Статті в журналах: "Lolium perenne"

1

suliman, Sajad, and Sukhvinder singh. "Lolium perenne as an uncultivated forage grass of District Baramulla(JK)India: Case study." SDRP-Journal of Plant Science 5, no. 1 (2022): 260–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.25177/jps.5.1.cr.10807.

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Lolium perenne L. commonly known as “ray grass” is a temperate grass species commonly used as pasture for livestock. Lolium perennen belongs to family Poaceae and is a perennial herb. It has great economic importance owing to its suitability as a forage grass. Lolium perenne is cultivated in fields for forage grass to feed livestock. However, current study focuses on Lolium perenne as uncultivated forage grass. Ray grass is widely distributed in cultivated and uncultivated fields, mostly found in moist places, banks of stream, pastures etc. Farmers benefit from the uncultivated growth of ray grass to feed their livestock. Keywords: Ray grass, Poaceae, Forage, Uncultivated, Livestock

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2

Shetty, Prathap Kumar Halady, Anne Mette Dahl Jensen, Niels Roulund, and Birte Boelt. "Occurrence of Neotyphodium endophytes in perennial ryegreass (lolium perenne) and gescue (Festuca spp.), and characterisation of selected isolates with respect to toxin production, drought and insect resistance." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 13 (January 1, 2007): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.13.2006.3101.

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Neotyphodium endophytes infect the natural grass populations of Lolium perenne and Festuca sp. L. perenne samples were collected from 62 different locations in Denmark and were analysed for the presence of Neotyphodium lolii.

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3

Chen, Li Li, Yan Feng, Dang Quan Zhang, Ying She Luo, Rong Chen, and Xiao Lei Zhang. "Nutritional Value Change during Processing Forage Block from Under-Forest Interplanting Lolium Perenne." Advanced Materials Research 1073-1076 (December 2014): 1849–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1073-1076.1849.

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In order to make use of the under-forest economy, Lolium perenne were interplanted under the trees, and the effect of coarse fodder processing on the nutrient content of under-forest interplanting Lolium perenne was analyzed. The result showed that the contents of calcium and phosphorus of under-forest interplanting Lolium perenne were 0.79% and 0.119%, while those of forage blocks processed were 0.82% and 0.115%, and the one starch-added were 0.74% and 0.125%, respectively. The calcium contents were 0.51%, 0.67% and 0.76% when the ratio of Lolium multiflorum/ Illicium verum were 100:1, 200:1 and 300:1 in the processed forage blocks, and the phosphorus contents were 0.121%, 0.123% and 0.127%, respectively. The results suggested that the coarse fodder processing and additive have no obvious influence on the mineral nutrients of Lolium perenne during forage block processing, and the optimal ratio of Lolium perenne/ Illicium verum is 300:1 in the forage.

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4

Hague, L. M., and R. N. Jones. "Cytogenetics of Lolium perenne." Theoretical and Applied Genetics 74, no. 2 (June 1987): 233–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00289974.

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5

Cao, M., L. Johnson, R. Johnson, A. Koulman, G. A. Lane, and S. Rasmussen. "joint analyses of transcriptomic and metabolomic data to probe ryegrass-endophyte symbiosis." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 13 (January 1, 2007): 195–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.13.2006.3051.

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Fungal endophytes (Neotyphodium lolii) in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) produce a range of bioactive alkaloids which are implicated in both toxicity to grazing animals and resistance to insects. The understanding of regulatory and biochemical mechanisms of the symbiosis will provide clues for the genetic manipulation of beneficial alkaloid production. This paper presents approaches to analyse data from high-throughput microarray experiments and targeted metabolomic analyses. Combined with bioinformatics analyses, potential genes were found associated with the accumulation of alkaloids and other metabolites. The advantages and limitations of our approach to address the molecular mechanisms of the symbiosis will be discussed. Keywords: Lolium perenne, Neotyphodium lolii, metabolomics, microarray

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6

Bugge, Gisela. "Stickstoffausnutzungsvermögen von Lolium perenne und Lolium multiflorum-Sorten." Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 161, no. 1 (August 1988): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-037x.1988.tb00645.x.

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7

BARYŁA, RYSZARD, and MARIUSZ ARTUR KULIK. "Ocena przydatności wybranych odmian Lolium perenne L. do mieszanek pastwiskowych na gleby torfowo-murszowe." Agronomy Science 68, no. 2 (June 28, 2013): 12–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24326/as.2013.2.2.

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Celem pracy jest ocena przydatności wybranych odmian Lolium perenne do mieszanek pastwiskowych na gleby torfowo-murszowe. Badania przeprowadzono w latach 1997–2008 na kompleksie siedliska pobagiennego (gleba torfowo-murszowa Mt II) w Sosnowicy w dolinie rzeki Piwonii. W badaniach oceniano zmiany składu gatunkowego pastwiska wypasanego bydłem rasy mięsnej limousine, z udziałem 9 wybranych odmian Lolium perenne (‘Anna’, ‘Arka’, ‘Maja’, ‘Solen’, ród SZD-291, ‘Baristra’, ‘Rela’, ‘Barezane’, ‘Barlano’) wysianych w mieszankach z innymi gatunkami. Odmiany Lolium perenne odznaczały się zróżnicowanym udziałem w runi, co wskazuje na ich różną reakcję na użytkowanie pastwiskowe i warunki siedliskowe. Największym udziałem charakteryzowały się odmiany ‘Anna’ i ‘Maja’, natomiast najmniejszym ‘Rela’ i ‘Barezane’.

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8

Draszawka-Bołzan, Beata. "The Influence of Multicomponent Fertilizers on the Concentration of Potassium in Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 13 (September 2013): 188–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.13.188.

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A pot experiment on an acid brown soil was conducted in 1998-2001. Three multicomponent fertilizers were applied: Polifoska 8, Polifoska 15 and Polimag 306, Travit at the rates of 0.5; 1.0; and 1.5 gN per pot. The total forms of potassium were determined in dry matter of perennial ryegrass with the use of ASA method. The contents of these elements were higher in the fertilized variants as compared to the control. No significant differences were found among the contents of investigated elements compared in plants treated with different multicomponent fertilizers. The chemical analyses indicated that increasing rates of the fertilizers applied enhanced the contents of potassium. In the content of potassium in dry matter of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) the Polifoska 8 it ranged from 3.49- 4.92 %. In the content of potassium in dry matter of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) the Polifoska 15 it ranged from 4.29-4.86 %. In the content of potassium in dry matter of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) the Polimag 306 it ranged from 4.07-5.17 %. In the content of potassium in dry matter of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) the Travit it ranged from 3.84-4.73 %. The content of potassium in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) was mostly higher on objects may receive farm manures fertilisers compared to the control object.

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9

Draszawka-Bołzan, Beata. "The Influence of Multicomponent Fertilizers on the Concentration of Potassium in Perennial Ryegrass (<i>Lolium perenne</i> L.)." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 13 (May 3, 2013): 188–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-j89vyy.

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A pot experiment on an acid brown soil was conducted in 1998-2001. Three multicomponent fertilizers were applied: Polifoska 8, Polifoska 15 and Polimag 306, Travit at the rates of 0.5; 1.0; and 1.5 gN per pot. The total forms of potassium were determined in dry matter of perennial ryegrass with the use of ASA method. The contents of these elements were higher in the fertilized variants as compared to the control. No significant differences were found among the contents of investigated elements compared in plants treated with different multicomponent fertilizers. The chemical analyses indicated that increasing rates of the fertilizers applied enhanced the contents of potassium. In the content of potassium in dry matter of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) the Polifoska 8 it ranged from 3.49- 4.92 %. In the content of potassium in dry matter of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) the Polifoska 15 it ranged from 4.29-4.86 %. In the content of potassium in dry matter of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) the Polimag 306 it ranged from 4.07-5.17 %. In the content of potassium in dry matter of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) the Travit it ranged from 3.84-4.73 %. The content of potassium in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) was mostly higher on objects may receive farm manures fertilisers compared to the control object.

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10

Kitczak, Teodor, Heidi Jänicke, Marek Bury, and Grzegorz Jarnuszewski. "Intensive Meadows on Organic Soils of Temperate Climate–Useful Value of Grass Mixtures after the Regeneration." Agriculture 13, no. 6 (May 26, 2023): 1126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13061126.

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Meadows on organic soils perform an essential role as a source of fodder and biomass for energy purposes. In the case of intensive meadows, it is crucial to use grass mixtures that enable obtaining high yields of good quality; however, on organic soils, the grass species composition changes dynamically. We carried out the full cultivation (ploughing) for grassland restoration. The floristic composition of meadow sward in the first year of full use (2013) was similar to the composition of mixtures used for sowing (2012) individual plots. Festuca arundinacea and Phleum pratense showed greater resistance to low temperatures in winter and excess water in spring compared to Lolium perenne. In comparison, we obtained the highest yield (fresh and dry mass) from mixtures with Festuca arundinacea and Lolium perenne. We obtained the best quality forage from the first swath and the object with the highest share of Lolium perenne. For grassland restoration in the analysed habitat, it is reasonable to use grass mixtures with varied compositions, in which the share of Lolium perenne is between 25–50%.

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11

Jerónimo, Paulo António, František Hrabě, Pavel Knot, and Michal Kvasnovský. "Evaluation of Suitability of Grass Species for Dry Conditions (Water Stress)." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 62, no. 5 (2014): 953–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201462050953.

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Based on three-year results of a ﬁeld experiment evaluating aboveground biomass production and the number of stems of above-ground shoots of grass species (Lolium perenne, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca pratensis) grown in a 200×200 mm layout in two water regime variants (normal and reduced – 50% of precipitation) and further in two variants of mowing intensity (meadow – 3 mowings, grazing – 5 mowings per year), the following has been ascertained. The most productive species on averages of the two moisture regimes is Dactylis glomerata, Lolium perenne and Festuca pratensis have fodder weight signiﬁcantly lower by 20.8% and 22.6% (meadow var.) and 16.9% and 21.9% (grazing var.). Reduction of moisture signiﬁcantly decreased the above ground biomass weight in case of meadow exploitation in Dactylis glomerata −41.2%, in Lolium perenne by −9.9% and in Festuca pratensis −33.5%. In case of grazing exploitation, the inﬂuence of “drought” on production was less pronounced. Dactylis glomerata provided the same output, in Lolium perenne there was a decrease of −15.7% and in Festuca pratensis −11.9%. Reduction of precipitation signiﬁcantly decreased shoot formation particularly in case of meadow utilization in Lolium perenne −23.7%, Dactylis glomerata −34.7% and Festuca pratensis −20.5%. In case of grazing utilization, reduction in the number of pseudostems due to “drought” was lower – in the order of the above species – 27.1% – 4.6% – 9.6%. Generally, compared with meadow utilization, grazing utilization decreases fodder production in both moisture regimes and increases the number of above-ground shoots.

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12

Becker, Talea, Johannes Isselstein, Rena Jürschik, Matthias Benke, and Manfred Kayser. "Performance of Modern Varieties of Festuca arundinacea and Phleum pratense as an Alternative to Lolium perenne in Intensively Managed Sown Grasslands." Agronomy 10, no. 4 (April 9, 2020): 540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10040540.

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In future, grass swards need to be adapted to climate change and interactions of management and site are becoming more important. The persistence of Lolium perenne on peatland or during dry periods is limited and alternative forage species are required. We tested the performance of a modern variety of Festuca arundinacea and Phleum pratense as an alternative to Lolium perenne on clay, peat, and sandy soils. Each of these grasses was sown as main species in mixture with Poa pratensis and Trifolium repens and the mixtures were subjected to different frequencies of defoliation. Differences in yield proportions in the third year were significantly influenced by main species, site and their interaction. Remaining mass proportions of main species after three years were smallest on peat; on all sites Festuca arundinacea showed the highest persistence and largest yield, followed by Lolium perenne. Mass proportions of Phleum pratense were small on peat soils and Phleum had been replaced there by Holcus lanatus, and by Lolium perenne and Poa pratensis on the clay and sandy soils. We conclude that the choice of grass species in mixtures is a management tool to control stability and productivity of grass swards under specific site conditions.

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13

Draszawka-Bołzan, Beata. "The Influence of Multicomponent Fertilizers on the Concentration of Phosphorous in Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 13 (September 2013): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.13.72.

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A pot experiment on an acid brown soil was conducted in 1998-2001. Three multicomponent fertilizers were applied: Polifoska 8, Polifoska 15 and Polimag 306, Travit at the rates of 0.5; 1.0; and 1.5 gN per pot. The total forms of phosphorous were determined in dry matter of perennial ryegrass with the use of ASA method. The contents of these elements were higher in the fertilized variants as compared to the control. No significant differences were found among the contents of investigated elements compared in plants treated with different multicomponent fertilizers. The chemical analyses indicated that increasing rates of the fertilizers applied enhanced the contents of phosphorous. In the content of phosphorous in dry matter of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) the Polifoska 8 it ranged from 0,49-0,65 %. In the content of phosphorous in dry matter of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) the Polifoska 15 it ranged from 0,49-0,63 %. In the content of phosphorous in dry matter of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) the Polimag 306 it ranged from 0,51-0,72 %. In the content of phosphorous in dry matter of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) the Travit it ranged from 0,46-0,53%.

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14

Draszawka-Bołzan, Beata. "The Influence of Multicomponent Fertilizers on the Concentration of Phosphorous in Perennial Ryegrass (<i>Lolium perenne</i> L.)." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 13 (May 3, 2013): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-33q30d.

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A pot experiment on an acid brown soil was conducted in 1998-2001. Three multicomponent fertilizers were applied: Polifoska 8, Polifoska 15 and Polimag 306, Travit at the rates of 0.5; 1.0; and 1.5 gN per pot. The total forms of phosphorous were determined in dry matter of perennial ryegrass with the use of ASA method. The contents of these elements were higher in the fertilized variants as compared to the control. No significant differences were found among the contents of investigated elements compared in plants treated with different multicomponent fertilizers. The chemical analyses indicated that increasing rates of the fertilizers applied enhanced the contents of phosphorous. In the content of phosphorous in dry matter of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) the Polifoska 8 it ranged from 0,49-0,65 %. In the content of phosphorous in dry matter of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) the Polifoska 15 it ranged from 0,49-0,63 %. In the content of phosphorous in dry matter of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) the Polimag 306 it ranged from 0,51-0,72 %. In the content of phosphorous in dry matter of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) the Travit it ranged from 0,46-0,53%.

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15

Zhang, N., M. Raftery, Richardson Christensen, and J. Schmid. "Neotyphodium lolii induces a limited host defence response by Lolium perenne." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 13 (January 1, 2007): 199–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.13.2006.3050.

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We have identified three proteins specifically expressed during the interaction between N. lolii and L. perenne in natural compatible associations. Two are pathogenesis-related PR-10 proteins, part of a ubiquitous plant response to pathogens. We have identified seven different L. perenne PR-10 genes and found that endophyte infection increases PR-10 transcript levels, but only mildly. Furthermore, PR-10 mRNA levels also increase in a dysfunctional symbiosis, but the two identified PR-10 proteins are absent. This suggests that part of the regulation of protein expression is at the level of translation and that PR-10 proteins could be required for the symbiosis to be functional. A third symbiosis-specific protein is a very highly expressed N. lolii superoxide dismutase. Such enzymes neutralise superoxide formed by plants as a defence mechanism. Our results suggest that N. lolii elicits a limited host defence, comparable to that elicited by arbuscular mycorrhiza. Keywords: Neotyphodium lolii, Lolium perenne, host response, proteomics, gene expresion, pathogenesis related protein PR-10, fungal superoxide dismutase

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16

Hume, D. E., M. J. Hickey, and B. A. Tapper. "Degradation of endophyte alkaloids in field-dried cut ryegrass herbage." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 13 (January 1, 2007): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.13.2006.3068.

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The stability of endophyte alkaloids was investigated in ryegrass herbage cut and then dried in the field under a simulated hay drying regime in early and mid-summer. Ryegrass (Lolium perenne) infected with typical 'wild-type' and the 'AR37' strain of endophyte (Neotyphodium lolii) was measured for peramine, ergovaline and lolitrem B for wild-type, and epoxy-janthitrems for AR37. Despite very contrasting weather conditions, relative decline in alkaloid concentrations was similar in both early and mid-summer. Concentrations had halved within 5 to 7 days, except for lolitrem B in mid-summer which had no decline until after 4 days of drying. Ergovaline showed quite variable and erratic responses over time possibly due to the low concentrations in the cut herbage. At least in the mid-summer experiment, if herbage had been conserved at the time of normal haying making, alkaloid concentrations would have been similar to those of the herbage at the time of cutting. Keywords: endophyte, Neotyphodium lolii, Lolium perenne, peramine, lolitrem, ergovaline, janthitrems

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17

Scott, B., D. Takemoto, A. Tanaka, C. A. Young, M. K. Bryant, and K. J. May. "Functional analysis of the Epichloe festucae-perennial ryegrass symbiosis." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 13 (January 1, 2007): 433–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.13.2006.3117.

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Although much is known about the beneficial and detrimental effects of the interaction between Neotyphodium lolii and Lolium perenne in the field comparatively little is known about the molecular and cellular events that underlie these effects and how mutualism is maintained. Because N. lolii is quite intractable to genetic analysis we have developed the synthetic association between EpichloÃ« festucae and perennial ryegrass as our model experimental system to study the epichloÃ« endophytegrass symbiotic interaction. Using this system we have recently shown that reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by a specific endophyte NADPH oxidase (NoxA) have a critical role in regulating hyphal growth and development in perennial ryegrass. We have also shown that two additional components, NoxR and RacA, are required to regulate ROS production to maintain a mutualistic interaction. Using a combined molecular and genetic approach we have recently cloned and characterised genes for peramine and lolitrem biosynthesis. An overview of these advances and the opportunities now available to better understand and exploit this important fungal-grass interaction is presented. Keywords: EpichloÃ« festucae, Neotyphodium lolii, Lolium perenne, peramine, lolitrems, reactive oxygen species

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18

Chanway, C. P., F. B. Holl, and R. Turkington. "Specificity of association between Bacillus isolates and genotypes of Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens from a grass – legume pasture." Canadian Journal of Botany 68, no. 5 (May 1, 1990): 1126–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-142.

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Specificity between plants and associated rhizosphere bacteria was investigated using species and genotypic mixtures of Lolium perenne L. (perennial ryegrass) and Trifolium repens L. (white clover) inoculated with Bacillus strains isolated from rhizosphere soil of the pasture plants. The genotypic identity of plants was controlled by using stolon tips (Trifolium) and tillers (Lolium) of three genotypes of each species collected from a 45-year-old permanent pasture. Inoculation of plants in the greenhouse with Bacillus isolates that had coexisted in the field with the Lolium component of a Lolium–Trifolium mixture increased Lolium root and shoot weight. Root and nodule weight of Trifolium in mixture regardless of its genotype was also higher when coexistent Bacillus–Lolium combinations were present. The presence of other coexistent Bacillus–plant or plant–plant combinations did not enhance performance of either pasture species. The identity of the Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii strains that formed Trifolium root nodules was unaffected by inoculation with Bacillus. Key words: Trifolium repens, Lolium perenne, Bacillus, specificity, rhizosphere, yield.

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19

Liu, Q., A. J. Parsons, H. Xue, H. Harzer, and S. Rasmussen. "Menage a trois - are two fungi too much for ryegrass?" NZGA: Research and Practice Series 13 (January 1, 2007): 181–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.13.2006.3055.

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A pot experiment investigated interactions between foliar endophytic (EP, Neotyphodium lolii) and root arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM, Glomus mosseae) fungi in Lolium perenne. The effects of three phosphorus (P) forms (KH2PO4-P, phosphate rock-P (PR) and phytate-P) on EP and AM colonisation and plant growth parameters were also assessed. AM arbuscular and vesicular structures were estimated by microscopic counting and fungal concentrations were quantified by qPCR of G. mosseae and N. lolii specific genes. Significantly more AM structures were formed in roots of EP-free compared to EP-infected plants, indicating that AM development is suppressed by the presence of foliar EPs. Total AM concentrations were also generally higher in EP-free plant roots, but not significantly. EP concentrations were significantly reduced by higher plant-available P in the growth medium, but mycorrhizal infection did not significant affect EP concentrations. Mycorrhizal inoculation increased shoot dry matter (DM) at low plant-available P in the PR treatment. Infection with the endophytic strain AR37 also significantly increased shoot DM and fungal concentrations were higher compared to CS (common or wild-type strain)- and AR1-infected plants. Insoluble phytate-P produced the same amount of biomass as soluble-P (K-Pi) did, suggesting that L. perenne has the ability to use organic P. Keywords: Neotyphodium lolii, Glomus mosseae, foliar endophyte, arbuscular mycorrhizae, Lolium perenne, qPCR, phosphate, AR1, AR37

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20

Kunelius, H. T. K. "Dry matter production, fibre composition and plant characteristics of cool-season grasses under two harvest systems." Journal of Agricultural Science 115, no. 3 (December 1990): 321–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600075730.

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SUMMARYCultivars of Phleum pratense, Festuca pratensis, Festuca arundinacea, Dactylis glomerata and Lolium × Festuca hybrids were exposed to 4- and 3-cut harvest systems in Prince Edward Island, Canada, in 1985–87. Lolium perenne × F. pratensis, Lolium multiflorum × F. pratensis and L. multiftorum × F. arundinacea hybrids and D. glomerata had more uniform growth among the harvests than other grasses during the growing season. L. perenne × F. pratensis and L. multiflorum × F. pratensis had lower contents of neutral and acid detergent fibre than other grass cultivars, particularly early in the growing season. P. pratense cv. Farol had the lowest and L. perenne × F. pratensis cv. Prior the highest tiller population density. The stem apex of all cultivars was above the cutting height of 5 cm in c. 50% of tillers of primary growth. Leaf area per tiller was largest for P. pratense cv. Farol in the primary growth stage but differences were small in subsequent cuts.

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21

Chaturvedi, Rajiv, Tanya Soboleva, Linda Johnson, Anthony Parsons, and Susanne Rasmussen. "Systems level modelling of metabolism in fungal endophytes - implications for the symbiosis with ryegrass." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 13 (January 1, 2007): 203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.13.2006.3049.

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We used constraint based stoichiometric modelling of metabolic fluxes in EpichloÃ‘' festucae (FL1), a targeted gene replacement of a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (termed sidF) from E. festucae, and the symbiotic association of these endophytic fungi and their host Lolium perenne. SidF encodes an excreted ironchelating siderophore and the sidF knockouts (KO) are impaired in their ability to take up iron. After constructing the metabolic network at a genome scale, we applied constraints on enzymatic reactions that require iron as co-factor to study the variations in metabolic network capabilities of the siderophore mutant versus wildtype, in culture and in planta. We compared fluxes calculated for the production of amino acids with observed concentrations of these amino acids in planta. We report a counter-intuitive result from considering metabolism on a systems level in our models. Keywords: stoichiometric metabolic network modelling, flux balance analysis, symbiosis, Neotyphodium lolii, Lolium perenne, EpichloÃ‘' festucae.

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22

Cao, Mingshu, David A. Sleper, Fenggao Dong, and Jiming Jiang. "Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) reveals high chromosome pairing affinity between Lolium perenne and Festuca mairei." Genome 43, no. 2 (March 15, 2000): 398–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g99-129.

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Intergeneric hybridizations have been made between species of Lolium and Festuca. It has been demonstrated, largely through conventional cytogenetic analysis, that the genomes of the two genera are related, however, much information is lacking on exactly how closely related the genomes are between the two species. We applied genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) techniques to the F1 hybrids of tetraploid Festuca mairei with a genomic constitution of M1M1M2M2 and diploid Lolium perenne with a genomic constitution of LL. It was shown in the triploid hybrids (LM1M2) that the chromosomes of M1 and M2 from F. mairei could pair with each other, and it was further discovered that L chromosomes of L. perenne paired with M1 and M2 chromosomes. Our results showed that meiocytes of Lolium-Festuca are amenable to GISH analysis, and provided direct evidence for the hypothesis that the chromosomes of Lolium and Festuca may be genetically equivalent and that reciprocal mixing of the genomes may be possible. Key words: Lolium, Festuca, in situ hybridization, meiosis.

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23

Voisey, C. R., A. K. Khan, Z. A. Park, L. J. Johnson, R. D. Johnson, M. Ramakrishna, M. Cao, et al. "Development of an Affymetrux dual species ( Neotyphodium lolii/Lolium perenne) Symbiosis GeneChip." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 13 (January 1, 2007): 505–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.13.2006.3136.

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The aim of this project was to undertake large scale transcript profiling of endophyte and plant genes during symbiosis, and to determine the impact of targeted endophyte gene deletions on expression of plant and endophyte genes. We have designed and developed an Affymetrix NimbleExpressâ„¢ GeneChipÂ® representing expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of the fungal endophyte Neotyphodium lolii Lp19 and its ryegrass host, Lolium perenne. In total, 8511 genes were represented on the microarrays with approximately eleven 25 base pair oligonucleotides per gene. Experiments were conducted to analyse differential expression of genes from endophyte-infected and endophyte-free plant material, and from endophytes grown in culture. In some symbioses, endophytes had targeted mutations in genes involved in signalling, synthesis of secondary metabolites or in genes of unknown function. Here we describe the processes which guided design of the GeneChipÂ®, the results of quality control assessments of hybridised arrays and considerations concerning statistical analyses of gene expression. Keywords: Affymetrix, GeneChipÂ®, NimbleExpress, Neotyphodium lolii, EpichloÃ« festucae, ryegrass, Lolium perenne, endophyte, symbiosis.

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24

Cao, Tingting, Haiou Zhang, Tianqing Chen, Chenxi Yang, Jian Wang, Zhen Guo, and Xubo Sun. "Research on the mechanism of plant root protection for soil slope stability." PLOS ONE 18, no. 11 (November 27, 2023): e0293661. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0293661.

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In order to investigate the impact of herbaceous root development on soil slope stability in expansive soil areas, the research was conducted in the soil slope experimental area of Yaoshi Town, Shangzhou District, Shangluo City. Three types of herbaceous plants, namely Lolium perenne, Medicago, and Cynodon dactylon, were planted to examine their influence on slope stability. The results indicated that Lolium perenne had significantly higher root length density and root surface area density compared to Cynodon dactylon and Medicago. However, the root weight density of Cynodon dactylon was found to be highest. The roots of Lolium perenne, Cynodon dactylon, and Medicago were predominantly observed in diameter ranges of 0 < L ≤ 1.0 mm, 0 < L ≤ 2.5 mm, and 2.5 < L ≤ 3.0 mm, respectively. The roots of herbaceous plants have the ability to enhance water retention in soil, resist hydraulic erosion of slope soil, and reduce soil shrinkage and swelling. During the initial phase of herbaceous planting, there is an accelerated process of organic carbon mineralization in the soil. The roots of herbaceous plants play a crucial role in soil consolidation and slope protection. They achieve this by dispersing large clastic particles, binding small particles together, altering soil porosity, enhancing soil water retention, and reducing soil water infiltration. It was found that Lolium perenne and Medicago, which have well-developed roots, exhibited superior slope protection effects. These findings contribute to the theoretical understanding for the implementation of green ecological protection technology on soil slopes.

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25

Chynoweth, R. J., M. P. Rolston, and B. L. Mccloy. "Plant growth regulators: a success story in perennial ryegrass seed crops." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 14 (January 1, 2010): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.14.2008.3189.

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The introduction of the plant growth regulator trinexapac-ethyl (Moddus) has increased seed yields in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) by up to 50% in New Zealand. Application rates from ten trials have confirmed that approximately 1.6 l/ha are optimum. Yield increases are a result of increased harvest index and better dry matter partitioning to the harvested parts. The resulting changes in harvest components include increasing seed head density and seeds per spikelet (better seed retention) associated with delayed lodging. Keywords: Lolium perenne, lodging, Moddus, seeds/spikelet, trinexapac-ethyl

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26

Novotná, Monika, Pavlína Hloučalová, Jiří Skládanka, and Radovan Pokorný. "Effect of Weather on the Occurrence of Puccinia Graminis Subsp. Graminicola and Puccinia Coronata F. Sp. Lolii at Lolium Perenne L. and Deschampsia Caespitosa (L.) P. B." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 65, no. 1 (2017): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201765010125.

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Monitoring of Puccinia graminis subsp. graminicola and Puccinia coronata f. sp. lolii was carried out in Plant breeding station called Větrov. The pathogens were estimated on turf grass (Lolium perenne L., Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) P. B.) from 2009 to 2014. Puccinia graminis subsp. graminicola was detected in the increased level in 2009 and 2012. The highest amount of mixed infections was determined in 2014 because of the warmest winter from all monitored years and low precipitations. Significant differences were found out in the resistance of similar plant materials grown in different fields. Significant effect of weather conditions and supposed effect of different infectious pressure on various fields were reflected in these facts. At evaluated grasses, the highest (P < 0.05) occurence of Puccinia graminis subsp. graminicola. Lolium perenne L. was observed and the infection of Puccinia graminis subsp. graminicola (P < 0.05) was determined higher than in Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) P. B.

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27

LOOS, B. P., and C. E. JARVIS. "The typification of Lolium perenne L. and Lolium temulentum L. (Poaceae)." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 108, no. 4 (April 1992): 399–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1992.tb00254.x.

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28

Jenkins, G. "Synaptonemal complex formation in hybrids of Lolium temulentum � Lolium perenne (L.)." Chromosoma 92, no. 5 (September 1985): 387–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00327471.

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29

Jenkins, G. "Synaptonemal complex formation in hybrids of Lolium temulentum � Lolium perenne (L.)." Chromosoma 92, no. 2 (June 1985): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00328459.

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30

King, J., L. A. Roberts, M. J. Kearsey, H. M. Thomas, R. N. Jones, L. Huang, I. P. Armstead, W. G. Morgan, and I. P. King. "A Demonstration of a 1:1 Correspondence Between Chiasma Frequency and Recombination Using a Lolium perenne/Festuca pratensis Substitution." Genetics 161, no. 1 (May 1, 2002): 307–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/161.1.307.

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Abstract A single chromosome of the grass species Festuca pratensis has been introgressed into Lolium perenne to produce a diploid monosomic substitution line (2n = 2x = 14). The chromatin of F. pratensis and L. perenne can be distinguished by genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), and it is therefore possible to visualize the substituted F. pratensis chromosome in the L. perenne background and to study chiasma formation in a single marked bivalent. Recombination occurs freely in the F. pratensis/L. perenne bivalent, and chiasma frequency counts give a predicted map length for this bivalent of 76 cM. The substituted F. pratensis chromosome was also mapped with 104 EcoRI/Tru91 and HindIII/Tru91 amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), generating a marker map of 81 cM. This map length is almost identical to the map length of 76 cM predicted from the chiasma frequency data. The work demonstrates a 1:1 correspondence between chiasma frequency and recombination and, in addition, the absence of chromatid interference across the Festuca and Lolium centromeres.

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31

LOVBORG, BAKER, TAYLOR, YIN, and TOVEY. "Subtribe-specific monoclonal antibodies to Lolium perenne." Clinical & Experimental Allergy 29, no. 7 (July 1999): 973–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00649.x.

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32

Mcneill, M. R., D. E. Hume, R. Ashby, M. Ashby, P. Brandon, P. Guscott, B. Tosswill, and R. Barton. "Ryegrass production in Wairarapa, New Zealand: is biological control of Argentine stem weevil important?" NZGA: Research and Practice Series 13 (January 1, 2007): 301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.13.2006.3148.

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To investigate the interaction between Argentine stem weevil (Listronotus bonariensis), its parasitoid Microctonus hyperodae, fungal endophyte (Neotyphodium lolii) and its grass host, four endophyte-ryegrass (Lolium perenne) treatments were established on four farms in Wairarapa in autumn 2003. A diploid ryegrass contained either wild-type or AR1 endophyte or was endophytefree, while a tetraploid ryegrass contained AR1 endophyte. Wild-type, AR1 and endophyte-free ryegrasses average 52%, 91% and 2% endophyte-infected tillers for the 3 years of measurement. Moderate increases over time in the proportion of wild-type infected tillers indicated selection pressures favoured endophyte-infected tillers. Endophyte-free tiller populations were 11% lower than AR1 or wild-type but not significantly so. L. bonariensis populations were highest in endophyte-free and wild-type pastures and 80% lower in AR1 pastures. Mean rates of parasitism in L. bonariensis were lower in spring (9%) than autumn (35%), tended to be higher in wild-type than in AR1 diploid ryegrass, and only had a weak relationship with percent endophyte-infection. Keywords: endophyte, Neotyphodium lolii, Lolium perenne, dry matter yields, plant persistence, Listronotus bonariensis, Microctonus hyperodae

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33

SYKUT, MAGDALENA, and HALINA LIPIŃSKA. "Wpływ wyciągów wodnych ze ściętej murawy trawnika na kiełkowanie nasion wybranych gatunków traw gazonowych." Agronomy Science 65, no. 4 (February 1, 2011): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.24326/as.2010.4.9.

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Celem pracy była ocena allelopatycznych oddziaływań wybranych odmian Festuca ovina, Festuca rubra, Lolium perenne i Poa pratensis. Doświadczenie przeprowadzono w warunkach laboratoryjnych, na płytkach Petriego. Badano wpływ wodnych wyciągów sporządzonych z suchej biomasy nadziemnych części roślin na zdolność kiełkowania nasion F. rubra i L. perenne. Kontrolę stanowiły obiekty zwilżane wodą destylowaną. Wyciągi wodne istotnie wpływały na kiełkowanie nasion F. rubra i L. perenne. Najsilniejszym inhibitorem kiełkowania nasion badanych gatunków okazały się ekstrakty sporządzone z liści P. pratensis. Najmniejszy ujemny wpływ na kiełkowanie nasion L. perenne wykazywały wodne wyciągi z liści F. ovina, natomiast na kiełkowanie nasion F. rubra – z liści L. perenne.

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34

Rasmussen, S., A. J. Parsons, Q. Liu, H. Xue, and J. A. Newman. "High nutrient supply and carbohydrate content reduce endophyte and alkaloid concentration." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 13 (January 1, 2007): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.13.2006.3103.

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Two controlled environment experiments were performed to test the effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and carbohydrates on endophyte (Neotyphodium lolii) and alkaloid concentrations in ryegrass (Lolium perenne). Three perennial ryegrass cultivars ('high sugar grasses' AberDove and AberDart; control Fennema) that differ in carbohydrate content were infected with three strains of N. lolii (common strain, CS; AR1; AR37). Infected and uninfected plants were grown under high (9 mM) and low (2.25 mM) nitrogen (AberDove, Fennema; CS, AR1, AR37) or under high (2 mM KH2PO4) and low (0.05 mM KH2PO4) phosphorus (AberDart, Fennema; CS, AR1). Quantitative realtime Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) was used to estimate endophyte concentrations in harvested leaf tissues. High N and P supply as well as high carbohydrate content of the host grass reduced endophyte concentrations. Alkaloid production was also reduced under both increased N supply and in the high sugar cultivar, and was linearly related to endophyte concentration (except ergovaline). The results stress the need for wider quantification of fungal endophytes in the grassland/ foliar endophyte context, and have implications for how introducing new cultivars, novel endophytes, or increasing nutrient inputs, affect the role of endophytes in grassland ecosystems. Keywords: Neotyphodium lolii, foliar endophyte, Lolium perenne, perennial ryegrass, qPCR, high sugar ryegrass, nitrogen, phosphate, carbohydrate, AR1, AR37, alkaloids

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35

Wilman, D., Y. Gao, and P. J. Michaud. "Morphology and position of the shoot apex in some temperate grasses." Journal of Agricultural Science 122, no. 3 (June 1994): 375–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600067307.

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SUMMARYThe morphology and position of the shoot apex in field swards was studied in 12 grasses for 12 months, in eight related grasses in 2 years, and in seedlings, young tillers and older tillers of Lolium perenne.Lolium multiflorum had relatively large numbers of primordia, long apices, which were above ground or near ground level, and a small length of apex per primordium. Festuca arundinacea had few primordia, a large length of apex per primordium, and apices which were well below ground or near ground level. Lolium perenne, Festuca pratensis and Lolium × Festuca hybrids were intermediate between Lolium multiflorum and Festuca arundinacea in numbers of primordia and length of apex per primordium. Festuca rubra and Dactylis glomerata had rather small numbers of primordia, whereas Phleum pratense had relatively large numbers of primordia and of unemerged and emerged leaves.The numbers of leaf primordia in Lolium perenne increased as the seedling main shoots or the tillers grew older, while the numbers of unemerged leaves per shoot remained more constant.The morphology, position and protection of shoot apices are discussed in relation to differences between species in rate of establishment and persistence.

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36

Hassan, Lutful, and R. Neil Jones. "Colchicine-induced heritable modification of chiasma frequency and distribution in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne)." Genome 38, no. 2 (April 1, 1995): 356–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g95-046.

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One-week-old seedlings of inbred lines of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) were given a 3-h period of treatment with 0.2% colchicine, and this treatment was found to have heritable effects on chromosome behaviour at meiosis. The mean pollen mother cell chiasma frequency was reduced, and there was a corresponding increase in the number of univalents per cell and also changes in cell and bivalent variances. Patterns of chiasma distribution within bivalents were also modified. The effects were seen in the generation in which the treatment was given and they were also observed in the following sexual generation.Key words: chiasmata, colchicine, Lolium perenne, meiosis, perennial ryegrass.

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37

Geddes-McAlister, Jennifer, Arjun Sukumaran, Aurora Patchett, Heather A. Hager, Jenna C. M. Dale, Jennifer L. Roloson, Nicholas Prudhomme, et al. "Examining the Impacts of CO2 Concentration and Genetic Compatibility on Perennial Ryegrass—Epichloë festucae var lolii Interactions." Journal of Fungi 6, no. 4 (December 11, 2020): 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof6040360.

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Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) is the most cultivated cool-season grass worldwide with crucial roles in carbon fixation, turfgrass applications, and fodder for livestock. Lolium perenne forms a mutualism with the strictly vertically transmitted fungal endophyte, Epichloë festucae var lolii. The fungus produces alkaloids that protect the grass from herbivory, as well as conferring protection from drought and nutrient stress. The rising concentration of atmospheric CO2, a proximate cause of climatic change, is known to have many direct and indirect effects on plant growth. There is keen interest in how the nature of this plant–fungal interaction will change with climate change. Lolium perenne is an obligately outcrossing species, meaning that the genetic profile of the host is constantly being reshuffled. Meanwhile, the fungus is asexual implying both a relatively constant genetic profile and the potential for incompatible grass–fungus pairings. In this study, we used a single cultivar, “Alto”, of L. perenne. Each plant was infected with one of four strains of the endophyte: AR1, AR37, NEA2, and Lp19 (the “common strain”). We outcrossed the Alto mothers with pollen from a number of individuals from different ryegrass cultivars to create more genetic diversity in the hosts. We collected seed such that we had replicate maternal half-sib families. Seed from each family was randomly allocated into the two levels of the CO2 treatment, 400 and 800 ppm. Elevated CO2 resulted in an c. 18% increase in plant biomass. AR37 produced higher fungal concentrations than other strains; NEA2 produced the lowest fungal concentrations. We did not find evidence of genetic incompatibility between the host plants and the fungal strains. We conducted untargeted metabolomics and quantitative proteomics to investigate the grass-fungus interactions between and within family and treatment groups. We identified a number of changes in both the proteome and metabalome. Taken together, our data set provides new understanding into the intricacy of the interaction between endophyte and host from multiple molecular levels and suggests opportunity to promote plant robustness and survivability in rising CO2 environmental conditions through application of bioprotective epichloid strains.

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38

Monnet, Fabien, Nathalie Vaillant, Adnane Hitmi, Alain Coudret, and Huguette Sallanon. "Endophytic Neotyphodium lolii induced tolerance to Zn stress in Lolium perenne." Physiologia Plantarum 113, no. 4 (December 2001): 557–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3054.2001.1130415.x.

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39

Cunningham, P. J., J. Z. Foot, and K. F. M. Reed. "Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) endophyte (Acremonium lolii) relationships: the Australian experience." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 44, no. 1-4 (March 1993): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(93)90044-p.

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40

Afegbua, Seniyat, Lesley Batty, and Joanna Renshaw. "Effect of different diesel treatments on growth of single and mixed plant communities and petroleum hydrocarbon dissipation during rhizoremediation." UMYU Scientifica 2, no. 3 (September 20, 2023): 001–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.56919/usci.2323.001.

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The use of mixed plant communities has been proposed to address phytotoxicity while improving plant stress tolerance and contaminant degradation. However, there has been conflicting findings on the use of mixed plant community. This study assessed the impact of three diesel treatments on plant growth and TPH dissipation in single and mixed plant communities. This involved greenhouse experiment with Medicago sativa, Festuca arundinacea, and Lolium perenne and Medicago sativa + Lolium perenne with the diesel-spiked soils at 102,000, 151,000 and 320,000 µg kg-1 TPH represented as Treatments 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Plant growth was inhibited with root biomass yield was greater compared to plant shoots especially for F. arundinacea and L. perenne. There was a significant decrease in the root biomass yield of M. sativa, L. perenne, F. arundinacea and M. sativa + L. perenne. The highest TPH dissipation of 81, 69 and 72 % was displayed by L. perenne in the Treatments 1, 2 and 3 respectively. However, TPH dissipation was generally comparable for the vegetated and unvegetated soil and were not significantly different (p>0.05) for the different plants and treatments. The impact of plant communities on the rhizoremediation of TPH-contaminated soils may dependent on factors such as plant species, TPH concentration stress tolerance and benefits of individual plant if mixed plants are to be employed.

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41

Jenkins, G. "Synaptonemal complex formation in hybrids of Lolium temulentum x Lolium perenne (L.)." Chromosoma 93, no. 5 (April 1986): 413–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00285823.

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42

Yanniccari, Marcos, Carolina Istilart, Daniel O. Giménez, and Ana M. Castro. "Inheritance of glyphosate resistance in Lolium perenne and hybrids with Lolium multiflorum." Crop Protection 71 (May 2015): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2015.01.024.

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43

Hume, D. E. "Establishing and maintaining a toxin-free pasture: a review." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 7 (January 1, 1999): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.7.1999.3390.

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This paper reviews how new pastures may become contaminated with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) infected with wild-type fungal endophytes (Neotyphodium lolii). These wild-type endophyte strains may be toxic to domestic livestock. Sources are from seed (natural reseeding, buried seed, sown seed, in dung, hay, carried on farm machinery) and survival of existing infected ryegrass plants. In particular, seed in soil and dung are reviewed. Contamination may occur both pre- and postestablishment. It is recommended that steps should be taken to minimise contamination from all sources when establishing new pastures. Although normal establishment practices for successful rapid establishment of weed-free pastures (e.g., cropping, fallow, herbicides) will minimise the risk of contamination, a number of cases highlight that extra time (e.g., 18-24 months planning rather 6- 12 months) and consideration of all sources of contamination is needed to minimise risk. Once established, further measures should be taken to prevent seed being transferred in dung or hay. This has implications when establishing pastures with endophyte-free ryegrasses, ryegrasses with selected non-toxic endophytes, a new ryegrass cultivar, or other grasses (e.g., tall fescue), whether for grazing by animals or for seed production. Keywords: endophyte, endophyte survival, faeces, Lolium perenne, natural reseeding, Neotyphodium lolii, pasture establishment, perennial ryegrass, seed burial, seed survival, tall fescue

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44

Steele, KW, and RA Littler. "Field evaluation of some factors affecting nitrogen fixation in pastures by 15N isotope dilution." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 38, no. 1 (1987): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9870153.

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15N enrichment in Lolium perenne L. and Trifolium repens L. herbage and the proportion of nitrogen in the latter derived from symbiotic N2-fixation (PN) were measured in a temperate pasture following single or repeated applications of 50 mg N/m2 as NaNO3, (NH4)2SO4 or urea containing 10, 50 or 95 atom % 15N. In a second experiment 50 mg N/m2 as NaNO3 (50 atom % 15N) was injected either onto the soil surface or 50 mm or 100 mm below the soil surface. 15N enrichment in Lolium perenne L. herbage was generally higher on plots receiving a single application of NaNO3 after the harvest preceding measurement than on equivalent plots receiving (NH4)2SO4 or urea. Estimates of P, were consistently higher on NaNO3 plots than on (NH4)2SO4 or urea plots. Significant differences in estimates of PN between NaNO3 and (NH4)2SO4 or urea plots frequently persisted to the second harvest following 15N application, but by the third or subsequent harvest differences in estimates of P, between chemicals were only occasionally significant and showed no apparent trend. With increasing depth of 15N placement the 15N enrichment in Trifolium repens L. herbage decreased, whereas that of Lolium perenne L. remained similar. PN values therefore increased with increasing depth of 15N placement.

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45

Raikar, S. V., M. C. Christey, A. J. Conner Braun, and C. Bryant. "Protoplast isolation, colony formation and shoot regeneration from Lolium perenne." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 12 (January 1, 2006): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.12.2006.3045.

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Lolium perenne (ryegrass) is the most widely sown pasture grass in New Zealand providing forage for millions of sheep and cattle. Genetic improvement of Lolium species through conventional breeding has been particularly difficult because of its outbreeding and heterozygous nature. Biotechnology techniques that are not based on genetic modification technology, such as protoplast fusion, could help in the breeding of L. perenne as it enables the introgression of DNA (and associated desirable traits) from other species of plants that are otherwise unobtainable by conventional means. We intend to adapt this technology for L. perenne and report on our progress with the isolation of protoplasts, micro colony and callus formation, and shoot regeneration. Friable callus was induced from L. perenne seeds and used for isolation of protoplasts. After testing several combinations of enzyme mixtures at different molarities, a high yield of protoplasts (1.1 Ã— 107 g-1 FW) with a viability of 82% has been obtained. Callus colonies were formed from protoplasts cultured on a nitrocellulose membrane over a feeder layer. Plating efficiencies of 0.1-0.2% were obtained. Regeneration of plantlets from these colonies were obtained on Linsmaier and Skoog medium supplemented with growth hormones. All the plants regenerated to date have an albino appearance.

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46

May, K. J., M. K. Bryant, X. Zhang, B. Ambrose, and B. Scott. "Spatial and temporal expression patterns of lolitrem biosynthetic genes in the Epichloe festucae-perennial ryegrass symbiosis." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 13 (January 1, 2007): 480. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.13.2006.3128.

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47

Yin, Peng, Jing Fan, YanJie Peng, and Xia Hu. "Response of Lolium perenne Growth to Cadmium Stress." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 692, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 032011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/692/3/032011.

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48

Moon, J. W., D. M. Kopec, E. Fallahi, C. F. Macino, D. C. Slack, and K. Jordan. "Limitations of Photosynthesis in Lolium perenne after Chilling." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 115, no. 3 (May 1990): 478–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.115.3.478.

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Photosynthesis was reduced by 85% to 90% in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. cv. Derby) following a one-day chilling exposure at 8C day (450 μmol·s-1·m-2 PPF) and 5C night. Seven days of recovery at 22/17C day/night were required for full recovery of photosynthesis. More than 75% of the limitation in photosynthesis following chilling was due to non-stomatal factors, and reduced initial slopes of CO2 assimilation vs. intercellular CO, indicate that photosynthetic capacity was reduced for 5 days following chilling. Carbon dioxide assimilation at saturating intercellular CO2 (>500 μmol·mol-l) was also reduced by chilling, indicating again that stomatal limitations were a minor contributor to the photosynthetic reduction observed under ambient CO2.

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49

Catherall, P. L. "RESISTANCE TO RYEGRASS MOSAIC VIRUS IN LOLIUM PERENNE." Annals of Applied Biology 108, S1 (April 1986): 146–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aab.1986.108.s1.146.

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50

Paina, Cristiana, Stephen L. Byrne, Cristian Domnisoru, and Torben Asp. "Vernalization Mediated Changes in the Lolium perenne Transcriptome." PLoS ONE 9, no. 9 (September 16, 2014): e107365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107365.

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