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Статті в журналах з теми "Locusts Genetics"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 6 лютого 2022

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1

Zhao, Lianfeng, Wei Guo, Feng Jiang, Jing He, Hongran Liu, Juan Song, Dan Yu та Le Kang. "Phase-related differences in egg production of the migratory locust regulated by differential oosorption through microRNA-34 targeting activinβ". PLOS Genetics 17, № 1 (6 січня 2021): e1009174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009174.

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Outbreaks of locust plagues result from the long-term accumulation of high-density egg production. The migratory locust, Locusta migratoria, displays dramatic differences in the egg-laid number with dependence on population density, while solitarious locusts lay more eggs compared to gregarious ones. However, the regulatory mechanism for the egg-laid number difference is unclear. Herein, we confirm that oosorption plays a crucial role in the regulation of egg number through the comparison of physiological and molecular biological profiles in gregarious and solitarious locusts. We find that gregarious oocytes display a 15% higher oosorption ratio than solitarious ones. Activinβ (Actβ) is the most highly upregulated gene in the gregarious terminal oocyte (GTO) compared to solitarious terminal oocyte (STO). Meanwhile, Actβ increases sharply from the normal oocyte (N) to resorption body 1 (RB1) stage during oosorption. The knockdown of Actβ significantly reduces the oosorption ratio by 13% in gregarious locusts, resulting in an increase in the egg-laid number. Based on bioinformatic prediction and experimental verification, microRNA-34 with three isoforms can target Actβ. The microRNAs display higher expression levels in STO than those in GTO and contrasting expression patterns of Actβ from the N to RB1 transition. Overexpression of each miR-34 isoform leads to decreased Actβ levels and significantly reduces the oosorption ratio in gregarious locusts. In contrast, inhibition of the miR-34 isoforms results in increased Actβ levels and eventually elevates the oosorption ratio of solitarious locusts. Our study reports an undescribed mechanism of oosorption through miRNA targeting of a TGFβ ligand and provides new insights into the mechanism of density-dependent reproductive adaption in insects.

2

Nishide, Yudai, and Seiji Tanaka. "Occurrence and genetics of black-eyed migratory locusts,Locusta migratoria(Orthoptera: Acrididae)." Entomological Science 19, no. 1 (January 2016): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ens.12161.

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3

Mullié, Wim C., Robert A. Cheke, Stephen Young, Abdou Baoua Ibrahim, and Albertinka J. Murk. "Increased and sex-selective avian predation of desert locusts Schistocerca gregaria treated with Metarhizium acridum." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (January 4, 2021): e0244733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244733.

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The entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium acridum in oil-based formulations (Green Muscle® (GM)) is a biopesticide for locust control lacking side-effects on biodiversity, unlike chemical insecticides. Under controlled conditions, GM-treated locusts and grasshoppers attract predators, a complementary advantage in locust control. We assessed avian predation on a population of desert locusts in northern Niger aerially sprayed operationally with GM with 107 g viable conidia ha-1. Populations of adult locusts and birds and vegetation greenness were assessed simultaneously along two transects from 12 days before until 23 days after treatment. Common kestrels Falco tinnunculus and lanners F. biarmicus were the predominant avian predators. Regurgitated pellets and prey remains were collected daily beneath “plucking posts” of kestrels. Locusts started dying five days post-spray and GM had its maximum effect one-two weeks after the spray, with 80% efficacy at day 21. After spraying, bird numbers increased significantly (P<0.05) concurrent with decreasing desert locust densities. Locust numbers decreased significantly (P<0.001) with both time since spraying and decreasing greenness. Before spraying, kestrel food remains under plucking posts accounted for 34.3 ±13.4 prey items day-1, of which 31.0 ±11.9 were adult desert locusts (90.3%), reducing post-spray to 21.1 ±7.3 prey items day-1, of which19.5 ±6.7 were adult desert locusts (92.5%), attributable to decreased use of the plucking-posts by the kestrels rather than an effect of the spray. After spraying, kestrels took significantly (P<0.05) more larger female (75–80%) than smaller male (20–25%) locusts. Avian predation probably enhanced the impact of the GM on the desert locust population, especially by removing large adult females. No direct or indirect adverse side-effects were observed on non-target organisms including locust predators such as ants and birds. These substantial ecological advantages should also be considered when choosing between conventional chemical and biopesticide-based locust control.

4

Simpson, Stephen J., and Gregory A. Sword. "Locusts." Current Biology 18, no. 9 (May 2008): R364—R366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2008.02.029.

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5

Coggan, Nicole, Fiona J. Clissold, and Stephen J. Simpson. "Locusts use dynamic thermoregulatory behaviour to optimize nutritional outcomes." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1719 (February 2, 2011): 2745–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.2675.

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Because key nutritional processes differ in their thermal optima, ectotherms may use temperature selection to optimize performance in changing nutritional environments. Such behaviour would be especially advantageous to small terrestrial animals, which have low thermal inertia and often have access to a wide range of environmental temperatures over small distances. Using the locust, Locusta migratoria , we have demonstrated a direct link between nutritional state and thermoregulatory behaviour. When faced with chronic restrictions to the supply of nutrients, locusts selected increasingly lower temperatures within a gradient, thereby maximizing nutrient use efficiency at the cost of slower growth. Over the shorter term, when locusts were unable to find a meal in the normal course of ad libitum feeding, they immediately adjusted their thermoregulatory behaviour, selecting a lower temperature at which assimilation efficiency was maximal. Thus, locusts use fine scale patterns of movement and temperature selection to adjust for reduced nutrient supply and thereby ameliorate associated life-history consequences.

6

Santos, Dulce, Jozef Vanden Broeck, and Niels Wynant. "Systemic RNA interference in locusts: reverse genetics and possibilities for locust pest control." Current Opinion in Insect Science 6 (December 2014): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2014.09.013.

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7

Georgiou, Fillipe, Jerome Buhl, J. E. F. Green, Bishnu Lamichhane, and Ngamta Thamwattana. "Modelling locust foraging: How and why food affects group formation." PLOS Computational Biology 17, no. 7 (July 7, 2021): e1008353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008353.

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Locusts are short horned grasshoppers that exhibit two behaviour types depending on their local population density. These are: solitarious, where they will actively avoid other locusts, and gregarious where they will seek them out. It is in this gregarious state that locusts can form massive and destructive flying swarms or plagues. However, these swarms are usually preceded by the aggregation of juvenile wingless locust nymphs. In this paper we attempt to understand how the distribution of food resources affect the group formation process. We do this by introducing a multi-population partial differential equation model that includes non-local locust interactions, local locust and food interactions, and gregarisation. Our results suggest that, food acts to increase the maximum density of locust groups, lowers the percentage of the population that needs to be gregarious for group formation, and decreases both the required density of locusts and time for group formation around an optimal food width. Finally, by looking at foraging efficiency within the numerical experiments we find that there exists a foraging advantage to being gregarious.

8

Despland, Emma, and Stephen J. Simpson. "Resource distribution mediates synchronization of physiological rhythms in locust groups." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 273, no. 1593 (March 29, 2006): 1517–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3471.

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Synchronized behaviour is common in animal groups. In ant colonies, synchronization occurs because active ants stimulate their neighbours to activity. We use oscillator theory to explain how stimulation from active neighbours synchronizes activity in groups of solitarious locusts via entrainment of internal physiological rhythms. We also show that the spatial distribution of food resources controls coupling between individual locusts and the emergence of synchronized activity. In locusts ( Schistocerca gregaria ), individual schedules of activity and quiescence arise from an irregular physiological oscillation in feeding excitation (i.e. hunger). We show that contact with an active neighbour increases the probability that a locust becomes active. This entrained activity decreases the time until the locust feeds, shifting the phase of its hunger oscillation. The locusts' internal physiological rhythms are thus brought into alignment and their activity becomes synchronized. When food resources are clumped, contact with active locusts increases, and this increase in the strength of coupling between individuals leads to greater synchronization of behaviour. Activity synchronization might have functional significance in inhibiting swarming when resources are dispersed and accelerating it in more favourable clumped environments.

9

Gordon, Shira D., Joseph C. Jackson, Stephen M. Rogers, and James F. C. Windmill. "Listening to the environment: hearing differences from an epigenetic effect in solitarious and gregarious locusts." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1795 (November 22, 2014): 20141693. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1693.

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Locusts display a striking form of phenotypic plasticity, developing into either a lone-living solitarious phase or a swarming gregarious phase depending on population density. The two phases differ extensively in appearance, behaviour and physiology. We found that solitarious and gregarious locusts have clear differences in their hearing, both in their tympanal and neuronal responses. We identified significant differences in the shape of the tympana that may be responsible for the variations in hearing between locust phases. We measured the nanometre mechanical responses of the ear's tympanal membrane to sound, finding that solitarious animals exhibit greater displacement. Finally, neural experiments signified that solitarious locusts have a relatively stronger response to high frequencies. The enhanced response to high-frequency sounds in the nocturnally flying solitarious locusts suggests greater investment in detecting the ultrasonic echolocation calls of bats, to which they are more vulnerable than diurnally active gregarious locusts. This study highlights the importance of epigenetic effects set forth during development and begins to identify how animals are equipped to match their immediate environmental needs.

10

Verlinden, Heleen, Lieven Sterck, Jia Li, Zhen Li, Anna Yssel, Yannick Gansemans, Rik Verdonck, et al. "First draft genome assembly of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria." F1000Research 9 (May 21, 2021): 775. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.25148.2.

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Background: At the time of publication, the most devastating desert locust crisis in decades is affecting East Africa, the Arabian Peninsula and South-West Asia. The situation is extremely alarming in East Africa, where Kenya, Ethiopia and Somalia face an unprecedented threat to food security and livelihoods. Most of the time, however, locusts do not occur in swarms, but live as relatively harmless solitary insects. The phenotypically distinct solitarious and gregarious locust phases differ markedly in many aspects of behaviour, physiology and morphology, making them an excellent model to study how environmental factors shape behaviour and development. A better understanding of the extreme phenotypic plasticity in desert locusts will offer new, more environmentally sustainable ways of fighting devastating swarms. Methods: High molecular weight DNA derived from two adult males was used for Mate Pair and Paired End Illumina sequencing and PacBio sequencing. A reliable reference genome of Schistocerca gregaria was assembled using the ABySS pipeline, scaffolding was improved using LINKS. Results: In total, 1,316 Gb Illumina reads and 112 Gb PacBio reads were produced and assembled. The resulting draft genome consists of 8,817,834,205 bp organised in 955,015 scaffolds with an N50 of 157,705 bp, making the desert locust genome the largest insect genome sequenced and assembled to date. In total, 18,815 protein-encoding genes are predicted in the desert locust genome, of which 13,646 (72.53%) obtained at least one functional assignment based on similarity to known proteins. Conclusions: The desert locust genome data will contribute greatly to studies of phenotypic plasticity, physiology, neurobiology, molecular ecology, evolutionary genetics and comparative genomics, and will promote the desert locust’s use as a model system. The data will also facilitate the development of novel, more sustainable strategies for preventing or combating swarms of these infamous insects.

11

Jones, G. H., and J. A. Croft. "Surface spreading of synaptonemal complexes in locusts." Chromosoma 93, no. 6 (June 1986): 489–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00386789.

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12

Verlinden, Heleen, Lieven Sterck, Jia Li, Zhen Li, Anna Yssel, Yannick Gansemans, Rik Verdonck, et al. "First draft genome assembly of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria." F1000Research 9 (July 27, 2020): 775. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.25148.1.

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Background: At the time of publication, the most devastating desert locust crisis in decades is affecting East Africa, the Arabian Peninsula and South-West Asia. The situation is extremely alarming in East Africa, where Kenya, Ethiopia and Somalia face an unprecedented threat to food security and livelihoods. Most of the time, however, locusts do not occur in swarms, but live as relatively harmless solitary insects. The phenotypically distinct solitarious and gregarious locust phases differ markedly in many aspects of behaviour, physiology and morphology, making them an excellent model to study how environmental factors shape behaviour and development. A better understanding of the extreme phenotypic plasticity in desert locusts will offer new, more environmentally sustainable ways of fighting devastating swarms. Methods: High molecular weight DNA derived from two adult males was used for Mate Pair and Paired End Illumina sequencing and PacBio sequencing. A reliable reference genome of Schistocerca gregaria was assembled using the ABySS pipeline, scaffolding was improved using LINKS. Results: In total, 1,316 Gb Illumina reads and 112 Gb PacBio reads were produced and assembled. The resulting draft genome consists of 8,817,834,205 bp organised in 955,015 scaffolds with an N50 of 157,705 bp, making the desert locust genome the largest insect genome sequenced and assembled to date. In total, 18,815 protein-encoding genes are predicted in the desert locust genome, of which 13,646 (72.53%) obtained at least one functional assignment based on similarity to known proteins. Conclusions: The desert locust genome data will contribute greatly to studies of phenotypic plasticity, physiology, neurobiology, molecular ecology, evolutionary genetics and comparative genomics, and will promote the desert locust’s use as a model system. The data will also facilitate the development of novel, more sustainable strategies for preventing or combating swarms of these infamous insects.

13

Zhang, Zhibin, Bernard Cazelles, Huidong Tian, Leif Christian Stige, Achim Bräuning, and Nils Chr Stenseth. "Periodic temperature-associated drought/flood drives locust plagues in China." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, no. 1658 (November 25, 2008): 823–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.1284.

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Global warming is currently of great concern. Yet the ecological effects of low-frequency climate variations remain largely unknown. Recent analyses of interdecadal variability in population abundance of the Oriental migratory locust ( Locusta migratoria manilensis ) in China have revealed negative associations with temperature and positive associations with Yangtze drought and flood frequencies during the past millennium (AD 957–1956). In order to shed new light on the causal relationships between locust abundance, floods, droughts and temperature in ancient China, we used wavelet analysis to explore how the coherencies between the different variables at different frequencies have been changed during the past millennium. We find consistent in-phase coherencies between locusts and drought/flood frequencies, and out-of-phase coherencies between locusts and temperature and between drought/flood and temperature at period components of 160–170 years. Similar results are obtained when historical data of drought/flood frequencies of the Yangtze Delta region are used, despite flood data showing a weak and somewhat inconsistent association with other factors. We suggest that previously unreported periodic cooling of 160–170-year intervals dominate climatic variability in China through the past millennium, the cooling events promoting locust plagues by enhancing temperature-associated drought/flood events. Our results signify a rare example of possible benign effects of global warming on the regional risk of natural disasters such as flood/drought events and outbreaks of pest insects.

14

Jarwar, Aftab Raza, Kun Hao, Ellyn Valery Bitume, Hidayat Ullah, Dongnan Cui, Xiangqun Nong, Guangjun Wang, Xiongbing Tu, and Zehua Zhang. "Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Molecular Profiles of Central Nervous System in Maternal Diapause Induction of Locusta migratoria." G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics 9, no. 10 (August 12, 2019): 3287–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/g3.119.400475.

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Egg diapause in Locusta migratoria L. (Orthoptera: Acridoidea) is believed to be influenced by maternal photoperiod. However, the molecular mechanism regulating the phenomenon of maternal diapause induction is unclear. Here we performed transcriptomic analyses from the central nervous system (CNS) of migratory locusts under long and short photoperiods to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to diapause induction. There were total of 165750 unigenes from 569491 transcripts, and 610 DEGs were obtained in S_CNS (CNS of short photoperiod treated locusts) vs. L_CNS (CNS of long photoperiod treated locusts). Of these, 360 were up-regulated, 250 were down-regulated, and 84 DEGs were found to be related to FOXO signaling pathways, including citrate cycle/TCA cycle, glycolysis/ gluconeogenesis, oxidative phosphorylation, and PI3K-Akt. The qRT-PCR validation of mRNA expression of 12 randomly selected DEGs showed consistency with transcriptome analysis. Furthermore, the takeout gene thought to be involved in circadian rhythm was cloned and used for RNAi to observe its function in maternal diapause induction. We found that the mRNA level of Lm-takeout was significantly lower in dstakeout treatments as compared to the control under both long and short photoperiods. Similarly, the offspring diapause rate was significantly higher in dstakeout treatment as compared to the control only in short photoperiod. This shows that the Lm-takeout gene might be involved in the inhibition of maternal diapause induction of L. migratoria under short photoperiods. The present study provides extensive data of the CNS transcriptome and particular insights into the molecular mechanisms of maternal effects on egg diapause of L. migratoria. As well for the future, the researchers can explore other factors and genes that may promote diapause in insect species.

15

Dillon, R. J., and A. K. Charnley. "Inhibition of Metarhizium anisopliae by the gut bacterial flora of the desert locust: characterisation of antifungal toxins." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 34, no. 9 (September 1, 1988): 1075–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m88-189.

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Antifungal compounds have been found in gut fluid and aqueous faecal extracts from parasite-free and conventional desert locusts (Schistocerca gregaria), but not from germ-free locusts. These compounds inhibit germination of four isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae and 10 other species of insect and plant pathogenic fungi. Low molecular weight (< 200) antifungal compounds were purified from faecal extracts using ion-exchange and gel chromatography. Hydroquinone, 3,4-dihydroxy-and 3,5-dihydroxy-benzoic acid were identified using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The phenols possessed antifungal activity at concentrations estimated to be present in the inhibitory faecal extract. The low molecular weight compounds were found in extracts from conventional and parasite-free locusts, but were absent from extracts from germ-free insects. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that antifungal phenols, produced by the gut bacterial flora, are responsible for the fungitoxic activity in the gut of the desert locust. Antifungal activity was also located in the guts of seven Orthopteran species of insects using conidia of M. anisopliae (strain ME1) as a bioassay.

16

Gross, Michael. "How locusts become a plague." Current Biology 31, no. 10 (May 2021): R459—R461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.05.007.

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17

Talal, Stav, Arianne J. Cease, Jacob P. Youngblood, Ruth Farington, Eduardo V. Trumper, Hector E. Medina, Julio E. Rojas, A. Fernando Copa, and Jon F. Harrison. "Plant carbohydrate content limits performance and lipid accumulation of an outbreaking herbivore." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1940 (December 2, 2020): 20202500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.2500.

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Locusts are major intermittent threats to food security and the ecological factors determining where and when these occur remain poorly understood. For many herbivores, obtaining adequate protein from plants is a key challenge. We tested how the dietary protein : non-structural carbohydrate ratio (p : c) affects the developmental and physiological performance of 4th-5th instar nymphs of the South American locust, Schistocerca cancellata, which has recently resurged in Argentina, Bolivia and Paraguay. Field marching locusts preferred to feed on high carbohydrate foods. Field-collected juveniles transferred to the laboratory selected artificial diets or local plants with low p : c. On single artificial diets, survival rate increased as foods became more carbohydrate-biased. On single local plants, growth only occurred on the plant with the lowest p : c. Most local plants had p : c ratios substantially higher than optimal, demonstrating that field marching locusts must search for adequate carbohydrate or their survival and growth will be carbohydrate-limited. Total body lipids increased as dietary p : c decreased on both artificial and plant diets, and the low lipid contents of field-collected nymphs suggest that obtaining adequate carbohydrate may pose a strong limitation on migration for S. cancellata . Anthropogenic influences such as conversions of forests to pastures, may increase carbohydrate availability and promote outbreaks and migration of some locusts.

18

Buss, M. E., and S. A. Henderson. "The effects of elevated temperature on chiasma formation in Locusts migratoria." Chromosoma 97, no. 3 (November 1988): 235–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00292967.

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19

Zhao, Dejian, Zhenyu Zhang, Arianne Cease, Jon Harrison, and Le Kang. "Efficient utilization of aerobic metabolism helps Tibetan locusts conquer hypoxia." BMC Genomics 14, no. 1 (2013): 631. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-14-631.

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20

Rowell, C. H. F. "Mechanisms of flight steering in locusts." Experientia 44, no. 5 (May 1988): 389–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01940532.

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21

LOOF, ARNOLD, ILSE CLAEYS, GERT SIMONET, PETER VERLEYEN, TIM VANDERSMISSEN, FILIP SAS, and JURGEN HUYBRECHTS. "Molecular markers of phase transition in locusts." Insect Science 13, no. 1 (February 2006): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7917.2006.00061.x.

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22

Niven, Jeremy E., Christian J. Buckingham, Sheila Lumley, Matthew F. Cuttle, and Simon B. Laughlin. "Visual Targeting of Forelimbs in Ladder-Walking Locusts." Current Biology 20, no. 1 (January 2010): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2009.10.079.

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23

Yang, Meiling, Yuanyuan Wei, Feng Jiang, Yanli Wang, Xiaojiao Guo, Jing He, and Le Kang. "MicroRNA-133 Inhibits Behavioral Aggregation by Controlling Dopamine Synthesis in Locusts." PLoS Genetics 10, no. 2 (February 27, 2014): e1004206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004206.

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24

Guo, Wei, Juan Song, Pengcheng Yang, Xiangyong Chen, Dafeng Chen, Dani Ren, Le Kang, and Xianhui Wang. "Juvenile hormone suppresses aggregation behavior through influencing antennal gene expression in locusts." PLOS Genetics 16, no. 4 (April 29, 2020): e1008762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1008762.

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25

Carrington, Jessica, Mads Kuhlmann Andersen, Kaylen Brzezinski, and Heath A. MacMillan. "Hyperkalaemia, not apoptosis, accurately predicts insect chilling injury." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1941 (December 16, 2020): 20201663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.1663.

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There is a growing appreciation that insect distribution and abundance are associated with the limits of thermal tolerance, but the physiology underlying thermal tolerance remains poorly understood. Many insects, like the migratory locust ( Locusta migratoria ), suffer a loss of ion and water balance leading to hyperkalaemia (high extracellular [K + ]) in the cold that indirectly causes cell death. Cells can die in several ways under stress, and how they die is of critical importance to identifying and understanding the nature of thermal adaptation. Whether apoptotic or necrotic cell death pathways are responsible for low-temperature injury is unclear. Here, we use a caspase-3 specific assay to indirectly quantify apoptotic cell death in three locust tissues (muscle, nerves and midgut) following prolonged chilling and recovery from an injury-inducing cold exposure. Furthermore, we obtain matching measurements of injury, extracellular [K + ] and muscle caspase-3 activity in individual locusts to gain further insight into the mechanistic nature of chilling injury. We found a significant increase in muscle caspase-3 activity, but no such increase was observed in either nervous or gut tissue from the same animals, suggesting that chill injury primarily relates to muscle cell death. Levels of chilling injury measured at the whole animal level, however, were strongly correlated with the degree of haemolymph hyperkalaemia, and not apoptosis. These results support the notion that cold-induced ion balance disruption triggers cell death but also that apoptosis is not the main form of cell damage driving low-temperature injury.

26

GOLDSWORTHY, G. J., K. OPOKU-WARE, and L. M. MULLEN. "Adipokinetic Hormone and the Immune Responses of Locusts to Infection." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1040, no. 1 (April 2005): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1327.013.

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27

Flanigan, James E., and Gerd Gäde. "On the Release of the Three Locust (Locusta migratoria) Adipokinetic Hormones: Effect of Crustacean Cardioactive Peptide and Inhibition by Sugars." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 54, no. 1-2 (February 1, 1999): 110–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1999-1-219.

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An existing test to monitor the rate of adipokinetic hormone release from the corpora cardiaca (C C) of Locusta migratoria in vitro was improved, so that a constant basal rate of release was achieved and the amount of released Lom-AKH-I, II and III could be quantified by HPLC . This test system was subsequently used to demonstrate that a small peptide, which has been found in a few insect species including L. migratoria, crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP), induces release of all three AKHs. Moreover, 80 mᴍ trehalose reduces CCAP-induced release of AKHs in vitro, and 160 mᴍ glucose reduces this release even further. Glucose also had a greater inhibitory effect than trehalose on the spontaneous release and inhibited the high potassium-stimulated release of AKH from the CC in vitro. Eighty mᴍ sucrose, on the other hand, had no effect on the release of AKH . The effect of trehalose and glucose could be due to their use as an energy source, with trehalose first having to be converted to glucose. Whatever the stimulus, the three AKHs are released in the same proportions as they are found in the CC, which in vivo would make Lom-AKH-I, the most abundant AKH, the major effector of the biological effects of AKHs in adult locusts

28

Fu, Qinbing, Hongxin Wang, Cheng Hu, and Shigang Yue. "Towards Computational Models and Applications of Insect Visual Systems for Motion Perception: A Review." Artificial Life 25, no. 3 (August 2019): 263–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00297.

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Motion perception is a critical capability determining a variety of aspects of insects' life, including avoiding predators, foraging, and so forth. A good number of motion detectors have been identified in the insects' visual pathways. Computational modeling of these motion detectors has not only been providing effective solutions to artificial intelligence, but also benefiting the understanding of complicated biological visual systems. These biological mechanisms through millions of years of evolutionary development will have formed solid modules for constructing dynamic vision systems for future intelligent machines. This article reviews the computational motion perception models originating from biological research on insects' visual systems in the literature. These motion perception models or neural networks consist of the looming-sensitive neuronal models of lobula giant movement detectors (LGMDs) in locusts, the translation-sensitive neural systems of direction-selective neurons (DSNs) in fruit flies, bees, and locusts, and the small-target motion detectors (STMDs) in dragonflies and hoverflies. We also review the applications of these models to robots and vehicles. Through these modeling studies, we summarize the methodologies that generate different direction and size selectivity in motion perception. Finally, we discuss multiple systems integration and hardware realization of these bio-inspired motion perception models.

29

Zhao, De-Jian, Kun Guo, and Le Kang. "Identification of condition-specific reference genes from microarray data for locusts exposed to hypobaric hypoxia." FEBS Open Bio 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fob.2012.08.001.

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30

Luo, Y., X. Wang, X. Wang, D. Yu, B. Chen, and L. Kang. "Differential responses of migratory locusts to systemic RNA interference via double-stranded RNA injection and feeding." Insect Molecular Biology 22, no. 5 (July 19, 2013): 574–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imb.12046.

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31

Xu, L., L. Li, P. Yang та Z. Ma. "Calmodulin as a downstream gene of octopamine-OAR α1 signalling mediates olfactory attraction in gregarious locusts". Insect Molecular Biology 26, № 1 (7 жовтня 2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imb.12266.

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32

ANTON, SYLVIA, and BILL S. HANSSON. "Central Processing of Aggregation Pheromones in Solitary and Gregarious Desert Locusts, Schistocerca gregariaa." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 855, no. 1 OLFACTION AND (November 1998): 525–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb10620.x.

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33

Claeys, I., G. Simonet, B. Breugelmans, S. Van Soest, V. Franssens, F. Sas, A. De Loof, and J. Vanden Broeck. "Quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis in desert locusts reveals phase dependent differences in neuroparsin transcript levels." Insect Molecular Biology 14, no. 4 (August 2005): 415–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2583.2005.00572.x.

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34

Bazazi, Sepideh, Pawel Romanczuk, Sian Thomas, Lutz Schimansky-Geier, Joseph J. Hale, Gabriel A. Miller, Gregory A. Sword, Stephen J. Simpson, and Iain D. Couzin. "Nutritional state and collective motion: from individuals to mass migration." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1704 (August 25, 2010): 356–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.1447.

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In order to move effectively in unpredictable or heterogeneous environments animals must make appropriate decisions in response to internal and external cues. Identifying the link between these components remains a challenge for movement ecology and is important in understanding the mechanisms driving both individual and collective motion. One accessible way of examining how internal state influences an individual's motion is to consider the nutritional state of an animal. Our experimental results reveal that nutritional state exerts a relatively minor influence on the motion of isolated individuals, but large group-level differences emerge from diet affecting inter-individual interactions. This supports the idea that mass movement in locusts may be driven by cannibalism. To estimate how these findings are likely to impact collective migration of locust hopper bands, we create an experimentally parametrized model of locust interactions and motion. Our model supports our hypothesis that nutrient-dependent social interactions can lead to the collective motion seen in our experiments and predicts a transition in the mean speed and the degree of coordination of bands with increasing insect density. Furthermore, increasing the interaction strength (representing greater protein deprivation) dramatically reduces the critical density at which this transition occurs, demonstrating that individuals' nutritional state could have a major impact on large-scale migration.

35

Clynen, Elke, Steven J. Husson, and Liliane Schoofs. "Identification of New Members of the (Short) Neuropeptide F Family in Locusts and Caenorhabditis elegans." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1163, no. 1 (April 2009): 60–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2008.03624.x.

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36

Breugelmans, B., G. Simonet, V. van Hoef, I. Claeys, S. Van Soest, and J. Vanden Broeck. "Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of pacifastin-related precursor transcripts during the reproductive cycle of solitarious and gregarious desert locusts." Insect Molecular Biology 17, no. 2 (April 2008): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2583.2008.00793.x.

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37

Hou, Li, Beibei Li, Ding Ding, Le Kang, and Xianhui Wang. "CREB-B acts as a key mediator of NPF/NO pathway involved in phase-related locomotor plasticity in locusts." PLOS Genetics 15, no. 5 (May 31, 2019): e1008176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1008176.

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38

Rogers, Stephen M., and Swidbert R. Ott. "Differential activation of serotonergic neurons during short- and long-term gregarization of desert locusts." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1800 (February 7, 2015): 20142062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.2062.

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Serotonin is a neurochemical with evolutionarily conserved roles in orchestrating nervous system function and behavioural plasticity. A dramatic example is the rapid transformation of desert locusts from cryptic asocial animals into gregarious crop pests that occurs when drought forces them to accumulate on dwindling resources, triggering a profound alteration of behaviour within just a few hours. The onset of crowding induces a surge in serotonin within their thoracic ganglia that is sufficient and necessary to induce the switch from solitarious to gregarious behaviour. To identify the neurons responsible, we have analysed how acute exposure to three gregarizing stimuli—crowding, touching the hind legs or seeing and smelling other locusts—and prolonged group living affect the expression of serotonin in individual neurons in the thoracic ganglia. Quantitative analysis of cell body immunofluorescence revealed three classes of neurons with distinct expressional responses. All ganglia contained neurons that responded to multiple gregarizing stimuli with increased expression. A second class showed increased expression only in response to intense visual and olfactory stimuli from conspecifics. Prolonged group living affected a third and entirely different set of neurons, revealing a two-tiered role of the serotonergic system as both initiator and substrate of socially induced plasticity. This demonstrates the critical importance of ontogenetic time for understanding the function of serotonin in the reorganization of behaviour.

39

Bräunig, P., C. Allgäuer, and H. W. Honegger. "Suboesophageal DUM neurones are part of the antennal motor system of locusts and crickets." Experientia 46, no. 3 (March 1990): 259–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01951758.

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40

Robertson, R. M., and R. M. Olberg. "A comparison of the activity of flight interneurones in locusts, crickets, dragonflies and mayflies." Experientia 44, no. 9 (September 1988): 735–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01959144.

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41

Wegener, Gerhard, Romi Michel, and Eric A. Newsholme. "Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate as a signal for changing from sugar to lipid oxidation during flight in locusts." FEBS Letters 201, no. 1 (May 26, 1986): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(86)80584-1.

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42

Colgan, D. J., and D. A. Willcocks. "Host–parasite genome relationships in Acridid grasshoppers. II. Patterns of variation in the plasmids of gut bacteria of Caledia captiva and Locusta migratoria." Genome 29, no. 2 (April 1, 1987): 264–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g87-046.

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Plasmid preparations were made from 110 isolates of Enterobacter cloacae taken from the guts of members of the Caledia captiva complex of grasshoppers to ascertain whether a relationship exists between these extrachromosomal elements and taxonomic variation in the grasshoppers themselves. Fifty-two plasmids, distinguishable by mobility or restriction fragment pattern differences, were identified. Thirty-seven of these were similar in size. Five plasmids were nick translated and used to probe Southern blots. Only three instances of cross homology with another plasmid were found, implying a very high level of sequence diversity in the samples. No explanation of the size uniformity and sequence diversity of the plasmids is entirely satisfactory but it appears most likely that the variation is maintained to serve a variety of adaptive functions. No plasmid was found in grasshoppers of more than one taxon of C. captiva. This may be due to geographical limitations on the distribution of plasmids. If this is so, it remains possible that there is an association of one or more plasmids with taxonomic divergence in this grasshopper complex. Plasmid preparations were also made from 68 bacterial isolates (predominantly E. aerogenes) from laboratory-reared Locusta migratoria and from 72 isolates from other acridid grasshoppers. Plasmids of the size general in C. captiva were discovered in most of these isolates. Some smaller plasmids were also found. As judged by restriction endonuclease digests and Southern blotting, plasmid diversity is much less in this sample of L. migratoria bacteria than in the field-collected C. captiva. The plasmids reported in this paper may be considered as possible vectors for use in the genetic control of locusts. Key words: host–parasite, plasmids, grasshoppers, Enterobacter.

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Alkurashi, Mamdowh M., Sean T. May, Kenny Kong, Jaume Bacardit, David Haig, and Hany M. Elsheikha. "Susceptibility to experimental infection of the invertebrate locusts (Schistocerca gregaria) with the apicomplexan parasiteNeospora caninum." PeerJ 2 (December 2, 2014): e674. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.674.

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44

Rillich, Jan, Paul A. Stevenson, and Hans-Joachim Pflueger. "Flight and Walking in Locusts–Cholinergic Co-Activation, Temporal Coupling and Its Modulation by Biogenic Amines." PLoS ONE 8, no. 5 (May 9, 2013): e62899. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062899.

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45

Miller, Gabriel A., Fiona J. Clissold, David Mayntz, and Stephen J. Simpson. "Speed over efficiency: locusts select body temperatures that favour growth rate over efficient nutrient utilization." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, no. 1673 (July 22, 2009): 3581–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.1030.

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46

Ried, Katja, Thomas Müller, and Hans J. Briegel. "Modelling collective motion based on the principle of agency: General framework and the case of marching locusts." PLOS ONE 14, no. 2 (February 20, 2019): e0212044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0212044.

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47

ZHU, WEI, PETER VERHAERT, CHRIS SHAW, AARON MAULE, ARNOLD LOOF, and HUBERT VAUDRY. "NPF Immunolocalization in Cockroaches and Locusts: Comparison of Antisera to Beetle, Tapeworm, and Pig NPY/NPF-Type Peptides." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 839, no. 1 TRENDS IN COM (May 1998): 625–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb10898.x.

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48

Teng, Zhao-Qian, and Le Kang. "EGG-HATCHING BENEFITS GAINED BY POLYANDROUS FEMALE LOCUSTS ARE NOT DUE TO THE FERTILIZATION ADVANTAGE OF NONSIBLING MALES." Evolution 61, no. 2 (February 2007): 470–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00030.x.

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49

Liebrich, Walter, and Gerd Gäde. "Adipokinetic Neuropeptides and Flight Metabolism in Three Moth Species of the Families Sphingidae, Saturniidae and Bombycidae." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 50, no. 5-6 (June 1, 1995): 425–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1995-5-614.

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Methanolic extracts from corpora cardiaca of three moth species, Hippoteon eson (Sphingidae), Imbrasia cytherea (Saturniidae) and Bombyx mori (Bombycidae) show adipokinetic activity in conspecific bioassays. Haemolymph carbohydrates in these moths are not affected. These extracts are also active in heterologous bioassays: haemolymph lipids are increased in Locusta migratoria, whereas a small effect on haemolymph carbohydrates was observed in Periplaneta americana. Therefore, locusts can be used to monitor adipokinetic activity in corpora cardiaca from moth extracts during isolation. The three moth species possess an adipokinetic peptide with the same retention time on reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP -HPLC) as a peptide isolated previously from Manduca sexta, which was code-named Mas-AKH. H. eson contains a second active peak with a similar retention time on RP-HPLC as the hypertrehalosaemic peptide isolated previously from Helicoverpa zea , code-named Hez-HrTH. Both synthetic peptides, Mas-AKH and Hez-HrTH, produce an adipokinetic effect in the three experimental moth species. In H. eson, the haemolymph concentration of Mas-AKH or Hez-HrTH needed to elicit a maximum hyperlipaemic response is about 20 to 30 nᴍ.Flight behaviour in the three moth species is quite different: H. eson is a good hovering flyer, I. cytherea is a comparatively bad flyer and B. mori males show only degenerate flight movements during their mating dance. Haemolymph lipid levels in H. eson decrease drastically during 15 min of flight and return to pre-flight levels in a subsequent rest period. The amount of lipids metabolized during flight is 10.9 mg/gxhr. Haemolymph carbohydrate levels drop during flight, but remain low during the 45 min of recovery. Haemolymph lipids in “dancing” males of B. mori remain constant. In individuals, however, which have low initial lipid levels in the blood, lipid concentrations increase significantly in a subsequent 15 min rest period after “dancing”. Metabolic changes during flight in I. cytherea were not investigated due to this species’ poor flight performance.

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Clarke, Angus. "Genetic imprinting in clinical genetics." Development 108, Supplement (April 1, 1990): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.108.supplement.131.

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Genetic, and indeed genomic, imprinting does occur in humans. This is manifest at the level of the genome, the individual chromosome, subchromosomal region or fragile site, or the single locus. The best evidence at the single gene level comes from a consideration of familial tumour syndromes. Chromosomal imprinting effects are revealed when uniparental disomy occurs, as in the Prader-Willi syndrome and doubtless other sporadic, congenital anomaly syndromes. Genomic imprinting is manifest in the developmental defects of hydatidiform mole, teratoma and triploidy. Fragile (X) mental retardation shows an unusual pattern of inheritance, and imprinting can account for these effects. Future work in clinical genetics may identify congenital anomalies and growth disorders caused by imprinting: the identification of imprinting effects for specific chromosomal regions in mice will allow the examination of the homologous chromosomal region in humans.