Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Longitudinal color register"

BACKGROUND: Sonoelastography (SE) is a new technique that can assess differences in tissue stiffness, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of SE to assess the long head of biceps tendon alteration.METHODS: Forty shoulders of 36 consecutively registered patients with clinical symptoms and conventional ultrasonography findings of biceps tendinitis or tendinosis, and 40 asymptomatic shoulders of 20 healthy volunteers were assessed with SE. Transverse and longitudinal images of long head of biceps tendon were obtained using SE. SE images were performed by one orthopedic surgeon and evaluated by two orthopedic surgeons using an experimentally proven color grading system.RESULTS: The transverse images of SE showed a sensitivity of 87.5%, a specificity of 95.0% and a accuracy of 91.3%, the longitudinal images of SE showed a sensitivity of 92.5%, a specificity of 90.0% and a accuracy of 91.3%. Inter-observer reliability of SE was in 'almost perfect agreement' with a weighted kappa coefficient of 0.83.CONCLUSIONS: SE is valuable in the detection of the intratendinous and peritendinous alterations of biceps tendon, and has excellent accuracy and excellent correlation with conventional ultrasound findings.

ABSTRACT Objective: To introduce new 3-D imaging techniques to characterize shape and volume changes of the oropharyngeal space after bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO) advancement. Materials and Methods: Longitudinal cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans were obtained for 20 patients undergoing BSSO advancement at three time points (T1 = presurgery, T2 = splint removal, and T3 = 1 year after surgery). Segmentation of the airway was performed using the following boundaries: hard palate/posterior nasal spine superiorly and lower border of C3 to the base of the epiglottis inferiorly. For shape measurements, point-based correspondent models and mean latitude axis were obtained for all the data using SPHARM-PDM software. All 3-D correspondent models were rigidly registered using Procrustes alignment. Absolute distance maps and corresponding vector maps were calculated to show shape and vector differences between each correspondent point. Mean latitude axis is a new imaging method to calculate minimum cross-sectional areas along the long axis of the airway independent of head position/alignment. Results: The airway volume increased (P < .01) after BSSO advancement (2973.9 mm3 ± 27882.0) and was stable (−439.9 mm3 ± 3308.8) 1 year post-op. 3-D color maps and semitransparency overlays showed more lateral than anteroposterior expansion of the airway after BSSO advancement. Mean latitude axis was used to measure minimum cross-sectional area, showing a statistically significant increase (52.7 mm2 ± 46.7) (P < .01) after surgery and remained stable (−10.3 mm2 ± 43.3) 1 year after surgery. Conclusions: SPHARM-PDM and mean latitude axis are useful tools to assess airway shape change. BSSO advancement produces a significant increase in pharyngeal airway volume and minimum cross-sectional area. The airway space increased more transversely than anteroposteriorly.

The first finding of Cepaea nemoralis, an introduced species of land molluscs with polymorphic shell colouration, in the Ternopil region of Ukraine is described. Juveniles of this species were observed in Chortkiv already in 2017, but only in 2020 their exact species affiliation was identified, the presence of an established colony was confirmed and the peculiarities of its phenotypic composition were analyzed. The obtained data were compared with other colonies of the grove snail, which were found in Western Ukraine (Lviv and its environs, Bohorodchany in Ivano-Frankivsk region) in 2019-2020 and described in previous publications. Most of the conchological material collected in Chortkiv is deposited in the malacological collection of the State Museum of Natural History of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in Lviv. In the Chortkiv colony of C. nemoralis, a hereditary trait was found, which occurs sporadically in the natural range of the grove snail, but has not yet been registered in Ukraine. This feature is manifested in the uneven pigmentation of dark spiral bands on the shell, the alternation of lighter and darker fragments on them, which can create the impression of spotted, interrupted bands. In the analyzed sample, such bands had 25.6% of banded shells, and they occurred twice as often in yellow (41.2%) than in pink (18.5%) shells. This agrees well with the known data on the linked inheritance of this trait and the ground colour of the shell. However, the shells with fused bands, regardless of their ground colour, almost always had normally pigmented bands, dark along their entire length. In some individuals with unevenly pigmented bands, the splitting of the fourth or fifth band into 2-3 narrow longitudinal bands was also observed. Another feature of the Chortkiv colony of C. nemoralis compared to other known Western Ukrainian colonies of this species is the very low frequencies of all lighter variants of the shell colouration (yellow and pink unbanded or with one central band) and a very high proportion of phenotypes with 3 lower bands (49.6%). The ratio of the main variants of the shell colouration of C. nemoralis in Chortkiv, which is not typical for Western Ukraine, makes the found colony a valuable object for studying potential adaptive changes in its phenotypic composition in the future.

Alternaria rot, caused by Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl., occurs on apple fruit (Malus × domestica Borkh) worldwide and is not controlled with postharvest fungicides currently registered for apple in the United States (1). Initial infections can occur in the orchard prior to harvest, or during cold storage, and appear as small red dots located around lenticels (1). The symptoms appear on fruits within a 2 month period after placement into cold storage (3). In February 2013, ‘Nittany’ apple fruit with round, dark, dry, spongy lesions were collected from bins at commercial storage facility located in Pennsylvania. Symptomatic apples (n = 2 fruits) were placed on paper trays in an 80 count apple box and immediately transported to the laboratory. Fruit were rinsed with sterile water, and the lesions were superficially disinfected with 70% ethanol. The skin was removed with a sterile scalpel, and tissues underneath the lesion were cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 25°C with constant light. Two single-spore isolates were propagated on PDA, and permanent cultures were maintained on PDA slants and stored at 4°C in darkness. Colonies varied from light gray to olive green in color, produced abundant aerial hyphae, and had fluffy mycelial growth on PDA after 14 days. Both isolates were tentatively identified as Alternaria based on multicelled conidial morphology resembling “fragmentation grenades” that were medium brown in color, and obclavate to obpyriform catentulate with longitudinal and transverse septa attached in chains on simple conidiophores (2). Conidia ranged from 15 to 60 μm (mean 25.5 μm) long and 10 to 25 μm (mean 13.6 μm) wide (n = 50) with 1 to 6 transverse and 0 to 1 longitudinal septa per spore. To identify both isolates to the species level, genomic DNA was extracted from mycelial plugs and gene specific primers (ALT-HIS3F/R) were used via conventional PCR to amplify a portion of the histone gene (357 bp) (Jurick II, unpublished). Amplicons were sequenced using the Sanger method, and the forward and reverse sequences of each amplicon were assembled into a consensus representing 2× coverage. A megaBLAST analysis revealed that the isolates were 99% identical to Alternaria alternata sequences in GenBank (Accession No. AF404617), which was previously identified to cause decay on stored apple fruit in South Africa. To prove pathogenicity, Koch's postulates were conducted using organic ‘Gala’ apples. The fruit were surface disinfested with soap and water and sprayed with 70% ethanol to runoff. Wounds, 3 mm deep, were done using a sterile nail and 50 μl of a conidial suspension (1 × 104 conidia/ml) was introduced into each wound per fruit. Fruit were then stored at 25°C in 80 count boxes on paper trays for 21 days. Water only was used as a control. Ten fruit were inoculated with each isolate or water only (control) and the experiment was repeated once. Symptoms of decay observed on inoculated were ‘Gala’ apple fruit were identical to the symptoms initially observed on ‘Nittany’ apples obtained from cold storage after 21 days. No symptoms developed on fruit in the controls. A. alternata was re-isolated 100% from apple inoculated with the fungus, completing Koch's postulates. A. alternata has been documented as a pre- and postharvest pathogen on Malus spp. (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of postharvest decay caused by A. alternata on apple fruit during cold storage in Pennsylvania. References: (1) A. L. Biggs et al. Plant Dis. 77:976, 1993. (2) E. G. Simmons. Alternaria: An Identification Manual. CBS Fungal Biodiversity Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands, 2007. (3) R. S. Spotts. Pages 56-57 in: Compendium of Apple and Pear Diseases, A. L. Jones and H. S. Aldwinkle, eds. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1990.

Background Gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men continue to bear a large burden of the HIV epidemic in the United States and are among the only populations with increasing incidence in recent years. Objective The Together 5000 (T5K) Study aimed to enroll a US-based, racially diverse sample of HIV-negative men, transmen, and transwomen who are not on pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) into an observational cohort to inform the design, implementation, scale-up, and evaluation of HIV prevention programs. Methods We used internet-based strategies to enroll a large, racially diverse national sample of HIV-negative men, transmen, and transwomen aged 16 to 49 years at high risk of HIV acquisition via sexual networking apps. Study participants are contacted every 6 months (in between annual surveys) for a brief survey on HIV testing, HIV diagnosis, and PrEP use (ie, attempts to access, PrEP initiation, and PrEP discontinuation). Participants complete annual self-administered at-home HIV testing and Web-based surveys. Using baseline serologic data and self-reported HIV testing history, we reconstructed a cohort of persons who were HIV negative at 12 months before baseline to estimate HIV incidence leading up to cohort enrollment. Results The study sample included 8777 participants from all 50 US states, Puerto Rico, and Guam; 50.91% (4468/8777) were persons of color and 25.30% (2221/8777) were young individuals aged 16 to 24 years. Per eligibility criteria, all T5K participants reported having sex with >2 male partners in the 90 days before enrollment, self-reported not having been diagnosed with HIV, and were not actively taking PrEP. In addition, 79.39% (6968/8777) reported >2 insertive condomless anal sex (CAS) acts, 61.02% (5356/8777) reported >1 receptive CAS acts in the past 90 days. Furthermore, most (7525/8777, 85.74%) reported never having taken PrEP. In total, 70.25% (6166/8777) were sent a self-administered at-home HIV test kit and 82.29% (5074/6166) of those sent a kit returned a sample for testing. The HIV incidence rate during the 12-month period leading up to enrollment was estimated to be 2.41 (95% CI 2.02-2.90) per 100 person-years. Conclusions A large, national, and racially diverse fully Web-based cohort of HIV-negative men, transmen, and transwomen at high risk for HIV seroconversion has successfully been recruited into longitudinal follow-up. This cohort is at high risk for HIV acquisition and can provide important insights related to the real-world uptake, impact, and equity of HIV prevention interventions in the United States. Participants can be invited to participate in trials aimed at testing strategies to improve the uptake of and engagement in these interventions. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) RR1-10.2196/13715

Background:BILAG-2004 index is an important disease activity instrument for SLE which is widely used in clinical trials and in treatment commissioning. It is more comprehensive and responsive than SLEDAI. However, BILAG-2004 may be difficult or time-consuming to complete during routine clinic visits. To derive the eventual scores from A (highly active) to E (no current or prior disease involvement) for each of the 9 organ domains, the current BILAG-2004 relies on a separate index form, glossary and scoring algorithm.Objectives:The Easy-BILAG project aimed to develop and validate a simplified tool for scoring the original BILAG-2004 index more rapidly and accurately in routine clinical care.Methods:Data from the UK BILAG-Biologics Registry (BILAG-BR) were used to measure the frequency with which the 97 BILAG-2004 clinical items occurred in a population with active SLE. These data and a series of prototypes were used to draft a new tool for simplified scoring of the BILAG-2004 index - the “Easy-BILAG”. After preliminary testing, a validation study was conducted to test accuracy, speed and usability of Easy-BILAG compared to the standard BILAG-2004 template. Rheumatologists and specialty trainees from centres around the UK were invited to score BILAG-2004 disease activity in a timed workbook of 10 exemplar case vignettes, using either Easy-BILAG or standard BILAG-2004 reference documents. The case vignettes tested clinicians in scoring both frequent and uncommon SLE manifestations as well as longitudinal scoring of items in flare and remission. All workbooks contained an overview and detailed instructions on BILAG-2004.Results:Among 2395 submissions to BILAG-BR the 6 most frequently scored clinical items were each present in more than 20% of records; arthralgia (72%), mild skin eruption (47%), moderate arthritis (38%), mild mucosal ulceration (34%), mild alopecia (34%), pleurisy / pericarditis (22%). Twenty-five items were active in less than 1% of assessments. Easy-BILAG was therefore designed to enhance the visibility of the most frequently scored items and capture all clinical items scoring >5% in a rapid single-page assessment. All remaining, less common items, are scored, only when necessary, on a second page. Easy-BILAG incorporates an abridged glossary definition immediately adjacent to clinical each item. A new colour-blindness compatible, colour-coding system directs clinicians instantly to the overall A-E score for each domain.In the validation exercise, clinicians were asked to identify active disease and assign BILAG-2004 scores, from A-E, for all 9 organ domains in a workbook of 10 case vignettes. Twenty clinicians, with a range of prior experience, have so far participated. Among clinicians working with the standard BILAG-2004 reference documents (n = 11), scoring 10 case vignettes took 90 +/- 9 minutes (mean +/- SEM) to complete. Clinicians using Easy-BILAG (n = 9) completed the exercise significantly faster at 66 +/- 8 minutes (p = 0.05). Crucially, Easy-BILAG yielded significantly higher percentage accuracy (mean +/- SEM) at 95.3 +/- 0.8 % across all domains, as compared with 81.8 +/- 6.2 % achieved by clinicians using standard BILAG-2004 documentation (p = 0.05). The difference was most apparent when specifically comparing accuracy across domains where the case exercises registered active disease. Here, Easy-BILAG showed no decline in accuracy at 94.9 +/- 1.0 % compared 75.7 +/- 5.3% achieved with standard BILAG-2004 documents (p = 0.005). In a usability survey, all (9/9) clinicians testing the Easy-BILAG template rated it as intuitive and simple to navigate.Conclusion:Easy-BILAG facilitates more rapid and accurate scoring of BILAG-2004 and provides a format which is amenable to use in routine clinical practice. Following completion of validation, it will be made widely available to clinicians.Figure 1.Illustration of the Easy-BILAG template shows format, colour scheme and method of scoring highest prevalence items mucocutaneous and musculoskeletal domain.Disclosure of Interests:Lucy Marie Carter: None declared, Caroline Gordon: None declared, Chee-Seng Yee: None declared, Ian N. Bruce Speakers bureau: GlaxoSmithKline, UCB Pharma, Consultant of: AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, ILTOO Pharma, MedImmune, Merck Serono, Grant/research support from: Genzyme Sanofi, GlaxoSmithKline, David Isenberg: None declared, Sarah Skeoch: None declared, Edward Vital Consultant of: Roche, GSK and AstraZeneca, Grant/research support from: GSK and AstraZeneca

Background: Skeletal muscles are attached to bone and are responsible for the axial and appendicular movement of the skeleton and for maintenance of body position and posture. Objectives: The present review aimed to high light on embryonic development of skeletal muscles, histological and ultrastructure, innervation, contraction and relaxation, causes, pathophysiology, and treatment of volumetric muscle injury. The heterogeneity of the muscle fibers is the base of the flexibility which allows the same muscle to be used for various tasks from continuous low-intensity activity, to repeated submaximal contractions, and to fast and strong maximal contractions. The formation of skeletal muscle begins during the fourth week of embryonic development as specialized mesodermal cells, termed myoblasts. As growth of the muscle fibers continues, aggregation into bundles occurs, and by birth, myoblast activity has ceased. Satellite cells (SCs), have single nuclei and act as regenerative cells. Satellite cells are the resident stem cells of skeletal muscle; they are considered to be self-renewing and serve to generate a population of differentiation-competent myoblasts that will participate as needed in muscle growth, repair, and regeneration. Based on various structural and functional characteristics, skeletal muscle fibres are classified into three types: Type I fibres, Type II-B fibres, and type II-A fibres. Skeletal muscle fibres vary in colour depending on their content of myoglobin. Each myofibril exhibits a repeating pattern of cross-striations which is a product of the highly ordered arrangement of the contractile proteins within it. The parallel myofibrils are arranged with their cross-striations in the register, giving rise to the regular striations seen with light microscopy in longitudinal sections of skeletal muscle. Each skeletal muscle receives at least two types of nerve fibers: motor and sensory. Striated muscles and myotendinous junctions contain sensory receptors that are encapsulated proprioceptors. The process of contraction, usually triggered by neural impulses, obeys the all-or-none law. During muscle contraction, the thin filaments slide past the thick filaments, as proposed by Huxley's sliding filament theory. In response to a muscle injury, SCs are activated and start to proliferate; at this stage, they are often referred to as either myogenic precursor cells (MPC) or myoblasts. In vitro, evidence has been presented that satellite cells can be pushed towards the adipogenic and osteogenic lineages, but contamination of such cultures from non-myogenic cells is sometimes hard to dismiss as the underlying cause of this observed multipotency. There are, however, other populations of progenitors isolated from skeletal muscle, including endothelial cells and muscle-derived stem cells (MDSCs), blood-vessel-associated mesoangioblasts, muscle side-population cells, CD133+ve cells, myoendothelial cells, and pericytes. Volumetric muscle loss (VML) is defined as the traumatic or surgical loss of skeletal muscle with resultant functional impairment. It represents a challenging clinical problem for both military and civilian medicine. VML results in severe cosmetic deformities and debilitating functional loss. In response to damage, skeletal muscle goes through a well-defined series of events including; degeneration (1 to 3days), inflammation, and regeneration (3 to 4 weeks), fibrosis, and extracellular matrix remodeling (3 to 6 months).. Mammalian skeletal muscle has an impressive ability to regenerate itself in response to injury. During muscle tissue repair following damage, the degree of damage and the interactions between muscle and the infiltrating inflammatory cells appear to affect the successful outcome of the muscle repair process. The transplantation of stem cells into aberrant or injured tissue has long been a central goal of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the formation of skeletal muscle begins during the fourth week of embryonic development as specialized mesodermal cells, termed myoblasts, by birth myoblast activity has ceased. Satellite cells are considered to be self-renewing, and serve to generate a population of differentiation-competent myoblasts. Skeletal muscle fibres are classified into three types. The process of contraction, usually triggered by neural impulses, obeys the all-or-none law. VML results in severe cosmetic deformities and debilitating functional loss. Mammalian skeletal muscle has an impressive ability to regenerate itself in response to injury. The transplantation of stem cells into aberrant or injured tissue has long been a central goal of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.

BackgroundCurrent clinical practice is to remove a colorectal polyp detected during colonoscopy and determine whether it is an adenoma or hyperplastic by histopathology. Identifying adenomas is important because they may eventually become cancerous if untreated, whereas hyperplastic polyps do not usually develop into cancer, and a surveillance interval is set based on the number and size of adenomas found. Virtual chromoendoscopy (VCE) (an electronic endoscopic imaging technique) could be used by the endoscopist under strictly controlled conditions for real-time optical diagnosis of diminutive (≤ 5 mm) colorectal polyps to replace histopathological diagnosis.ObjectiveTo assess the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the VCE technologies narrow-band imaging (NBI), flexible spectral imaging colour enhancement (FICE) and i-scan for the characterisation and management of diminutive (≤ 5 mm) colorectal polyps using high-definition (HD) systems without magnification.DesignSystematic review and economic analysis.ParticipantsPeople undergoing colonoscopy for screening or surveillance or to investigate symptoms suggestive of colorectal cancer.InterventionsNBI, FICE and i-scan.Main outcome measuresDiagnostic accuracy, recommended surveillance intervals, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), adverse effects, incidence of colorectal cancer, mortality and cost-effectiveness of VCE compared with histopathology.Data sourcesElectronic bibliographic databases including MEDLINE, EMBASE, The Cochrane Library and Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects were searched for published English-language studies from inception to June 2016. Bibliographies of related papers, systematic reviews and company information were screened and experts were contacted to identify additional evidence.Review methodsSystematic reviews of test accuracy and economic evaluations were undertaken in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. Meta-analyses were conducted, where possible, to inform the independent economic model. A cost–utility decision-analytic model was developed to estimate the cost-effectiveness of VCE compared with histopathology. The model used a decision tree for patients undergoing endoscopy, combined with estimates of long-term outcomes (e.g. incidence of colorectal cancer and subsequent morbidity and mortality) derived from University of Sheffield School of Health and Related Research’s bowel cancer screening model. The model took a NHS perspective, with costs and benefits discounted at 3.5% over a lifetime horizon. There were limitations in the data on the distribution of adenomas across risk categories and recurrence rates post polypectomy.ResultsThirty test accuracy studies were included: 24 for NBI, five for i-scan and three for FICE (two studies assessed two interventions). Polyp assessments made with high confidence were associated with higher sensitivity and endoscopists experienced in VCE achieved better results than those without experience. Two economic evaluations were included. NBI, i-scan and FICE are cost-saving strategies compared with histopathology and the number of quality-adjusted life-years gained was similar for histopathology and VCE. The correct surveillance interval would be given to 95% of patients with NBI, 94% of patients with FICE and 97% of patients with i-scan.LimitationsLimited evidence was available for i-scan and FICE and there was heterogeneity among the NBI studies. There is a lack of data on longer-term health outcomes of patients undergoing VCE for assessment of diminutive colorectal polyps.ConclusionsVCE technologies, using HD systems without magnification, could potentially be used for the real-time assessment of diminutive colorectal polyps, if endoscopists have adequate experience and training.Future workFuture research priorities include head-to-head randomised controlled trials of all three VCE technologies; more research on the diagnostic accuracy of FICE and i-scan (when used without magnification); further studies evaluating the impact of endoscopist experience and training on outcomes; studies measuring adverse effects, HRQoL and anxiety; and longitudinal data on colorectal cancer incidence, HRQoL and mortality.Study registrationThis study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42016037767.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme.

From Subterranean Dolmens to Visible Trapezium-shaped StructuresOn the Stone Age Graves from Harreby in North Schleswig/South JutlandIn 1934 and 1936, four Stone Age graves were found at Harreby west of Gram in North Schleswig: three dolmen chambers and one flat burial. They were considered part of a flat burial graveyard.New investigations at Harreby have unmistakably shown that the dolmen chambers found by C.M. Lund and Therkel Mathiassen do not belong to any flat burial site. Thus, they cannot be characterized – as Therkel Mathiassen did – as subterranean, hidden underneath the Stone Age surface. The excavations have clearly established that the graves were originally surrounded by four oblong trapezium-shaped structures (I-IV) on the sloping side of the Fladså river valley. Structure I and IV contained only one grave, whereas structure II and III contained three graves each. All structures had a grave positioned in the wide west end.Structure I. This structure consisted of a 53-m long and 3-6-m wide trapezium-shaped mound constructed by sand and gravel (Figs. 14 and 23). The fairly low mound had been surrounded by large kerbstones, some of which were still in position. The wide west end had contained a dolmen chamber (grave A) built of four side stones placed in an hollow dug approximately 1.3 m into the ground. On level with the old field surface, the hollow had an almost square outline and measured 3.4 x 4.2 m. At floor level, the chamber would have been approximately 1.9-m long and 1.1-m wide. A fire had been lit at the bottom of the hollow before a c.7-cm thick layer of white, burnt flint had been spread across it as a floor layer. A single amber bead was found on top of the flint layer (Fig. 15.7). An unpolished thin-butted flint axe; two thick-butted flint axes with narrow blades; two flint blades, and an amber bead were found near the bottom in the rummaged chamber fill (Fig. 15.1-6). The thin-butted flint axe, which belongs to type IV, must be connected with the primary funeral, which took place either towards the end of the Early Neolithic or the beginning of the Middle Neolithic Period (Nielsen 1977). However, the narrow-bladed, thick-butted flint axes originate from secondary burials made during the late Funnel Beaker Culture in the Middle Neolithic Period. Neither the two flint blades nor the fragmented amber bead can be dated precisely.Structure II. Structure II was situated immediately next to structure I and consisted of a long, low, trapezium-shaped mound (Fig. 22), probably also originally surrounded by kerbstones. The structure was widest towards the west, where it had a width of 9 m. It is difficult to state precisely how long the trapezium-shaped mound was initially, as the major part of it was situated outside the area excavated by C.M. Lund and Th. Mathiassen in the 1930s. In all probability, the east end of the mound was placed between grave 3 and structure I. Although no fills or end ditch were observed during the excavation in 1983, this area contained colour differences in the fill that seemed to indicate the end of the mound. This indicates that the trapezium-shaped structure II was 41 metres long. The wide west end of the structure had contained a four-sided dolmen chamber (grave B) built from two bearing stones in each long side and one in each narrow side. The chamber – the longitudinal direction of which ran transversely to that of the mound – was sunk 20 cm into the subsoil and surrounded by a stabilising packing of clay and stones. The floor layer in the chamber consisted of white, burnt flint, some places still in situ, on top of which an amber bead was found (Fig. 18.B2). The chamber had also contained a thin-butted, four-sided, polished, thin-bladed flint axe (Fig. 18.B1) found in the disturbed chamber fill. A large, plump, four-sided, polished, thick-butted flint axe from the Single Grave Culture (Fig. 18.B3) was found in disturbed fill just above the clay and stone packing towards the north. From the fill around the axe, which differed from the disturbed chamber fill, it is difficult to determine whether the flint axe was dug up from dolmen chamber B or from another grave.The dolmen chamber (chamber 1), which gave cause for the excavation in 1934, was situated inside this structure, 25 metres from the west gable of the mound. The grave chamber was built from four inward-leaning stones placed in such a way that the top of the end stones rested against the side stones. The inner dimension of the chamber at floor level was 1 x 2.6 m. The chamber fill contained a single unornamented pottery sherd and the tip of a flint dagger (Fig. 29.d).Grave 3, which was situated in the east end of the structure and transversely to its longitudinal direction, was a stone cist built from ashlar-like stones and surrounded by a stone heap. However, the stones from the grave were preserved only in the north end of the grave. Stacks of smaller flat stones, some of which had fallen into the grave, showed that the gaps between the ashlars had been filled with dry stonewalling. The bottom of the grave, which measured up to 1 m across and had a length of 2.8 m, had been covered with white, burnt flint. Two earthenware vessels and an amber bead were found in the north end (Fig. 6.a-c). An ornamented sherd and a fragmented amber bead were found later in the removed fill (Fig. 6.d-e).Structure III. Another trapezium-shaped, long mound was situated immediately north of structure II, partly overlapping its northern end (Figs. 22 - 23). It had been 35 m long and 5 and 7.5 m wide in its east and west end respectively. Stone traces and ditches registered during the investigations in 1983 and 1990, as well as the long line of stones (Fig. 8) and other stone rows – such as the north and south sides of grave 4 and 6, which appeared during the excavations by C.M Lund and Th. Mathiassens in the 1930s – show that the mound was encircled by kerb stones.A four-sided dolmen chamber with the same longitudinal direction as the mound was probably situated in the wide west end of the long mound (grave C). A fire had been lit on the bottom of the c.1.4-m wide and 2.3-m long chamber before it was covered with white, burnt flint. In the west end of the grave, an amber bead was found in situ in the upper part of the burnt flint, and a flint blade was found in the disturbed chamber fill (Fig. 18.C1-2).The other dolmen chamber excavated by C.M. Lund (chamber 2) was situated centrally in the eastern half of the mound, inside structure III. The chamber, the longitudinal direction of which was parallel to that of the mound, was built from four stones. The two in the long sides of the grave were vertical, whereas the end stones leaned inwards, with the tops resting against the side stones. No artefacts were found in the chamber fill or on the grave bottom, which measured 0.7 x 1.65 m.About midway between dolmen chamber C and 2 was yet another dolmen chamber (chamber 5). This chamber was placed in a hollow dug 2 metres into the ground and built from four bearing stones and a cover stone, the top of which was 30 cm underneath the soil surface. Also in this chamber, the bearing stones were leaning inwards, with the top of the end stones resting against the side stones. The chamber bottom, which measured 1.0 x 2.5 m, was situated transversely to the longitudinal direction of the mound. No grave goods appeared in the chamber.Structure IV. The trapezium-shaped ditch structure was for the main part hidden underneath structure III. Only the wide western end, measuring up to 3.4 m and comprising grave D, was situated outside it. The original length of the structure is difficult to estimate, as its east end is situated outside the area excavated in the 1930s. However, provided the structure had a real trapezium-shaped outline and an east end no less than one metre wide, then the structure would have had a length of approximately 22 m, as indicated on Fig. 22. This means that the structure was not just covered by structure III and its mound, but also that it was disturbed by the pit dug for chamber 5.Grave D, situated in the wide end of the structure, was partly disturbed by the western cross-ditch of structure III, and partly by modern cuts (Fig. 19). The grave was not a stone cist grave, as the grave bed consisting of white, burnt flint was enclosed by a frame made from at least two layers of boulders, which had the flat sides turned inwards. The stone frame had been surrounded by a stone heap, which was again framed by the surrounding ditch. Three amber beads, a flint blade, and an earthenware pot were found in situ on top of the white, burnt flint covering the bottom (Fig. 20).Structure IV was probably covered by a low mound, and the ditch encircling it probably held woodwork, as indicated by the stones in the western cross ditch.The dating of the structures. Structure IV was probably the first one to be built, as indicated by the beaker (Fig. 20.5) found in the grave (grave D), which is ornamented in the best Fuchsberg style (Andersen and Madsen 1977). This dates the construction of the structure and the burial to the very last part of the Early Neolithic, or more precisely, the Fuchsberg phase around 3.400 BC (2.630-2.810 C-14 BC.) (Andersen 1999).On the other hand, it is possible that Structure I is the oldest. The thin-butted flint axe (Fig. 15.1), found on the dolmen site (grave A) in the west end of the structure and possibly originating from the primary burial, belongs to type IV. This type originates predominantly from the Early Neolithic period C (Nielsen 1977), which includes the Fuchsberg phase, although it also occurs in the Middle Neolithic period I. This axe type may even be older than the Fuchsberg phase (Klassen 2004).The relative construction time for structure II, III, and IV give no chronological problems. Of these, structure IV is the oldest. From the sections made through the coinciding north and south ditches from structure III and II respectively, it clearly appeared that structure III had been dug into structure II. The chronological order of the construction of the three structures is thus: structure IV was built first, then structure II, whereas structure III was built last.However, without these stratigraphic observations it would have been difficult to estimate the construction time for structure II and III, as the grave goods found in grave B and C respectively – the supposed primary graves – do not allow a precise dating. The thin-bladed thin-butted flint axe (Fig. 18.B1) found in grave B within structure II belongs to a type found in several early Neolithic graves, but which is also known from finds belonging to the early Middle Neolithic period (Nielsen 1977). The same applies to the two tubular amber beads (Figs. 18.B2 and 18.C2) found in the two graves. Erik JørgensenHaderslev MuseumTranslated by Annette Lerche Trolle

ABSTRACTObjectivesGeneration Scotland: Scottish Family Health Study (GS:SFHS) is a family-based genetic epidemiology study of ~24,000 volunteers from ~7000 families recruited across Scotland between 2006 and 2011 with the capacity for follow-up through record linkage and re-contact. ApproachParticipants completed a demographic, health and lifestyle questionnaire and provided biological samples including DNA, and 90% underwent detailed clinical assessment, including anthropometric, cardiovascular, respiratory, cognition and mental health. The biological samples, phenotype and genotype data collected form a resource with broad consent for academic and commercial research on the genetics of health, disease and quantitative traits of current and projected public health importance. Features include the family-based recruitment; breadth and depth of phenotype information, with detailed data on cognition, personality and mental health. GWAS and exome genotype data is available on most of the cohort. These features maximise the power of the resource to identify, replicate or control for genetic factors associated with a wide spectrum of illnesses and risk factors. By linkage to routine NHS hospital, lab tests, prescribing and dental records this has become a longitudinal dataset, using the Scottish Community Health Index (CHI). Results Researchers are now able to use the dataset to find prevalent and incidental disease cases, and healthy controls, to test research hypotheses on a stratified population. They can also do targeted recruitment of participants to new studies, utilising the NHS CHI register for up to date contact details. There are 6 published papers on a variety of conditions and currently around 10 ongoing studies based on our record linkage capabilities. ConclusionWe have thoroughly tested the linkage process and plan to extend it to include primary care data (GP records) in the next year. There are current or planned collaborations looking into heart disease, diabetes, breast and colon cancers, depression, neuropathic pain, Alzheimer’s disease and dementia. Generation Scotland is also a contributor to major international consortia. The resources are available to academic and commercial researchers through a managed access process.