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Статті в журналах з теми "Load flow studies"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 6 вересня 2023

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1

El-Hawary, M. E., and L. G. Dias. "Bus sensitivity to load-model parameters in load-flow studies." IEE Proceedings C Generation, Transmission and Distribution 134, no. 4 (1987): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-c.1987.0049.

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2

Kumar Jaiswal, Ganesh, Uma Nangia, and Narender Kumar Jain. "Load Flow Studies Using Intelligent Techniques: Review." American Journal of Networks and Communications 10, no. 2 (2021): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajnc.20211002.11.

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3

Hassan, S., F. Thalouth, and A. Abo El-Ela. "Numerical Techniques for Load Flow Studies.(Dept.E)." MEJ. Mansoura Engineering Journal 5, no. 1 (July 7, 2021): 72–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/bfemu.2021.182455.

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4

Vlachogiannis, J. G. "Fuzzy logic application in load flow studies." IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution 148, no. 1 (2001): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-gtd:20010032.

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5

Hong, Ying-Yi, Faa-Jeng Lin, and Ti-Hsuan Yu. "Taguchi method-based probabilistic load flow studies considering uncertain renewables and loads." IET Renewable Power Generation 10, no. 2 (February 1, 2016): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-rpg.2015.0196.

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6

El-hawary, M. E., and L. G. Dias. "Incorporation of load models in load-flow studies. form of model effects." IEE Proceedings C Generation, Transmission and Distribution 134, no. 1 (1987): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-c.1987.0004.

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7

Gagliardi, F., U. De Martinis, M. Fantauzzi, M. Maraniello, and D. Lauria. "Influence of loads representation in load-flow studies for ac/dc industrial electrical systems." European Transactions on Electrical Power 2, no. 5 (September 7, 2007): 273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etep.4450020502.

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8

EL-HAWARY, M. E., and L. G. DIAS. "SELECTION OF BUSES FOR DETAILED MODELING IN LOAD FLOW STUDIES." Electric Machines & Power Systems 12, no. 2 (January 1987): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07313568708960097.

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9

Pereira, Marcos, and Luiz Cera Zanetta. "A current based model for load flow studies with UPFC." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 28, no. 2 (May 2013): 677–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.2012.2206409.

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10

Quintana, V. H., and N. Müller. "Studies of load flow methods in polar and rectangular coordinates." Electric Power Systems Research 20, no. 3 (March 1991): 225–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-7796(91)90067-w.

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11

Müller, Heloisa H., Marcos J. Rider, and Carlos A. Castro. "Artificial neural networks for load flow and external equivalents studies." Electric Power Systems Research 80, no. 9 (September 2010): 1033–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2010.01.008.

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12

Price, W. W., K. A. Wirgau, A. Murdoch, J. V. Mitsche, E. Vaahedi, and M. El-Kady. "Load modeling for power flow and transient stability computer studies." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 3, no. 1 (1988): 180–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/59.43196.

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13

Kruse, V. J., G. B. Rackliffe, and P. R. Barnes. "Load flow studies in the presence of magnetohydrodynamic electromagnetic pulse." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 5, no. 2 (April 1990): 1158–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/61.53135.

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14

Ahmad, Najeeb, Muhammad Nufail Farooqi, and Didem Unat. "Load Balancing for Parallel Multiphase Flow Simulation." Scientific Programming 2018 (2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6387049.

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Анотація:

This paper presents a scalable dynamic load balancing scheme for a parallel front-tracking method based multiphase flow simulation. In this simulation employing both Lagrangian and Eulerian grids, processes operating on Lagrangian grid are susceptible to load imbalance due to moving Lagrangian grid points (bubbles) and load distribution based on spatial location of bubbles. To load balance these processes, we distribute load keeping in view both current processor load distribution and bubble spatial locality and remap interprocess communication. The result is a uniform processor load distribution and predictable and less expensive communication scheme. Scalability studies on the Hazel Hen supercomputer demonstrate excellent scaling with exponential savings in execution time as the problem size becomes increasingly large. While moderate speedup is observed for strong scaling, speedup of up to 30% is achieved over nonload-balanced version when simulating 13824 bubbles on 4096 cores for weak scaling studies.

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15

Abass, Ahmed Zkear. "Analysis of a gas station hybridization with a solar thermal plant by using ETAP." International Journal of Applied Power Engineering (IJAPE) 10, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijape.v10.i2.pp118-126.

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<p><span>Iraq is facing deficiency of electric power for last decades. The main reason for deficiency of electric power is due to less respect of analytical load flow studies of electric supply substation. To stop and overcome such situation in future, researchers should be analyzing different power substation focusing on load flow studies, short circuit studies and protection schemes. Due to lack of research and studies on load flow and fault analysis, Iraq is facing a lot of issues, such as power failures and high copper losses, solving of these problems on substation level, demand a high familiarity about the power system. In this paper we analyses combined typical gas station with solar thermal power station and survey load flow, short circuit, transient stability, and voltage drop before and after combined station by using electrical transient analyzer program (ETAP). Now a day’s power supply reliability and goodness are big interest. analyses of power system are a main part in power system designing and planning, in order to accommodate future loads and the expansion of cities.</span></p>

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16

Venkatasivanagaraju, S., and M. Venkateswara Rao. "Polar Coordinates based N-R Method for Load Modelling in Electrical Power Distribution Systems." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS 16 (December 31, 2021): 354–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232016.2021.16.35.

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In this paper, load modelling has been done in electrical distribution system using local real time test data. This distribution system supplies base loads, residential, industrial, commercial and composite loads. Using power and current-mismatch functions in polar form, a comprehensive framework for applying the Newton–Raphson method to solve power flow problems is presented. The Newton–Raphson approach for solving power flow problems can be applied in six different ways using these two mismatch functions. For load (PQ)buses and generator (PV) buses, we propose a theoretical framework for analyzing these versions. In addition, we compare newly created versions of the Newton power flow method to current variants in this study. Numerical studies on distribution networks are used to study the convergence behavior of all approaches. The measurements are formed for short term load forecasting with different types of realistic loads such as base loads, residential, industrial, commercial and composite loads. The long-term load forecasting and their losses also has been performed along with short term load forecasting. The results are obtained and validated through MATLAB.

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17

EL-Sadek, M. Z., M. Abo-Zahhad, A. Ahmed, and H. E. Zidan. "C0MPREHENSIVE NEWTON-RAPHSON MODEL FOR INCORPORATING UNIFIED POWER FLOW CONTROLLER IN LOAD FLOW STUDIES." JES. Journal of Engineering Sciences 35, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 189–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jesaun.2007.111418.

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18

Ambriz-Perez, H., E. Acha, and C. R. Fuerte-Esquivel. "Advanced SVC models for Newton-Raphson load flow and Newton optimal power flow studies." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 15, no. 1 (2000): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/59.852111.

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19

Afolabi, Olukayode A., Warsame H. Ali, Penrose Cofie, John Fuller, Pamela Obiomon, and Emmanuel S. Kolawole. "Analysis of the Load Flow Problem in Power System Planning Studies." Energy and Power Engineering 07, no. 10 (2015): 509–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/epe.2015.710048.

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20

Hubbi, W. "Direct modification of the matrix of factors in load flow studies." Electric Power Systems Research 9, no. 3 (November 1985): 289–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-7796(85)90022-7.

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21

Hubbi, W. "Updating the matrix of factors without refactorization in load-flow studies." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 9, no. 2 (April 1987): 93–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0142-0615(87)90029-9.

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22

Ruiz-Rodriguez, Francisco-Javier, Jesus-Casa Hernandez, and Francisco Jurado. "Harmonic modelling of PV systems for probabilistic harmonic load flow studies." International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications 43, no. 11 (September 18, 2014): 1541–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cta.2021.

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23

Shahriari, Amidaddin, Hazlie Mokhlis, and Ab Bakar. "Critical Reviews of Load Flow Methods for Well, Ill and Unsolvable Condition." Journal of Electrical Engineering 63, no. 3 (May 1, 2012): 144–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10187-012-0022-x.

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Critical Reviews of Load Flow Methods for Well, Ill and Unsolvable ConditionThis paper presents a critical review of Load flow methods in well, ill and unsolvable conditioned systems. The comparison studies deals with multiple load flow solution (MLFS), second-order load-flow (SOLF) and continuation load flow (CLF). The ability of theses method to return from unsolvable solution to a solvable solution in load flow analysis is analyzed and discuss thoroughly. Special attention is given to the problems and techniques to provide optimal recommendations of the parameters that are used in these load flow methods. A part of the reviews, this paper also presents the comparison of numerical result using different type of aforesaid load flow methods for well and ill-conditioned systems.

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24

Chandrasekhara, M. S., and B. K. McLain. "Aerodynamic studies over a manoeuvring UCAV 1303 configuration." Aeronautical Journal 117, no. 1190 (April 2013): 445–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000008095.

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Abstract The flow past an unmanned combat air vehicle (UCAV) 1303 was investigated in a water tunnel in an effort to understand the complex flow field. The UCAV 1303 is characterised by a non slender, 47° swept-leading-edge delta wing, with a cranked trailing edge, a cropped wing tip and a fuselage. It also has no vertical tail. Dye visualisation pictures and five-axis strain gage load data were obtained on a 1:72 scale model in both steady flow and while the model executed preprogrammed manoeuvres. From the strain gage data, body axis force and moment data were derived. In addition to some similarities, comparison of the flow features observed with those of more well known slender delta wing flows showed some remarkable differences such as tip-stall, the presence of two like-sense vortices on the same side of the wing, their simultaneous spiral and bubble bursting. This paper predominantly discusses the flow visualisation results and attempts to correlate the load data to some of the observed flow features.

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25

Ahmed, A., M. Z. EL-Sadek, M. Abo-Zahhad, and H. E. Zidan. "INJECTION POWER UPFC MODEL FOR INCORPORATION OF UNIFIED POWER FLOW CONTROLLER IN LOAD FLOW STUDIES." JES. Journal of Engineering Sciences 35, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 207–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jesaun.2007.111420.

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26

Taufik, Matthew A. Guevara, Ali Shaban, and Ahmad Nafisi. "Modeling and Load Flow Analysis of a Microgrid Laboratory." International Journal of Smart Grid and Sustainable Energy Technologies 3, no. 2 (December 23, 2019): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.36040/ijsgset.v3i2.1178.

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Microgrids-miniature versions of the electrical grid are becoming increasingly more popular as advancements in technologies, renewable energy mandates, and decreased costs drive communities to adopt them. The modern microgrid has capabilities of generating, distributing, and regulating the flow of electricity, capable of operating in both grid-connected and islanded (disconnected) conditions. This paper utilizes ETAP software in the analysis, simulation, and development of a lab-scale microgrid located at Cal Poly State University. Microprocessor-based relays are heavily utilized in both the ETAP model and hardware implementation of the system. Three case studies were studied and simulated to investigate electric power system load flow analysis of the Cal Poly microgrid. Results were compared against hardware test measurements and showed overall agreement. Slight discrepancies were observed in the simulation results due mainly to the non-ideality of actual hardware components and lab equipment.

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27

Sekine, M., M. Ukita, and H. Nakanishi. "Systematic Pollutegraph Simulation for Real Scale River Basin." Water Science and Technology 23, no. 1-3 (January 1, 1991): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0410.

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This study describes the model for predicting the run-off load of pollutants through rivers into eutrophic lakes and inner sea areas. The model is composed of three stages: discharged load prediction; flow-rate prediction; and run-off load prediction. The discharged load in the river basin is estimated by using a pollutant loading factor method. The flow-rate which is necessary for the formula to predict the run-off load, was obtained by a tank model method. The run-off load prediction process consists of two stages: flow-out stage and flow-down stage. The flow-out stage represents the process in which the discharged load, including that from non-point source, flows out through gutters or small streams into the main river. The flow-down stage represents the process in which the flow-out load flows down through the main river to an observing station. There have been many studies dealing with water quality and load of pollutants in rivers. However, only a few of these studies have analyzed the relationship of human activities in the river basins quantitatively. Using this model, a computer program for pollutegraph simulation was constructed and applied to the river Ibo in Hyougo prefecture, JAPAN. The results obtained showed in accordance with the data obtained from field investigation.

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28

Knothe Tate, M. L., R. Steck, M. R. Forwood, and P. Niederer. "In vivo demonstration of load-induced fluid flow in the rat tibia and its potential implications for processes associated with functional adaptation." Journal of Experimental Biology 203, no. 18 (September 15, 2000): 2737–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.203.18.2737.

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Load-induced extravascular fluid flow has been postulated to play a role in mechanotransduction of physiological loads at the cellular level. Furthermore, the displaced fluid serves as a carrier for metabolites, nutrients, mineral precursors and osteotropic agents important for cellular activity. We hypothesise that load-induced fluid flow enhances the transport of these key substances, thus helping to regulate cellular activity associated with processes of functional adaptation and remodelling. To test this hypothesis, molecular tracer methods developed previously by our group were applied in vivo to observe and quantify the effects of load-induced fluid flow under four-point-bending loads. Preterminal tracer transport studies were carried out on 24 skeletally mature Sprague Dawley rats. Mechanical loading enhanced the transport of both small- and larger-molecular-mass tracers within the bony tissue of the tibial mid-diaphysis. Mechanical loading showed a highly significant effect on the number of periosteocytic spaces exhibiting tracer within the cross section of each bone. For all loading rates studied, the concentration of Procion Red tracer was consistently higher in the tibia subjected to pure bending loads than in the unloaded, contralateral tibia. Furthermore, the enhancement of transport was highly site-specific. In bones subjected to pure bending loads, a greater number of periosteocytic spaces exhibited the presence of tracer in the tension band of the cross section than in the compression band; this may reflect the higher strains induced in the tension band compared with the compression band within the mid-diaphysis of the rat tibia. Regardless of loading mode, the mean difference between the loaded side and the unloaded contralateral control side decreased with increasing loading frequency. Whether this reflects the length of exposure to the tracer or specific frequency effects cannot be determined by this set of experiments. These in vivo experimental results corroborate those of previous ex vivo and in vitro studies. Strain-related differences in tracer distribution provide support for the hypothesis that load-induced fluid flow plays a regulatory role in processes associated with functional adaptation.

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29

Aien, M., R. Ramezani, and S. Mohsen Ghavami. "Probabilistic Load Flow Considering Wind Generation Uncertainty." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 1, no. 5 (October 17, 2011): 126–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.64.

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Renewable energy sources, such as wind, solar and hydro, are increasingly incorporated into power grids, as a direct consequence of energy and environmental issues. These types of energies are variable and intermittent by nature and their exploitation introduces uncertainties into the power grid. Therefore, probabilistic analysis of the system performance is of significant interest. This paper describes a new approach to Probabilistic Load Flow (PLF) by modifying the Two Point Estimation Method (2PEM) to cover some drawbacks of other currently used methods. The proposed method is examined using two case studies, the IEEE 9-bus and the IEEE 57-bus test systems. In order to justify the effectiveness of the method, numerical comparison with Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) method is presented. Simulation results indicate that the proposed method significantly reduces the computational burden while maintaining a high level of accuracy. Moreover, that the unsymmetrical 2PEM has a higher level of accuracy than the symmetrical 2PEM with equal computing burden, when the Probability Density Function (PDF) of uncertain variables is asymmetric.

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30

Suresh, Vishnu Sidaarth. "Comparison of Solvers Performance for Load Flow Analysis." Transactions on Environment and Electrical Engineering 3, no. 1 (February 16, 2019): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22149/teee.v3i1.131.

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Load flow studies are carried out in order to find a steady state solution of a power system network. It is done to continuously monitor the system and decide upon future expansion of the system. The parameters of the system monitored are voltage magnitude, voltage angle, active and reactive power. This paper presents techniques used in order to obtain such parameters for a standard IEEE – 30 bus and IEEE-57 bus network and makes a comparison into the differences with regard to computational time and effectiveness of each solver

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31

Dias, L. G., and M. E. Ei-Hawary. "Effects of active and reactive power modelling in optimal load flow studies." IEE Proceedings C Generation, Transmission and Distribution 136, no. 5 (1989): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-c.1989.0034.

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32

Zambroni de Souza, A. C., C. B. Rosa Júnior, B. Isaias Lima Lopes, R. C. Leme, and O. A. S. Carpinteiro. "Non-iterative load-flow method as a tool for voltage stability studies." IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 1, no. 3 (2007): 499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd:20060310.

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33

AN, Ting, Congda HAN, Yanan WU, and Guangfu TANG. "HVDC grid test models for different application scenarios and load flow studies." Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy 5, no. 2 (July 26, 2016): 262–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40565-016-0214-7.

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34

Garcia-Valle, Rodrigo, and John G. Vlachogiannis. "Letter to the Editor: Electric Vehicle Demand Model for Load Flow Studies." Electric Power Components and Systems 37, no. 5 (April 28, 2009): 577–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15325000802599411.

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35

Pereira, J. L. R., V. M. da Costa, J. A. Passos, H. P. Pinto, and N. Martins. "Discussion of "advanced SVC models for newton-raphson load flow and newton optimal power flow studies"." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 16, no. 4 (November 2001): 946. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.2001.962471.

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36

Hiwarkar, Dr Chandrashekhar S., Abhay M. Halmare, Anurag A. Belsare, Nitin B. Mohriya, and Roshan Milmile. "Load Flow Analysis on IEEE 14 Bus System." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 4 (April 30, 2022): 1572–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41590.

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Abstract: This article presents a load flow analysis of an IEEE14 BUS system using the Newton-Raphson method, which simplifies the analysis of load balancing problems. The software used for the programming platform is MATLAB. This paper gives an overview of the electrical performance and power flows (real and reactive) under a steady state. There are various methods for load flow computations. The gauss-seidel method is more popular in smaller systems because of less computational time. In the case of larger systems computation time increases in this condition, the Newton-Raphson method is preferred. This project aims to develop a MATLAB program to calculate voltages and active and reactive power at each bus for IEEE 14 bus systems. The MATLAB program is executed with the input data and results are compared. Keywords: load flow studies, Newton-Raphson method, IEEE 14 bus system.

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37

Lu, Zebin, Junru Lei, Yihao He, Zhengfa Li, Shuhua Deng, and Xieping Gao. "Energy Optimization for Software-Defined Data Center Networks Based on Flow Allocation Strategies." Electronics 8, no. 9 (September 11, 2019): 1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8091014.

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Nowadays, energy consumption has become an important issue in data center networks. The most promising energy-saving schemes are those that shut down unnecessary network devices and links while meeting the demand of traffic loads. Existing research mainly focuses on the strategies of energy savings in software-defined data center networks (SD-DCN). Few studies have considered both energy savings and the quality of service (QoS) of the traffic load. In this paper, we investigate the energy savings guaranteed by traffic load satisfaction ratio. To ensure the minimum-power consumption in data centers, we formulate the SD-DCN energy consumption optimization problem as an Integer Linear Programming model. To achieve a high success rate for traffic transmission, we propose three flow scheduling strategies. On this foundation, we propose a strategy-based Minimum Energy Consumption (MEC) heuristic algorithm to ensure the QoS satisfaction ratio in the process of energy optimization. The results show that our algorithm can save energy efficiently under the conditions of low traffic load and medium traffic load. Under high traffic load, our algorithm can achieve better network performance than existing solutions in terms of quality of service satisfaction ratio of flow allocation.

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38

Tovar-Hernandez, J. H., G. Gutierrez-Alcaraz, R. Mota-Palomino, J. L. R. Pereira, V. M. da Costa, J. A. P. Filho, H. P. Pinto, N. Martins, H. Ambriz-Perez, and C. R. Fuerte-Esquivel. "Advanced SVC models for Newton-Raphson load flow and Newton optimal power flow studies [discussion and closure]." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 16, no. 4 (2001): 946–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/59.962470.

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39

Leaper, Mark Christopher. "Measuring the Flow Functions of Pharmaceutical Powders Using the Brookfield Powder Flow Tester and Freeman FT4." Processes 9, no. 11 (November 13, 2021): 2032. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9112032.

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Анотація:

This study examined the feasibility of combining data from different powder flow testers to determine the flow function characteristics of pharmaceutical powders. The Brookfield PFT and Freeman FT4 can measure flow function over different scales of consolidation load but were found to be most complementary with CRM limestone powder and lactose. The brittle behaviour of Easytab particles at higher loads made obtaining repeatable results with the FT4 challenging. By using the method of Wang et al., where the flow function coefficient ffc is plotted against the dimensionless cohesion C* (measured cohesion Ta divided by the initial compaction I), a plot was formed which could be used to predict the behaviour of other systems, which compared well with previous studies.

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40

Shin, Ji-Hyun, Hyo-Jun Kim, Han-Gyeol Lee, and Young-Hum Cho. "Variable Water Flow Control of Hybrid Geothermal Heat Pump System." Energies 16, no. 17 (August 22, 2023): 6113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16176113.

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Ground heat accumulation caused by imbalanced heating and cooling loads in a building can cause the heat-source temperature to increase as the operating age of a geothermal heat pump (GHP) system increases. An alternative system to improve upon this situation is the hybrid GHP system. This study reviews existing research on GHP systems and hybrid GHP systems, variable water flow (VWF) control, and coefficient of performance (COP) prediction. Generally, constant flow control is applied to the circulating pump to provide a flow rate according to the maximum load. The need for VWF control was identified because the hybrid GHP system is used mainly as a heating and cooling heat source system for partial loads rather than the entire building load. Previous studies on predicting the COPs of GHP systems developed prediction models by selecting input values based on mathematical models, collecting data through multiple measurement points, and utilizing data from production environments. The model can be limited by the field environment, and it is necessary to predict the COP using machine learning based on existing field monitoring data.

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DOĞAN, Yalçın, and Murat UYSAL. "Numerical and Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Increasing Engine Load on Silencer Back Pressure in a Diesel Generator." Deu Muhendislik Fakultesi Fen ve Muhendislik 24, no. 72 (September 19, 2022): 983–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21205/deufmd.2022247226.

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In this study, the exhaust back pressure (EBP) behavior resulting from the gradual increase in engine load of the exhaust muffler system used in a diesel engine generator was investigated numerically and experimentally. By examining the compatibility of numerical analysis and experimental test exhaust back pressure results with each other, the possibility of eliminating the need for experimental exhaust back pressure test is examined. Firstly, the exhaust gas temperature and flow rate of the selected diesel engine under five different engine loads were experimentally measured. A reactive muffler with perforated pipe, designed to be integrated into the selected engine, was subjected to computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analyzes using measured exhaust gas temperature and gas flow rate. Numerical EBP values were obtained with these numerical analysis studies, which were carried out using the finite volume method in the ANSYS-Fluent program. Finally, the exhaust silencer system, which was manufactured, was subjected to experimental EBP tests under five different engine loads that were gradually increased. According to the numerical and experimental EBP results obtained, it has been observed that the gradual engine load increase in a diesel generator increases the EBP as parabolic. It was understood that the numerical and experimental results of the EBP for different load conditions became more compatible as the engine load increased, and the numerical analysis error rate was found as 4.06% under the 110% engine load which is the critical load condition. In addition, it was concluded that the need for experimental EBP tests can be eliminated by using only numerical studies in the generator exhaust muffler design.

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42

Tourandaz Kenari, Meghdad, Mohammad Sadegh Sepasian, and Mehrdad Setayesh Nazar. "Probabilistic load flow computation using saddle-point approximation." COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 36, no. 1 (January 3, 2017): 48–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-02-2016-0051.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present a new cumulant-based method, based on the properties of saddle-point approximation (SPA), to solve the probabilistic load flow (PLF) problem for distribution networks with wind generation. Design/methodology/approach This technique combines cumulant properties with the SPA to improve the analytical approach of PLF calculation. The proposed approach takes into account the load demand and wind generation uncertainties in distribution networks, where a suitable probabilistic model of wind turbine (WT) is used. Findings The proposed procedure is applied to IEEE 33-bus distribution test system, and the results are discussed. The output variables, with and without WT connection, are presented for normal and gamma random variables (RVs). The case studies demonstrate that the proposed method gives accurate results with relatively low computational burden even for non-Gaussian probability density functions. Originality/value The main contribution of this paper is the use of SPA for the reconstruction of probability density function or cumulative distribution function in the PLF problem. To confirm the validity of the method, results are compared with Monte Carlo simulation and Gram–Charlier expansion results. From the viewpoint of accuracy and computational cost, SPA almost surpasses other approximations for obtaining the cumulative distribution function of the output RVs.

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43

Mao, Wenlong, Tianwen Wang, and Yiming Shu. "Model and Experimental Studies of the Seepage Failure of Damaged Geotextile at the Joint between Tubes in a Geotextile Tube Dam." Water 14, no. 23 (December 2, 2022): 3934. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14233934.

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This paper focuses on the impact of geotextile tube damage at the joints between tubes on dam structures subjected to seepage. First, a seepage-induced failure critical gradient model for damaged geotextile tubes was developed. Tests were conducted using geotextile specimens with precut O-shaped holes to simulate the seepage erosion process. Various overburden loads (0, 5, 10, 20, and 30 kPa) and hole radii (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2 cm) were examined. Based on the test phenomena and the changes in pore-water pressure and seepage flow, four progression stages (seepage stability, sand particle wash-out, preferential flow formation and development, and complete failure) were identified. The experimental critical gradients obtained under different conditions agreed well with the model results. The critical gradient is positively correlated with the overburden load and negatively correlated with the hole radius. Critical gradient growth gradually slows with increasing overburden load. The critical gradient difference caused by the hole size decreases rapidly. When the overburden load increases to 20 kPa, this difference is essentially unchanged. These findings can provide a better understanding of the performance of damaged geotextile tubes.

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Jagun, Z. O., M. B. Olajide, B. A. Wokoma, and E. N. Osegi. "Power loss minimization load flow studies using Artificial Bee Colony swarm intelligence technique." Nigerian Journal of Technology 40, no. 4 (October 27, 2021): 728–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v40i4.19.

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This paper presents the capability of an emerging swarm intelligence technique for power loss minimization known as the Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) used in the context of an Alternative Load Flow Analysis (LFA) technique (ABC-LFA) for the solution of a power systems network. Studies are performed considering the effect of an important parameter of the ABC, the “maxcycle” on the LFA process; experiments are conducted by applying the ABC-LFA to the Western System Coordinated Council (WSCC) 3-machine 9- bus power system and a section of the Nigerian 132-kV power transmission network Port-Harcourt Region (NPHC-132), and the results reported. The results indicate that increasing the value of the ABC “maxcycle” parameter has a pronounced effect on the results obtained by the ABC-LFA. The results also indicate the sensitivity of the ABC to low values of maxcycle parameter.

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45

Komolafe, O. A., M. S. Sachdev, and R. J. Fleming. "A technique for simulating outages of lines and transformers in load flow studies." Canadian Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 13, no. 2 (1988): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cjece.1988.6592776.

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Divya, K. C., and P. S. Nagendra Rao. "Models for wind turbine generating systems and their application in load flow studies." Electric Power Systems Research 76, no. 9-10 (June 2006): 844–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2005.10.012.

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Fuerte-Esquivel, C. R., E. Acha, and I. Ambriz-Perez. "Integrated SVC and step-down transformer model for Newton-Raphson load flow studies." IEEE Power Engineering Review 20, no. 2 (February 2000): 45–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/39.819916.

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48

Exposito, A. G., J. L. M. Ramos, and J. R. Santos. "Slack Bus Selection to Minimize the System Power Imbalance in Load-Flow Studies." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 19, no. 2 (May 2004): 987–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.2004.825871.

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Aree, Pichai. "Improved Power Flow Initialization of Dynamic Studies with Non-linear Composite Load Model." Electric Power Components and Systems 41, no. 15 (November 18, 2013): 1469–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15325008.2013.830657.

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50

Ye, Xi, Gan Li, Tong Zhu, Lei Zhang, Yanfeng Wang, Xiang Wang, and Hua Zhong. "A Dispatching Method for Large-Scale Interruptible Load and Electric Vehicle Clusters to Alleviate Overload of Interface Power Flow." Sustainability 15, no. 16 (August 16, 2023): 12452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151612452.

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The study of dispatching methods for large-scale interruptible loads and electric vehicle clusters is of great significance as an optional method to alleviate the problem of overload in interface power flow. In this paper, the distribution model and transfer capacity of large-scale interruptible load and electric vehicle in two dimensions of time and space were firstly introduced. Then, a large-scale interruptible load and electric vehicle dispatching model considering transmission interface power flow balance was established. Finally, a case study was carried out with the city power grid as the research object. Studies show that by dispatching large-scale interruptible load and electric vehicle, the overload rate of interface power flow can be reduced by 12–17%, while the proportion of clean energy generation increased by 4.19%. Large-scale interruptible load and electric vehicles are quite different in terms of the role they play in grid regulation. The regulation cost of electric vehicles is higher than that of large-scale interruptible load, but it also has the advantages of promoting the consumption of clean energy and improving the overall operating economy. Which type of resource should be given priority is based on the actual state of the grid. In addition, the cost of electricity has a significant impact on the load response behavior of electric vehicles. It should be determined according to various factors, such as interface power flow control requirements, regulation costs, and power grid operation costs.

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