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1
Hämmerle, Walter. Zwischen Konkurrenz und Konsens: Entscheidungsregeln im kommunalen politischen System. Opladen: Leske + Budrich, 2000.
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2
Trust, American Farmland, ed. Survey of geographic information systems for natural resources decision making at the local level. Washington, D. C: The Trust, 1985.
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3
Brough, Richard. The design and construction of a decision-support system for planning local hospital services. [s.l.]: typescript, 1985.
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4
Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (Program), ed. Piloting local decision making in the development of a REDD+ compliant benefit distribution system for Viet Nam: Final report. Hanoi?]: UNREDD Programme, 2012.
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5
J, Adams Roy. Decision support systems in academic libraries. Wetherby, West Yorkshire: British Library, 1991.
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6
Washington (State). Division of Drinking Water., ed. Operating permits for drinking water systems: Information for water systems and local decision makers. [Olympia, Wash.]: Washington State Dept. of Health, Environmental Health Programs, Division of Drinking Water, 2004.
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7
Edner, Sheldon M. Urban decision making for transportation investments: Portland's light rail transit line. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, 1985.
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8
National Research Council (U.S.). Steering Committee on Space Applications and Commercialization., National Research Council (U.S.). Space Studies Board., and National Research Council (U.S.). Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences., eds. Using remote sensing in state and local government: Information for management and decision making. Washington, D.C: National Academies Press, 2003.
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9
National Research Council (U.S.). Transportation Research Board., ed. Information needs to support state and local transportation decision making into the 21st century: Proceedings of a conference, Irvine, California, March 2-5, 1997. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 1997.
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10
Shul'zhenko, Tat'yana, Andrey Zhuk, and Dar'ya Ivanova. Logistics of new urban mobility: a value-oriented approach. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1971850.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The monograph reveals the provisions of a value-oriented approach to the management of logistics systems of public urban passenger transport, relevant to the conditions of a client-centered economy and aimed at increasing the sustainability of the functioning of the passenger transport complex of the city in the context of the development of alternative forms of urban mobility. The ideological basis of the author's concept of a value—oriented approach is the understanding of the duality of the recipient of the services of the logistics system of urban public passenger transport - passengers and the city, which makes it possible to justify strategic decisions on the development of the logistics system of public urban passenger transport by balancing the parameters of service and passenger flows, achieved by meeting the needs of recipients while observing restrictions on their financing.
It is intended for researchers, representatives of executive bodies of state administration of the subjects of the Russian Federation and local self-government, providing the organization of transport services to the population in cities and urban agglomerations, designers of urban logistics systems, developers of transport and related services in urban mobility systems, as well as for teachers and university students. It can be useful for a wide range of people interested in the management of logistics systems, the development of urban public passenger transport, modern urbanism.
11
Vagin, Vladimir, Milyausha Pinskaya, Nadezhda Gavrilova, and Natal'ya Shapovalova. Taxes of citizens in initiative budgeting. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1816637.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The monograph is devoted to the analysis and evaluation of the productivity of the methodology of initiative budgeting in relation to taxation. The ways of involving citizens in public administration and budget decisions formed in Russian and foreign studies are revealed. It is shown that one of the promising practices of initiative budgeting can be the participation of citizens in decisions on the direction of part of the expenditures of local budgets for co-financing projects of initiative budgeting. It is revealed that additional positive effects arise in the form of increased motivation for collecting local taxes and fees and an overall increase in the volume of revenues from local taxes and fees. Thus, there is a productive integration of the methodology of initiative budgeting and tax policy at the local level.
It is addressed to economists, lawyers, managers, managers and specialists of federal public authorities, as well as teachers, graduate students and students of economic and law universities and faculties, students of the advanced training system.
12
Osavelyuk, Aleksey, Elena Zabelina, Valeriy Nevinskiy, and Valentina Komarova. Differentiation of subjects of competence and powers in the system of public power. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1303022.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The book, based on a large amount of factual and legislative material, analysis of decisions of domestic judicial bodies and the ECHR, shows the powers and functions of state and local self-government bodies in the conditions of differentiation of subjects of competence and powers to ensure the most effective solution of tasks in the interests of the population. The paper examines foreign experience and the regulation of these issues by international law.
The textbook is prepared taking into account the Law of the Russian Federation on the Amendment to the Constitution of the Russian Federation of March 14, 2020 No. 1-FKZ On Improving the regulation of certain issues of the organization and functioning of public Power".
13
Office, General Accounting. Social Security Administration: More effort needed to assess consistency of disability decisions : report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Social Security, Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: GAO, 2004.
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14
U. S. Government Accountability Offi Gao. Climate Information: A National System Could Help Federal, State, Local, and Private Sector Decision Makers Use Climate Information. Independently Published, 2019.
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15
Lidström, Anders. Swedish Local and Regional Government in a European Context. Edited by Jon Pierre. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199665679.013.51.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Although Swedish local government shares a set of traits that are common to all other European local government systems, it stands out, in many respects, as unique. The particular combination of local responsibility for costly tax-financed national welfare policies, strong and mainly nationally organized political parties at local level, consistent decision-making collectivism, and a type of representative democracy that leaves little room for means of direct democracy make Sweden different. These features are intertwined, reflecting core values of the Scandinavian welfare model. Although many of them have been challenged during recent decades, popular support for the welfare system remains strong.
16
Diaz, Clive. Decision Making in Child and Family Social Work. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447354444.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This book presents new research on the extent to which parents and children participate in decision making when childcare social workers are involved and it considers two key meetings in depth: child protection conferences and child in care reviews. There is currently a great deal of interest in how social workers can work more effectively with families and in particular give children a voice. There is also considerable public and media interest in the child protection system, in particular relating to how children are safeguarded by social workers. This book will argue that unless we listen to (and act upon whenever possible) the views of children it is very difficult to safeguard and offer them an effective service. The unique selling point of the book will be that it is based on original solid empirical research following interviews with multiple stakeholders across two local authorities in England including children (n=75), parents (n=52), social workers (n=11, independent reviewing officers (n=8) and senior managers (n=7). This book will consider how 10 years of austerity has impacted on the child protection system and it will have a particular focus on how current practice leads to children and parents often feeling oppressed and excluded in decision making about their lives. The book promises to be authoritative and informed on issues on the ground and very relevant to both policy and practice.
17
Beyond Maps: GIS Decision Making in Local Government. ESRI Press, 2000.
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18
Dean, Rebecca M. Fauna and the emergence of intensive agricultural economies in the United States Southwest. Edited by Umberto Albarella, Mauro Rizzetto, Hannah Russ, Kim Vickers, and Sarah Viner-Daniels. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199686476.013.36.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Hohokam of Arizona, USA, created one of the most intensive agricultural systems in North America. Their hunting economy intensified along with the agricultural system, but intensification (measured through the diversification of hunting strategies) was mitigated by a variety of processes, not all of which are easily understood by traditional methods of measuring intensification, such as diet breadth models. Hunting intensification was limited by constraints placed on hunters due to agricultural labour needs, and affected by changes in local landscapes for agricultural purposes. The hunting behaviour of the Hohokam cannot be understood solely in its own terms, as a product of optimal decision-making based on the availability of prey in the landscape at large. Rather, decisions were contextualized within the constraints of the social and labour organization of the agricultural system, and were contingent on the changes that had been made to that landscape as a result of agricultural demands.
19
Parpworth, Neil. 16. Tribunals, inquiries, and the ombudsmen remedy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198810704.003.0016.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter begins by distinguishing between tribunals and inquiries. A tribunal is a permanent body that sits periodically, while an inquiry is something which is established on an ad hoc basis. Tribunals are empowered to make decisions that are binding on those parties subject to their jurisdiction; inquiries generally do not have formal decision-making powers. Tribunals are concerned with matters of fact and law, whereas inquiries are concerned with wider policy issues. The discussion then turns to the reform of the tribunal system, the former Administrative Justice and Tribunals Council, the origins of ombudsmen, the Parliamentary Commissioner, ombudsmen of devolved institutions, the Health Service Commissioner, the Local Government Commissioners, ombudsmen and the courts, proposals for a unified Public Service Ombudsman service, and the European Ombudsman.
20
Water basics for decision makers: What local officials need to know about water and wastewater systems. Denver, Colo: American Water Works Association, 2008.
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21
Phelps, Charles E., and Guru Madhavan. Making Better Choices. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190871147.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Making Better Choices is about how we make decisions together and the tools we use to get to those decisions. We make joint decisions out of necessity because the choices we make affect each other. Each decision we take has a consequence. This book reinforces why we need better systems design and analyses given the consequences of our decisions. It is also about carefully thinking about the values of the choices we make, whether they occur in a small meeting of individuals in a local association or community or in a national election. It will illuminate the differences between sincere behavior and strategic behavior to defeat an opponent in voting, the latter being quite common. The book will also review different voting systems, what their original intents were, and what their deficits are. In trying to bring all these topics together and more, the authors realized that the book is in essence an outcome of the arranged marriage between social choice and systems engineering that they conducted. The more one begins to explore the aspects of social choice and systems engineering, the more one realizes how much they have in common, and how much more they can offer if they are unified.
22
Purcell, Carl. The Politics of Children's Services Reform. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447348764.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Comparative research has identified two broad types of child welfare system. In child protection systems the principal remit of welfare agencies is to identify and respond to actual or potential incidences of child abuse or maltreatment. In contrast family service systems are characterised by a stronger spirit of partnership between the state and families and an emphasis on working to prevent the need for coercive state intervention. This book examines the development of children’s services reform in England over recent decades to explain a shift from family service polices towards a narrower child protection approach. Successive waves of reform in England have invariably been framed as responses to high-profile child abuse inquires and media generated scandal including the cases of Victoria Climbié and Baby P. However, this book challenges the idea that it is the apparent failings of local agencies, including child and family social workers, that drive successive waves of reform. Instead, it turns the spotlight on the process of policy-making at the national level, and highlights the role played by party political leaders and senior government ministers in driving reform. The book is informed by 45 interviews with key decision-makers including ministers, senior civil servants, children’s charity leaders, local authority directors and social work researchers.
23
Carson, Lyn, and Brian Martin. Random Selection in Politics. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216004707.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
How might the entire citizenry of a country make the decisions that affect them? Carson and Martin provide the first accessible and comprehensive overview of random selection as a possible process for transforming our modern political systems. Building on the theoretical work of the likes of John Burnheim and Fred Emery and drawing on their own work with social action groups, they outline a set of methods that go beyond the mere tapping of community opinion to reveal not only preferences but a more active role in creating the community. Random selection, as Carson and Martin show, has been used in community participation in short-term decision making and long-term planning. It can be a powerful tool in the development of local, federal, and international policy. An important and innovative look at government decision making, this will be of primary interest to scholars and researchers in political theory and electoral systems, as well as political activists and reformers.
24
Santoro, Calogero, and Mauricio Uribe. Inca Imperial Colonization in Northern Chile. Edited by Sonia Alconini and Alan Covey. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190219352.013.38.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this chapter, the authors argue that the rapid, extensive, and efficient expansion of the Inca into northern Chile was not the consequence of random decisions. On the contrary, the cases studies presented show strategic geopolitical decision-making aimed to reduce conflict for resources and land between local leaders and foreign polities. These indigenous leaders and foreign imperial representatives became active agents in the promotion and implementation of the state programs. The case studies explored comprise Zapahuira, Tarapacá Viejo, and Catarpe. By transforming the economic, political, and ideological systems, the authors also argue that the Inca integrated northern Chile into a broader socioeconomic network through the Capac Ñan.
25
Rozell, Mark J., and Clyde Wilcox. Federalism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780190900052.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Federalism: A Very Short Introduction provides a concise overview of the principles and operations of federalism, the political system defined by power sharing between a national government and its subnational units, from its origins and evolution to the key events and constitutional decisions that have defined its framework. While the primary focus is on the United States, a comparative analysis of other federal systems, including those of Australia, Brazil, Canada, India, Nigeria, and Switzerland, is provided. The role of federal government is explained alongside the critical roles of state and local governments. This VSI also examines whether federal structures are viable in an era of increasingly centralized and authoritarian-style government.
26
Lavariega Monforti, Jessica, ed. Latinos in the American Political System. ABC-CLIO, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400677304.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This encyclopedia provides a comprehensive overview of the evolution of Hispanic Americans engaged in U.S. politics, from increased visibility as governors and other lawmakers at the local, state, and federal levels to their growing importance as a voting constituency. This encyclopedia comprehensively surveys the evolution of Latina/o engagement in US politics as voters, candidates, lawmakers, and public officials. It is an authoritative resource for public library patrons, high school students, and undergraduates in a variety of curricular studies, including political science, civics, American history, and Latino studies. The set's A–Z entries were carefully selected and crafted to ensure thorough coverage of all of the individuals, organizations, cultural forces, political issues, and legal decisions that have combined to elevate the role of Latinos at the polls, on the campaign trail, in Washington, and in mayors' offices, city councils, school boards, and statehouses all across the country. In-depth essays on the rising prominence of Latino Americans as voters, candidates, public officials, lawmakers, and opinion leaders will provide further context for understanding their impact on modern U.S. political processes and institutions from the perspective of liberals and conservatives alike.
27
Jacoby, Joan E., and Edward C. Ratledge. The Power of the Prosecutor. Praeger, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400699818.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this book, readers will take a fascinating journey with local prosecutors as they seek to obtain reasonable and appropriate case dispositions while preventing abuse and misuse of the law and protecting the civil rights of their jurisdictions. Prosecutors have a powerful and generally little-understood role in the criminal justice system. Their important powers include accepting or rejecting cases, making decisions about dismissing charges, or moving cases to disposition and recommending a sentence—all of which can critically affect not only individuals but society through their ability to shape our criminal justice system. The Power of the Prosecutor: Gatekeepers of the Criminal Justice System explores the real-world actions and outcomes of local prosecutors through five well-known cases, documenting the variety of pressures prosecutors face both within and outside their offices as they attempt to make the best decisions about crimes and defendants. Written by individuals who have actively engaged prosecutors in practically every U.S. state over 30 years' time, the book examines actual case profiles that enable readers to witness how prosecutors reach their behind-the-scenes decisions and grasp how the criminal justice system operates. The authors explain the variations in prosecution, including the effects of policies and priorities, action choices available, and the types of both internal and external relationships with other participants in the system: the police, the courts, the defense counsel, and the community they represent. Readers will come away with in-depth knowledge and understanding of the complexities and pressures faced by prosecutors in upholding justice under a wide variety of conditions.
28
Egreteau, Renaud. Patterns of Persistent Praetorian Behaviors. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190620967.003.0005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter shifts its focus away from the euphoric optimism that emerged after 2011 and instead looks at one of the more enduring realities of contemporary Myanmar: the continuing dominance of the military institution despite the disbanding of the junta in 2011. The Tatmadaw remains a key policy actor as the “last resort decision-maker” in the new post-junta hybrid system. As crises emerge, threats escalate and local contentious politics grow uncontrollable, the armed forces continue to decisively intervene. The Tatmadaw has also secured a “post-junta” legislative role through the constitutional reservation of a quarter of all new parliamentary seats. This chapter reviews the various policy and legislative functions performed by the Tatmadaw in the new constitution order, evaluating the effects of its lingering influence.
29
Pierceson, Jason. LGBTQ Americans in the U.S. Political System. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216976639.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This comprehensive sourcebook covers the evolution of LGBTQ engagement in American politics, from the emergence of gay rights as a political issue in the early 1970s to the present day, when LGBTQ issues occupy a prominent place in politics. This work provides a broad and authoritative survey of the ways in which gay Americans are influencing the tenor and trajectory of U.S. politics at the local, state, and national levels. An encyclopedic section offers thorough coverage of all of the individuals, organizations, cultural forces, political issues, and legal decisions that have combined to elevate the role of LGBTQ people at the ballot box, on the campaign trail, in Washington, and in mayors' offices, city councils, and school boards across the country. Complementing reference entries are in-depth essays on the rising prominence of gay Americans as voters, candidates, public officials, lawmakers, and opinion leaders, providing further context for understanding their impact on modern U.S. political processes and institutions from the perspective of liberals and conservatives alike. Finally, the set includes a collection of important primary source documents that illuminate landmark events, examine gay policy priorities and preferences, and showcase the beliefs and experiences of prominent LGBTQ Americans in the world of politics.
30
Pierceson, Jason. LGBTQ Americans in the U.S. Political System. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216976622.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This comprehensive sourcebook covers the evolution of LGBTQ engagement in American politics, from the emergence of gay rights as a political issue in the early 1970s to the present day, when LGBTQ issues occupy a prominent place in politics. This work provides a broad and authoritative survey of the ways in which gay Americans are influencing the tenor and trajectory of U.S. politics at the local, state, and national levels. An encyclopedic section offers thorough coverage of all of the individuals, organizations, cultural forces, political issues, and legal decisions that have combined to elevate the role of LGBTQ people at the ballot box, on the campaign trail, in Washington, and in mayors' offices, city councils, and school boards across the country. Complementing reference entries are in-depth essays on the rising prominence of gay Americans as voters, candidates, public officials, lawmakers, and opinion leaders, providing further context for understanding their impact on modern U.S. political processes and institutions from the perspective of liberals and conservatives alike. Finally, the set includes a collection of important primary source documents that illuminate landmark events, examine gay policy priorities and preferences, and showcase the beliefs and experiences of prominent LGBTQ Americans in the world of politics.
31
Smalskys, Vainius, and Jolanta Urbanovič. Civil Service Systems. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.160.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Civil service consists of civil servants and their activity when implementing the assigned functions and decisions made by politicians. In other words, it is a system of civil servants who perform the assigned functions of public administration. The corpus of civil servants consists of people who work in central and local public administration institutions. The concept and scope of civil service in a particular country depends on the legal framework that defines the areas of public and private sectors and their relationship. In many countries, civil service consists of an upper level, a mid-level, and civil servants who work for coordinating, independent, and auxiliary institutions. However, the scope of civil service in different countries varies. When analyzing/comparing civil service systems of different countries, researchers often categorize them as Western European, continental European, Anglo-American, Anglo-Saxon, Eastern European, Scandinavian, Mediterranean, Asian, or African.All European Union member states can be classified into two groups: the career system—dominant in continental Europe, with the prevalence of traditional-hierarchical public administration, rational bureaucracy, and formalized operational rules—and the position system—dominant in Anglo-Saxon countries, with the prevalence of managerial principles, pragmatic administration, and charismatic leadership. Neither of the two models exists in pure form. If features of the career model dominate in the civil service of a country, it is identified as a country with the career CS model; if elements of the position model dominate the country is identified as a country with the position civil service model. An intermediate version of this model, characteristic of a number of countries, is the mixed/hybrid model.Many civil service researchers claim that in the case of two competing systems of civil service—closed (the career model) and open (the position model)—reforms of the open civil service system win. It has been argued that the organizing principles of the open, result-oriented civil service system (the position model), which is under the influence of “new public management,” will permanently “drive out” the closed, vertically integrated and formal procedure-oriented career model. Scholars argue that civil servants of the future will have to be at ease with more complexity and flexibility. They will have to be comfortable with change, often rapid change. At the same time, they will make more autonomous decisions and be more responsible, accountable, performance-oriented, and subject to new competency and skill requirements.
32
Garb, Louis, and Richard Norridge, eds. International Succession. 5th ed. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198870463.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This book seeks to provide an easy-to-use analysis of the rules of succession applicable to particular jurisdictions and to explain how those rules inter-relate with other jurisdictions at an international level. It follows a standard format and is based upon a uniform and comprehensive questionnaire that is intended to elicit coverage of the significant issues that may arise in any particular jurisdiction. The book also provides a brief survey of the relevant local legal system, and considers variations to the local legal system when foreign elements come into play. It also delves into the effect of mutual wills, challenges to decisions taken in estate administration, and the interaction between trusts and forced heirship. Ultimately, this book highlights that it is a joint enterprise between the general editors and the contributors who have provided the chapters for each of the relevant jurisdictions.
33
Bond, Johanna. The Challenges of Parity: Increasing Women’s Participation in Informal Justice Systems within Sub-Saharan Africa. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829621.003.0007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter argues that gender parity should be a priority for both formal governance structures and traditional authorities in sub-Saharan African countries. The path to gender parity within traditional decision-making authorities in the region, however, may be a long one. Efforts to achieve gender parity within traditional institutions are more likely to succeed when they involve local initiatives to facilitate women’s participation in public life and community problem-solving rather than top-down legislative requirements. Efforts to more fully integrate women in positions of public authority and community problem-solving, such as efforts in Tanzania to provide widespread paralegal training for women, may offer more promise in breaking down the public/private divide that continues to characterize much of customary law within the region.
34
Schmidt-Thomé, Philipp. Climate Change Adaptation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.635.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Climate change adaptation is the ability of a society or a natural system to adjust to the (changing) conditions that support life in a certain climate region, including weather extremes in that region. The current discussion on climate change adaptation began in the 1990s, with the publication of the Assessment Reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Since the beginning of the 21st century, most countries, and many regions and municipalities have started to develop and implement climate change adaptation strategies and plans. But since the implementation of adaptation measures must be planned and conducted at the local level, a major challenge is to actually implement adaptation to climate change in practice. One challenge is that scientific results are mainly published on international or national levels, and political guidelines are written at transnational (e.g., European Union), national, or regional levels—these scientific results must be downscaled, interpreted, and adapted to local municipal or community levels. Needless to say, the challenges for implementation are also rooted in a large number of uncertainties, from long time spans to matters of scale, as well as in economic, political, and social interests. From a human perspective, climate change impacts occur rather slowly, while local decision makers are engaged with daily business over much shorter time spans.Among the obstacles to implementing adaptation measures to climate change are three major groups of uncertainties: (a) the uncertainties surrounding the development of our future climate, which include the exact climate sensitivity of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, the reliability of emission scenarios and underlying storylines, and inherent uncertainties in climate models; (b) uncertainties about anthropogenically induced climate change impacts (e.g., long-term sea level changes, changing weather patterns, and extreme events); and (c) uncertainties about the future development of socioeconomic and political structures as well as legislative frameworks.Besides slow changes, such as changing sea levels and vegetation zones, extreme events (natural hazards) are a factor of major importance. Many societies and their socioeconomic systems are not properly adapted to their current climate zones (e.g., intensive agriculture in dry zones) or to extreme events (e.g., housing built in flood-prone areas). Adaptation measures can be successful only by gaining common societal agreement on their necessity and overall benefit. Ideally, climate change adaptation measures are combined with disaster risk reduction measures to enhance resilience on short, medium, and long time scales.The role of uncertainties and time horizons is addressed by developing climate change adaptation measures on community level and in close cooperation with local actors and stakeholders, focusing on strengthening resilience by addressing current and emerging vulnerability patterns. Successful adaptation measures are usually achieved by developing “no-regret” measures, in other words—measures that have at least one function of immediate social and/or economic benefit as well as long-term, future benefits. To identify socially acceptable and financially viable adaptation measures successfully, it is useful to employ participatory tools that give all involved parties and decision makers the possibility to engage in the process of identifying adaptation measures that best fit collective needs.
35
Soares, Renata Araújo. O Estado de coisas inconstitucional e a calamidade do sistema penitenciário: Diretrizes constitucionais para uma política transversal de segurança pública. Brazil Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-320-6.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The present dissertation aims to establish, initially, a scientific correspondence between the State of Unconstitutional Things, previously recognized by the Supreme Federal Court on September 9th, 2015, in the judgment of the allegation of fundamental precept’s violation nº 347 and the continuous calamity in the penitentiary system of the state of Rio Grande do Norte, which was decreed in March 2015 and persists until 2018. From the link proposed here, the local factual elements which, together, characterize a scenario of serious systemic violations of human rights will be analyzed – through deductive and documentary way, with bibliographic support. Next, the urgent necessity to break the traditional model of regional public security and the consequent structuring of a public security priority policy with a transversal and articulated performance, based on the accomplishment of actions of intelligence and on the citizen emancipation will be demonstrated. Therefore, from the perspective of structural judicial activism, the State of Unconstitutional Things can be seen as an important decision-making technique used to stimulate the need for dialogical and intersectoral practices among various public agencies and civil society in solving issues related to collective demands of high complexity. The relevance of this constitutional study can be reinforced with the existence of Bill nº 736/2015, intended to set legal limits “on the state of unconstitutional things and significant commitment” and with the Law No. 13,675 of June 11th, 2018, which disciplined the National Public Security Policy (PNSPDS) and the Public Security System (Susp). In force since July 12th, 2018, the aforementioned Federal Law expresses “public security actions and transversal policies” as guidelines of the National Public Security Policy (article 5, IV). In this sense, faced with social contexts of extreme vulnerability, as perceived in all the state of Rio Grande do Norte since the public security crisis aggravation for more than three consecutive years, the definition of new constitutional guidelines and the promotion of integrated public policies within the regional prison system are urgent measures. Keywords: State of Unconstitutional Things. Prison System. Public Security. Human Rights. Public Politics.
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Lewandowski, Carla, and Jeff Bumgarner, eds. Criminal Justice in America. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216963394.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This authoritative set provides a comprehensive overview of issues and trends in crime, law enforcement, courts, and corrections that encompass the field of criminal justice studies in the United States. This work offers a thorough introduction to the field of criminal justice, including types of crime; policing; courts and sentencing; landmark legal decisions; and local, state, and federal corrections systems—and the key topics and issues within each of these important areas. It provides a complete overview and understanding of the many terms, jobs, procedures, and issues surrounding this growing field of study. Another major focus of the work is to examine ethical questions related to policing and courts, trial procedures, law enforcement and corrections agencies and responsibilities, and the complexion of criminal justice in the United States in the 21st century. Finally, this title emphasizes coverage of such politically charged topics as drug trafficking and substance abuse, immigration, environmental protection, government surveillance and civil rights, deadly force, mass incarceration, police militarization, organized crime, gangs, wrongful convictions, racial disparities in sentencing, and privatization of the U.S. prison system.
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Lewandowski, Carla, and Jeff Bumgarner, eds. Criminal Justice in America. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216963400.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This authoritative set provides a comprehensive overview of issues and trends in crime, law enforcement, courts, and corrections that encompass the field of criminal justice studies in the United States. This work offers a thorough introduction to the field of criminal justice, including types of crime; policing; courts and sentencing; landmark legal decisions; and local, state, and federal corrections systems—and the key topics and issues within each of these important areas. It provides a complete overview and understanding of the many terms, jobs, procedures, and issues surrounding this growing field of study. Another major focus of the work is to examine ethical questions related to policing and courts, trial procedures, law enforcement and corrections agencies and responsibilities, and the complexion of criminal justice in the United States in the 21st century. Finally, this title emphasizes coverage of such politically charged topics as drug trafficking and substance abuse, immigration, environmental protection, government surveillance and civil rights, deadly force, mass incarceration, police militarization, organized crime, gangs, wrongful convictions, racial disparities in sentencing, and privatization of the U.S. prison system.
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Weihs, Jean. Standard Cataloging for School and Public Libraries. 3rd ed. Libraries Unlimited, Inc., 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216994138.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Designed to introduce cataloging students, beginning catalogers, copy catalogers, and department administrators to cataloging, classification, and indexing principles, this work offers a solid foundation for standard practices of cataloging and bibliographic control in the United States and Canada. The authors examine pertinent issues regarding bibliographic services, including the computerization of bibliographic systems (both large networks and local systems), and they review the major considerations in decision making about cataloging and classification, shelving, and public catalogs. In addition, this edition incorporates recent cataloging rule changes, MARC format integration changes, and other newly approved material. A new chapter on managing the cataloging department has been added, and the index, bibliography, chapter reading lists, and glossary have been updated and expanded. This is the only book on the subject that covers Canadian cataloging practice.
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Tazzara, Corey. Institutions, Information, and the Invention of Free Trade. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791584.003.0004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Chapter 3 shows that the legislative framework erected by the Medici was full of lacunae and uncertainties. A system of supplications, or personal requests for ducal favor, was responsible for elaborating the theory and practice of the free port in the first half of the century. Although the central government played a formal role in resolving requests, in practice local officials made decisions in particular cases. The supplications functioned according to a bureaucratic logic that tended willy-nilly to serve the interests of the growing business community in Livorno: foreigners of any ethno-religious affiliation could trade in Livorno by virtue of its character as a free port.
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Gibson, James L., and Michael J. Nelson. Questions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190865214.003.0007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We have investigated the differences in support for the U.S. Supreme Court among black, Hispanic, and white Americans, catalogued the variation in African Americans’ group attachments and experiences with legal authorities, and examined how those latter two factors shape individuals’ support for the U.S. Supreme Court, that Court’s decisions, and for their local legal system. We take this opportunity to weave our findings together, taking stock of what we have learned from our analyses and what seem like fruitful paths for future research. In the process, we revisit Positivity Theory. We present a modified version of the theory that we hope will guide future inquiry on public support for courts, both in the United States and abroad.
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Katia, Yannaca-Small. Part VI The Post-Award Phase, 27 Annulment of ICSID Awards: Is it Enough or Is Appeal around the Corner? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198758082.003.0027.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The International Centre for Settlement of Investment Dispute (ICSID) Convention prevents domestic courts from reviewing any decisions issued by ICSID panels. ICSID awards are therefore immune from challenges brought before national courts which may have a local bias or be subject to the influence of the host government. This chapter discusses (i) the scope and application of annulment of ICSID awards under the ICSID Convention; (ii) the grounds for annulment; (iii) the stay of enforcement as a requirement that often accompanies an application for annulment; and, (iv) the proposals related to the creation for an appeal mechanism for investment disputes as a response to the mounting criticism of the investor-state dispute settlement system and the quest to improve legitimacy and consistency.
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Theobald, Brianna. Reproduction on the Reservation. University of North Carolina Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469653167.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This pathbreaking book documents the transformation of reproductive practices and politics on Indian reservations from the late nineteenth century to the present, integrating a localized history of childbearing, motherhood, and activism on the Crow Reservation in Montana with an analysis of trends affecting Indigenous women more broadly. As Brianna Theobald illustrates, the federal government and local authorities have long sought to control Indigenous families and women's reproduction, using tactics such as coercive sterilization and removal of Indigenous children into the white foster care system. But Theobald examines women's resistance, showing how they have worked within families, tribal networks, and activist groups to confront these issues. Blending local and intimate family histories with the histories of broader movements such as WARN (Women of All Red Nations), Theobald links the federal government's intrusion into Indigenous women's reproductive and familial decisions to the wider history of eugenics and the reproductive rights movement. She argues convincingly that colonial politics have always been--and remain--reproductive politics. By looking deeply at one tribal nation over more than a century, Theobald offers an especially rich analysis of how Indigenous women experienced pregnancy and motherhood under evolving federal Indian policy. At the heart of this history are the Crow women who displayed creativity and fortitude in struggling for reproductive self-determination.
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Datz, Giselle. Sovereign Debt Default. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.299.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Sovereign borrowing and debt default have long been a part of a nation’s existence. Sovereign debt defaults (that is, the suspension of interest or principal payment on due debt) were common from the sixteenth century, when Edward III declared a default after military defeat in 1340, to the nineteenth century, when Latin American countries defaulted on some of their debts. Early loans were made in the form of repayable taxes until the system evolved to allow for sovereign loans, transparent enough that secondary markets for these debts were soon developed. A government may default on its debt due to unwillingness or inability to pay. In both cases, default is a difficult political decision whose real costs remain somewhat ambiguous from a theoretical standpoint. The costs of default are often contingent on the type of debt restructuring deal reached between the debtor and the creditor. The scholarly literature on sovereign debt crises is substantial, particularly with respect to the economic, legal, and political costs of default. More recent theoretical work has focused on the trend toward increased domestic debt, which is expected to help reduce the probability of a debt crisis. However, domestically issued sovereign debt can lead to other types of risk. While relying on domestic institutional investors in local economies can help smooth cycles of liquidity shortages, over-reliance on those investors (particularly pension funds) can undermine the solvency of domestic banks and social security arrangements.
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O’Connor, David E. Deciphering Economics. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400638503.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This compact yet comprehensive guide provides a wealth of information that is timely, easy to understand, and relevant to the academic and civic lives of students, teachers, researchers, and the general public. Economics surround us, impacting the decisions people make as consumers, producers, workers, savers, investors, taxpayers, and voters. This guide offers a thorough and understandable overview of basic economic concepts and principles, providing building blocks for understanding the systems of economics in today's complex world. It then explores contemporary, economics-related topics, issues, and challenges that exist within local communities, the U.S. economy, and the global economy. Using language that is clear, precise, and accessible to high school and community college students as well as to general readers, the book covers microeconomic topics, macroeconomic topics, and international economics. It connects theory and practice as it examines how economic decisions are made and looks at the roles of the private and public sectors in achieving growth, stability, and employment. In addition, the author explores overarching trends in the global economy and the prospects for economic development in emerging nations and offers specific ways to locate other quality print and online resources on economics.
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Prati, Raquel, and Olga Olevsky. Breast Cancer Staging and Treatment. Edited by Christoph I. Lee, Constance D. Lehman, and Lawrence W. Bassett. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190270261.003.0012.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Breast carcinomas are a heterogeneous group of diseases that can be further characterized based on their histology, biomarkers, and molecular profiles. These characteristics, gathered during disease staging, provide crucial information with regard to treatment decisions. Staging has evolved from informing the operability of breast tumors to providing prognostic information, and consequently helping establish local and systemic treatment guidelines. This chapter provides a succinct overview of breast cancer staging and treatment. Topics covered include the histological classification of breast cancers, as well as classification by tumor size and location, lymph node involvement, and metastatic involvement. The topic of molecular assays for prognostic information is reviewed. Finally, current treatment paradigms, including surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy regimens for different types of breast cancer, are discussed.
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Rademaker, Linnea L., and Elena Y. Polush. Evaluation and Action Research. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197620823.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Today’s societies require research approaches that are creative, responsive to the complexity of human interactions, sensitive to cultural and contextual diversity, inclusive in all processes, rooted in engagement and critical dispositions, and situated within local contexts. Action research and evaluation are human inquiries into human-designed and -populated systems. Both modes of inquiry generate actionable data in specific contexts to facilitate positive social change and to further social justice. This book explores the potential of integrating action research and evaluation frameworks in order to push the barriers that prevent knowledge creation and knowledge democracy. Knowledge is created constantly by those in real-world settings and practical contexts. Practitioners can make and use knowledge to inform practice and decisions and to include stakeholders in ethical ways for sustainability of organizations. The integrated framework presented in this book supports knowledge democracy, ethical practices, and stakeholder inclusion for a more just world. These practices are useful for leaders or practitioners charged with investigating problems in their context.
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Xue, Xinran. The Book of Secrets. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781399406703.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The story of a family in modern China with a history of deceit, betrayal and political intrigue, and the communist party's long shadow over them, from the Cultural Revolution to today. Following the lives of military intelligence officer Jie and his wife Moon, The Book of Secrets weaves recently found material into a narrative that not only illuminates the shadowy world of intelligence in China, but also the emotional tragedies that political extremism inflicted on those working within. Drawing on Jie’s own vivid biography of his youth, Xinran pieces together his trajectory as he joins the great hope of the Chinese young – the Communist Party – and becomes a loyal cadre until the late 1970s when, as a chief in the security forces, he makes a decision that will poison his family against him. This is a totally unique behind-the-scenes account of a family torn apart by the Tiananmen Square massacre and the attempts of Jie to finally open up the Chinese system to the people, pieced together from an extraordinary archive of personal diaries and letters.
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Lixinski, Lucas. International Heritage Law for Communities. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198843306.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This book critically engages the shortcomings of the field of international heritage law, seen through the lenses of the five major UNESCO treaties for the safeguarding of different types of heritage. It argues that these five treaties have, by design or in their implementation, effectively prevented local communities, who bear the brunt of the costs associated with international heritage protection, from having a say in how their heritage is managed. The exclusion of local communities often alienates them not only from international decision-making processes but also from their cultural heritage itself, ultimately meaning that systems put in place for the protection of cultural heritage contribute to its disappearance in the long term. The book adds to existing literature by looking at these UNESCO treaties not as isolated regimes, which is the common practice in the field, but rather as belonging to a discursive continuum on cultural heritage. Rather than scrutinizing the regimes themselves, the book focuses on themes that cut across the relevant UNESCO regimes, such as the use of expert rule in international heritage law, economics, and the relationship between heritage and the environment. It uses this mechanism to highlight the blind spots and unintended consequences of UNESCO treaties and how choices made in their drafting have continuing and potentially negative impacts on how we think about and safeguard heritage. The book is of interest to cultural heritage scholars and practitioners across all disciplines, as well as to international lawyers interested in the dynamics of fragmented subfields.
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Molloy, Sean. Emergency Law Responses to Covid-19 and the Impact on Peace and Transition Processes. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2021.24.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The World Health Organization declared the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic on 11 March 2020. This global health crisis demanded a quick, decisive and efficient response by governments to protect lives, curb the spread of the virus and prevent public health systems from being overwhelmed. This report explores the way governments undergoing transitions to peace and democracy have triggered emergency legal frameworks to disable some ordinary (democratic) procedures and set aside standard political and legal accountability mechanisms as part of their Covid-19 response. It also provides information about where elections have been postponed or cancelled, and central governments have assumed enhanced responsibilities, which have often included powers otherwise designated to local or regional governments. While the impacts of both the pandemic and the responses to the contagion have been felt globally, they often have quite different consequences in countries attempting peace and democratic transition processes.
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LeMay, Michael C. Elections in America. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400644450.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Elections in America provides a thorough and objective explanation of American elections at the local, state, and national levels. It discusses laws and practices that govern elections, the history of elections and voting rights, and contemporary voting controversies. Elections in America is an all-in-one resource for understanding the many facets of elections and voting trends since the United States came into being. It explains how, when, and why the franchise expanded in fits and starts after America’s founding and the various controversies over voting rights and vote counting that swirl around elections today. It reviews the major landmark court decisions that have impacted electoral politics, discusses how America’s two-party system has shaped elections, and provides information on major organizations, groups, and people battling over voting rights and election laws. In addition, this resource provides a suite of original essays from election scholars on different aspects of U.S. electoral politics, as well as a carefully curated selection of primary documents illuminating important developments in American election history. The book also contains a comprehensive annotated list of academic resources to guide the reader towards further research on topics of interest.