Книги з теми "Loading area"
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1
Ayers, M. A. Runoff and chemical loading in small watersheds in the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area, Minnesota. St. Paul, Minn: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1985.
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2
Livingstone, Stephen John. Assessment of the impact on Lake Ontario of groundwater contaminant mass loading from a representative region of the Greater Toronto Area. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1993.
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3
Pachurin, German. Technology for studying the destruction of structural materials under different loading conditions. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/981296.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The textbook is devoted to solving topical issues related to the prediction of the effect of plastic deformation on the behavior in various operating conditions of a wide class of metals and alloys. The technology developed by the author for studying the mechanical properties and the process of destruction of plastically treated metal materials under various loading conditions (static at different temperatures, cyclic in air at low, room and elevated temperatures, as well as at room temperature in the presence of a corrosive environment) is described.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
Addressed to bachelors and undergraduates of higher educational institutions of full-time and part-time education in the areas of training 20.03.01 Technosphere safety" (training profile "Safety of technological processes and production"), 22.03.01 and 22.04.01 "Materials Science and Materials Technology", 22.03.02 and 22.04.02 "Metallurgy", 15.03.01 and 15.04.01 "Mechanical Engineering", 15.05.01 "Design of technological machines and complexes", 15.03.02 "Technological machines and equipment", 15.03.04 and 15.04.04 "Automation of technological processes and production", 17.05.02 "Strelkovo-pushechnoe, artillery and rocket weapons", 15.03.05 "Design and technological support of machine-building industries". It can be useful for scientific and engineering workers of enterprises of automotive, aviation, shipbuilding and other metalworking branches of mechanical engineering, laboratory workers, as well as for training specialists in materials science, metal science and metal forming."
4
Leib, Kenneth J. Data summary and loading sources for selected water-quality characteristics of streams in blowdown areas, North Fork Elk River Watershed, Colorado, March 1999-August 2000. [Grand Junction, CO: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2003.
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5
Fedorovich, Tat'yana, Natal'ya Kubrak, S. K. Tevs, and A. V. Dmitrenko. Organization and management of a private fleet of freight cars: an economic approach. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1860935.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The monograph discusses theoretical and practical issues related to the completion of the implementation of the introduction of new forms of ownership in the formation of the railway holding JSC "Russian Railways". The organizational and economic results of the structural reform of railway transport in Russia are analyzed in comparison with the experience of modern reform of foreign railway transport. The variants of transformation of the modern cargo transportation management system in the new economic conditions are proposed.
The main results of the study of modern economic and organizational conditions of cargo transportation, taking into account the specifics of working with a private car fleet, are presented. Based on a large-scale analysis of the loading dynamics of the main directions of the Russian Railways network and the resulting unevenness of operational work, new approaches are proposed for the formation of the market of freight operators of rolling stock.
An economic assessment of the implementation of scenario options for the introduction of technological outsourcing is given on the example of JSC "Federal Freight Company" with the justification of a methodological approach for the formation of a consolidated fleet of wagons based
on the algorithm of the cost method for calculating the throughput during the consolidation of a fleet of freight wagons.
For practitioners and researchers involved in cargo transportation management, forecasting and formation of private fleets of freight cars. It will be useful for graduate students, undergraduates and students of economic faculties of railway universities when studying courses in the economics of railway transport and the cost of freight transportation.
6
W, Simonds F., Hood Canal Dissolved Oxygen Program (Wash.), and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Estimates of nutrient loading by ground-water discharge into the Lynch Cove Area of Hood Canal, Washington. Reston, Va: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2008.
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7
Accessible loading platform for boaters. Missoula, Mont: USDA Forest Service, Technology & Development Program, 2000.
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8
Montgomery, Hugh, and Rónan Astin. Normal physiology of the cardiovascular system. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0128.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Preload modulates contractile performance, and is determined by end-diastolic volume (EDV) and ventricular compliance. Compliance falls with increasing preload, muscle stiffness or ventricular hypertrophy, making central venous pressure (CVP) a poor surrogate for EDV. Responsiveness to fluid loading can be identified by seeking a change in stroke volume (SV) with changes in cardiac loading. Afterload, the force to be overcome before cardiac muscle can shorten to eject blood, rises with transmural pressure and end-diastolic radius, and inversely with wall thickness. Afterload, being the tension across the ventricular wall, is influenced by pleural pressure. Reductions in afterload increase SV for any cardiac work, as do reductions in vascular resistance. Resistance is modified by changes in arteriolar cross-sectional area. A rise in resistance increases blood pressure and microvascular flow velocity. Increased resistance may reduce CO if cardiac work cannot be augmented sufficiently. Flow autoregulationis the ability of vascular beds to maintain constant flow across varied pressures by adjusting local resistance.
9
Erik Jaap, Molenaar. 13 Port and Coastal States. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198715481.003.0013.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter discusses port States, coastal States and their jurisdictions. Seaports give access to the landmass of a State for persons and goods, and are therefore logical points of control for, inter alia, customs, immigration, sanitation and national security purposes. The spatial scope of a seaport includes the outermost permanent harbour works — but not offshore installations and artificial islands — as well as roadsteads that extend beyond the outer limit of the territorial sea, provided they are normally used for the loading, unloading and anchoring of ships. Port State jurisdiction can be defined as relating to activities and standards occurring within, or applicable to: the port; the maritime zones of other coastal States; areas beyond national jurisdiction (i.e. the high seas and the ‘Area’); and the maritime zones of the coastal State in which the port is located. Coastal States are universally understood to be States with a sea-coastline. A coastal State's jurisdiction relates to its own maritime zones, and encompasses the resources and activities therein as well as external impacts on them.
10
Britain, Great. The Removal and Disposal of Vehicles (Loading Areas) Regulations 1986 (Statutory Instruments: 1986: 184). Stationery Office Books, 1986.
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11
Britain, Great. Control of Parking in Goods Vehicle Loading Areas Orders (procedure) (England and Wales) Regulations 1986. Stationery Office, The, 1986.
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12
Glass in building - Explosion-resistant security glazing - Test and classification for arena air-blast loading. ISO 16933:2007. Geneva : ISO, 2007, 2007.
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13
Nguyen, Christelle, and François Rannou. Addressing adverse mechanical factors. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0024.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Non-pharmacological approaches are widely and consistently recommended for the management of osteoarthritis (OA). This recommendation is based on biomechanical observations and emphasizes the therapeutic interest of biomechanical interventions able to modulate adverse mechanical factors affecting the symptomatic OA joint. Therapeutic approaches include braces, orthoses, insoles, joint protection, joint-preserving surgical procedures, walking sticks, and other aids. Overall, biomechanical interventions aim to modulate joint biomechanics, in order to improve joint mechanosensitivity, decrease mechanical joint loading, and eventually reduce pain. These interventions must be adjusted to the biomechanical specificities of each joint, and of the individual patient. This chapter uses an evidence-based approach, including the most recent European League Against Rheumatism, Osteoarthritis Research Society International, and American College of Rheumatology recommendations, to describe and to review non-pharmacological strategies available in daily clinical practice, designed to modulate mechanical joint loading, with a focus on the management of hand, hip, and knee OA. The interest of weight loss, specific and non-specific exercises, patient education, and self-care programmes is discussed elsewhere in this book.
14
Roberts, Sally, Jai Trivedi, and Victor Duance. The intervertebral disc and the spine. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199533909.003.0004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Back problems are common in the general population, affecting approximately 80% of individuals at some time in their lives. It used to be thought that loading, activity levels, or certain types of activities (e.g. driving tractors or heavy goods vehicles) greatly influenced the incidence of back pain (Pope and Hansson 1992). However, the over-riding ‘risk factor’ for back pain in the general population is now known to be genetic (...
15
Evans, Charlotte, Anne Creaton, Marcus Kennedy, and Terry Martin, eds. Retrieval platforms. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722168.003.0005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Knowing your environment is essential to a successful retrieval. An overview of key operational characteristics of road and air platforms is necessary to perform well in the retrieval environment. Understanding capacity, speed, loading, pressurization, and safety features of each platform facilitates retrieval planning. Knowledge of how a particular platform affects patient access, equipment, internal environment, monitoring, and communications is vital to the retrieval practitioner. Tips and tricks to mitigate against the environmental stresses of providing critical care in difficult environments are included. An approach to sudden patient deterioration during transport is given for each platform.
16
Biewener, Andrew A., and Shelia N. Patek, eds. Physical and Biological Properties and Principles. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198743156.003.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Studies of animal locomotion are grounded in an understanding of the physical principles that govern how animals move and properties of the media through which they move. These studies, in turn, explain why certain biological devices, such as a wing or a fin, share features that have evolved for movement within their particular fluid environments. In this chapter, we examine the role of the environment and the fundamentals of loading and forces in animal mechanics. We offer a quick review of scaling analyses as well as the key dimensions and units used in this book to assist with your appreciation of the information.
17
Lancellotti, Patrizio, and Bernard Cosyns. Right Heart Function and Pulmonary Artery Pressure. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713623.003.0009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The function of the RV is to generate pressure to facilitate blood flow against the resistive forces of the pulmonary vasculature. RV function is particularly influenced by loading conditions. There are many causes of RV dysfunction and this chapter describes them. Most RV pathologies involve a degree of both pressure and volume overload. This chapter also examines the aetiology of RV volume overload along with specific echocardiographic findings. It explains the aetiology of RV pressure overload and how to measure RV pressures using the Bernoulli equation and alternative measures. Echocardiographic findings in relation to acute pulmonary embolism and exercise testing for pulmonary hypertension are also described in detail.
18
Olyaei, Ali J., Ted A. Foster, and Edgar V. Lerma. Drug dosing in chronic kidney disease. Edited by William G. Bennett. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0363.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter is dedicated to the dosing of medications in patients with chronic kidney disease. It is important for clinicians to have a working understanding of basic pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic principles to ensure patients with chronic kidney disease achieve the therapeutic target without toxicity. This chapter will provide a systematic approach to medication dosing in patients with chronic kidney disease by obtaining a medical history and performing a thorough physical examination, calculating an accurate assessment of renal function, determining loading dose, determining a maintenance dose, and monitoring drug levels if indicated. Specific pharmacologic considerations in the setting of renal insufficiency along with drug removal by dialysis are also outlined.
19
Osbert Cotta, Menino, and Jason Roberts. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic principles of antimicrobials. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198758792.003.0009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The continual threat of antimicrobial resistance means that optimizing current antimicrobial therapy is of paramount importance. Antimicrobial pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) play a central role in developing dosing regimens that target maximal clinical outcomes and microbiological eradication. This chapter describes the three main PK/PD indices into which current antimicrobials are categorized. Elements of PK that require due consideration when optimizing antimicrobial therapy, including volume of distribution, antimicrobial clearance, and protein binding, are also discussed. Finally, specific attention is paid to antimicrobial dosing among challenging populations, namely the critically ill and obese, and the potential role of alternative dosing strategies, such as use of loading doses and extended/continuous infusions, is also outlined.
20
McGrane, Tracy. Alcohol Withdrawal. Edited by Matthew D. McEvoy and Cory M. Furse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190226459.003.0093.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter, “Alcohol Withdrawal,” reviews the prevalence, presentation, pathophysiology, and anesthetic considerations for patients encountered at risk of alcohol withdrawal, as well as current intensive care unit practices caring for patients at risk of alcohol withdrawal to allow for improved perioperative crisis management. It reviews physiologic derangements in both acute and chronic alcoholism, and reviews the current evidence for prevention and treatment of alcohol withdrawal in the intensive care unit, including fixed-dose versus loading-dose versus symptom-based treatment using benzodiazepines, and the use of alcohol, barbiturates, propofol, beta blockers, and alpha-2 agonists as treatment choices. Also discussed are complications of alcohol withdrawal syndrome to recognize and considerations for treatment of pregnant women and elderly patients in alcohol withdrawal.
21
Henry, M. Stress fractures. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.012017.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
♦ Stress fractures are fractures occurring as the result of repetitive, submaximal loads, in the absence of a specific precipitating traumatic event.♦ These fractures can be subdivided into two groups on the basis of aetiology. Whereas ‘fatigue fractures’ result from the excessive repetitive (i.e. abnormal) loading of normal bone, ‘insufficiency fractures’ are fractures resulting from normal forces acting on abnormal bone.♦ Early diagnosis allows the initiation of effective treatment that can prevent prolonged pain and disability, as well as avoiding the progression to displacement or a non-union.♦ While management decisions are generally focused on activity modification, protection of weight bearing, and immobilization, there is a subset of fractures at high risk for progression to complete fracture, non-union, or delayed union. These high-risk stress fractures, including tension-side femoral neck fractures and anterior tibial cortex fractures, require aggressive treatment to prevent the sequelae of poor healing.
22
Fomin, Oleksij, and Alyona Lovska. Concept of freight wagons made of round pipes. «Scientific Route» OÜ, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/978-9916-9516-3-7.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of the book is to highlight the results and features of the research carried out by the authors on the dynamics and strength of the main types of freight wagons, as well as tank containers made of round pipes under the main operating conditions of loading. Theoretical provisions, methodological foundations and practical solutions for the implementation of round pipes as bearing elements of bodies of the main types of wagons and tank containers are presented. The monograph is intended for scientific and technical specialists, whose activities are related to the design and research of the mechanics of structures of railway wagons, including scientists, designers, researchers, doctoral students and graduate students. Also, the results presented in the monograph may be of interest to specialists, whose activities are related to the design of tank containers. The monograph can be used as a teaching aid for undergraduates and bachelors of relevant specialties.
23
Billio, Monica, Mila Getmansky Sherman, and Loriana Pelizzon. Financial Crises and Evaporating Diversification Benefits of Hedge Funds. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190607371.003.0024.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Diversification of risk is a potential benefit of investing in hedge funds. Using CSFB/Tremont hedge fund indices, this chapter shows that hedge fund strategies have different returns, volatility, and exposures to various systematic risk factors during tranquil times. This relation has led to the growth of the hedge industry and in particular funds of hedge funds, which provide diversification benefits by investing across different hedge fund styles. However, during financial crises, different hedge fund strategies are exposed to similar systematic risk factors. Most of the strategies become exposed to market liquidity and credit risk factors. Moreover, during the financial crises of 1998 and 2007–2008, all strategies were loading positively on the latent factor that induced positive correlation among hedge fund strategy residuals. As a result, diversification benefits incurred due to investing in different hedge fund strategies evaporated during these financial crises.
24
Mason, John. Sustainable Agriculture. CSIRO Publishing, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643091054.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The technological revolution in farming practices has allowed us to clear and cultivate more land, grow plants and animals faster, and kill a greater variety of pests and diseases than ever before. Unfortunately, these efficiencies are proving to be unsustainable in the long term and have created problems such as soil structural decline, erosion, salinity, soil acidification, loss of fertility, nutrient loading of waterways, dams and a build up of chemical residues.
This book is about foreseeing and understanding such problems and addressing them before it is too late. John Mason examines all these problems and explains the concepts and long-term benefits of sustainable farming systems such as permaculture, biodynamics, organic farming, agroforestry, conservation tillage, and integrated hydroculture.
Sustainable Agriculture 2nd Edition also looks at important issues such as monoculture versus polyculture, the use of hybrids, selection criteria for plants and stock, integrated pest management and preparing a farm for droughts and floods. Other areas examined include diversifying into farm tourism and value adding before selling produce.
25
Runhaar, Jos, and Sita M. A. Bierma-Zeinstra. Lifestyle. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0012.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Modern lifestyles put a great burden on the human musculoskeletal system. Since 1980, the worldwide prevalence of obesity has tripled in many European countries. Obesity is known to affect both weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing joints due to a combination of mechanical overload and systemic inflammation. On the other hand, both to combat the obesity pandemic and to increase or maintain the quality of life, physical activity and sports are encouraged next to a healthy diet. Although both have a positive influence on cardiovascular risk factors, physical activity and especially sporting activities do lead to increased loading of the active joints and increased risk for joint injuries, which might lead to osteoarthritis development. This chapter provides an overview of the current knowledge on lifestyle risk factors for the development and progression of osteoarthritis as published in recent systematic reviews, complemented with several narrative reviews.
26
Munar, Myrna Y., and Ali J. Olyaei. The effect of renal failure on drug handling in critical illness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0217.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The kidneys play an important role in the elimination of many drugs. In chronic kidney disease and acute kidney injury several pharmacokinetic processes are altered. Thus, patients with impaired renal function require adjustment of medication dosing. Many drugs require a loading dose to rapidly achieve therapeutic plasma concentrations. Subsequently, the dose or dosing interval may have to be adjusted as appropriate for the degree for renal function. The most common method to estimate renal function is use of the Cockcroft–Gault (CG) equation. It has been well validated, is easy to remember, and is fairly accurate in estimating kidney function. Most drugs are dosed based on the patient’s weight (mg/kg), which makes the CG method easier to use for most estimates. Other methods are available and a patient’s renal function should always be estimated based on the best available evidence for that specific patient. Patients with chronic kidney disease are at great risk of developing kidney injury from drugs or diagnostic agents. Exposure to nephrotoxins should be avoided as much as possible.
27
Lavie, Nilli, and Polly Dalton. Load Theory of Attention and Cognitive Control. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Research has highlighted a puzzling discrepancy in our selective attention performance: whereas in some circumstances we are able to be highly selective, at other times we can exhibit high levels of distraction. The load theory of attention and cognitive control provides an explanation for these contrasting observations, proposing that the extent to which people can focus their attention in the face of irrelevant distractions depends on the level and type of information load involved in their current task. According to the theory, the extent to which unattended visual information is perceived depends on the perceptual load of the attended task, such that increasing the level of perceptual load in the task decreases processing of task-irrelevant stimuli. Effective prioritization of task-relevant stimuli in the face of competition from irrelevant distractors is proposed to depend on the availability of executive control functions. Thus, loading executive control results in increased processing of irrelevant stimuli. This chapter presents converging research from a wide range of approaches in support of these proposals, as well as highlighting some of load theory’s wider influences in areas as diverse as emotion processing, developmental psychology, and the understanding of psychological disorders.
28
Blunn, Gordon. Bearing surfaces. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.007006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
♦ Traditionally bearings were made from polyethylene and cobalt chrome. These bearings are still most commonly used for knee replacements. In hip replacements due to osteolysis caused by polyethylene wear alternative material combinations at the bearing surface are used♦ Highly cross linked plastics have been developed and have been shown to reduce wear. There are a number of different types available which differ in their performance♦ Metal on metal bearings first used in the 1960s have also been developed and show very low wear rates. These bearings are more susceptible to edge loading and the resulting metal ion release can result in adverse biological reactions leading to failure♦ Whilst ceramic on plastic surfaces have been used for a considerable amount of time the reduction in wear is not as great as with well functioning metal on metal bearings♦ Ceramic on ceramic bearings have been used for a considerable time and show even lower wear rates than metal on metal bearings. In the past there has been an incidence of catastrophic fracture of these bearings but developments in materials technology have considerably reduced these events.
29
Cloud, Dana L. “To Get to Boeing, We First Had to Take on the Union”. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036378.003.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This introductory chapter begins with a review of the state of labor unions in the United States. Unionization rates in the United States declined steadily from the late 1940s (when unions represented 36 percent of U.S. workers) until the present economic recession (12.4 percent). Favorability ratings of labor unions fell sharply between 2007 and 2010—years of heightened economic crisis—to an all-time low of 42 percent. There are many factors in this decline, including the postwar pact labor leaders made with American business, the McCarthyist purge from unions of the most progressive activists during the Cold War, and a relentless employers' offensive dating from the 1970s that included rampant union busting alongside the off-loading, subcontracting, and outsourcing of previously unionized work. The chapter then sets out the book's purpose, which is to situate the struggle at Boeing inside broader narrative frames, one about the history of unions and movements for union democracy, and the other about the history of the Boeing Company and its unions in particular. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.
30
Ralston, Stuart H. Paget’s disease of bone. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0144.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Paget's disease of bone (PDB) affects up to 1% of people of European origin aged 55 years and above. It is characterized by focal abnormalities of bone remodelling which disrupt normal bone architecture, leading to expansion and reduced mechanical strength of affected bones. This can lead to various complications including deformity, fracture, nerve compression syndromes, and osteoarthritis, although many patients are asymptomatic. Genetic factors play a key role in the pathogenesis of PDB. This seems to be mediated by a combination of rare genetic variants which cause familial forms of the disease and common variants which increase susceptibility to environmental triggers. Environmental factors which have been suggested to predispose to PDB include viral infections, calcium and vitamin D deficiency, and excessive mechanical loading of affected bones. The diagnosis can be made by the characteristic changes seen on radiographs, but isotope bone scans are helpful in defining disease extent. Serum alkaline phosphatase levels can be used as a measure of disease activity. Inhibitors of bone resorption are the mainstay of medical management for PDB and bisphosphonates are regarded as the treatment of choice. Bisphosphonates are highly effective at reducing bone turnover in PDB and have been found to heal osteolytic lesions, and normalize bone histology. Although bisphosphonates can improving bone pain caused by elevated bone turnover, most patients require additional therapy to deal with symptoms associated with disease complications. It is currently unclear whether bisphosphonate therapy is effective at preventing complications of PDB.
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Ralston, Stuart H. Paget’s disease of bone. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0144_update_001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Paget’s disease of bone (PDB) affects up to 1% of people of European origin aged 55 years and above. It is characterized by focal abnormalities of bone remodelling which disrupt normal bone architecture, leading to expansion and reduced mechanical strength of affected bones. This can lead to various complications including deformity, fracture, nerve compression syndromes, and osteoarthritis, although many patients are asymptomatic. Genetic factors play a key role in the pathogenesis of PDB. This seems to be mediated by a combination of rare genetic variants which cause familial forms of the disease and common variants which increase susceptibility to environmental triggers. Environmental factors which have been suggested to predispose to PDB include viral infections, calcium and vitamin D deficiency, and excessive mechanical loading of affected bones. The diagnosis can be made by the characteristic changes seen on radiographs, but isotope bone scans are helpful in defining disease extent. Serum alkaline phosphatase levels can be used as a measure of disease activity. Inhibitors of bone resorption are the mainstay of medical management for PDB and bisphosphonates are regarded as the treatment of choice. Bisphosphonates are highly effective at reducing bone turnover in PDB and have been found to heal osteolytic lesions, and normalize bone histology. Although bisphosphonates can improving bone pain caused by elevated bone turnover, most patients require additional therapy to deal with symptoms associated with disease complications. It is currently unclear whether bisphosphonate therapy is effective at preventing complications of PDB.
32
Jackson, Steven F. Teaching with Technology: Active Learning in International Studies. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.317.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The adoption of new technologies in instruction will change the nature of instruction itself. There are four broad categories of the potential benefits of technology in higher education: off-loading; enhanced resources; enriched conventional class lecture/discussion; and outreach through distance education. Other college and university administrators have seen technology as either a money-saving or money-making tool for their institutions. The technologies most commonly associated with pedagogy include desktop software, internet-mediated communications, World Wide Web pages, distance education courseware, internet access to statistical databases, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), cellphone and personal digital assistant applications, and classroom response systems (CRS). There has been a modest and somewhat sporadic literature on teaching with technology in international studies, much of which follows the development of new technologies, such as personal computers, the World Wide Web, and courseware development. The three major themes in the scholarship on technology in teaching and learning in international studies include technology-based enthusiasm/experimentation, comparative studies, and skepticism. However, some of the challenges to scholarship in teaching and learning with technology: the use of technology has become so pervasive, accepted, and easy that few teacher-scholars bother to write in scholarly journals about the act; weak structure of incentives for studying the use of technology in teaching and learning; and technological instability and discontinuity. Nevertheless, there are some technologies and trends that may appear in the future international relations course. These include podcasting, Real Simple Syndication (RSS) Feeds, Twittering, and Wikipeda and Google Books.
33
Noack, Christian, ed. Politics of the Russian Language Beyond Russia. Edinburgh University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474463799.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Russia increasingly emphasises the importance of ‘soft power’ for securing its foreign policy interests. Recent research has paid more attention to Russia’s intentions rather than to the receiving end of its cultural and public diplomacy. This volume addresses this gap and explores the specifics of both Russian language promotion and its acceptance in a number of case and country studies, including Ukraine, Germany and Ireland. The authors discuss the legal status and the practical use of Russian for communication or media use, both in the ‘near’ and the ‘far abroad’, examining the politics of the Russian language, the role of the Russian Federation in influencing these politics and the challenges that the promotion of Russian faces in particular contexts across the globe. They discern a fairly instrumental approach towards Russian language promotion. With its strong focus on the former Soviet space, language promotion aims at preserving cohorts of Russian heritage speakers, who are conceived as quasi-natural agents of Russian influence in the neighbourhood. By contrast, the willingness to engage with Russia’s language promotion is seriously diminished by the ideological loading of culture and language in Russian discourses, like those on the ‘compatriots’ and the ‘Russian World’. By declaring the active use of Russian as an expression of political loyalty, Russia almost excludes utilitarian approaches to the learning of the language. Moreover, the book documents a rather traditional understanding of culture with essentialist and static features. Instead of seeing culture as an autonomous free space for negotiation of political possibilities, Russia’s culture and language promotion rests on narrowly codified high culture.