Дисертації з теми "Local negotiations"
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1
Pallas, Josef. "Talking organizations : corporate media work and negotiations of local practice /." Uppsala : Företagsekonomiska institutionen, Uppsala universitet, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-8351.
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Enthoven, Adrian. "The limits of local negotiations : politics in Greater Johannesburg, 1989-1998." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324336.
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3
Selamat, Nor Hafizah. "Negotiations and contradictions : local perceptions of tourism on Langkawi Island, Malaysia." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/23187.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis examines the impact of tourism development on Langkawi island. It explores the way in which the people of Langkawi have developed several strategies to deal with the various changes brought by tourism development. I suggest that tourism has been viewed as a ‘gateway’ for the development of Langkawi and has become a catalyst for the arrival of modernity in this local setting. This thesis primarily discusses how Langkawi people have dealt with the demands of the tourist industry, confronting modernity and mass consumption, negotiating their ‘old’ values/perception to absorb new values. It also shows the increase in distinction not only between outsiders and insiders but also among villagers in the local community, and the formation of the middle class. This process of negotiation was inevitable for them not only to fulfil their aspirations to become modern but also to fit in with the local tourist industry. I describe how the islanders have shown their eagerness to become modern but at the same time have made great efforts to maintain their identity as village people and as Muslims. Exploring their everyday experiences gives a deeper understanding of how tourism, either directly or indirectly, has impacted on their lives and how this has influenced their perception of tourism development. The different strategies adopted by local people show that they should not be seen as passive but as capable of accepting tourism and setting appropriate boundaries for their involvement with it. This exploration of their everyday lives contributes to the ongoing debates on the changes that tourism brings in the host country. I use tourism as a tool to address anthropological issues concerning modernity, consumption and changes in attitude, which contribute to a different ‘platform of thinking’ in the anthropology of tourism.
4
Pozzebon, Marlei. "The implementation of configurable technologies : negotiations between global principles and local contexts." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=84540.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This investigation focuses on configurable technologies, a term which refers to technologies that are highly parameterizable and are built from a range of components to meet the very specific requirements of a particular organization. They cannot be seen independently of their representations through external intermediaries who "speak" for the technology by providing images, descriptions, demonstrations, policies, templates and "solutions". I use the term technology-configuring mediation to refer to the process characterized by a socially constructed relationship between clients and consultants, where visions of how the technology should operate are negotiated. Configurable tools are well illustrated by ERP projects and represent an important trend in IS, drawing its popularity from the hope of benefiting from increased economies of scale and access to cumulative knowledge supposedly "embedded" into these technological artifacts.From a critical interpretive perspective that combines ideas from structuration theory, social shaping views of technology and critical discourse analysis, this dissertation is based on an empirical investigation that spanned one year and is primarily organized in three papers. The first paper investigates the use of structuration theory in the IS field, asking: How can we successfully apply structuration theory in IS empirical research? Paper 1 contributes to the advancement of interpretive research methods by describing, analyzing and illustrating the ways IS scholars have used Giddens' theory in their research. In addition, it presents a repertoire of research strategies that may help overcome barriers to the empirical application of structurationist theory by dealing with three core elements: time, context and duality of technology.
The second paper discusses the rhetorical closure that often dominates discourses about IT, arguing that configurable technologies are social constructions and, to different degrees, are always open to change. Taking ERP projects as a typical illustration of configurable IT, Paper 2 describes a multilevel framework that identifies occasions for ERP package negotiation and change at three levels---segment, organization and individual---thereby breaking down the rhetorical closure that seems to dominate public debate. Paper 2 draws on structurationist and political streams of thinking about technology to set out a theoretical framework that contributes to advancing our knowledge of configurable IS phenomena.
The third paper addresses the question: How does the mediation process influence the negotiation between global principles and local contexts during the implementation of configurable IS, and how does such a negotiation influence the success of the implemented technology? Paper 3 provides a new understanding of configurable technology implementation. The structuring of a new configuration is seen as a mediation process where knowledge and power dependencies are created and recreated over time by consultants and clients, the entire process being bordered by internal and external constraints. Paper 3 recognizes different patterns of mediation and explains how these patterns affect the negotiation of global principles and local contexts as well as the project results. The study ends by identifying a collection of mediating strategies that are likely to improve the implementation of configurable IS.
5
Gingembre, Mathilde. "Being heard : local people in negotiations over large-scale land deals : a case study from Madagascar." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2018. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/76093/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis examines local people's voices and influence in negotiations over large-scale land deals. Drawing on ethnographic work on a case study from southern Madagascar, it highlights the variety of agropastoralists' responses to, and experienced outcomes of, the implementation of an agribusiness project on their land. The purpose of this research was to understand the conditions under which certain local people get heard, and others silenced, in the context of corporate land access and the processes by which some of these local voices manage to influence the terms and conditions of the deal. It looked at how horizontal and vertical power dynamics interface with situated moral economies and contentious politics to inform variations in local people's perspectives over, engagement with and experienced outcomes of the land deal. I argue that local voices and opportunities for influence in the context of land transactions in Madagascar are constructed at the intersection of national and village politics. I draw attention to the practices and discourses through which local state officials produce ‘powers of exclusion' and ‘powers of compliance' in their mediation of land deals. I show that, in socially-differentiated local populations, formal compliance with dispossession reflects processes of different natures: “compliance as acquiescence” for some, but also “constrained hope”, and potential challenging of local structures of domination or “compliance as resistance” for others. I explore the moral economies that underpin perspectives on corporate land access as well as choices to express, or suppress, subversive voices and observe a resistance, across social divides, to the “demoralising of land deals”. I show how the vulnerability of state authorities to social movements combined with competition for the resources of patronage and of authority associated with the control of corporate land access open interstices for influence. In a context of institutional bias however, only those who manage to activate key alliances with state officials and to unify village voices beyond inter and intra-class differences stand a chance of being heard.
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Chan, Ming Ming Joiy Danielle. "Somali community groups and their relationships with local public agency-actors : a process of communicative relations, negotiations and transitions." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.442192.
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Olsson, Krister. "From preservation to creation of value." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Infrastructure, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3618.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This report asks the question how to balance thepreservation of cultural built heritage against other publicand private interests in local planning. The aim of the studyis to contribute to knowledge about how different actors valuethe built heritage and how they interact in planning. The studydiscusses how this knowledge can be taken into account inplanning practice. As society develops further into a knowledgesociety, the valuation of local environmental qualities seemsto be more complex than during previous decades. For thatreason the maintenance of cultural built heritage is moredifficult to handle than before. The planning process has bytradition been characterised by a strong public sectorinvolvement and by strict procedural links to the regulationsystem. However, private initiatives have come to play anincreasingly important role in the planning process. Thesechanges have led to a situation where decision-making becomesinformal. The question is if planning functions in such waythat all values represented by different interests areconsidered carefully when decisions are made for preservation,renewal or change of the builtenvironment. There are reasonsto question the notion of citizen representation by localpoliticians and experts of various kinds. The theoreticalfoundation for the study is economic valuation theory, andespecially environmental economics, in combination withnegotiation theory and planning theory. These theories are usedas a starting point for an analysis of different actorsunderstanding of the cultural built heritage, their incentivesfor participating in planning, and, hence, for understandingthe interaction which determines preservation practice.Empirical findings are based on a case study of planning andheritage management in the municipality of Umeå. Itincludes studies of five recently completed planning processesconcerning specific real estate properties, as well as, aquestionnaire directed to a random selection of 1000inhabitants in the municipality. The study concludes that theoutcome of planning to a substantial part is depending of theinteraction and relations between the stakeholders, and, hence,structured by what has developed as the intellectual traditionand context of the city. The study shows that the builtenvironment seen as a public good in general is not fullyacknowledged and understood. Consequently, the private goodcharacteristic of the built environment is stressed inplanning, not only by private actors, but also by the publicsector. Furthermore, the study concludes that one importantissue in the management of the cultural built heritage is todraw on the actorsincentives for preservation, hence,paying more attention to the question of future direct andindirect use of the built heritage. An actor who primarilyfocuses on existence value runs the risk of being situated inthe margin of planning, with no real influence on decisionsconcerning heritage management.
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Ramanath, Ramya. "From Conflict to Collaboration: Nongovernmental Organizations and their Negotiations for Local Control of Slum and Squatter Housing in Mumbai, India." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28167.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Interorganizational arrangements, such as partnerships between non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and governmental organizations (GOs), are increasingly regarded by policymakers as critical to effective social sector development. This is particularly true in the arena of housing provision for residents of slums and squatter settlements. The recent pursuit of collaboration between NGOs and government housing agencies in large urban agglomerations such as Mumbai, India marks a significant shift from the adversarial climate that previously characterized NGO-GO interactions. In other words, NGOs engaged in housing issues appear to be evolving from ''housing rights advocates'' to ''housing developers''. However, very little research has examined the struggles and pressures facing organizations as they travel from confrontational to collaborative relationships. This dissertation provides an empirical and theoretical basis for examining the evolution of NGO-GO relationships over time and, in doing so, links research on urban political economy of housing to research on organizational life cycles and strategic institutional change.
Two questions are central to the dissertation: 1) How do shifts in state housing policies influence the strategies pursued by advocacy NGOs in housing the poor? 2) What are the factors that influence the emergence and sustenance of NGO-government housing partnerships? To address these, I use a multiple-case study analysis of critical incidents in the history (from 1981 to 2003) of three NGOs in Mumbai: Nivara Hakk Suraksha Samiti, Youth for Unity and Voluntary Action, and Society for the Promotion of Area Resource Centres. In addition, I examine five state and city level housing authorities. The dissertation's findings address three broad themes of literature: i) NGO-GO Interaction Styles; ii) Institutional Isomorphism; and, iii) NGO Development Continuum. Findings related to these broad streams of literature suggest that NGO behavior is shaped both by public policy orientation and by internal strategies and decisions. In efforts to gain and retain legitimacy, NGOs will likely use multiple interaction styles both simultaneously and sequentially. Analysis of internal institutional processes in NGOs suggests that organizational responses to isomorphic demands are circumscribed by path-dependent factors and the variability in NGO resource environments. NGO development strategies have evolved towards greater complexity and sophistication.Ph. D.
9
Gleissner, Xenia Tabitha. "Local for locals or go global : negotiating how to represent UAE identity in television and film." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/8642.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This dissertation in Middle Eastern Studies explores the creation of national identity through visual media in the contemporary United Arab Emirates. Within a framework of cultural and media studies the thesis analyses how forms of representation are negotiated by Emirati media producers. The research tests the applicability of cultural theories developed by Appadurai and Eickelman in the context of the Gulf Region. The UAE media industry is considered within a network of global media companies. The local industry's interaction with global media production companies illustrates a constructed divide between local and global identities. This creates specific patterns of media making and influences local audience perceptions of different narratives and representations. The research uses qualitative methods, based on interviews and focus groups conducted between September 2009 and April 2010 in Abu Dhabi and Dubai. The interviewees were Emirati media professional and Students of Media Communication. They discuss how media producers and television presenters try to reconcile their notions of what a national media should be with the restrictive structure of the industry. The interviews demonstrate the challenges of a government-controlled national media for the development of a public dialogue on national identity and confirm that the state-controlled television and film industry, does not account for the diversity of the Emirati community of nationals. The criticism of Emirati representation in the media is accompanied by a feeling of stagnation and inability to change the existing patterns. It results in their turning away towards commercial media. Going beyond an analysis of restrictive media praxis, the research provides an inside perspective on the complex issue of contemporary Emirati identity.
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Johansson, Marit. "Life in a World Heritage City : A case study of discussions and contested values in Angra do Heroísmo, the Azores." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema Kultur och samhälle – Tema Q, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-118008.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The objectives of this study are to critically map and analyse past and current discussions, negotiations and social processes that take place and relate to conditions created by living in- or monitoring the World Heritage City Angra do Heroísmo in the Azores, Portugal. Based on ethnographic fieldwork and qualitative interviews with the stakeholders in the city, the purpose has been to study how, and with what result and consequences, contested values, interests, rhetoric and powers are mobilized and made into dynamic forces for these stakeholders. Hence, this thesis gives a chronological presentation of selected issues and discussions, which have been taking place in the city from 1980 to 2012. The first subjects attended to are the 1980 earthquake and the nomination process which led to the inscription of Angra to the World Heritage List in 1983. However, some of the core objectives relate to the implications of living in a World Heritage City, given the preservation provisions which follow such a classified area. The aim has further been to assess the point of departure for the official monitors and their views on monitoring a vibrant historical area. The discussions analysed relate to the predicaments occurring when modern development is set up against preservation. However, the analyses show how policies and preservation ideals change, as well as how powers and authorities are challenged and affected by forces within and outside the “authorized heritage discourse”. Finally, this study has assessed the notions of pride, local attachment and identity among the inhabitants in Angra. The World Heritage Status can trigger a double sense of feelings; on the one side it holds emotions related to pride and recognition, on the other it represents obstacles for living- and developing the city in accordance with the present needs. World Heritage and tourism are closely linked, and this investigation explores how the stakeholders in Angra relate to the possibilities and threats which tourism holds. Angra represents a site where there is a limited influx of tourist, and we can see how most stakeholders speak for a quality-based tourism. In this respect, one could say there is a prevailing consensus among the stakeholders. Finally, this study has assessed the notions of pride, local attachment and identity among the inhabitants in Angra. These sensations are related to the historical cityscape, an environment which also frames personal experiences and processes. The World Heritage Status can trigger a double sense of feelings; on the one side it holds emotions related to pride and recognition, on the other it represents obstacles for living- and developing the city in accordance with the present needs. Angra do Heroísmo is studied for its particularities, yet comparisons made with other studies reveal that the matters and aspects addressed in this thesis can be universal rather than particular.Avhandlingen er en kritisk kartlegging og analyse av tidligere og pågående diskusjoner, forhandlinger og sosiale prosesser som er relatert til det å leve i og forvalte verdensarvbyen Angra do Heroísmo på Asorene i Portugal. Basert på etnografisk feltarbeid og kvalitative intervjuer med for eksempel innbyggere, kulturminneforvaltningen, politikere og utviklere har formålet vært å forstå hvordan, og med hvilke konsekvenser, ulike verdier, retorikker, interesser og ressurser er mobilisert og gjort til drivende krefter for disse stakeholderne. Avhandlingen gir en kronologisk fremstilling av utvalgte tematikker og diskusjoner fra 1980 og frem til 2012, hvor de første temaene er knyttet til jordskjelvet som rammet byen i 1980, og den påfølgende nominasjonsprosessen til verdensarvlisten som ga Angra do Heroísmo verdensarvstatus i 1983. Et hovedanliggende for denne avhandlingen er problemstillinger knyttet til det å leve i en verdensarvby, med de restriksjoner som følger et klassifisert område. Videre har målet vært å studere myndighetenes- og kulturminnevernets ståsted og deres bevaringspolitikk. I skjæringspunktet mellom hensynet til bevaring og behovet for utvikling oppstår diskusjoner og forhandlinger, og avhandlingen analyserer utvalgte diskusjoner som hovedsakelig er knyttet til utbyggingsprosjekter. Studien viser imidlertid hvordan bevaringsidealer- og politikk endres, og likeledes hvordan myndigheter og autoriteter utfordres av krefter innenfor og utenfor ‘the authorized heritage discourse’. Avslutningsvis gir avhandlingen en analyse av hvilken betydning verdensarvstatusen har for innbyggerne, noe som berører temaene identitet, stolthet og lokal tilknytning. Verdensarven har således en dobbeltsidig størrelse, som på den ene siden trigger følelser som stolthet og annerkjennelse, mens på den andre siden representerer begrensninger og diskusjoner.
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Yang, Yi-Ling. "Negotiating the global and the local in Joyce's Ulysses." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.486246.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Taking its lead from the debates on the relationship between the global and the local in~? process of globalisation, this project attempts to examine how the two entities are deconstructed as non-contradictory and reconstructed as part of a continuum in Joyce's Ulysses. Rather than directly approaching the two concepts in terms oftheir roles in economy, politics and culture, the thesis focuses on Joyce's de-/ re- construction ofthem from different angles in his writing. His collapsing of the two entities will be investigated from three perspectives: the narrative voices in 'Cyclops' and 'Ithaca,' the economy of advertising, and the role ofthe Catholic Church and Catholicism in Joyce's Dublin. The Introduction briefly revieyvs debates on globalisation and explains how they initiate possibilities ofreading Joyce in terms of the global and the local. Chapter Two deals with Joyce's questioning of the validity of an absolute local voice in 'Cyclops' and of an absolute global voice in 'Ithaca,' and suggests that he sees them in a complementary and continuous relation instead. The third chapter looks at the practice of the two voices in the economy of advertising, and explicates how the local voice ofIrish consumers and the global voice ofthe capitalist economy are involved in a process of negotiation. Chapter Four investigates the both global and local entity, the Catholic Church in Ireland, and suggests that for Irish nationalists and Joyce the Church gives a political counterweight to the British Empire, and Catholicism provides Joyce with an intellectual counterweight to his English writing ofIreland. The Postscript's self-reflection about this project enables a concluding retrospection ofthe previous chapters. It studies how the local voice ofTaiwanese readers converges on and diverges from the global voice ofthe Joyce industry. Moreover, the translation and reading ofJoyce in Taiwan evince something that could possibly be called the universal that Joyce's writing aims at.
12
Idrizbegovic-Zgonic, Aida. ""Challenge of set frames"." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/3147.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
2007/2008Exploration of current trends in the Contextual Architecture (urban setting), meanings of context and finding new ways to connect to the existing. The key issue is establishing a relationship between new building and its setting (frames) through contextual processes like local scenarios or phenomenon or negotiation with site. The principles of dialogue and tension are tools that allow us to establish the new contextual order.
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Hamilton, Peter Mackenzie. "Persuasive discourse and employment relations : a rhetorical analysis of local pay within an NHS trust." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/8133.
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Fernández, C. M. Beatriz. "Framing Teacher Education in Chile: Negotiating Local, National, and International Discourses." Thesis, Boston College, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:106806.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis advisor: Marilyn Cochran-SmithSince the 1990s, many countries have used accountability mechanisms in teacher preparation. Aligned with this trend, the Chilean Ministry of Education has created national policies, which include national standards and an exit test for student teachers, grants for teacher education programs, and university scholarships for prospective teachers. These policies have been implemented in Chile, within the context of high social segregation and inequality, where accountability and deregulation work together. The purpose of this study is to explore how teaching and teacher education are constructed in national teacher education policy and university-based programs in Chile by unpacking assumptions about teaching, teacher education, and justice using frame analysis. This study analyzes national policy documents related to initial teacher education in Chile as well as semi-structured interviews and university and course documents from two teacher preparation programs. This dissertation argues that the influence of Chile’s national teacher education policies on local teacher preparation programs was not uniform across the programs. Rather both national and local frames were influenced by international organizations and universities. This overarching argument is based on four related propositions: 1) teacher preparation programs have different conceptions of practice-based teacher education and teaching while they have similar conceptions of justice; 2) the differences among faculties’ conceptions are shaped by different narratives, based on participants’ view of themselves and their programs, conceptions of teaching knowledge, participation in policies, and alignment and articulation; 3) national policies and teacher preparation programs have different conceptions of teaching and teacher education, but they have similar conceptions of justice; and, 4) Chilean national policies are influenced by international discourses even though they use different narratives to promote their changes. This study has implications for research, policy, practice, and activism. Building on the study’s findings, I constructed a framework that expands the notion of the policy web, incorporating the connection between local and international discourses in teacher education. This framework also identifies four dimensions that shape university’s faculty conceptions and explain the differences among programs
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2016
Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education
Discipline: Teacher Education, Special Education, Curriculum and Instruction
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Head, Cari Beth. "ICTs for Power/Empowerment?: Negotiating Narratives across the Local and Global." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1339766971.
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Barber, Suzanne. "The Transformation of a Shire: Local Negotiation in the Society for Creative Anachronism." TopSCHOLAR®, 2011. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1063.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this thesis, I am examining how a small branch of the Society for Creative Anachronism, Loch an Fhraoich, whose values and identity center around camaraderie and narrative and aesthetic coherence, attempts to balance these two often contradictory principles. To better illustrate the negotiations taking place, I have used ethnographic fieldwork to focus on the areas of material culture, ethno-kinetics, persona, knowledge, and events. These areas are tightly interwoven, and almost never operate independently, but the exercise of isolating them is useful in seeing the complexities of choices that members must make to navigate the social world of the Society for Creative Anachronism.
The Society for Creative Anachronism is a large, international non-profit organization and is often depicted and discussed as a large homogeneous organization. Instead, in this work I have analyzed the smaller group within the larger organization. I have focused on the smaller group in order to bring to light new details of how this group and the individual members operate within a self-selected international organization in a network of personal connections. These groups attain a feeling of distinctness within this large organization by creating an identity for themselves, which expresses their values within the larger SCA framework. Sometimes these values contradict each other or subvert the larger overriding SCA ethos, and members will mediate their participation in order to avoid breaking from the SCA framework entirely while still protecting their group identity.
This can be examined in light of narrative construction and maintenance. The Society for Creative Anachronism supports an official homogenous metanarrative. It is this narrative that is most often heard and examined by outsiders. Despite the initial perceived dominance, this metanarrative acts as a frame or matrix narrative, and contained within are multiple hyponarratives and little narratives. As one allows their view to slip further towards the idio and unicultural level, these hyponarratives increase in number while decreasing in scope. They go from representing a kingdom, to principality, to a barony, to a shire, to a group of friends within that shire to an individual member.
At every level these narratives connect the individual and group to others, creating a network of relationships and shared narratives that help create a sense of unity and prevent a fracturing of voices and thus support the overriding metanarrative. In order to prevent this system from collapsing inward or fracturing apart, a certain amount of playful transgressive metalepsis and edgeplay must be allowed. The negotiation of this edgeplay is debated, and the style and amount tolerated is often a distinguishing mark between groups. Some key contestations that I have focussed on where this debate occurs include the levels and types of anachronism allowed, the types of partying and practical jokes encouraged or discouraged, gender, media influence, and the understanding of honor and chivalry.
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Meadows, Marilyn. "Birth control in local context : the diffusion of information and practice amongst groups of women in contemporary Cambridge." Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367332.
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Laursen, Josephine. "Who Owns This Jungle? : Changes, Landownership and Traditional Authority in the Tropical Forests of Western Ghana." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-393164.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
At present, in Adansi and Daboase, two rural communities in Western Ghana, changes are both internally and externally driven. Combined with ongoing negotiations of authority, landownership, history, tradition and culture, the interconnectedness of these areas shapes the realities of these communities. This thesis investigates these land-related conflicts and authority negotiations from a hermeneutic phenomenological approach. Inspired by action-oriented research, the lives of local residents are investigated and attempted to be understood through their own explanations. Four months of internship with an oil palm and rubber plantation company, focus groups and semi-structured interviews in two local communities to the plantation, lay the foundation of this thesis. It shows an intimate connection between landownership and resource rights, and history, heritage and traditional authority.Land is key to power or a secured future for one’s family, which makes it an inflamed topic. Landownership and the underlying negotiations are crucial to the understanding of what occupies many local residents in a setting of globalised markets. The thesis points to gaps of understanding and varying interests in-between government, external actors, chieftaincy and community members. Thorough consultation process procedures prior to projects in rural communities are proposed. The project adds to a larger discussion on sustainability, corporate social responsibility, local knowledge and experiences on land conflicts, and post-colonial settings in Ghana.
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Jett, Zachariah L. "Negotiating for Efficiency: Local Adaptation, Consensus, and Military Conscription in Karl XI's Sweden." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1605200125756442.
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Shin, Jeeyoung. "Negotiating local, regional, and global nationalism, hybridity, and transnationalism in New Korean Cinema /." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3344598.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Communication and Culture, 2008.Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Oct. 6, 2009). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-02, Section: A, page: 0401. Adviser: Barbara Klinger.
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Rack, Mary. "Images of minorities, memories of bandits : negotiating local identities in lowland West Hunan." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1999. http://webex.lib.ed.ac.uk/abstracts/rack01.pdf.
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Reimer, Jill Katheryn. "Local negotiation of globalised educational discourses : the case of Child Friendly Schools in rural Cambodia." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/43691.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Despite massive donor aid to the education sector over the past two decades, school achievement in Cambodia remains poor. Key challenges include low survival rates, limited contact hours, poor literacy skills, and gender disparity. The question of why basic education continues to fail Cambodian children catalysed this research. This feminist postcolonial inquiry analysed the interface between the global and the local as expressed in Child Friendly Schools (CFS) policy to understand how local Cambodian communities negotiate hegemonic transnational influences. It explored how schools and communities understand and implement CFS on their own terms and how concurrent global discourse about gender equality has impacted gendered identities and relations. This “vertical case study” shows how exogenous influences are mediated through local perspectives. At least seven critical elements of the Cambodian socio-cultural milieu (worldview, protracted conflict, educational history, political system, poverty, gender perspectives, educational philosophy) converge to shape micro- (school, village) and meso-level (national) response to macro-level (global) influences. While numerous international norms have been institutionalised as policy, many have not been internalised. Local response to global educational discourses takes five forms: deployment, incorporation, adaptation, contestation, and resistance. In some cases, the response is wilful and deliberately negotiated. In other cases it may reflexively arise from conflicting values; witness, for instance, traditional perspectives on gender and gender equality. While homogenisation of basic education clearly occurs at the rhetorical level, hybridity characterises actual implementation. Cambodia’s negotiation of international norms has resulted in poor quality education; much educational reform has been in form rather than in substance. Study findings show that gender norms, as expressed in school-related texts and relationships, have not been significantly influenced toward gender equality. Rather, the male-centric status quo is supported through teacher attitudes, textbook content, the neutering of gender mainstreaming processes, and the defining of equality in essentially economic terms. A more coherent and contextualised (and therefore relevant and vernacular) version of elementary education can be achieved by applying a social justice frame which necessarily includes dialogue around cultural values. For policy sharing to succeed, senders and recipients alike must attend seriously to local context, particularly how worldview mediates practice.
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Aziz, Heba t'allah Moustafa Abdel. "Negotiating boundaries and reconstructing landscapes : a study of the relations between Bedouin, tourists and the State." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1999. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/1042/.
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Smeltzer, Sandra C. "Negotiating the local and the global, television in Tanzania (Televesheni ya jamia ya watu)." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ36874.pdf.
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Maxwell, Neil Lawrence. "Local sites/global contexts negotiating the roots/routes of identity in Asian queer diaspora /." Thesis, Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B38792230.
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Rittau, Yasmin. "Regional Labour Councils and Local Government Employment Generation: The South Coast Labour Council 1981-1996." University of Sydney. Business, Discipline of Work and Organisational Studies, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/574.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The thesis examines the role of regional labour councils in local employment generation. It specifically analyses the case of an Australian regional labour council, the South Coast Labour Council (SCLC), between 1981 and 1996. The Illawarra region was the centre of SCLC activity. It was an industrialised region that experienced high levels of unemployment in the period. These were greater than the State and national averages, which reflected a geographical concentration of unemployment in certain regions in Australia. The SCLC attempted to address this issue, as it was part of the union structure that was specifically focused on the regional level and on regional concerns. The study argues that the SCLC developed a local employment generation strategy and it examines how and why this was adopted and pursued. It finds that the SCLC was well placed at the regional level and was well resourced with a capacity to influence the external environment through its utilisation of both political and industrial methods in a period of agreeable internal relations. The research identifies the development of its local employment generation strategy. Sometimes the SCLC pursued its strategy in a manner of ad hoc decision-making and muddling through, while at other times it involved characteristic and distinctive regular patterns. The thesis concludes by evaluating the SCLC�s strategy of local employment generation and by exploring the applicability of the general trade union literature on methods and strategy to regional labour councils.
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Rittau, Yasmin. "Regional Labour Councils and Local Government Employment Generation: The South Coast Labour Council 1981-1996." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/574.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The thesis examines the role of regional labour councils in local employment generation. It specifically analyses the case of an Australian regional labour council, the South Coast Labour Council (SCLC), between 1981 and 1996. The Illawarra region was the centre of SCLC activity. It was an industrialised region that experienced high levels of unemployment in the period. These were greater than the State and national averages, which reflected a geographical concentration of unemployment in certain regions in Australia. The SCLC attempted to address this issue, as it was part of the union structure that was specifically focused on the regional level and on regional concerns. The study argues that the SCLC developed a local employment generation strategy and it examines how and why this was adopted and pursued. It finds that the SCLC was well placed at the regional level and was well resourced with a capacity to influence the external environment through its utilisation of both political and industrial methods in a period of agreeable internal relations. The research identifies the development of its local employment generation strategy. Sometimes the SCLC pursued its strategy in a manner of ad hoc decision-making and muddling through, while at other times it involved characteristic and distinctive regular patterns. The thesis concludes by evaluating the SCLC�s strategy of local employment generation and by exploring the applicability of the general trade union literature on methods and strategy to regional labour councils.
28
Steenbergen, Dirk. "Negotiating the future of local ‘Backwaters’: Participatory marine conservation on small islands in Eastern Indonesia." Thesis, Steenbergen, Dirk (2013) Negotiating the future of local ‘Backwaters’: Participatory marine conservation on small islands in Eastern Indonesia. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2013. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/19364/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The biodiversity rich coastal waters of eastern Indonesia have in recent years become a centre of interest for marine conservation initiatives. Island communities across the region find themselves engaged with conservation oriented agencies concerned to develop sustainable management of marine resources. Through these engagements flow new ideas, meanings and practices of conservation, that do not necessarily reflect either dominant science-based conservation ideas, or local customary perceptions and practice.
To understand the interplay of structural and agency-based forces behind the implementation of marine conservation, the collaborations and contestations taking place within communities, and between them and conservationists, are examined according to the different meanings and values that become attached to conservation programs. Through an ethnographic examination of the agency of actors with roles as key mediators (brokers and agents) and their relationships with local social structures and institutions, the research seeks to make sense of local societal responses to conservation interventions.
These complex interactions are investigated through an in-depth examination of the workings of two participatory marine conservation programs under the coordination of a single conservation NGO, the Indonesian Locally Managed Marine Area network (I-LMMA). The engagements of I-LMMA with two separate small island artisan fishing communities in eastern Indonesia form the two main case studies: Tanimbar Kei, in the Kei Archipelago in Maluku province, and Meos Mangguandi, in the Padaido Islands in Papua province.
The social and political associations of mediators involved in environmental ‘conversations’ at the interface between social domains are explored. Of specific interest are the affiliations these individuals have to certain influential groups or institutions that affect their position in formal negotiations and emerging relationships. The case studies researched show how conservation programs gain local support or incite local resistance. Moreover, findings suggest that the integration of conservation ideas into communities through external interventions aligned with adaptive co-management objectives does not necessarily result in the kinds of sustainable conservation practices that were intended at the outset. Local dynamic socio-political contexts and the individuals who mediate conservation ideas within these contexts are strong forces that shape outcomes for conservation.
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Fong, Yiu-chak, and 方耀澤. "Identity creation: the negotiation of local and national identities among students in the Hong Kong SpecialAdministrative Region (HKSAR)." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45015557.
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Kearney, Barbara Ann. "Exerting local power over federal process stakeholder negotiation process in the Canyon Forest Village Land Exchange process 1992-2002 /." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/3475.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2006.Thesis research directed by: Geography. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Fong, Yiu-chak. "Identity creation : the negotiation of local and national identities among students in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B3712092X.
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Maurer, Elizabeth G. "Negotiating self, sociality, and local knowledge : metadiscourse, audience design, face-work and genre in computer mediated discourse." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/7719.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This dissertation addresses claims about the internet’s effects on language and, by
extension, on identity, social relations, and social orders. It investigates three areas of
language competency which produce and are produced by people’s knowledge of social
roles and relations: linguistic pragmatics, metadiscourse about computer-mediated
discourse (CMD), and genre. The dissertation argues that these competencies are forms
of “local knowledge” (Appadurai, 1996, 180), upon which subjects draw to reproduce
local contexts in which subjectivity and social relations can be meaningfully experienced
and understood. However, because of new conditions for writing and speech online (such
as interactivity, anonymity, and possibilities for public address), and evolving
expectations about mobility and borders, Internet users face challenges to their ability to
reproduce such local knowledge—or they face the possibility that discourse change might
prove an occasion for transforming local roles and relations.
Examining how internet users negotiate the production of local knowledge in
these conditions shows that existing theoretical understandings of metadiscourse (such as
“netiquette” discourse), of technology’s effects on the pragmatics of audience design, and
of genre evolution need to be adjusted. As part of reframing the internet’s effects on these
competencies, the dissertation proposes that social theorist Erving Goffman’s
observations about “face-work” (1955; 1959) are a valuable contribution to studies of
pragmatics, genre, and metadiscourse, both online and offline.
Chapter One surveys scholarly and folk assumptions about language, identity, and
sociality online and argues that such discourse needs to be questioned in light of CMD’s
challenges to local knowledge. Chapter Two examines the linguistic pragmatics of
audience design in asynchronic CMD, analyzing national news discourse and the
evolution and functions of “netiquette” literature. Two chapters about online genres
examine how rhetors respond to the possibilities for civic writing and hence for
enhancing citizenship. The first of these analyzes a new genre, the “homeless blog,”
along with the network of public responses to it; the second investigates the evolution of
an older, established genre by examining, through comparative and corpus-based
analysis, petitioning and electronic petitioning of the Canadian House of Commons.
33
Van, Houten Kirsten. "Translating Interests and Negotiating Hybridity: The Contributions of Local Civil Society Organisations to Peacebuilding in South Kivu." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/38538.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis examines the role of local civil society organisations (CSOs) in representing and addressing local needs in hybridized peacebuilding processes in South Kivu, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). To do so it examines how local CSOs contribute to peacebuilding efforts, as well as who and what influence those contributions. Further, it considers the potential reach of such interventions at the community, provincial and national levels.
The research for this thesis examines three locally founded and operated civil society organisations in Bukavu, South Kivu, whose efforts directly respond to known local causes of conflict in the region. Its findings demonstrate how they translate the needs and knowledge of community-level actors to external and international partners, from whom they receive funding and knowledge that support their ability to deliver peacebuilding projects that respond to those community-level needs. While their external international partners were found to maintain material power in relation to these peacebuilding interventions, the local CSOs were shown to hold significant discursive power in this role of translators and intermediaries in these processes.
These findings challenge homogenous constructions of the local presented by post-liberal peacebuilding literature. They recognize the diversity of the local including individuals or groups who have been directly impacted by an ongoing violent conflict in a fixed geographical location whose experiences of war are shaped by their identities, and who share long-term interests in potential peace. Understanding the local in this way acknowledges a spectrum of actors contributing to peacebuilding in South Kivu and invites a reconsideration of binary constructions of hybridity. Acknowledging the important role that civil society and other intermediaries play in peacebuilding offers a foundation of understanding hybridity as a process of translation rather than shock.
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Beautement, Mark. "Peace in whose time? : ripeness and local negotiated agreements : the Sangin Accord, Helmand Province, Afghanistan, 2006-2011." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2016. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/peace-in-whose-time-ripeness-and-local-negotiated-agreements(00f70640-4212-4ee9-a6a0-df1e4170012c).html.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Sangin District, in Helmand Province, was once described by US Defense Secretary Robert Gates as “the most dangerous not only in Afghanistan but maybe the whole world.” Nevertheless, Afghan Government officials received a written offer of peace from the principal local grouping aligned to the Taliban on the 29th May 2010, before NATO’s surge, or Sangin’s handover from U.K. to U.S. forces. This offer evolved into the local negotiated agreement known as the Sangin Accord, announced in January 2011. This is the first academic study of that agreement. This work also considers relationships between motivations for negotiation at the local level, and international policy and actions: military power, stabilisation activities, and reconciliation (including the co-option and legitimation of enemies). It compares explanations for negotiated agreements from academic theory and military doctrine, especially I. William Zartman’s ripeness theory and its evolutions, and offers suggestions for other local reintegration or reconciliation scenarios. The conclusions offer observations on applying Ripeness theory when intervening to seek political reconciliation in a local area removed from centralised authority, and without a permanent military advantage – which I term ‘fringe areas’. It highlights the impact of history (both received and remembered), and traumatic experiences, on memory, perception and rationality; vital factors for Ripeness theory. Finally, it explores the paradox between policymakers’ desire to negotiate from a position of strength, and Ripeness theory’s contradictory requirement for a mutually perceived hurting stalemate – simultaneously alongside a political Way Out – as essential preconditions to genuine negotiation.
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Segundo, Paulo Roberto Gonçalves. "Tradição, dinamicidade e estabilidade nas práticas discursivas: um estudo da negociação intersubjetiva na imprensa paulistana." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-25042012-161141/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Os estudos acerca dos modos de ação discursiva especialmente, no que se refere aos gêneros discursivos são marcados por uma grande pluralidade de abordagens, que tendem a enfatizar ora a polarização, ora a integração das noções de estabilidade, dinamicidade, produto e processo como princípios fundamentais de sua constituição. Nesta tese por meio de um diálogo entre a Teoria da Estruturação (GIDDENS, 2009), a proposta crítico-discursiva (FAIRCLOUGH, 2007), a Linguística Sistêmico-Funcional (HALLIDAY & MATTHIESSEN, 2004) e o conceito de Tradição Discursiva (KABATEK, 2004) , concebe-se e analisa-se a ação discursiva a partir de seus processos de construção, apresentando uma proposta teórico-metodológica calcada em procedimentos quantitativos e qualitativos que enfocam a depreensão de padrões semântico-discursivos de recursos linguísticos socialmente motivados e funcionalmente coesos, orientados em termos teleológicos e negociativos que busca fornecer bases para o exame do embate fundamental, intrínseco às práticas discursivas, entre os processos de estabilização geridos, principalmente, pelas coerções estruturais das distintas esferas dos sistemas sociais, que, por meio de sua deontologia, hierarquizam os padrões preferenciais de recursos linguísticos associados à realização de determinadas teleologias socialmente motivadas e dinamização promovidos pelos atores sociais em relação às instituições e das organizações diante da esfera, em uma atividade negociativa constante que atua na tensão entre padronização e inovação, entre resistência e complacência, entre hegemonia e alternatividade. Nessa perspectiva, tornou-se possível examinar o processo de negociação intersubjetiva empreendido nos editoriais da imprensa paulistana de bairro, o que permitiu depreender tanto suas idiossincrasias institucionais e identitárias, quanto as preferências deontológicas relativas à esfera e aos imperativos de comunicação contemporâneos, associados ao mercado simbólico. Desse modo, pôde-se constatar que a imprensa paulistana de bairro constitui-se em uma esfera multifacetada, cujos editoriais apresentam padrões preferenciais variados de construção discursiva, tanto em termos sintagmáticos quanto paradigmáticos, cumprindo diversas teleologias centrais criticar, exortar, exaltar e informar , de modo a perpassar múltiplas estratégias de construção de autoridade, credibilidade, intimidade e comprometimento, atualizadas segundo uma combinatória complexa de recursos interpessoais de avaliatividade, envolvimento e exortatividade.The studies about the discursive ways of acting specially, the ones which focus the notion of genre are marked by a vast plurality of approaches, stressing either the polarization, either the integration of the notions of stability, dynamicity, product and process as fundamental principles of their constitution. This thesis through a convergence between the Structuration Theory (GIDDENS, 2009), the critical discursive approach (FAIRCLOUGH, 2007), the Systemic-Functional Linguistics (HALLIDAY & MATTHIESSEN, 2004) and the concept of Discourse Tradition (KABATEK, 2004) conceives and analyzes the discursive action considering its process of construction, proposing a methodological and theoretical approach based on quantitative and qualitative procedures that emphasize the detection of discursivesemantic patterns of socially motivated and functionally cohesive linguistic resources, oriented in terms of teleology and intersubjective negotiation which aims to provide basis for the investigation of the fundamental conflict between processes of stability governed, mainly, by the structural coercions of distinct fields in the social systems, which, by means of their deontology, hierarchize the preferential patterns of linguistic resources associated with the execution of certain socially motivated functionalities and dynamicity promoted by social actors in interaction with institutions and by organizations towards their fields of activity, in a constant negotiative development that operates in the tension between standardization and innovation, resistance and compliance, hegemony and alternativity. Thus, it became possible to examine the process of intersubjective negotiation undertaken in São Paulo citys local press editorials, allowing the detection of not only institutional and identificational idiosyncrasies, but also of the deontological preferences associated with the field of activity and the contemporary imperatives of communication, which are intrinsically connected to the developments in the symbolic market. Hence, we could establish that the local press constitute itself as a multifaceted field, with editorials that hold several preferential patterns of discursive construction, encompassing both paradigmatic and syntagmatic compositionality, and fulfill diverse central functionalities criticizing, exhorting, praising and informing , achieved by the actualization of multiple strategies of authority, credibility, intimacy and commitment construal, allowed by a complex combination of interpersonal resources of appraisal, involvement and exhortation.
36
Rönn, Charlotta. "Global educational reform in a local context : Implementation, resistance, and negotiation of educational reform in Moroccan municipal upper-secondary schools." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Pedagogiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-82896.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis showed an analysis of what happened when global educational reforms were implemented in a local Moroccan culture context. Through analyzing and deconstructing discourses in policy documents, as well as qualitative interviews with teachers and pupils in municipal uppersecondary schools and comparing these to each other, a picture was given of what happened in the meeting between the new policies and the implementation of them locally; how they were implemented, resisted and negotiated by different parties concerned. The educational policy, advocating e.g. Education for All, and acquisition of foreign language skills, reproduced social hierarchies when implemented in the Moroccan context. Post-colonial languages, such as French, worked as a class cursor, creating a rift between the social classes and their access to higher education. Student-centered methods were resisted by the teachers, but negotiated by the pupils.
37
Roehrig, Michael Franz. "Government policy and Sino-foreign joint venture operations the role of local bargaining in policy implementation in contemporary China /." The Ohio State University, 1992. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/29741561.html.
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Jiwaji, Aamera Hamzaali. "Negotiating the global : how young women in Nairobi shape their local identities in response to aspects of the mexican telenovela, Cuando seas mia." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013364.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Latin American telenovelas have been exported to more than a hundred countries across the globe. While they are popular in their country of production because their messages resonate with their audience’s everyday experiences, their popularity amongst global audiences with whom they share neither a social nor a cultural history is unexplained. Kenya has been importing and airing Latin American telenovelas since the early 1990s, and telenovelas have permeated many aspects of Kenyan daily life, when compared to other foreign globally-distributed media products that are aired on Kenyan television. As global media products, telenovelas remain open to criticisms from the media imperialism thesis. This research adopts an ethnographic approach to the study of audiences, and looks at the reception of a Mexican telenovela, Cuando Seas Mia, by a group of young Kenyan women in Nairobi. It reflects upon the media imperialism thesis from an African perspective by investigating the meanings that these women make from Cuando Seas Mia, and how these shape their changing local identities and cultures. The young women in this study, most of whom have moved to the city from the rural areas, are influenced by traditional, patriarchal Kenyan society and by the modern, Western influences of an urban environment. They experience a tension between their evolving rural and urban roles and identities and are drawn to telenovelas because their exploration of rural-urban themes holds a relevance to their own lives. They negotiate their contemporary African youth identities, gender roles and heterosexual relationships in relation to representations in the telenovela, questioning and destabilising African and Western definitions. These women select aspects from their traditional, African cultures and from their modern, Western experiences (and consumption of global media) and reconstruct them into a transitional youth identity which suits their day to day lives as young women living in an urban African environment.
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Meirelles, Davi Furtado. "Negociação coletiva no local de trabalho: a experiência dos metalúrgicos do ABC." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2006. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/7139.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:24:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
Dissertacao Davi Furtado Meirelles.pdf: 624515 bytes, checksum: 4ca9892f78a551b440bd90002df544b9 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2006-05-19The theme collective labor negotiation only drew the attention of law scholars a few years ago. This is due to the fact that Brazil never adopted a model that could favor this form of conflict resolution. The legislation of the Vargas Era caused the emergence of assistant unionism, which was subordinated to the State. The Constitution of 1988, although allowing the organization of unions, continued adopting the same practices that prevent full freedom in their operation. With this, the collective negotiation process is still very timid here. Based on collective private autonomy, we will approach collective negotiation in this study starting from a general analysis of its legal aspects, but with focus on its development in workplaces. The purpose is to discover and describe the successful localized negotiation experiences in the country, especially, in the case of the metallurgical steelworkers of the ABC region in the State of São Paulo. For such, the objects of the study shall be its concept and the definition, both in the international and Brazilian legislation, regarding doctrinal positions. The legal nature and the birth of the negotiating process will follow. And, soon after, the main principles of Law and those specific for collective negotiations. Then we will analyze their functions and the legislation complex that regulates its operation, based on the ILT, the constitutional and infra-constitutional Brazilian legislation, and the proposal for union reform discussed at the National Labor Forum (FNT). Next, we will study the classification of collective negotiation under the four different views, and in the part related with its structure, we will approach the subjects, levels, content, and the procedures for its realization. After this general analysis, to deepen our understanding about collective negotiation, it will be necessary to learn the meaning of the internal representation of workers, discussing the legislation and comparative law, besides experiences found in Brazil, with emphasis on the factory committees that emerged in the ABC region metallurgical steelworkers. A description of the historical moment that allowed the emergence of the new unionism in that region will be made. And, as a final goal, the examples of the negotiations that took place in the companies located in the ABC, developed from those internal organizations will be subject to discussion, as successful experiences that deserve being replicated
O tema negociação coletiva de trabalho somente despertou interesse dos estudiosos do direito de alguns anos para cá. Isso se deve ao fato de que o Brasil nunca adotou um modelo que pudesse privilegiar essa forma de solução de conflitos. A legislação da Era Vargas fez nascer um sindicalismo assistencialista, atrelado ao Estado. E a Constituição de 1988, em que pese ter possibilitado a liberdade organizativa dos sindicatos, continuou adotando práticas que impossibilitam uma plena liberdade de atuação dos mesmos. Com isso, o processo de negociação coletiva ainda é muito tímido por aqui. Baseada na autonomia privada coletiva, a negociação coletiva será tratada neste estudo, partindo de uma análise geral sobre os seus aspectos jurídicos, mas focalizada no seu desenvolvimento nos locais de trabalho. A finalidade é conhecer e descrever as experiências de negociação localizada que deram certo no país, notadamente, o caso dos metalúrgicos do ABC paulista. Para tanto, serão objetos de estudo o conceito e a definição, tanto das legislações internacional e brasileira, quanto das posições doutrinárias. A natureza jurídica e o nascimento do processo negocial virão a seguir. E, logo após, os princípios gerais de direito e os específicos para a negociação coletiva. Em seguida, serão analisadas as suas funções e o complexo legislativo que disciplina a sua atuação, tomando como base as regras da OIT, da legislação constitucional e infra-constitucional brasileira e da proposta de reforma sindical discutida no Fórum Nacional do Trabalho (FNT). Seguindo adiante, será estudada a classificação da negociação coletiva, sob quatro vertentes diferentes e, na parte relativa a sua estrutura, serão abordados os sujeitos, os níveis, o seu conteúdo e os procedimentos para a sua efetivação. Após essa análise mais geral, para entender um pouco mais da negociação localizada, necessário se fará conhecer o que significa representação interna de trabalhadores, discorrendo sobre a legislação e o direito comparado, além das experiências encontradas no Brasil, com destaque para as comissões de fábrica surgidas no seio da categoria metalúrgica do ABC. Uma narrativa sobre o momento histórico que proporcionou o surgimento do novo sindicalismo naquela região estará presente. E, como objetivo final, os exemplos de negociação nas próprias empresas do ABC, desenvolvidos a partir daquelas organizações internas, serão comentados, enquanto experiências que deram certas e que merecem e devem ser seguidas
40
Odvárková, Markéta. "Sociální dialog v územní samosprávě v ČR." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-125053.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of this work is to describe the quality of social dialogue in local government in the area of Czech Republic, to find out if there is, in the presence of trade union in the local government institutions, a positive influence on civil servants working for local authorities and if the impacts on austerity measures realized are reduced. For this purpose, it is important to give a detailed description of a position and function that the local government in the public sector in the Czech Republic has and to clarify a position of civil servants working for local authorities. In this work, there is also described the system of social dialog and there are analyzed the social dialog institutions with the aim of the local government. In order to find out the trade union influence over the public servants working for local authorities satisfaction, it is carried out a survey at all levels of local government. It is found a little influence on the satisfaction that the trade unions have, resulting from a relatively poor labor union organized character. This situation is, in connection with austerity measures, one cause of the social dialog in the public sector ineffectiveness.
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Schlesinger, Gerald. "The multiple and conflicting roles of local government in negotiating parkland acquisition : can the negotiations satisfy the criteria of ethics and the dimensions of interests?" Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/12219.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The practice of providing urban parks as an integral part of community development no
longer creates public debate about the function or legal authority of local governments to make
such purchases. However, the debate continues on the ethics of local government's parkland
acquisition practices. These practices have the capability and motivation to influence the land
value of sites they wish to acquire. Local governments are responsible for determining land
use, which in turn affects land value. The limited financial means of local government to
acquire parks makes influencing land value one way of stretching the scarce resources of the
community.
The ethics practiced in the negotiations to acquire urban parkland where the land has
development potential are unique because:
1. Parkland is a public good and not a market commodity;
2. The potential for other higher land uses exists; and
3. Local government plays a dual role: one of a regulator and approving authority for
determining land use and providing community stewardship, and the other as the
corporate cost controlling agency seeking to acquire land.
These qualities create the strong possibility for ethical conflict to occur in the negotiating
process.
Building upon the Interest-Based approach to negotiations, this paper uses a set of
Prescriptive, Intuitive and Evaluative (P.I.E.) criteria that define ethical conduct, and the
dimensions of Fact, Social Consensus and Experience that defines the dimensions of interests,
to develop a General Model for Ethical Negotiations (GMEN). Conceptually, the GMEN
model is a three-sided pyramid within a sphere of negotiations. Negotiations that adhere to the
principles defining the parameters of the pyramid would be considered ethical. Negotiations
outside the pyramid are considered unethical.
Six parkland acquisition cases are discussed using the GMEN model. In this study, the
parameters establishing the criteria for passing ethical judgment are the functions of the
political economy, the policy statements of the local government, and the legislation that
delegates power and authority to local government.
The study finds that ethical conflict is inherent in parkland negotiations where the land
has development potential because of the multiple roles and dual character of local government.
This conflict is not necessarily illegal since prescriptive criteria are only one means of judging
ethics. Nor is the outcome necessarily negative to the vendor, since the public may end up with
a less attractive park agreement. However, the parameters that would require parkland
acquisition negotiations to be ethical sometimes conflict with some of the multiple roles held by
local government. Several recommendations are made that would help to reduce ethical
conflict and the imbalance in parkland negotiations.
42
Du, Toit Petrus Jacobus Vivier. "Nie-gewelddadige aksie (NGA) en die ontwikkeling van swart plaaslike regering : 'n histories-kritiese ontleding, 1982 tot 1994." Thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/16715.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Text in AfrikaansSuid-Afrika het as gevolg van apartheid vir etlike dekades oor 'n gedeeltelik legitieme plaaslike regeringstelsel beskik. Die probleem is dat die land se apartheidsregering afsonderlike stelsels vir blankes en swartes in aparte woongebiede in stand gehou het, welke beleid vir meeste Suid-Afrikaners onaanvaarbaar was. Swart plaaslike owerhede wat swart plaaslike regering moes bedryf, was nog polities nog ekonomies lewensvatbaar. Die rede hiervoor is dat hul enersyds deur die gemeenskap verwerp is en andersyds nie voldoende inkomstebronne gehad het om plaaslike owerheidsdienste finansieel onafhanklik te lewer nie. Stedelike swart gemeenskappe was aan 'n, vir hulle, onaanvaarbare apartheidsgestruktureerde swart plaaslike regeringstelsel onderworpe. Swart plaaslike owerhede was voorts as gevolg van hul ekonomiese nie-lewensvatbaarheid, gekniehalter in die lewering van plaaslike owerheidsdienste asook die daarstelling en instandhouding van kapitale ontwikkelingsprojekte. Stedelike swartes was dus blootgestel aan gebrekkige dienslewering in aparte, onderontwikkelde "slaapdorpe" waar hulle noodgedwonge moes woon. 'n Vraag waarna gevolglik gekyk word, fokus op die kenmerke van 'n ideeeltipiese model van plaaslike regering wat die gedeeltelik legitieme stelsel behoort te vervang. As gevolg van die onaanvaarbaarheid van die swart plaaslike regeringstelsel was swart plaaslike owerhede sedert die vroee tagtigerjare die teikens van aksioniste teen hierdie apartheidsproduk. Aksioniste het nie-gewelddadige aksie (NGA), geskoei op die Gandhiaanse filosofie en metodiek van Satyagraha, aangewend ten einde swart plaaslike owerhede te vernietig. NGA (wat dikwels ook tot gewelddadigheid gelei het), het tot gevolg gehad dat die owerheid later noodgedwonge 'n nuwe plaaslike regeringstelsel vir die totale Suid-Afrikaanse samelewing, met alle deelvennote moes beding. Onderhandelings het vervolgens meegebring dat 'n oorgangsproses na legitieme (demokratiese) plaaslike regering vir alle Suid-Afrikaners ingevolge die Oorgangswet op Plaaslike Regering, 1993 (Wet No. 209 van 1993) geaktiveer is. In hierdie proefskrif is gevolglik vasgestel: (1) welke invloed die politieke bedeling (apartheidsbedeling) op die ontwikkeling van stedelike swart gemeenskappe en die bedryf van swart plaaslike regering gehad het; (2) wat die aard en effek van NGA op die ontwikkeling van swart plaaslike regering was; en (3) hoe geldig die onderhandelde plaaslike regeringstelsel is, vergeleke met die ideeel-tipiese model wat geidentifiseer is.
As a result of apartheid South Africa possessed a partially legitimate local government system for several decades. The problem is that the country's apartheid government maintained separate systems for whites and blacks in separate residential areas, a policy that was unacceptable to the majority of South Africans. Black local authorities who had to maintain black local government were neither politically nor economically viable because they were rejected by the community and lacked sufficient sources of revenue to render financially independent local government services. Urban black communities were subject to what, for them, was an unacceptable apartheid-structured black local government system. Black local authorities were also prevented by their economic nonviability from delivering local government services effectively and from instituting and maintaining capital development projects. Urban blacks were therefore subjected to poor service delivery in separate, underdeveloped "dormitory towns" where they were forced to live. An issue to be considered in this regard concerns the characteristics of an ideal-typical model of local government that should replace this partially legitimate system. As a result of the unacceptability of the black local government system local authorities became the targets of activists who waged a campaign against this product of apartheid since the early eighties. Activists used non-violent action (NV A), based on the Gandhian principle of Satyagraha, to destroy black local authorities. As a result of NVA (which often led to violence) the central government was eventually forced to negotiate a new local government system for the whole of South African society with all stakeholders. Negotiations led to a process of transition to legitimate (democratic) local government for all South Africans as promulgated in the Local Government Transition Act, 1993 (Act No. 209 of I 993). Consequently the following has been established in this thesis: (1) the influence of the political dispensation (apartheid dispensation) on the development of urban black communities and the maintenance of black local government; (2) the nature and the effect of NV A on the development of black local government; and (3) how valid the negotiated local government system is, compared to the identified ideal-typical model.
Development Studies
D. Litt. et Phil. (Ontwikkelingsadministrasie)
43
Horký, Miroslav. "Proměna exekutivních koalic na Magistrátu Hlavního města Prahy ve volebním období 2010-2014." Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-265147.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of this diploma thesis Transforming of Executive Coalitions in Prague in the Electoral Period 2010 - 2014 is to analyze influences, which have an important role in a process of establishing executive coalitions and also in their stability. The analysis is based on a classical theory of coalitions, discursive analysis, interviews with direct participants and on official documents. One of the aims is to describe the level of possibility in application of theoretical concepts of coalition theory in the area of Prague's political system. There are many points of view, from which we look at stability and forming of coalitions. For example, very important point of view is an influence of making and implementing politics or an influence of politicians from national level. A big importance is focused on negotiating between participants, their statements in media and their real steps and decisions. The intention of this thesis is not an invention of general model which should be applied on similar local system, but to explain and describe the uniqueness of Prague local system and the election period of 2010 - 2014.
44
Griffiths, Catherine Jane. "Women negotiating the local-global interface: cosmetics in Singapore." Thesis, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/5334.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis is concerned with the negotiations that Singapore women make as they
traverse an ever-changing landscape that is caught in the local-global dialectic. Through field
study and archival research the author investigates the effects of the globalization of the economy
on the local practices of women. This thesis includes the global influences of the international
division of labour, consumer culture and the media. Balancing the global is the local controls of
the Singapore government, through various social mechanisms. The social landscape of
Singapore and women’s position in the landscape are central to the argument that women are
especially affected by the globalization and the local controls. The multiple roles women play as
they adapt to rapidly changing images of femininity and womanhood are discussed in the context
of the local and the global through the cosmetics industry and the use of cosmetics. The agency
of women is discussed as women were found to devise different looks to adapt to the many roles
they are asked to play in their daily experiences. Women actively seek out methods to
accommodate the changing social landscape in Singapore and cosmetics is one way they take
control of their femininity as Singapore experiences the local-global dialectic.
45
Hidayat, Muhammad Syamsu. "Decentralisation and local health discretion: pursuing the hazy path between local initiatives and central policies." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/109820.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Introduction: Decentralisation is a process of devolving roles and authorities from a central or national administration to local, subnational or regional unit for various purposes, from economics, political or pragmatic reasons. In Indonesia, decentralisation aimed to increase local responsiveness and efficiency in public services, particularly health. However, more than a decade after decentralisation implementation its impact on Indonesia’s health status remains unclear. Some health indicators, such as maternal and infant mortality rates, have shown significant improvement in recent years, but there are also signs of setback in other indicators such as contraception use and mother and child vaccination. These observations prompted questions of how decentralisation policy was interpreted and implemented at the local level, what factors influence policy implementation and what has been the role of central government in interpretation and implementation of the policy. This study explored local discretion in decision making processes, an aspect of decentralisation that has been largely been overlooked in the literature. Methods: Using a purposive sampling process, qualitative information on local interpretation and implementation of decentralisation policy was obtained from thirty local stakeholders across eight districts. These stakeholders included representatives of the local executive, legislature and technical offices. Districts were carefully selected to represent variations that may influence policy implementation, such as Java and non-Java, affluent and less affluent and urban and rural districts. Districts were also selected with consideration of interviewer accessibility and familiarity.
In order to explore decentralisation in-depth interviews were performed using an open-ended questionnaire to provide direction but at the same time give local stakeholders flexibility to express their story. There were four foci of discussion: local health planning, local health financing, local health program implementation and program evaluation. Data was organised using the framework approach and later analysed using an interpretive technique. Results and Discussion: The central government intended decentralisation to increase local responsiveness and efficiency by devolving the power to plan, finance and implement public services to local governments. However, in reality the relationship was never straightforward. The process of planning, financing and implementing public services, besides being determined by local fiscal ability and technical capacity, was also influenced by a number of other factors such as local commitment, local actors’ interpretation and interest, central policy and negotiation between local and central governments. As a result, instead of incorporating responsiveness or efficiency, recognised local health programs reflect the negotiation between these potentially opposing factors. Thus, compromise was often the result of decentralisation at the local level. A particular example of this negotiation was development of the local health coverage program, or Jamkesda. This program was the result of a combination of central government inability to provide a program of universal coverage, public demand for free health services, local politicians’ response to demand and support of local resources. A free health service has always had strong appeal for both the public and local politicians. However, as local fiscal ability varies, the extent of coverage offered by each district varied widely. This distinctiveness has been used by local politicians to strengthen and support local identity, especially with the fading and sometimes irrelevant influence of traditional allegiances in some districts. These allegiances, such as ethnicity and historical solidarity were once the major force in shaping local identity, but now such influences tend to be weakening. The void has been filled among other things by local government programs. Local politicians found Jamkesda to be a more effective local identification as it has a more direct and tangible benefit for the local public than other traditional bonds. Implementation of decentralisation in Indonesia was often portrayed within the context of the dominant role of central government. Standardisation of health services, stratified government planning and national health programs, such as jamkesmas and jampersal, are prominent central government policies that have had considerable influence on local health policy. The national policy has at times collided with local interest that has required local government to find the most suitable solution that balances both central and local interests. One such example was the moratorium on government civil servant recruitment that was applied nationally. Even though the central government formally exempted health personnel from the policy, nevertheless in practice respondents from across the districts were prevented from recruiting health personnel as government civil servants during the moratorium. Some districts defied this policy by employing new health workers on time-limited contracts. Indonesian health decision making is not all top down. Reciprocally, local government can influence central government policy. An example is the decision of a particular district to open a classless hospital, thereby meeting strong central disapproval. After countless discussions a compromise was reached, not for a classless hospital, but for an all-third class hospital with a higher standard of care. These examples illustrate that the decentralisation process has been a dynamic and vibrant process. This study shows that decentralisation has been moving towards greater central government involvement in local affairs, including in the health sector. In Javanese cultural values the central government has become the personification of father (bapak) that has the responsibility to nurture, direct, and at the same time limit, local power for the sake of national objectives such as stability and public welfare. Local discretions and initiatives are supported but only within the framework of central government policies and interests. Nonetheless, room for negotiation and ‘local defiance’ has at times been tolerated. In conclusion, decentralisation in Indonesia has been a reflection of the national value of kekeluargaan that emphasise on uniformity rather than keragaman, or diversity. Therefore, decentralisation initiated as devolution of power with a clear distribution of power between central and local governments has become more akin to power-sharing where the power of central and local governments is increasingly fused and less specified.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Public Health, 2016.
46
Sindane, Jabulani Isaac. "An analysis of the federal characteristics of the (1996) South African constitution." Diss., 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/16038.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The interim Constitution and the 1996 South African Constitution are products of a
compromise between various political parties, mainly those that advocated for a unitary
system, for example the African National Congress (ANC) and the Pan Africanist Congress
(PAC) were the leading proponents , anti the parties that advocated for a federal constitution,
the significant ones being the Inkatha Freedom Party (lFP), the National Party (NP) and the
Democratic Party (DP).
The interim Constitution and the 1996 South African Constitution contain both unitary and
substantial federal characteristics.
The study deals with the origins of the federal idea and how the concept federalism is
understood and applied internationally, and draws out some key characteristics that are
common in federal constitutions so as to measure the interim Constitution and the 1996
South African Constitution against such common characteristics.
The conclusion deals with recommendations of how the substantial federal characteristics
could be effectively managed through intergovernmental relationsPolitical Science
M.A. (African Politics)
47
Nishida, Masayuki. "Negotiating community : local adaptation strategies in state forest policy in Northern Thailand." Phd thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/151210.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Since the 1980s, local communities in northern Thailand have argued for community participation in forest management to secure communal use rights of natural resources. They eagerly sought the legalisation of participatory forest management in the constitution and its related laws sometimes by forming farmers' mass rallies in cities. Because most of the land in northern Thailand is covered by forest, state forest policy has a high impact on livelihoods in rural villages.
A lot of the literature analysing Thai forest management issues has focused on the aspect of confrontation between the state and villagers in claiming control of the natural resources. However, increasing opportunities for community participation in Thai forest management have gradually changed the socio-economic and political balance among state agencies, rural villagers, urban citizens and non-government organisations (NGOs). Based on this recent studies and observations from the field, this study proposes to change the analytical perspective from confrontation to negotiation of a flexible adaptation of state forest policy in village life. This study examines the practical and ideological negotiation of village leaders and villagers with state agencies, NGOs and neighbouring upland communities.
The study found that, in community participatory forest management In Thailand, villagers are strategically negotiating with stakeholders to secure their livelihoods and political advantage by adhering to the state nature conservation policy. The actual practice of participatory forest management is managed by compromises between villagers and local agencies at the local level. On one hand, state agencies allied with village leaders in an institution of participatory forest management to achieve territorialisation of the forest resources and monitor villagers' behaviours in the forest. Through the village leaders, the state agencies can utilise the village local system and gain legitimacy as governors of the forest in the eyes of local villagers and the public.
On the other hand, villagers have already recognised the multiple values of forests in Thai environmental politics. They have also sought livelihood security and political advantage in exchange for their contribution to state forest conservation policy. Village leaders work as negotiators between the external agencies and local villagers, with their understanding of the political context in the local community. The village leaders make efforts to keep alliances with the state agencies as good partners of the state to gain support for things like securing forest use rights, and to gain an eco-friendly reputation, to show loyalty to the state or to ask for political support against the pressure of upland ethnic minorities. For these multiple purposes on forest conservation, village leaders demonstrate their contribution to the public by attending natural conservation events and organising their religious rituals to create eco-friendly images. Overall the study illustrates local villagers' flexible adaptation strategies in reorganising their livelihood styles and identities to fit the modern environmentalism the state promotes.
This research was carried out over one year and two months from May 2007 to June 2008 in a Thai lowlanders' village surrounded by conservation forest in Northern Thailand. My research site, Ban Mae Luang village, is located in a district in Chiang Mai Province. This village has practised a pilot participatory forest management system with the state agency for three decades. In 2007, Ban Mae Luang village had 302 households and 1,103 people, who mainly cultivated glutinous rice and cash crops, which were mostly maize and peanuts. This study employed participant observation techniques and interviews with the villagers.
48
Vivoda, Vlado. "The return of the obsolescing bargain and the decline of 'big oil' a study of bargaining in the contemporary oil industry /." 2008. http://catalogue.flinders.edu.au/local/adt/public/adt-SFU20080305.150535/index.html.
Повний текст джерела
49
Harris, Nicola. "Constructing culture and negotiating identity in a local South African EFL classroom : unsettling pedagogies." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/5930.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This research report explores the ways in which English as a Foreign Language
(EFL) students and an EFL teacher position themselves in relation to the themes of
‘local’ materials as well as to the ‘global’ EFL pedagogy in a local South African
classroom. This research was undertaken to investigate the relevance of local
constructions of culture and identity within broader global EFL discourses and
classroom practices.
The research was conducted at International House Johannesburg, an affiliate
member school of a British-based EFL organisation, and focused on a group of
‘foreign’ adult students from non-English speaking African countries. The 16 page
module of materials entitled Customs in our Time, was designed by the researcher,
and attempted to create a space for the local by incorporating texts about customs
and rituals practised in certain African countries. The overall design of the study is
qualitative and draws on aspects of an ethnographic methodology. Spoken
interaction in the classroom, as well as transcripts of interviews with the twelve
participants involved, are the focus of this analysis.
I draw on the work of Canagarajah (2005) and Pennycook (1994) in situating this
research in broader sociohistorical context. I also utilise post-structuralist theory to
conceptualise the key constructs of this research: language, culture and identity
(Weedon, 1987). Of particular relevance to this study is the post-structuralist notion
of positioning in understanding the subjectivities of the research participants (Davies
& Harré, 1990). In analysing the data, I demonstrate that there are multiple, diverse
and contradictory identity positions circulating in the local classroom space. I argue
that the dominant EFL pedagogy works to negate the hybridity of this space and in
doing so strips the communicative context of it authenticity. The research thus
argues that an acknowledgment of the multiple voices and positions of the students
and teacher in the local classroom space is essential for the creation of a more
ethical and productive pedagogy: a localized pedagogy.
50
Cooperman, Alicia Dailey. "Trading Favors: Local Politics and Development in Brazil." Thesis, 2019. https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-azrz-6g03.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Why do some communities have access to essential services, such as water or health care, and neighboring communities do not? How do citizens influence the distribution of public services? This dissertation presents a theory of "trading favors" in which I argue that communities can coordinate and trade their collective votes for preferential access to public services. This long-term relationship with politicians is a form of local distributive politics, and I highlight that neighborhood associations provide a platform for voters to organize and increase their bargaining power towards politicians. I argue that 1) high community activity and 2) strong, unified leadership can enable group members to coordinate their votes before an election and get the attention of politicians after the election to improve their access to public services. I focus on variation in water access: water scarcity is a growing global concern, and access to water is often manipulated as a political tool.
During 18 months of fieldwork, I collected extensive qualitative and quantitative evidence from the state of Ceará in Northeast Brazil. I include a historical discussion of the origins of community organizing and introduce a typology of community organizing. I illustrate the theoretical mechanisms through case studies of neighboring communities that draw on 104 qualitative interviews with rural residents, local leaders, state bureaucrats, and academic experts. I test my main hypotheses through statistical analysis of an original household survey with 1,990 respondents from 120 rural communities merged with precinct-level electoral data. I also analyze long-term voting patterns at over 15,000 electoral precincts across Ceará in five municipal elections.
I find that water access is most reliable and secure in communities with high community activity, strong social ties, and constant leadership. I find evidence for my main mechanism: organized communities are more likely to concentrate their votes, and bloc voting improves water access. Communities are very consistent in their bloc voting behavior over time: the same places continue to concentrate their votes, and the same places continue to disperse their votes. I also find evidence that many communities switch allegiance across elections, which indicates that communities are credible in their threats to switch their electoral support if they do not get the services they need.
My findings shed light on the important but poorly understood influence of collective action on local politics and development. The distributive politics literature tends to focus on decision-making by parties and politicians. My results demonstrate the agency of voters in organizing collectively to select and influence candidates that make distributive appeals, especially through neighborhood associations. I develop our understanding of local leaders, who often serve as development/vote brokers and intermediate access to the state, and I provide evidence that poor citizens bargain with their votes and can use bloc voting as a grassroots strategy for improving public service access.