of the predictors of these associations would provide a greater understanding of Indigenous physical activity determinants, to inform strategies to facilitate participation.

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Fatima, Yaqoot, Abdullah Al Mamun, Romola S. Bucks, and Timothy Charles Skinner. "Late bedtime and body mass index gain in indigenous Australian children in the longitudinal study of indigenous children." Acta Paediatrica 109, no. 10 (April 7, 2020): 2084–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/apa.15219.

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Baxter, Lindy P., and Noel M. Meyers. "Indigenous students attendance at one Australian urban primary school (2005–2015): A case study." Australian Journal of Education 63, no. 1 (January 31, 2019): 22–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004944119826221.

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Urban Indigenous students’ school attendance and factors contributing to annual attendance rates are relatively unknown, and yet almost 80% of the Indigenous population resides in non-remote regions. Our longitudinal study evaluated an urban primary school where Indigenous families preferentially enrolled their children because they recognised it supported their children in ways that celebrated Indigenous culture and ameliorated school-related symptoms of poverty. Indigenous students’ attendance influences appeared in phases: Indigenous status, poverty, and family characteristics, until significant influences for attendance were exhausted. While Indigenous students’ mean attendance rates were bounded between 80% and 90%, and below non-Indigenous peers’ attendance in each year, slight improvement occurred, even as poverty universally pervaded the Indigenous community. As poverty among non-Indigenous students increased, their mean attendance also declined below the 90% national benchmark.

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Farrant, Brad M., Carrington C. J. Shepherd, Roz D. Walker, and Glenn C. Pearson. "Early Vocabulary Development of Australian Indigenous Children: Identifying Strengths." Child Development Research 2014 (April 1, 2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/942817.

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The current study sought to increase our understanding of the factors involved in the early vocabulary development of Australian Indigenous children. Data from the Longitudinal Study of Indigenous Children were available for 573 Indigenous children (291 boys) who spoke English (M=37.0 months, SD=5.4 months, at wave 3). Data were also available for 86 children (51 boys) who spoke an Indigenous language (M=37.1 months, SD=6.0 months, at wave 3). As hypothesised, higher levels of parent-child book reading and having more children’s books in the home were associated with better English vocabulary development. Oral storytelling in Indigenous language was a significant predictor of the size of children’s Indigenous vocabulary.

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Thurber, Katherine A., Emily Banks, and Cathy Banwell. "Cohort Profile: Footprints in Time, the Australian Longitudinal Study of Indigenous Children." International Journal of Epidemiology 44, no. 3 (July 9, 2014): 789–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyu122.

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Amarasena, Najith, and Ratilal Lalloo. "Teething and sleep difficulties: findings from the Longitudinal Study of Indigenous Children." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 39, no. 4 (June 11, 2015): 396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1753-6405.12388.

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Thurber, Katherine Ann, Cathy Banwell, Teresa Neeman, Timothy Dobbins, Melanie Pescud, Raymond Lovett, and Emily Banks. "Understanding barriers to fruit and vegetable intake in the Australian Longitudinal Study of Indigenous Children: a mixed-methods approach." Public Health Nutrition 20, no. 5 (November 29, 2016): 832–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980016003013.

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AbstractObjectiveTo identify barriers to fruit and vegetable intake for Indigenous Australian children and quantify factors related to these barriers, to help understand why children do not meet recommendations for fruit and vegetable intake.DesignWe examined factors related to carer-reported barriers using multilevel Poisson models (robust variance); a key informant focus group guided our interpretation of findings.SettingEleven diverse sites across Australia.SubjectsAustralian Indigenous children and their carers (N1230) participating in the Longitudinal Study of Indigenous Children.ResultsAlmost half (45 %;n555/1230) of carers reported barriers to their children’s fruit and vegetable intake. Dislike of fruit and vegetables was the most common barrier, reported by 32·9 % of carers; however, we identified few factors associated with dislike. Carers were more than ten times less likely to report barriers to accessing fruit and vegetables if they lived large citiesv. very remote areas. Within urban and inner regional areas, child and carer well-being, financial security, suitable housing and community cohesion promoted access to fruit and vegetables.ConclusionsIn this national Indigenous Australian sample, almost half of carers faced barriers to providing their children with a healthy diet. Both remote/outer regional carers and disadvantaged urban/inner regional carers faced problems accessing fruit and vegetables for their children. Where vegetables were accessible, children’s dislike was a substantial barrier. Nutrition promotion must address the broader family, community, environmental and cultural contexts that impact nutrition, and should draw on the strengths of Indigenous families and communities.

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Islam, Md Irteja, Verity Chadwick, Tuguy Esgin, and Alexandra Martiniuk. "Bullied Because of Their Teeth: Evidence from a Longitudinal Study on the Impact of Oral Health on Bullying Victimization among Australian Indigenous Children." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9 (April 20, 2022): 4995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19094995.

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Making life better for Indigenous peoples is a global priority. Although bullying and oral health have always been a topic of concern, there is limited information regarding the impact of this problem on the general population, with no evidence in this regard among the Australian Indigenous population. Thus, we aimed to quantify the relationship between bullying victimization and oral health problems by remoteness among 766 Australian Indigenous children aged between 10–15-years using data from the LSIC study. Bivariate and multilevel mixed-effect logistic regression analyses were employed. Findings indicated children self-reported bullying more than parents reported their children were being bullied (44% vs. 33.6%), with a higher percentage from rural/remote areas than urban areas. Parents reported that oral health problems increased the probability (OR 2.20, p < 0.05) of being bullied, in Indigenous children living in urban areas. Racial discrimination, lower level of parental education and poor child oral hygiene increase the risk of bullying victimization. Parental happiness with life and a safe community were associated with a lower risk of bullying. Dental problems are linked with Australian Indigenous children experiencing bullying victimization. Cultural resilience and eliminating discrimination may be two modifiable paths to ameliorating health issues associated with bullying in the Australian Indigenous community.

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Azpitarte, Francisco, Abraham Chigavazira, Guyonne Kalb, Brad M. Farrant, Francisco Perales, and Stephen R. Zubrick. "Childcare Use and Its Role in Indigenous Child Development: Evidence from the Longitudinal Study of Indigenous Children in Australia." Economic Record 95, no. 308 (November 15, 2018): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1475-4932.12440.

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Islam, Md Irteja, Lisa Sharwood, Verity Chadwick, Tuguy Esgin, and Alexandra Martiniuk. "Protective Factors against Self-Harm and Suicidality among Australian Indigenous Adolescents: A Strengths-Based Analysis of the Longitudinal Study of Indigenous Children." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 15 (July 26, 2022): 9131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159131.

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Background: Understanding and encouraging social and emotional well-being (SEWB) among Indigenous adolescents is vital in countering the impacts of colonisation and intergenerational trauma. As self-harm and suicidality are considered markers of poor SEWB among Indigenous communities, we aimed to identify the individual-level and community-level factors protecting Indigenous adolescents from self-harm and suicidality. Methods: Data came from Footprints in Time—The Longitudinal Study of Indigenous Children (waves 10 and 11), conducted among Indigenous families across Australia. A strengths-based analysis fitted multilevel logistic regression to explore associations with factors proposed as protective against self-reported self-harm and suicidality among Indigenous adolescents. Results: Our study cohort included 365 adolescents with complete data for the variables of interest. Adolescents had a mean (SD) age of 14.04 (0.45) years and a sex ratio of almost 1:1, and most were attending school (96.2%). Previous self-harm was reported by 8.2% (n = 30); previous suicidality was reported by 4.1% (n = 15). Individual-level factors protecting against self-harm and suicidality were being male, living in a cohesive family, and having low total Strengths and Difficulty Questionnaire scores (p < 0.05 for all). Residing in major cities compared with regional/remote areas was protective against self-harm (OR 5.94, 95% CI 1.31–26.81). Strong cultural identity was not found to be a protective factor against self-harm and/or suicidality in the sample. Conclusions: This study identified key individual- and community-level factors that can protect Australian Indigenous adolescents against self-harm and suicidality, particularly family cohesion. Identifying strengths for this at-risk population can inform prevention strategies, particularly for rural living adolescents with high distress.

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Thurber, Katherine A., Joanne Thandrayen, Emily Banks, Kate Doery, Mikala Sedgwick, and Raymond Lovett. "Strengths-based approaches for quantitative data analysis: A case study using the australian Longitudinal Study of Indigenous Children." SSM - Population Health 12 (December 2020): 100637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.100637.

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Ou, Lixin, Jack Chen, and Ken Hillman. "Have the Health Gaps Between Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Australian Children Changed over Time? Results from an Australian National Representative Longitudinal Study." Maternal and Child Health Journal 16, no. 4 (April 19, 2011): 814–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10995-011-0786-9.

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Mullan, Killian, and Gerry Redmond. "A Socio-Economic Profile of Families in the First Wave of the Longitudinal Study of Indigenous Children." Australian Economic Review 45, no. 2 (June 2012): 232–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8462.2012.00677.x.

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Ferreira, Aline A., James R. Welch, Geraldo Marcelo Cunha, and Carlos E. A. Coimbra. "Physical growth curves of indigenous Xavante children in Central Brazil: results from a longitudinal study (2009–2012)." Annals of Human Biology 43, no. 4 (June 20, 2016): 293–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014460.2016.1195445.

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Hunter, Erin, and Jo-Ane Reid. "Indigenous Community Partnerships Across Country Questioning What Counts." Australian and International Journal of Rural Education 30, no. 2 (July 17, 2020): 16–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.47381/aijre.v30i2.262.

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A doctoral study of a program designed to provide access to secondary education for children from a remote Indigenous community was completed in 2014 (Hunter, 2015). This paper reflects on the ongoing commitment of members of this community to a partnership that uses interstate boarding schools as a means of educating their children. It reviews the original longitudinal study that sought the viewpoints of the students, families, community leaders, teachers and schools involved, and uses the resources of spatial theory and placeâ€‘consciousness to argue the inadequacy of standardised understandings of success that are limited to measurable outcomes within short term policy cycles. Such views of success do not account for the effects of locational difference and disadvantage related to the intersection of health, education, and economic disadvantage that underpins ongoing national efforts to 'close the gap' between schooling outcomes for Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians. While the experience of boarding schooling raises unique challenges for Indigenous students, as well as for the schools, teachers and non-Indigenous students who are also part of such programs, there is clear evidence that this form of education also presents valuable opportunities 'both ways', and that such partnerships may assist in efforts to decolonialise curriculum and schooling.

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Varela-Silva, M. I., B. Bogin, J. A. G. Sobral, F. Dickinson, and S. Monserrat-Revillo. "Deep data science to prevent and treat growth faltering in Maya children." European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 70, no. 6 (April 20, 2016): 679–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2016.63.

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Abstract The Maya people are descended from the indigenous inhabitants of southern Mexico, Guatemala and adjacent regions of Central America. In Guatemala, 50% of infants and children are stunted (very low height-for-age), and some rural Maya regions have >70% children stunted. A large, longitudinal, intergenerational database was created to (1) provide deep data to prevent and treat somatic growth faltering and impaired neurocognitive development, (2) detect key dependencies and predictive relations between highly complex, time-varying, and interacting biological and cultural variables and (3) identify targeted multifactorial intervention strategies for field testing and validation. Contributions to this database included data from the Universidad del Valle de Guatemala Longitudinal Study of Child and Adolescent Development, child growth and intergenerational studies among the Maya in Mexico and studies about Maya migrants in the United States.

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Morrow, Anita, Neil Orr, Kai Nash, Harvey Coates, Cara Cross, John Robert Evans, Hasantha Gunasekera, et al. "Parent Perspectives of Ear Health and the Relationship with Children’s Speech and Language in the Longitudinal Study of Indigenous Children." Children 10, no. 1 (January 14, 2023): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children10010165.

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Health and well-being are holistic concepts that are perceived to be inseparable for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. We examined relationships between parent-reported ear symptoms for 787 Indigenous children at two time points (age 2–3 years, age 4–5 years) and two parent-reported speech and language outcomes one year later (age 5–6 years). Most parents (80.2%) reported no concern about their child’s expressive language and (93.8%) receptive language. Binary logistic regression models examined ear health as a predictor of children’s expressive and receptive speech and language adjusting for sociodemographic and health covariates. For children without parent-reported ear symptoms, there were lower odds of parental concern about expressive speech and language (aOR = 0.45; 95% CI 0.21–0.99) and receptive language (aOR = 0.24; 95% CI 0.09–0.62). Parents were less likely to have concerns about the child’s expressive speech and language if their child was female, lived in urban or regional areas, had excellent or very good global health, or had no disability when aged 2–5 years. Since parent-reported ear health and speech and language concerns were related, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children could benefit from culturally safe, strength-based, and family-centered integrated speech, language, and ear health services.

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Salmon, M., F. Skelton, K. A. Thurber, L. Bennetts Kneebone, J. Gosling, R. Lovett, and M. Walter. "Intergenerational and early life influences on the well-being of Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children: overview and selected findings fromFootprints in Time, the Longitudinal Study of Indigenous Children." Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 10, no. 1 (May 2, 2018): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s204017441800017x.

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AbstractFootprints in Time: The Longitudinal Study of Indigenous Children (LSIC) is a national study of 1759 Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children living across urban, regional and remote areas of Australia. The study is in its 11th wave of annual data collection, having collected extensive data on topics including birth and early life influences, parental health and well-being, identity, cultural engagement, language use, housing, racism, school engagement and academic achievement, and social and emotional well-being. The current paper reviews a selection of major findings fromFootprints in Timerelating to the developmental origins of health and disease for Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. Opportunities for new researchers to conduct further research utilizing the LSIC data set are also presented.

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Priest, Naomi, Anne Kavanagh, Laia Bécares, and Tania King. "Cumulative Effects of Bullying and Racial Discrimination on Adolescent Health in Australia." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 60, no. 3 (September 2019): 344–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022146519868847.

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This study examined how cumulative exposure to racial discrimination and bullying victimization influences the health of Australian adolescents (n = 2802) aged 10 to 11 years (19.3% visible ethnic minorities [nonwhite, non-Indigenous]; 2.6% Indigenous) using data from three waves (2010–2014) of the nationally representative Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC). Cumulative exposure to racial discrimination and bullying victimization had incremental negative effects on socioemotional difficulties. Higher accumulated exposure to both stressors across time was associated with increased body mass index z-scores and risk of overweight/obesity. Studies that examine exposure to single risk factors such as bullying victimization or racial discrimination at one time point only are likely to miss key determinants of health for adolescents from stigmatized racial-ethnic backgrounds and underestimate their stressor burden.

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Thurber, Katherine A., Johanna Long, Minette Salmon, Adolfo G. Cuevas, and Raymond Lovett. "Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption among Indigenous Australian children aged 0–3 years and association with sociodemographic, life circumstances and health factors." Public Health Nutrition 23, no. 2 (August 28, 2019): 295–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980019001812.

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AbstractObjective:To explore beverage intake and associations between sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake and sociodemographic, life circumstances, health and well-being factors in a national cohort of Indigenous children.Design:We calculated prevalence ratios for any SSB consumption across exposures, using multilevel Poisson regression (robust variance), adjusted for age group and remoteness. A key informant focus group contextualised these exploratory findings.Setting:Diverse settings across Australia.Participants:Families of Indigenous children aged 0–3 years, in the Longitudinal Study of Indigenous Children.Results:Half (50·7 %, n 473/933) of children had ever consumed SSB at survey, increasing from 29·3 % of 0–12-month-olds to 65·7 % of 18–36-month-olds. SSB consumption prevalence was significantly lower in urban and regional v. remote areas, and in families experiencing socio-economic advantage (area-level advantage, caregiver employed, financial security), better life circumstances (caregiver social support, limited exposure to stressors) and caregiver well-being (non-smoking, social and emotional well-being, physical health). SSB consumption prevalence was significantly lower among those engaged with health services (adequate health-service access, regular prenatal check-ups), except SSB consumption prevalence was higher among those who received home visits from an Aboriginal Health Worker compared with no home visits. Key informants highlighted the role of water quality/safety on SSB consumption.Conclusions:A substantial proportion of Indigenous children in this sample consumed SSB from an early age. Health provider information needs to be relevant to the context of families’ lives. Health system strategies must be paired with upstream strategies, such as holistic support programmes for families, reducing racism and improving water quality.

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Walter, Maggie. "Social Exclusion/Inclusion for Urban Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People." Social Inclusion 4, no. 1 (February 23, 2016): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v4i1.443.

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Social exclusion social inclusion are useful concepts for making sense of the deeply embedded socio-economic disadvantaged position of Aboriginal and Torres Islander people in Australian. The concepts not only describe exclusion from social and economic participation; but seek to understand the dynamic processes behind their creation and reproduction. Yet few Australian studies go beyond describing Aboriginal over-representation on social exclusion indicators. Neither do they address the translatability of the concepts from non-Indigenous to Indigenous contexts despite mainstream studies finding the pattern of social exclusion (and therefore what social inclusion might look like) differs for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people to that of other disadvantaged groups. This paper uses data from the Longitudinal Study of Indigenous children to explore patterns of social exclusion across social, economic, well-being and community dimensions for urban Aboriginal and Torres Strait families. The paper then develops a contextual understanding of the processes and patterns that create and sustain social exclusion and the opportunities and challenges of moving to greater social inclusion for urban Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people/s.

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Ju, Xiangqun, Lisa M. Jamieson, and Gloria C. Mejia. "Estimating the effects of maternal education on child dental caries using marginal structural models: The Longitudinal Study of Indigenous Australian Children." Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 44, no. 6 (September 28, 2016): 602–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cdoe.12259.

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SELLEN, DANIEL W. "INFANT AND YOUNG CHILD FEEDING PRACTICES AMONG AFRICAN PASTORALISTS: THE DATOGA OF TANZANIA." Journal of Biosocial Science 30, no. 4 (October 1998): 481–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932098004817.

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Breast-feeding and weaning practices were observed for a cohort of 81 children under 3 years of age in the context of a longitudinal study of social, ecological and nutritional factors affecting growth in a semi-nomadic population of pastoralists in northern Tanzania (WaDatoga of Mbulu District). The adequacy of indigenous infant and young child feeding practices was assessed in relation to current international recommendations. Objectives were to provide baseline data for future investigations of any changes in young child feeding practices which accompany population shifts towards settlement and non-pastoral modes of subsistence, and to improve understanding of the strengths and limitations of indigenous feeding practices in this type of population. It was found that while breast-feeding was universally initiated, other aspects of young child feeding practices do not meet current international recommendations. Prelacteal feeds are commonly used, supplementary feeding with non-human milks usually occurs before 4 months of age, use of solid foods normally begins later than 6 months, and breast-feeding does not continue until 2 years of age for the majority of children. The data have implications for the design of breast-feeding promotion and improved weaning food interventions among African pastoralists.

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Kemp, Byron J., Anne-Maree Parrish, Marijka Batterham, and Dylan P. Cliff. "Participation in Domains of Physical Activity Among Australian Youth During the Transition From Childhood to Adolescence: A Longitudinal Study." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 17, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 278–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2018-0705.

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Background: Information about the domains of physical activity (PA) that are most prone to decline between late childhood (11 y), early adolescence (13 y), and mid-adolescence (15 y) may support more targeted health promotion strategies. This study explored longitudinal trends in nonorganized PA, organized PA, active transport and active chores/work between childhood and adolescence, and potential sociodemographic moderators of changes. Methods: Data were sourced from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (n = 4108). Participation in PA domains was extracted from youth time-use diaries. Potential moderators were sex, Indigenous status, language spoken at home, socioeconomic position, and geographical remoteness. Results: A large quadratic decline in nonorganized PA (−48 min/d, P < .001) was moderated by sex (β = 5.55, P = .047) and home language (β = 8.55, P = .047), with girls (−39 min/d) and those from a non-English speaking background (−46 min/d) declining more between 11 and 13 years. Active chores/work increased between 11 and 13 years (+4 min/d, P < .001) and then stabilized. Active transport increased among boys between 11 and 13 years (+6 min/d, P < .001) and then declined between 13 and 15 years (−4 min/d, P < .001). Organized PA remained stable. Conclusions: The longitudinal decline in PA participation may be lessened by targeting nonorganized PA between childhood and adolescence. Future interventions may target girls or those from non-English speaking backgrounds during this transition.

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Yiengprugsawan, Vasoontara, and Anthony Hogan. "Ear Infection and Its Associated Risk Factors, Comorbidity, and Health Service Use in Australian Children." International Journal of Pediatrics 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/963132.

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This study investigates and identifies risk factors, comorbidity, and health service use related to ear infection in Australian children. Two cross-sectional analyses of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC) involved 4,983 children aged 4 to 5 years in 2004 and aged 10 to 11 years in 2010. Odds ratios (ORs) were analysed using bivariate logistic regression. The prevalence of parent-reported ear infection was 7.9% (394) among children aged 4 to 5 years and 3.3% (139) at 10 to 11 years. Our study found that risk factors associated with ear infection were indigenous status, not being breastfed, mother or father smoking at least once a day, and father’s school completion at year 9 or lower. By age 10 to 11 years significantly reported comorbidities were tonsillitis (OR 4.67;P<0.001), headache (OR 2.13;P=0.006), and asthma (OR 1.67;P=0.003) and ear infection was found to be associated with the use of pediatrician (OR 1.83;P=0.031), other specialist (OR 2.12;P<0.001), and early intervention services (OR 3.08;P=0.010). This empirical evidence can be used to inform the development of intervention and management programs for ear infection.

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Tee, Mian Zi, Soo Ching Lee, Yi Xian Er, Nan Jiun Yap, Romano Ngui, Alice V. Easton, Vinnie Wei Yin Siow, et al. "Efficacy of triple dose albendazole treatment for soil-transmitted helminth infections." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (August 12, 2022): e0272821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272821.

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In Malaysia, soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections still persist among indigenous communities. In the past, local studies have focused mostly on epidemiologic aspects of STH infections with a scarcity of information on the efficacy of deworming treatment. The present study consisted of 2 phases: a cross-sectional phase on current epidemiological status and risk factors of STH infections and a longitudinal study over 6 weeks on triple dose albendazole efficacy against STH infections. A total of 253 participants were recruited at baseline and a pre-tested questionnaire was administered to obtain information on socio-demographics, environmental and behavioural risk factors. Stool samples were evaluated using a modified Kato-Katz technique. Cure rate (CR) and egg reduction rate (ERR) were assessed at 3 weeks following a 3-day course of 400mg albendazole treatment and infection status were observed again at 6 weeks. Baseline positivity of trichuriasis, ascariasis and hookworm infections were 56.1%, 11.9% and 20.2%, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed age below 18 years old (P = 0.004), without latrine in house (P = 0.042) and indiscriminate defecation (P = 0.032) were associated with STH infections. In the longitudinal study (N = 89), CR for trichuriasis was 64.6%, while CR of 100% was observed for both ascariasis and hookworm. ERR was above 90% for all three STH species. A rapid increased of Trichuris trichiura egg output was observed at 6 weeks. In conclusion, STH infections are highly prevalent among indigenous communities. Children and teenagers, poor sanitation and hygiene behaviour were determinants for STH infections. Triple dose albendazole is found to be efficacious against Ascaris lumbricoides and hookworm infections but has moderate curative effect with high ERR against T. trichiura. Although triple dose albendazole regimen has logistic challenges and may not be a routine option, consideration of this treatment regime may still be necessary in selective communities to reduce high intensity of T. trichiura infection.

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Clifford, Susan A., Sarah Davies, and Melissa Wake. "Child Health CheckPoint: cohort summary and methodology of a physical health and biospecimen module for the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children." BMJ Open 9, Suppl 3 (July 2019): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020261.

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Objectives‘Growing Up in Australia: The Longitudinal Study of Australian Children’ (LSAC) is Australia's only nationally representative children’s longitudinal study, focusing on social, economic, physical and cultural impacts on health, learning, social and cognitive development. LSAC's first decade collected wide-ranging repeated psychosocial and administrative data; here, we describe the Child Health CheckPoint, LSAC’s dedicated biophysical module.Design, setting and participantsLSAC recruited a cross-sequential sample of 5107 infants aged 0–1 year and a sample of 4983 children aged 4–5 years in 2004, since completing seven biennial visits. CheckPoint was a cross-sectional wave that travelled Australia in 2015–2016 to reach LSAC’s younger cohort at ages 11–12 years between LSAC waves 6 and 7. Parent–child pairs participated in comprehensive assessments at 15 Assessment Centres nationwide or, if unable to attend, a shorter home visit.MeasuresCheckPoint’s intergenerational, multidimensional measures were prioritised to show meaningful variation within normal ranges and capture non-communicable disease (NCD) phenotype precursors. These included anthropometry, physical activity, fitness, time use, vision, hearing, and cardiovascular, respiratory and bone health. Biospecimens included blood, saliva, buccal swabs (also from second parent), urine, hair and toenails. The epidemiology and parent–child concordance of many measures are described in separate papers.Results1874 (54% of eligible) parent–child pairs and 1051 second parents participated. Participants' geographical distribution mirrored the broader Australian population; however, mean socioeconomic position and parental education were higher and fewer reported non-English-speaking or Indigenous backgrounds. Application of survey weights partially mitigates that the achieved sample is less population representative than previous waves of LSAC due to non-random attrition. Completeness was uniformly high for phenotypic data (>92% of eligible), biospecimens (74%–97%) and consent (genetic analyses 98%, accessing neonatal blood spots 97%, sharing 96%).ConclusionsCheckPoint enriches LSAC to study how NCDs develop at the molecular and phenotypic levels before overt disease emerges, and clarify the underlying dimensionality of health in childhood and mid-adulthood.

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Kain, Juliana, Bárbara Leyton, Louise Baur, Mariana Lira, and Camila Corvalán. "Demographic, Social and Health-Related Variables that Predict Normal-Weight Preschool Children Having Overweight or Obesity When Entering Primary Education in Chile." Nutrients 11, no. 6 (June 5, 2019): 1277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11061277.

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We determined which variables are predictive of normal-weight (N) Chilean 4-year-olds developing overweight/obesity when entering primary school. This study used national data of preschoolers (PK, age 4) in 2011 through 2015, and the same children in the first grade (1st G, age 6) in 2013 through 2017. We formed longitudinal cohorts considering PK as the baseline and 1st G as the follow-up and included anthropometric, socio-demographic, and health variables in PK and anthropometry in the 1st G. We report the percentage N who remained N at follow-up (N-N) or gained excessive weight (N-OW) and (N-OB), by sex. We ran univariate logistic regressions to determine for each variable, its association with gaining excessive weight (N-OW + OB), incorporating significant variables (p < 0.001) in multivariate logistic regression. A total of 483,509 (251,150 girls) of PK had anthropometry in the 1st G. In PK, 22% of the children were obese; in the 1st G (24.8% and 19.7% in boys and girls, respectively). Of normal-weight children, 30% developed OW + OB. The predictive variables were: Being born macrosomic, attending a very vulnerable school, being indigenous, the mother’s low schooling, and the child being cared for by the grandmother after school. In this study, the factors predicting that normal-weight preschoolers gain excessive weight gain in a short period of time are mostly related to poverty. Prevention should focus on this population.

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Carwana, Matthew, Sara Oberg, and Christine Loock. "94 Common Social Determinants of Health as Independent Predictors of Adverse Childhood Experiences and the Derivation of a Clinical Prediction Rule: Findings from a Longitudinal Quality Improvement Study." Paediatrics & Child Health 27, Supplement_3 (October 1, 2022): e44-e45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pch/pxac100.093.

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Abstract Background Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are a group of early life events that lead to toxic stress and adverse adult health outcomes. Screening for ACEs can be challenging due to sensitivity and re-traumatization. There is a paucity of evidence regarding whether other social determinants of health (SDoH) might be independent predictors of an ACE score >=4. Likewise, no effective prediction rule exists for an elevated ACE score based on SDoH in children. Objectives 1) Identify independent predictors of elevated ACE score from commonly screened SDoH. 2) Derive a clinical prediction rule based on the available data. Design/Methods Data were drawn from a longitudinal quality improvement SDoH study in pediatric surgical clinics at a provincial children’s hospital. Primary outcome of interest was an ACE score >=4. Multivariable logistic regression was utilized to identify independent predictors among other SDoH. Prediction methods and ROC analyses were completed to derive a prediction rule. Results 515 respondents answered ACE screening; 63 (12.2%) reported >=4 ACEs. SDoH that were strong independent predictors of ACE score >=4 included poverty (OR 2.34, 95% CI 1.19-4.91), parental education (OR 2.76, 95% CI 1.17-6.54), and household income (OR 2.17, 95% CI 1.09-4.32). Housing status, Indigenous status, and disability status were not associated with elevated ACE score. A clinical prediction rule derived using four SDoH questions with a cut-off score of 1 had 96.67% sensitivity but only 21.54% specificity for an ACE score >=4 (AROC 0.75, 95% CI 0.69-0.81). Conclusion Several adverse SDoH were identified as independent predictors of an ACE score >=4 in children. A clinical prediction rule based on SDoH screening was sensitive but poorly specific for ACE >=4. Further research is required.

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García-Guerra, Armando, Lynnette M. Neufeld, Anabelle Bonvecchio Arenas, Ana C. Fernández-Gaxiola, Fabiola Mejía-Rodríguez, Raquel García-Feregrino, and Juan A. Rivera-Dommarco. "Closing the Nutrition Impact Gap Using Program Impact Pathway Analyses to Inform the Need for Program Modifications in Mexico's Conditional Cash Transfer Program." Journal of Nutrition 149, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2019): 2281S—2289S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxz169.

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ABSTRACTBackgroundMexico's Prospera-Oportunidades-Progresa Conditional Cash Transfer Program (CCT-POP) included the distribution of fortified food supplements (FFS) for pregnant and lactating women and young children. Rigorous evaluations showed significant impacts on nutrition outcomes but also substantial gaps in addressing nutrition problems.ObjectivesTo highlight the program design-related and implementation-related gaps and challenges that motivated further research and the eventual design and roll-out of a modified nutrition component for CCT-POP.MethodsWe used a program impact pathway approach to highlight the extent and quality of implementation of CCT-POP, and its impact on nutrition outcomes. We drew on previously published and new primary data, organized into 3 sources: impact evaluations, studies to inform reformulation of the FFS, and a longitudinal follow-up study using qualitative and quantitative methods to document FFS use and the dietary intake of women and children.ResultsDespite positive impacts, a high prevalence of malnutrition persisted in the population. Coverage and use of health services improved, but quality of care was lacking. Consumption of FFS among lactating women was irregular. Micronutrient intake improved among children who consumed FFS, but the pattern of use limited frequency and quantity consumed. Substantial diversity in the prevalence of undernutrition was documented, as was an increased risk of overweight and obesity among women.ConclusionsThree key design and implementation challenges were identified. FFS, although well accepted for children, had limited potential to substantially modify the quality of children's diets because of the pattern of use in the home. The communications strategy was ineffective and ill-suited to its objective of motivating FFS use. Finally, the program with its common design across all regions of Mexico was not well adapted to the special needs of some subgroups, particularly indigenous populations. The studies reviewed in this paper motivated additional research and the eventual redesign of the nutrition component.

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Nino-Tapias, Gianna J., Jonathan Altamirano, Clea Sarnquist, Rasika Behl, Sean Leary, Marvin Sommer, and Yvonne Maldonado. "1668. No Impact of Nutritional Status on Oral Polio Vaccine shedding after Vaccination of Under 5 Children in Rural Mexico." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (October 2019): S610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.1532.

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Abstract Background As wild poliovirus is nearing global eradication and countries switch from Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) to Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV), preventing circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus is a top priority. However, the circulation of OPV serotypes remains a concern in undervaccinated communities. We sought to examine the relationship between pediatric nutritional status and OPV shedding based on length-for-age categorizations. Mexico provides a natural environment to study these patterns as it provides routine IPV immunization and bi-annual OPV campaigns. Methods We enrolled 466 households with children eligible for OPV before the February 2015 national health week from 3 semi-rural Indigenous communities near Orizaba, Mexico. In each community, a different proportion of eligible children received OPV (10%, 30%, 70%), with a total of 155 vaccinated children. OPV shedding was measured by RT-qPCR detection of OPV in samples collected serially over 10 weeks. Anthropometric measurements were collected and compared with the WHO Multicenter Growth Reference Study growth curves to assign stunting. Associations between stunting, OPV shedding, and shedding duration were tested by Fisher exact test and Wilcoxon-Man-Whitney Test (α = 0.05). Results Samples of fecal OPV isolates were collected over time and analyzed from 148 vaccinees. 25 (17%) of the vaccinees were stunted. There was no relationship between pediatric stunting and likelihood of ever shedding any serotype of OPV (P = 0.82). The mean duration of OPV shedding by stunted and non-stunted children differed, but not significantly (10.9 days vs. 9.3 days, respectively, P = 0.32). We did not find any statistically significant differences between stunting status and shedding of any individual OPV serotype. Conclusion Further understanding of factors related to OPV shedding is necessary to approach efficient worldwide poliovirus control. We found no relationship between stunting status and both OPV shedding and shedding duration post-vaccination, suggesting that nutritional status does not play a role in OPV shedding. The ongoing analysis includes longitudinal analysis of OPV shedding patterns by nutritional status, and the impact of stunting on viral load and reversion of OPV to vaccine-associated paralytic polio mutants. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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Caufield, Page W., Ananda P. Dasanayake, Yihong Li, Yaping Pan, Jay Hsu, and J. Michael Hardin. "Natural History of Streptococcus sanguinis in the Oral Cavity of Infants: Evidence for a Discrete Window of Infectivity." Infection and Immunity 68, no. 7 (July 1, 2000): 4018–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.68.7.4018-4023.2000.

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ABSTRACT The heterogeneous group of oral bacteria within the sanguinis (sanguis) streptococci comprise members of the indigenous biota of the human oral cavity. While the association of Streptococcus sanguinis with bacterial endocarditis is well described in the literature, S. sanguinis is thought to play a benign, if not a beneficial, role in the oral cavity. Little is known, however, about the natural history of S. sanguinis and its specific relationship with other oral bacteria. As part of a longitudinal study concerning the transmission and acquisition of oral bacteria within mother-infant pairs, we examined the initial acquisition of S. sanguinis and described its colonization relative to tooth emergence and its proportions in plaque and saliva as a function of other biological events, including subsequent colonization with mutans streptococci. A second cohort of infants was recruited to define the taxonomic affiliation of S. sanguinis. We found that the colonization of the S. sanguinis occurs during a discrete “window of infectivity” at a median age of 9 months in the infants. Its colonization is tooth dependent and correlated to the time of tooth emergence; its proportions in saliva increase as new teeth emerge. In addition, early colonization of S. sanguinis and its elevated levels in the oral cavity were correlated to a significant delay in the colonization of mutans streptococci. Underpinning this apparent antagonism between S. sanguinis and mutans streptococci is the observation that after mutans streptococci colonize the infant, the levels of S. sanguinis decrease. Children who do not harbor detectable levels of mutans streptococci have significantly higher levels of S. sanguinis in their saliva than do children colonized with mutans streptococci. Collectively, these findings suggest that the colonization of S. sanguinis may influence the subsequent colonization of mutans streptococci, and this in turn may suggest several ecological approaches toward controlling dental caries.

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Marfina, Volha Vladimirovna. "Founder of the Belarusian school of anthropology Inessa Ivanovna Salivon." Moscow University Anthropology Bulletin (Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Seria XXIII. Antropologia), no. 3 (September 15, 2022): 144–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32521/2074-8132.2022.3.144-152.

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The article presents the stages of the creative path and the results of many years of work of the outstanding scientist Laureate of the State Prize of the Republic of Belarus Inessa Ivanovna Salivon, who is the founder of the Belarusian school of Anthropology. Her research has given development to several scientific directions in the science of man, such as gender, age, territorial and ecological variability of the physical type of the adult population; the formation of physique in the process of growth and maturation of the child's body; constitutional features of morphogenesis. Since 1965, she began to develop the direction of historical anthropology, devoting her work to the formation and research of osteological collections on the population that lived on the territory of our republic during the II millennium of the new era. The osteological material obtained as a result of the excavations served as a link between the ancient and the now living population in the study of the formation of regional anthropological features of the indigenous population. The aim of this work was the desire to recreate a holistic picture of the historical process of the formation of the physical type of the population, starting from the settlement of the territory by the Slavs up to the present, as well as to identify changes in the physical type of the modern population throughout the life cycle, that is, in the process of ontogenesis. A significant part of Inessa Ivanovna's scientific activity was devoted to the study of the patterns of formation of physical development of children. She conducted a unique longitudinal (from 1982 to 1991), as well as a number of screening studies of morphological parameters in children and adolescents of both sexes. This is a fundamental work, where a comprehensive program was used, which included numerous morphological signs characterizing physical development and features of somatic status, including the development of subcutaneous fat, body proportions, kefalometry indicators and others. Inessa Ivanovna is the author of the development of a new method in anthropology – quantitative assessment of body type.

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Srinivasan, Sudha, Siddhi Patel, Avadhut Khade, Gaganjot Bedi, Jyoti Mohite, Ajanta Sen, and Ravi Poovaiah. "Efficacy of a novel augmentative and alternative communication system in promoting requesting skills in young children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in India: A pilot study." Autism & Developmental Language Impairments 7 (January 2022): 239694152211207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23969415221120749.

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Background & aims: The study assessed the efficacy of a novel, child-friendly, socio-culturally sensitive, icon-based Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) system called Jellow Communicator, in teaching requesting skills to young children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in a special school in Mumbai, India. Jellow is a comprehensive AAC system with a lexicon and pictorial library designed using a participatory, user-centric design process. The content of Jellow has been developed bearing in mind the socio-cultural and linguistic diversity of India. Jellow is available in low-tech (flashcards, booklet) and high-tech (Android and iOS app and desktop application) versions. Methods: The quasi-experimental longitudinal study involved seventeen 3.5–12-year-old children with ASD with communication challenges. Children were taught to use the Jellow AAC system to request for preferred items, as part of their regular speech therapy sessions. Each child received one-on-one training sessions with a licensed speech therapist twice a week over a 3-month duration, with each session lasting around 20–30 min. A systematic training protocol adapted from the original Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) was developed to train children to use the Jellow system, progressing from flashcards to the app version of Jellow. Behavioral training strategies such as modeling, least-to-most prompting, differential reinforcement, and behavior chain interruption were used to facilitate requesting behaviors. The speech therapist assessed children's developmental level across multiple domains at pretest and posttest. We coded 3 videos per child, i.e., one early, one mid, and one late training session each, to assess changes in children's stage of communication, spontaneous requesting abilities, level of attention during training trials, and average time to completion for requesting trials. In addition, caregivers filled out questionnaires to assess training-related changes in children's adaptive functioning levels as well as the psychosocial impact of the Jellow AAC system on children's quality of life. Results: Children significantly improved their stage of communication, and a majority of children transitioned from flashcards to using the Jellow app to request for preferred items. Children also increased the proportion of spontaneous requests over the course of training. Caregivers reported a positive perceived psychosocial impact of the Jellow AAC system on their child's self-esteem, adaptability, and competence. Conclusions: The findings from our pilot study support the use of the novel, socio-culturally adapted, Jellow Communicator AAC system for teaching requesting skills to young children with ASD who use multiple communication modalities. Future studies should replicate our findings with a larger group of participants using a randomized controlled trial design. Implications: This is the first experimental study to systematically assess the effects of an indigenously-developed comprehensive AAC system adapted to the sociocultural and linguistic landscape of India. Our study results provide support for the use of the cost-effective Jellow Communicator AAC system in facilitating requesting skills in children with ASD who use multiple communication modalities. Clinicians can use low-tech and high-tech versions of Jellow to promote communication skills in children with ASD.

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Manning, Matthew, Christopher L. Ambrey, and Christopher M. Fleming. "A Longitudinal Study of Indigenous Wellbeing in Australia." Journal of Happiness Studies 17, no. 6 (December 14, 2015): 2503–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10902-015-9704-y.

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Biddle, Nicholas. "Longitudinal determinants of mobility: new evidence for Indigenous children and their carers." Journal of Population Research 29, no. 2 (March 23, 2012): 141–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12546-012-9081-x.

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Doery, Elizabeth, Lata Satyen, Yin Paradies, Bosco Rowland, Jennifer A. Bailey, Jessica A. Heerde, Heidi Renner, Rachel Smith, and John W. Toumbourou. "Young Adult Development Indicators for Indigenous and Non-Indigenous People: A Cross-National Longitudinal Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 24 (December 19, 2022): 17084. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192417084.

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Worldwide, Indigenous youth face ongoing challenges and inequalities. Increasing our understanding of life course patterns in Indigenous youth will assist the design of strategies and interventions that encourage positive development. This study aimed to increase understanding of resilience and positive development in Indigenous and non-Indigenous youth across Australia and the United States of America. The Australian sample comprised 9680 non-Indigenous and 176 Pacific Islander and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. The USA sample comprised 2258 non-Indigenous and 220 Pacific Islander, Native Hawaiian and Native American/American Indian peoples. Data were used to examine how Indigenous background, volunteering, and community involvement at average age 15 years (Grade 9) predicted five young adult positive development indicators: Year 12 (Grade 12) school completion, tertiary education participation, independent income, paid employment, and intimate relationship formation from age 18 to 28 years. Multilevel regression analyses revealed that while Indigenous youth showed slower increases in positive young adult development over time, when adjusting for socioeconomic disadvantage, there was a reduction in this difference. Moreover, we found that Grade 9 community involvement and volunteering were positively associated with young adult development for Indigenous and non-Indigenous youth. Findings indicate the importance of addressing structural inequalities and increasing adolescent opportunities as feasible strategies to improve positive outcomes for young Indigenous adults.

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Nair, R., L. Luzzi, L. Jamieson, A. J. Spencer, K. M. B. Hanna, and L. G. Do. "Private Dental Care Benefits Non-Indigenous Children More Than Indigenous Children." JDR Clinical & Translational Research 5, no. 3 (October 29, 2019): 244–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2380084419886869.

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Introduction: Various arrangements for funding health care facilities can have different levels of performance of care provision on different groups of people. Such differential performance of oral care is not previously known concerning Indigenous communities. Objective: This study aimed to assess the effect of visiting a public or private dental care facility on the performance of oral care experienced by Indigenous versus non-Indigenous children in Australia. Methods: Data from the National Child Oral Health Survey were used with a representative sample of children from all the states and territories of Australia. The performance of oral care was measured with the Child Oral Care Performance Assessment Scale (COPAS), which contains 37 items from 9 domains (Effective, Appropriate, Efficient, Responsive, Accessible, Safe, Continuous, Capable, and Sustainable) with a score ranging from 0 to 148. Mixed effects models that accounted for stratum and sampling weights were used for the stratified analyses (Indigenous vs. non-Indigenous) that assessed the effect of public versus private care on the COPAS. Relative excess risk due to interaction was calculated to assess effect modification. Results: Among the Indigenous children, private care was similar to public care (regression coefficient [RC] = −1.27, 95% CI = −9.5 to 6.97), whereas private care was higher than public care among non-Indigenous children (RC = 4.60, 95% CI = 3.67 to 6.18). This trend was similar among the 9 domains of the COPAS as well, except for Effectiveness, which was similar for private and public facilities among non-Indigenous children (RC = −0.03, 95% CI = −0.29 to 0.23). Based on the continuous COPAS score, effect modification was 4.46 (95% CI = 0.11 to 8.82) on the additive scale and 1.06 (1.01, 1.13) on the multiplicative scale. The relative excess risk due to interaction reported an excess chance of 1.17 (95% CI = 0.01 to 0.33), which was consistent with the stratified analyses and effect modification measured with the continuous score. Conclusion: Thus, this study found a higher performance of oral care in private care locations among non-Indigenous children versus Indigenous children. Knowledge Transfer Statement: The findings caution policy makers and other stakeholders that moving oral care from public to private care facilities can increase the inequity faced by Indigenous children in Australia.

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León-Pérez, Gabriela. "Internal migration and the health of Indigenous Mexicans: A longitudinal study." SSM - Population Health 8 (August 2019): 100407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100407.

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Yairi, Ehud, and Nicoline Ambrose. "A Longitudinal Study of Stuttering in Children." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 35, no. 4 (August 1992): 755–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3504.755.

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The objectives of this pilot study were to establish methods for longitudinal research of stuttering in children and to provide preliminary data on the variations that occur in disfluencies during the developmental course of stuttering. Twenty-seven preschool-aged children were followed for a minimum of 2 years shortly after they began stuttering. Tape-recorded speech samples were obtained from the children at several intervals during this period. The number of various types of disfluencies was counted in the speech samples obtained in each testing period. Twenty-one children continued to be followed for varying periods of up to 12 years. Eighteen of the 27 subjects received a few speech treatment sessions during the initial period of the study, whereas 9 children did not receive direct treatment. Results indicated that for the two subgroups there was a marked deceleration over time in the mean frequency of stuttering-like disfluencies. Individual subjects’ data showed considerable variability in the longitudinal development of disfluency but most subjects followed the patterns of the group means. Much of the reduction took place during the early stage of the disorder, especially near the end of the first year post-onset. There were indications that group differences between chronic and recovering stutterers become distinct by approximately 20 months post-onset.

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Yairi, Ehud, and Nicoline Ambrose. "A Longitudinal Study of Stuttering in Children." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 39, no. 4 (August 1996): 826. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3904.826.

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It has come to our attention that minor errors occurred in Table 3 on p. 759 of the Yairi and Ambrose article, "A Longitudinal Study of Stuttering in Children: A Preliminary Report," which appeared in the August 1992 issue (Vol. 35, pp. 755–760). A revised version of the table appears below that includes both the original values and the corrected values (in boldface). As can be seen, the differences are indeed minor. The changes do not affect the reported patterns or level of statistical significance. In the untreated group, 7 or 78% recovered by 24 months post-onset and 1 additional subject recovered later, making a total recovery rate of 89%, with 11% persistent. In the treated group, 11 or 61% recovered by 24 months post-onset and an additional 5 recovered later, again totalling 89% recovery and 11% persistent. These data do not in any way indicate that treatment is not beneficial nor that it has no effect but simply that success rates for treated individuals must take spontaneous recovery into account. We regret the error.

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Dyregrov, Atle, Rolf Gjestad, and Magne Raundalen. "Children exposed to warfare: A longitudinal study." Journal of Traumatic Stress 15, no. 1 (February 2002): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1014335312219.

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Ashraf, V. V., A. B. Taly, M. Veerendrakumar, and S. Rao. "Myasthenia gravis in children: a longitudinal study." Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 114, no. 2 (August 2006): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.2006.00646.x.

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Johansen, I. R., A. M. Hauch, B. Christensen, and A. Parving. "Longitudinal study of hearing impairment in children." International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 68, no. 9 (September 2004): 1157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2004.04.010.

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Haysom, Leigh, Rita E. Williams, Elisabeth M. Hodson, Pamela Lopez-Vargas, L. Paul Roy, David M. Lyle, and Jonathan C. Craig. "Cardiovascular risk factors in Australian indigenous and non-indigenous children: A population-based study." Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 45, no. 1-2 (January 2009): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.2008.01426.x.

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Howarth, Timothy, Belinda Davison, and Gurmeet Singh. "Grip strength among Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australian adults: a longitudinal study of the effects of birth size and current size." BMJ Open 9, no. 4 (April 2019): e024749. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024749.

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ObjectivesIndigenous Australians are born smaller than non-Indigenous Australians and are at an increased risk of early onset of frailty. This study aimed to identify the relationship between birth size, current size and grip strength, as an early marker of frailty, in Indigenous and non-Indigenous young adults.DesignCross sectional data from two longitudinal studies: Aboriginal birth cohort (Indigenous) and top end cohort (non-Indigenous).SettingParticipants reside in over 40 urban and remote communities across the Northern Territory, Australia.ParticipantsYoung adults with median age 25 years (IQR 24–26); 427 participants (55% women), 267 (63%) were remote Indigenous, 55 (13%) urban Indigenous and 105 (25%) urban non-Indigenous.Outcome measuresReliable birth data were available. Anthropometric data (height, weight, lean mass) and grip strength were directly collected using standardised methods. Current residence was classified as urban or remote.ResultsThe rate of low birthweight (LBW) in the non-Indigenous cohort (9%) was significantly lower than the Indigenous cohort (16%) (−7%, 95% CI −14 to 0, p=0.03). Indigenous participants had lower grip strength than non-Indigenous (women, −2.08, 95% CI −3.61 to –0.55, p=0.008 and men, −6.2, 95% CI −9.84 to –2.46, p=0.001). Birth weight (BW) was associated with grip strength after adjusting for demographic factors for both women (β=1.29, 95% CI 0.41 to 2.16, p=0.004) and men (β=3.95, 95% CI 2.38 to 5.51, p<0.001). When current size (lean mass and body mass index [BMI]) was introduced to the model BW was no longer a significant factor. Lean mass was a positive indicator for grip strength, and BMI a negative indicator.ConclusionsAs expected women had significantly lower grip strength than men. Current size, in particular lean mass, was the strongest predictor of adult grip strength in this cohort. BW may have an indirect effect on later grip strength via moderation of lean mass development, especially through adolescence and young adulthood.

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Nurrizka, Rahmah Hida, Dwi Mutia Wenny, and Agustina. "COMPARISON STUDY ABOUT DETERMINANTS OF CHILDREN UNDER FIVE YEARS MALNUTRITION BETWEEN INDIGENOUS AND NON-INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES IN INDONESIA." Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine 20, no. 1 (May 1, 2020): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37268/mjphm/vol.20/no.1/art.455.

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Many studies reveal the determinant factor of children under five years of malnutrition problem in Indonesia. However, there is only a few analysis conducted on indigenous communities and its comparison to non-indigenous communities. This study analyzes the determinant factors of malnutrition in children under five years in indigenous communities (Suku Baduy) and non-indigenous communities. This study is a comparative study using cross-sectional data, where the samples are households that have children under five years in indigenous communities (n=60) and in non-indigenous communities (n=60), with sample techniques using purposive random sampling. To calculate nutrition status, this study uses the anthropometric index based on weight-for-age according to WHO standards presented in the Z-score and Standard Deviations (SD). The result of this study indicates that the prevalence of children under five years suffering from malnutrition in indigenous communities is lower than in non-indigenous communities, which is 21,7% to 43,3%. Two factors influence the high prevalence of malnutrition in children under five years, namely, the education of the head of a family with OR=0.120 (95%C1: 0.021-0.675) and prenatal care in the fourth trimester with OR 9.890 (95%C1: 1.349-72.531). It is necessary to increase public knowledge on balanced nutrition in children under five years and improved maternal health access to resolve children under five years of malnutrition in those communities.

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48

Nielsen, Marianne, and Samantha Brown. "Beyond Justice: What Makes an Indigenous Justice Organization?" American Indian Culture and Research Journal 36, no. 2 (January 1, 2012): 47–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17953/aicr.36.2.m7441vm524166442.

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The data from a longitudinal study of seven indigenous justice service organizations in four colonized countries were analyzed to identify the characteristics that made them "indigenous." Although nine common organizational characteristics emerged, of these, four are essential and specific to indigenous organizations (dependency on indigenous stakeholders, incorporation of indigenous values and practices, indigenous organizational governance, and support for indigenous self-determination) and are framed by a fifth (colonial socio-environmental) that is also constitutive but not specific to indigenous organizations. Through their services, values and operations, indigenous organizations are deeply embedded in the reconstruction of the reality of indigenous/non-indigenous relations.

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49

Möller, Holger, Lara Harvey, Kathleen Falster, Rebecca Ivers, Kathleen F. Clapham, and Louisa Jorm. "Indigenous and non‐Indigenous Australian children hospitalised for burn injuries: a population data linkage study." Medical Journal of Australia 206, no. 9 (May 2017): 392–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/mja16.00213.

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50

Osborn, Albert F. "Resilient children: A longitudinal study of high achieving socially disadvantaged children." Early Child Development and Care 62, no. 1 (January 1990): 23–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0300443900620103.

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