Статті в журналах: "Long-term field experiments"

1

Merbach, W., and A. Deubel. "Long-term field experiments – museum relics or scientific challenge?" Plant, Soil and Environment 54, No. 5 (May 19, 2008): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/395-pse.

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By reference to the Eternal Rye trial in Halle, Germany, as an example, it is demonstrated that long-term trials provide indispensable information for contemporary and future land use research. These trials serve as tools for the examination of cultivation measures or the effects of climate on nutrient dynamics and mobilization, microbial biodiversity, mineral composition or soil formation processes. They are therefore essential for the evaluation of land-use strategies or climatic change and, because of that, can provide more accuracy in related political considerations.

2

Frye, W. W., and G. W. Thomas. "Management of Long‐Term Field Experiments." Agronomy Journal 83, no. 1 (January 1991): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj1991.00021962008300010012x.

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3

Brown, J. R. "Summary: Long‐Term Field Experiments Symposium." Agronomy Journal 83, no. 1 (January 1991): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj1991.00021962008300010020x.

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4

Christensen, Bent T. "The Askov long‐term field experiments." Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 42, no. 3-4 (December 1997): 265–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03650349709385732.

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5

Balík, Jiří, Jindřich Černý, Martin Kulhánek, and Ondřej Sedlář. "Soil carbon transformation in long-term field experiments with different fertilization treatments." Plant, Soil and Environment 64, No. 12 (November 30, 2018): 578–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/591/2018-pse.

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Soil carbon transformation was observed in long-term stationary field experiments (longer than 20 years) at two sites with different soil-climatic conditions (Luvisol, Chernozem). The following crops were rotated within the trial: row crops (potatoes or maize)-winter wheat-spring barley. All three crops were grown each year. Four different fertilization treatments were used: (a) no fertilizer (control); (b) sewage sludge (9.383 t dry matter/ha/3 years); (c) farmyard manure (15.818 t dry matter/ha/3 years); (d) mineral NPK fertilization (330 kg N, 90 kg P, 300 kg K/ha/3 years). At the Luvisol site, the control treatment showed a tendency to decrease organic carbon (Corg) in topsoil. At organic fertilization treatments the content of Corg increased: sewage sludge – +15.0% (Luvisol) and +21.8% (Chernozem), farmyard manure – +19.0% (Luvisol) and +15.9% (Chernozem). At the NPK fertilization, the increase was +4.8% (Luvisol) and +4.7% (Chernozem). The increased Corg content was also associated with an increase of microbial biomass carbon (Cmic) and extractable organic carbon (0.01 mol/L CaCl2 and hot water extraction). The ratio of Cmic in Corg was within the range 0.93–1.37%.

6

Vašák, F., J. Černý, Š. Buráňová, M. Kulhánek, and J. Balík. "Soil pH changes in long-term field experiments with different fertilizing systems." Soil and Water Research 10, No. 1 (June 2, 2016): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/7/2014-swr.

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7

Černý, J., J. Balík, M. Kulhánek, and V. Nedvěd. "The changes in microbial biomass C and N in long-term field experiments." Plant, Soil and Environment 54, No. 5 (May 19, 2008): 212–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/393-pse.

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Microbial biomass nitrogen and carbon were studied in long-term field experiments with continuous cultivation of silage maize and with crop rotation. A positive effect of organic fertilizers on the microbial biomass nitrogen and the carbon content in soil was observed. Statistically significant effect of organic fertilizers on the higher content of microbial biomass C and N was established in the first year after their application. During the application the content of microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen decreased, but there were higher biomass C and N contents compared to control, even without statistical significance. A negative effect on microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen content in soil came from the application of mineral nitrogen fertilizers in experiments with maize. Statistically significant effect of mineral N fertilizers was observed after their application. In the course of the N fertilizers application the content of microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen was lower than control. No statistically significant effects of mineral nitrogen fertilizers on the microbial biomass nitrogen and carbon content were observed in field experiments with crop rotation over the eight years of experiment duration. The higher effect of mineral and organic fertilizers application on the changes in microbial biomass C and N was reported in experiments with continuous cultivation of maize compared to experiments with crop rotation.

8

Peterson, G. A., D. J. Lyon, and C. R. Fenster. "Valuing Long-Term Field Experiments: Quantifying the Scientific Contribution of a Long-Term Tillage Experiment." Soil Science Society of America Journal 76, no. 3 (May 2012): 757–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2011.0413.

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9

Balík, Jiří, Jindřich Černý, Martin Kulhánek, Ondřej Sedlář, and Pavel Suran. "Balance of potassium in two long-term field experiments with different fertilization treatments." Plant, Soil and Environment 65, No. 5 (May 27, 2019): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/109/2019-pse.

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Balance of potassium (K) was observed in long-term stationary field experiments (21 years) at two sites with different soil and climatic conditions (Luvisol, Cambisol). The following crops were rotated within the trial: potatoes- winter wheat-spring barley. All three crops were grown each year. The trial comprised 6 treatments: (1) no fertilization; (2) farmyard manure; (3) half dose of farmyard manure + nitrogen (N) in mineral nitrogen fertilizers; (4) mineral nitrogen fertilizers; (5) NPK in mineral fertilizers; (6) straw of spring barley + N in mineral nitrogen fertilizers. The recovery rate of potassium from farmyard manure by crops was 24–26%, from mineral fertilizers it was 27–52%. Different fertilization intensities were manifested by significant differences in the content of exchangeable K in soil. Changes in non-exchangeable K (Kne) were recorded only at the Luvisol site (850 mg Kne/kg), but not at the Cambisol site (3000 mg Kne/kg). The maximum negative balance (–2376 kg K/ha/21 years) was recorded at the mineral nitrogen fertilization treatment.

10

Sibbesen, Erik. "Soil movement in long-term field experiments." Plant and Soil 91, no. 1 (February 1986): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02181820.

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11

Debreczeni, Katalin, and Martin Körschens. "Long-term field experiments of the world." Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 49, no. 5 (October 2003): 465–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03650340310001594754.

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12

N�meth, T. "Nitrogen balances in long-term field experiments." Fertilizer Research 43, no. 1-3 (1996): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00747677.

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13

Kulhánek, Martin, Jindřich Černý, Jiří Balík, Ondřej Sedlář, and Filip Vašák. "Changes of soil bioavailable phosphorus content in the long-term field fertilizing experiment." Soil and Water Research 14, No. 4 (October 9, 2019): 240–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/175/2018-swr.

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The aim of this study is to describe the changes of bioavailable phosphorus content in soil in long-term 18 years field experiments with different fertilizing systems. The field experiments are located at three sites with different soil and climatic conditions in the Czech Republic (Červený Újezd, Humpolec and Prague-Suchdol). Same fertilizing systems and crop rotation (potatoes (maize) – winter wheat – spring barley) are realized at each site with following fertilizing treatments: (1) unfertilized treatment (control), (2) farmyard manure (FYM), (3) and (4) sewage sludge (SS 1 and SS 3), (5) mineral nitrogen (N), (6) mineral nitrogen with straw (N + straw) and (7) mineral nitrogen with phosphorus and potassium (NPK). The long-term fertilizing effect on available P content changes in soil was observed. Bioavailable phosphorus content in soil increased in treatments with organic fertilization after 18 year experiment at all sites. The treatments SS 3 had the highest increase at all sites. The highest bioavailable P content increase compared to control (258 mg/kg) was determined at site Červený Újezd. On the contrary, available phosphorus content decreased at treatments with mineral fertilization and control treatment among all sites. Bioavailable P content decrease in the treatment NPK was observed, although phosphorus was applied. The lowest differences in available P content among all fertilizing treatments were observed at the location Prague-Suchdol.

14

Kismányoki, T. "Importance and necessity of long-term field experiments." Acta Agronomica Hungarica 58, Supplement 1 (September 1, 2010): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aagr.58.2010.suppl.1.2.

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The importance and necessity of long-term field experiments lie in the fact that long-term effects can only be studied reliably over several decades. The agronomic advances made in recent decades, based on chemicals and genetic gains, can be measured using long-term data, which will also be important in the future. Nutrient balances can be estimated reliably from the results of these experiments. The effect of climate change can be estimated by comparing long-term data from different locations. Long-term databases also form the background for computer models, designed to promote the sustainable development of agriculture and the environment.

15

Debreczeni, Katalin, and Tamás Kismányoky. "Acidification of Soils in Long‐Term Field Experiments." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 36, no. 1-3 (January 2005): 321–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/css-200043087.

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16

Káš, M., G. Mühlbachová, H. Kusá, and M. Pechová. "Soil phosphorus and potassium availability in long-term field experiments with organic and mineral fertilization." Plant, Soil and Environment 62, No. 12 (November 24, 2016): 558–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/534/2016-pse.

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17

Kulhánek, M., J. Balík, J. Černý, O. Sedlář, and F. Vašák. "Evaluating of soil sulfur forms changes under different fertilizing systems during long-term field experiments." Plant, Soil and Environment 62, No. 9 (September 21, 2016): 408–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/236/2016-pse.

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18

Poulton, P. R. "Management and modification procedures for long-term field experiments." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 76, no. 4 (October 1, 1996): 587–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps96-106.

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Long-term experiments like those at Rothamsted in southeast England offer the best practical means of studying the effects of land management or global change on soil fertility, sustainability of yield or wider environmental issues. For the data from such experiments to be of use, farmers, scientists and policy makers must be certain of their validity. This is best assured by the rigorous management of the experiment, by ensuring that any changes are carefully considered and that all operations are well-documented. A steady flow of well-interpreted, published data is also essential. This paper gives examples of how the long-term field experiments at Rothamsted have been managed and how modifications have been made to ensure their relevance to modern agriculture. Key words: Rothamsted, sustainability, long-term experiments, global change

19

Le Duc, M. G., L. Yang, and R. H. Marrs. "A database application for long-term ecological field experiments." Journal of Vegetation Science 18, no. 4 (2007): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1658/1100-9233(2007)18[509:adafle]2.0.co;2.

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20

Le Due, M. G., L. Yang, and R. H. Marrs. "A database application for long‐term ecological field experiments." Journal of Vegetation Science 18, no. 4 (February 24, 2007): 509–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2007.tb02565.x.

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21

Körschens, Martin. "(Global and regional importance of long-term field experiments)." Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 51, no. 2 (April 2005): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03650340400026677.

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22

von Gagern, Wilfried, Manfred Roschke, and Jörg Zimmer. "Preface: (Long-term field experiments as experimental basis of soil fertility research – 45 years of long-term field experiments at Groß Kreutz/Brandenburg)." Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 51, no. 2 (April 2005): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03650340500032989.

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23

Grosse, Meike, Wilfried Hierold, Marlen C. Ahlborn, Hans-Peter Piepho, and Katharina Helming. "Long-term field experiments in Germany: classification and spatial representation." SOIL 6, no. 2 (November 26, 2020): 579–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soil-6-579-2020.

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Abstract. The collective analysis of long-term field experiments (LTFEs), here defined as agricultural experiments with a minimum duration of 20 years and research in the context of sustainable soil use and yield, can be used for detecting changes in soil properties and yield such as those induced by climate change. However, information about existing LTFEs is scattered, and the research data are not easily accessible. In this study, meta-information on LTFEs in Germany is compiled and their spatial representation is analyzed. The study is conducted within the framework of the BonaRes project, which, inter alia, has established a central access point for LTFE information and research data. A total of 205 LTFEs which fit to the definition above are identified. Of these, 140 LTFEs are ongoing. The land use in 168 LTFEs is arable field crops, in 34 trials grassland, in 2 trials vegetables and in 1 trial pomiculture. Field crop LTFEs are categorized into fertilization (n=158), tillage (n=38) and crop rotation (n=32; multiple nominations possible) experiments, while all grassland experiments (n=34) deal with fertilization. The spatial representation is analyzed according to the climatic water balance of the growing season (1 May to 31 October) (CWBg), the Müncheberg Soil Quality Rating (MSQR) and clay content. The results show that, in general, the LTFEs well represent the area shares of both the CWBg and the MSQR classes. Eighty-nine percent of the arable land and 65 % of the grassland in Germany are covered by the three driest CWBg classes, hosting 89 % and 71 % of the arable and grassland LTFEs, respectively. LTFEs cover all six MSQR classes but with a bias towards the high and very high soil quality classes. LTFEs on arable land are present in all clay content classes according to the European Soil Data Centre (ESDAC) but with a bias towards the clay content class 4. Grassland LTFEs show a bias towards the clay content classes 5, 6 and 7, while well representing the other clay content classes, except clay content class 3, where grassland LTFEs are completely missing. The results confirm the very high potential of LTFE data for spatially differentiated analyses and modeling. However, reuse is restricted by the difficult access to LTFE research data. The common database is an important step in overcoming this restriction.

24

Załuski, Dariusz, Jacek Mielniczuk, Urszula Bronowicka-Mielniczuk, Mariusz J. Stolarski, Michał Krzyżaniak, Stefan Szczukowski, and Józef Tworkowski. "Survival Analysis of Plants Grown in Long-Term Field Experiments." Agronomy Journal 110, no. 5 (September 2018): 1791–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj2018.01.0062.

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25

Roschke, MAnfred, and Wilfried von Gagern. "(Results from long-term field experiments concerning soil fertility preservation)." Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 51, no. 2 (April 2005): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03650340400026610.

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26

Langer, Uwe, and Eva-Maria Klimanek. "Soil microbial diversity of four German long-term field experiments." Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 52, no. 5 (October 2006): 507–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03650340600915554.

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27

Donmez, Cenk, Marcus Schmidt, Ahmet Cilek, Meike Grosse, Carsten Paul, Wilfried Hierold, and Katharina Helming. "Climate change impacts on long-term field experiments in Germany." Agricultural Systems 205 (February 2023): 103578. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2022.103578.

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28

RW, Neugschwandtner, P. Liebhard, Kaul H-P, and H. Wagentristl. "Soil chemical properties as affected by tillage and crop rotation in a long-term field experiment." Plant, Soil and Environment 60, No. 2 (February 18, 2014): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/879/2013-pse.

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Long-term field experiments are important for explaining tillage and rotation effects on soil fertility and to develop sustainable nutrient management strategies. An experiment was established in 1996 in Raasdorf (Austria) on chernozem with four tillage treatments (mouldboard ploughing (MP); no-till; deep conservation tillage and shallow conservation tillage) and two crop rotations. Soil samples were taken in November 2003 from 10 cm soil layers down to 40 cm to assess the effects on pH, carbonate content (CaCO3), soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (Nt), potentially mineralizable N (PMN) and plant-available phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). Soil pH and CaCO3 were not affected by soil tillage. SOC, Nt, PMN, P and K increased in the uppermost soil layer with reduced tillage intensity. SOC, Nt, P and K were more evenly distributed in MP whereas a generally higher decline downwards the soil profile was observed with lower tillage intensity. Lower tillage intensity resulted in a decrease of P and K in 30–40 cm. Rotation affected pH and K distribution in the soil whereas the other parameters were not affected.

29

Madaras, M., and J. Lipavský. "Interannual dynamics of available potassium in a long-term fertilization experiment." Plant, Soil and Environment 55, No. 8 (September 9, 2009): 334–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/34/2009-pse.

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Dynamics of the plant-available potassium (K) has been studied in polyfactorial long-term fertilization experiments since 1980. The fertilization scheme includes 10 combinations of K muriate and farmyard manure application rates (annually 0–230 kg K/ha). At medium treatment (annually 153 kg K/ha), the K balance within an 8-year crop rotation reflected crop specific K application rates with positive annual balances in years of growing silage maize and sugar beet (high K input), and negative in two years of growing alfalfa. Available K clearly corresponded to the dynamics of the K balance, with statistically significant fluctuations from 88 to 149 mg K/kg within one crop rotation cycle. Periodic fluctuations of available K induced by crop rotation were observed also in non-fertilized treatments. The variability of available K contents was influenced primarily by crop plants and experimental unexplained factors; interannual weather fluctuations and field differences were of low significance. In the paper, the importance of interannual K dynamics for the construction of correct long-term time trends is shown and discussed.

30

Balík, Jiří, Martin Kulhánek, Jindřich Černý, Ondřej Sedlář, and Pavel Suran. "Potassium fractions in soil and simple K balance in long-term fertilising experiments." Soil and Water Research 15, No. 4 (September 21, 2020): 211–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/151/2019-swr.

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Experiments were used to determine the potassium release from the non-exchangeable K (Kne) forms that are involved in plant nutrition and which replenish the pool of available K. Long-term stationary field experiments with different fertilisation systems (organic: farmyard manure, sewage sludge, straw; mineral: NPK, N) were carried out to study the potassium balance and the K content changes in the topsoil (0–30 cm) and subsoil (30–60 cm). The trials were located at three sites with different soil-climatic conditions. The following crops were rotated within the trial: potatoes (maize) – winter wheat – spring barley. All three crops were grown each year over 21 years. Positive correlations between the contents of the available K in the topsoil and the potassium balance (K inputs – K outputs) were observed. There were no statistically significant differences among the treatments. Depending on the soil properties, the ratio of non-exchangeable K (Kne) was 12–37% of the values obtained via the aqua regia extraction. Depending on the site, the amount released from the Kne forms to the available K form was 46–69 kg K/ha/ year. The use of K from the farmyard manure varied from 7.4% up to 25%. Due to the low K content in the sewage sludge, the long-term fertilisation with sludge may only lead to the depletion of the available K in the soil, similar to the sole N mineral fertilisation.

31

Gibson, David J., Beth A. Middleton, Gerald W. Saunders, Marilyn Mathis, Warren T. Weaver, Jen Neely, John Rivera, and Michelle Oyler. "Learning Ecology by Doing Ecology: Long-Term Field Experiments in Succession." American Biology Teacher 61, no. 3 (March 1, 1999): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4450654.

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32

Bircsák, É., and Tamás Németh. "Nitrate-N in the Soil Profiles of Long-term Field Experiments." Agrokémia és Talajtan 51, no. 1-2 (March 1, 2002): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/agrokem.51.2002.1-2.17.

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Long-term N fertilization experiments were established with identical treatments at two different growing areas in Hungary: one on a calcareous sandy soil (Őrbottyán) and the other on a calcareous chernozem soil (Nagyhörcsök). The aim was to create differences in mineral-N content in the soil profiles in order to determine their N supplying capacity and to establish whether the accumulated nitrate may be regarded as a supply index for crop production. The results showed that under certain environmental conditions N may accumulate in the soil profile in the form of nitrate, resulting from N fertilization in previous years, to such an extent that it must be taken into consideration when determining the fertilizer rates to be applied. This is important not only from the point of view of economical management and environment protection, but also for reaching better yield quality. The calculations can be reliably performed if they are based on the measurement and calibration of the soil's mineral-N content. The environmental importance of such calibration experiments is that by estimating the utilization of N from the mineral-N pool, the additional costs incurred due to over-fertilization can be eliminated, and at the same time the potential danger of NO 3 leaching to the groundwater can be reduced. Extrapolation of the experimental results to farm scale can lead to both economical and environmental achievements.

33

XU, Ming-gang, Hua-jun TANG, Xue-yun YANG, and Shi-wei ZHOU. "Best soil managements from long-term field experiments for sustainable agriculture." Journal of Integrative Agriculture 14, no. 12 (December 2015): 2401–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2095-3119(15)61235-7.

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34

Sandén, T., H. Spiegel, H. P. Stüger, N. Schlatter, H. P. Haslmayr, L. Zavattaro, C. Grignani, et al. "European long-term field experiments: knowledge gained about alternative management practices." Soil Use and Management 34, no. 2 (June 2018): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sum.12421.

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35

Győri, Zoltán. "Sulphur Content of Winter Wheat Grain in Long Term Field Experiments." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 36, no. 1-3 (January 2005): 373–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/css-200043098.

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36

Revt'ie-Uvarova, A., V. Nikonenko, and O. Slidenko. "Algorithm of organizing soil monitoring based on long-term field experiments." Visnyk agrarnoi nauky 102, no. 2 (February 15, 2024): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/agrovisnyk202402-11.

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37

Morel, Christian, Noura Ziadi, Aimé Messiga, Gilles Bélanger, Pascal Denoroy, Bernard Jeangros, Claire Jouany, et al. "Modeling of phosphorus dynamics in contrasting agroecosystems using long-term field experiments." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 94, no. 3 (August 2014): 377–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss2013-024.

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Morel, C., Ziadi, N., Messiga, A., Bélanger, G., Denoroy, P., Jeangros, B., Jouany, C., Fardeau, J. C., Mollier, A., Parent, L. E., Proix, N., Rabeharisoa, L. and Sinaj, S. 2014. Modeling of phosphorus dynamics in contrasting agroecosystems using long-term field experiments. Can. J. Soil Sci. 94: 377–387. Long-term field experiments on phosphorus (P) fertilization were originally designed to study crop needs in different soil types by analyzing the effects of several rates of P fertilization on yields, their P concentrations and dynamics of plant-available soil P. The objective of this study was to test a computer-based model to simulate the P dynamics at the field scale using plant database and analyzing for plant-available P by a hierarchical process-based approach. It predicts both the concentration (CP) of phosphate ions (Pi) in soil solution and the associated Pi amounts that in time equilibrate with Pi in solution. Five experiments, representative of contrasting soil types, land-use, and climates were selected. Our model equilibrates the change in plant-available P in the upper soil layer to the P budget between annual P inputs and outputs. Rates of P fertilization affected simulations following the same expected pattern across sites. Field-observed and simulated values are in good agreements in all sites. The field-observed variations of CP per unit of P budget ranged from 0.007 to 2.49 (µg P L−1) (kg P ha−1)−1. The predictions are of the same order of magnitude. Predictions were compared with empirical long-term data and mismatches were discussed. This investigation highlights the scientific interest of long-term field P experiments to test and validate models describing P dynamics at the scale of the agricultural fields under different agricultural management practices.

38

Fontana, Mario, Gilles Bélanger, Juliane Hirte, Noura Ziadi, Saïd Elfouki, Luca Bragazza, Frank Liebisch, and Sokrat Sinaj. "Critical plant phosphorus for winter wheat assessed from long-term field experiments." European Journal of Agronomy 126 (May 2021): 126263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2021.126263.

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Várallyay, G. "Territorial and temporal extension of the results of long-term field experiments." Acta Agronomica Hungarica 58, Supplement 1 (September 1, 2010): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aagr.58.2010.suppl.1.3.

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Agronomic experiments resemble dialogues with the plant, the soil, and the studied medium in general. The results of long-term field experiments are only valid for a given territorial unit and a given time interval, so if they are to be used by the agronomic advisory service as an exact scientific basis for a larger area and for a longer period, the measured point and minute information must be extended and validated in space and time. The paper emphasizes the unavoidable necessity of this extension, summarizes the limitations and difficulties, introduces various alternative solutions and discusses their practical applicability.

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Zhelezova, A. D., A. K. Tkhakakhova, N. V. Yaroslavtseva, S. A. Garbuz, V. I. Lazarev, B. M. Kogut, O. V. Kutovaya, and V. A. Kholodov. "Microbiological parameters of aggregates in typical chernozems of long-term field experiments." Eurasian Soil Science 50, no. 6 (June 2017): 701–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1064229317060126.

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41

Pruitt, Dean. "Field Experiments on Social Conflict." International Negotiation 10, no. 1 (2005): 33–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1571806054741173.

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AbstractField experiments, in which the researcher manipulates one or more variables in a naturally occurring setting, have sometimes been used in studies of social conflict and should probably be used more often. They are more useful than observational studies for assessing the impact of novel conditions, establishing cause and effect, and reducing confounding. And they are more useful than laboratory experiments for examining long-term effects and those that involve strong passions, and for establishing external validity. However field experiments also have their limitations. Some variables cannot be practically or ethically manipulated and require the use of observational methods, which are also more useful for looking at the relationships among a large number of variables and for estimating the strength of association between variables. Furthermore, laboratory experiments allow more control of conditions and greater flexibility in designing manipulations. What this suggests is that all three methods have their value.

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Juhász, Evelin Kármen, and Andrea Balláné Kovács. "Evaluating of soil sulphur forms changes in long-term field experiments of Látókép." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 2 (December 15, 2019): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/2/3681.

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The aim of this work was to evaluate the changes of different sulphur forms (soluble, adsorbed) in chernozem soil in a long-term field experiment supplied with increasing doses of NPK fertilizers for a long time. In addition, other objective of this study included the examination of the applicability of recommended extractants of the different sulphate fraction in Hungarian soils. A long-term field experiment was established at the Research Station of Látókép of the University of Debrecen in 1984. In addition to control, two levels of NPK fertilizer doses have been used with irrigated and non-irrigated variants. Winter wheat and corn were cropped in a crop rotation on plots. Soil samples were collected in three different development stages of winter wheat, at the stage of stem elongation (April), flowering (May) and ripening (June of 2018) from the topsoil (0–20 cm) of experiment plots. Water-soluble inorganic sulphate was extracted with 0.01M CaCl2 solutions. The soluble plus adsorbed sulphate was extracted with 0.016M KH2PO4 solution. Sulphate was measured by turbidimetric method. 0.01M CaCl2-SO42— ranged between 0.293–1.896 mg kg-1 and the 0.016 M KH2PO4-SO42- varied between 5.087–10.261 mg kg-1. The values of KH2PO4 SO42- was higher than that of CaCl2-SO42-, because KH2PO4 extracted the adsorbed and soluble fractions of sulphate, while CaCl2 extracted the soluble sulphate fraction. The amount of absorbed sulphate was calculated by the differences of KH2PO4- SO4 and CaCl2-SO4. The KH2PO4 characterizes mainly the adsorbed sulphate fraction much more than the water-soluble fraction. KCl is the most widely used extractant for the determination of plant available sulphate content of soil in Hungary; therefore, KCl-SO42- fraction also was determined. The KCl-SO42- ranged between 0.328–2.152 mg kg-1. The CaCl2-SO42- and KCl-SO42- fractions were compared and based on Pearson's linear correlation, moderate correlation was established (r=0.511) between them. In all three extractant (0.01M CaCl2, 1M KCl, 0.016 M KH2PO4) higher sulphate fractions were measured in the fertilized plots where superphosphate had been supplied for ages until 2010. The arylsulphatase activity of soil also was determined and ranged between 9.284 and 26.860 µg p-nitrophenol g-1 h-1. The lowest value was observed in the treatment with highest NPK2 dose, both in irrigated and non-irrigated areas.

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Smiley, Richard W., Stephen Machado, Karl E. L. Rhinhart, Catherine L. Reardon, and Stewart B. Wuest. "Rapid Quantification of Soilborne Pathogen Communities in Wheat-Based Long-Term Field Experiments." Plant Disease 100, no. 8 (August 2016): 1692–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-09-15-1020-re.

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Rainfed experiments operated continuously for up to 84 years in semiarid eastern Oregon are among the oldest agronomic trials in North America. Disease incidence and severity had been quantified visually but quantification of inoculum density had not been attempted. Natural inoculum of 17 fungal and nematode pathogens were quantified for each of 2 years on eight trials using DNA extracts from soil. Crop type, tillage, rotation, soil fertility, year, and their interactions had large effects on the pathogens. Fusarium culmorum and Pratylenchus thornei were more dominant than F. pseudograminearum and P. neglectus where spring crops were grown, and the opposite species dominances occurred where winter wheat was the only crop. Bipolaris sorokiniana and Phoma pinodella were restricted to the presence of spring cereals and pulse crops, respectively. Helgardia spp. occurred in winter wheat-fallow rotations but not in annual winter wheat. Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici was more prevalent in cultivated than noncultivated soils and the opposite generally occurred for Rhizoctonia solani AG-8. Densities of Pythium spp. clade F were high but were also influenced by treatments. Significant treatment effects and interactions were more prevalent in two long-standing (>50-year) annually cropped experiments (29%) than two long-standing 2-year wheat-fallow rotations (14%). Associations among pathogens occurred mostly in an 84-year-old annual cereals experiment. This survey provided guidance for research on dynamics of root-infecting pathogens of rainfed field crops and identified two pathogens (Drechslera tritici-repentis and P. pinodella) not previously identified at the location.

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Zavattaro, Laura, Luca Bechini, Carlo Grignani, Frits K. van Evert, Janine Mallast, Heide Spiegel, Taru Sandén, et al. "Agronomic effects of bovine manure: A review of long-term European field experiments." European Journal of Agronomy 90 (October 2017): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2017.07.010.

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Itoi, R., M. Fukuda, K. Jinno, K. Hirowatari, N. Shinohara, and T. Tomita. "Long-term experiments of waste water injection in the otake geothermal field, Japan." Geothermics 18, no. 1-2 (January 1989): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(89)90022-9.

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Sibbesen, E., and C. E. Andersen. "Soil Movement in Long-term Field Experiments as a Result of Cultivations. II. How to Estimate the Two-Dimensional Movement of Substances Accumulating in the Soil." Experimental Agriculture 21, no. 2 (April 1985): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700012394.

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SUMMARYA previously presented model for one-dimensional soil movement by repeated tillage is extended for use under the more complex conditions of long-term field experiments, for (i) following the two-dimensional movement (along and across the plots) of accumulating substances (nutrients, disease organisms, etc.) caused by tillage; (ii) determining the smallest acceptable plot size from given conditions, when planning new long-term field experiments and (iii) determining the size of the discard relative to the size of the treated plot.Diagrams are given from which rough estimations can be made of both the movement of accumulating substances in long-term field experiments and the smallest acceptable plot size, when a computer with the necessary facilities is not available.

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Kubát, J., J. Klír, and D. Pova. "The dry nitrogen yields nitrogen uptake, and the efficacy on nitrogen fertilisation in long-term experiment in Prague." Plant, Soil and Environment 49, No. 8 (December 10, 2011): 337–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4134-pse.

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Long-term field experiments conducted under different soil and climate conditions and their databases provide invaluable information and are indispensable means in the study of the productivity and sustainability of the soil management systems. We evaluated the results of the dry matter yields of the main products obtained with four variants of organic and mineral fertilisation in three long-term field experiments established in 1955. The experiments differed in the cultivated crops. The period of evaluation was 12 and 16 years (1985–2000), respectively. The productivity of nine-year crop rotation was lower with the fertilised variants than that with the alternative growing of spring wheat and sugar beets. The dry matter yields on the Nil variants, however, were higher in the crop rotation than in the alternate sugar beet and spring wheat growing, apparently due to the symbiotic nitrogen fixation. The dry matter yields of sugar beet and mainly of spring wheat declined in almost all variants of fertilisation in the alternate sugar beet and spring wheat growing, over the evaluated time period. In spite of the relatively high dry matter production, the declining yields indicated a lower sustainability of the alternate cropping system. Both organic and mineral fertilisation increased the production of the cultivated crops. The differences in the average dry matter yields were statistically significant. Both organic and mineral fertilisation enhanced significantly the N-uptake by the cultivated crops. The effectivity of nitrogen input was the highest with the alternate cropping of sugar beet and spring wheat indicating that it was more demanding for the external N-input and thus less sustainable than nine-year crop rotation.

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Nedvěd, V., J. Balík, J. Černý, M. Kulhánek, and M. Balíková. "The changes of soil nitrogen and carbon contents in a long-term field experiment under different systems of nitrogen fertilization." Plant, Soil and Environment 54, No. 11 (December 2, 2008): 463–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/435-pse.

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Content of N and C in soil were investigated in a long-term field experiment under different systems of N fertilization. Chernozem and Cambisol were extracted using hot water (Nhws, Chws) and 0.01M CaCl2 (NCaCl2, CDOC). The Ct/Nt ratio in Chernozem was 9.6:1 and in Cambisol 6.1:1. The lowest Ct/Nt ratio in both experiments was found in the control treatment. Results showed that C and N compounds are less stable in Cambisol, which leads to a higher rate of mineralization. In the Chernozem, Nhws formed 3.66% from the total N content in the soil whereas NCaCl2 formed only 0.82%. Chws formed 2.98% and CDOC 0.34% from total C content. Cambisol contains 4.81% of Nhws and 0.84% of NCaCl2 from the total N amount and 5.76% of Chws and 0.70% of CDOC from the total C content, respectively. Nitrogen extracted by 0.01M CaCl2 formed only 22.4% of N extractable by hot water in Chernozem and 17.5% in Cambisol. The lowest C/N ratios were obtained after the CaCl2 extraction (3.0–6.2:1). The application of manure increased the content of soil organic N and C compared to the sewage sludge treatments.

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Stakhurlova, L. D., and A. F. Stulin. "Biodynamics of black soils leached under different agrotechnical practices in long-term field experiments." Russian Agricultural Sciences 43, no. 1 (January 2017): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068367417010190.

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Kaur, R. "PLANNING LENGTH OF LONG -TERM FIELD EXPERIMENTS THROUGH DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS – A CASE STUDY." Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 6, no. 2 (December 20, 2008): 63–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/0602_6378.

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