Статті в журналах: "LOAD DISPATCH"

1

Lamba, Prof Kanika. "Economic Load Dispatch." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 20, 2021): 1646–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35330.

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ELD or Economic load dispatch is an online process of allocating generating among the available generating units to minimize the total generating cost and satisfy the equality and inequality constraint. ELD means the real and reactive power of the generator vary within the certain limits and fulfils theload demand with less fuel cost. There are some traditional methods for = 1; 2; :::;N) isgiven as Vi=[Vi;1; Vi;2; :::; Vi;D]. The index ivaries from solving ELD include lambda irritation method, Newton-Raphson method, Gradient method, etc. All these traditional algorithms need the incremental fuel cost curves of the generators to be increasing monotonically or piece-wise linear. But in practice the input-output characteristics of a generator are highly non-linear leading to a challenging non-convex optimization problem. Methods like artificial intelligence, DP (dynamic programming), GA (genetic algorithms), and PSO (particle swarm optimization), ALO ( ant-lion optimization), solve non convex optimization problems in an efficient manner and obtain a fast and near global and optimum solution. In this project ELD problem has been solved using Lambda-Iterative technique, ALO (ant-lion Optimization) and PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization) and the results have been compared. All the analyses have been made in MATLAB environment

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2

Sha, Quan, and Shao Hua Zhang. "Application of Intelligent Algorithms to Interruptible Load Dispatch Model." Applied Mechanics and Materials 239-240 (December 2012): 1487–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.239-240.1487.

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Interruptible load management plays an important role in maintaining the reliability and security of power systems and reducing price spike of power markets, thus has been widely used in power systems. Interruptible loads dispatch problem with multi-period and multi-interruptible-load is usually a multi-objective, combinatorial optimization problem, and its solution method needs to be carefully investigated. Application of intelligent optimization algorithms to the multi-period interruptible load dispatch problem is discussed in this paper. Multi objectives, such as minimizing the interruption payments and interruption frequency, can be included in the proposed interruptible load dispatch model. The characteristics of different interruptible loads are also considered. Numerical simulations using discrete binary particle swarm optimization (BPSO) and the genetic algorithm (GA) show that the BPSO can obtain better solutions than that of the GA. Thus the BPSO presents better potentials in solving the interruptible load dispatch problem.

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3

Jan, Zaineb Nisar, and Dr Satish Saini. "Economic Load Dispatch Using Computational Techniques." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 12 (December 31, 2022): 831–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.47977.

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Abstract: This research paper introduces the importance of economic dispatch in a power system. Economic dispatch was the method used in allocating the output power of each generator to achieve the optimal dispatch to reduce fuel cost to the minimum. The research paper discusses how the economic dispatch problem can be solved by using the methods of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Lambda Iteration (LI). These methods were applied in IEEE-30 busses systems. The system was tested on a few loads demands to find out the total fuel cost, power losses, and computational time.

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4

Yang, Yang, and Li Zi Zhang. "The Combined Generation-Consumption Scheduling Mode Considering Price-Responsive and Interruptible Loads." Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (October 2013): 2740–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.2740.

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In order to provide reserve power supply, consumption dispatch can be integrated into the conventional generation dispatch model. This serves as a feasible approach in connecting intermittent power sources such as hydropower into the power grid. An integrated generation-consumption dispatch model with hydropower is presented considering the consumption dispatch mode, such as consumption stimulation, interruptible load management, and price response, etc. Practical case studies show that price-responsive loads and interruptible loads tend to exert great influence on the load distribution which lead to a reallocation of generation among thermal generation units, run-of-river and storage hydropower generation units, which favours the total reservoir storage of the system so that the overall system operational economy can be improved.

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5

Xu, Tao, Cheng Cheng, Fei Ren, and Weiwei Zhang. "Optimal Scheduling of Integrated Energy Systems Considering Carbon Trading." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2395, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2395/1/012053.

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Abstract Under the background where the electricity market and the carbon market are booming, the operation and dispatch of the integrated energy system requires the introduction of a carbon trading mechanism that can help guide customers and system operators to optimize electricity consumption and dispatch plans. A mathematical model of the community-integrated energy system, including energy storage, gas turbine generation system, and flexible load, is constructed based on energy hubs. In the consideration of costs in operation and carbon trading of the system, a low carbon economic dispatch model is established for IES to achieve the optimization objective of minimizing the total cost. The simulation results show that the coupled electric and thermal dispatch and the participation and interaction of flexible electric and thermal loads can lower the load peak-to-valley difference and significantly reduce the system operation cost, and the flexible load participation and dispatch under the carbon trading system can effectively bring the system more environmental and economic benefits.

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6

Dhillon, J. S., S. C. Parti, and D. P. Kothari. "Stochastic economic emission load dispatch." Electric Power Systems Research 26, no. 3 (April 1993): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-7796(93)90011-3.

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7

Vyas, Sanjay R., and Dr Ved vyas dwivedi. "Reduce Power Generation Cost by Using Load Dispatch Schedule." Indian Journal of Applied Research 2, no. 2 (October 1, 2011): 66–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/nov2012/24.

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8

Li, Lianming, Defeng He, Jianrong Jin, Baoyun Yu, and Xiang Gao. "Multi-Objective Load Dispatch Control of Biomass Heat and Power Cogeneration Based on Economic Model Predictive Control." Energies 14, no. 3 (February 1, 2021): 762. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14030762.

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This paper proposes a multi-objective load dispatch algorithm based on economic predictive control to solve the real-time multi-objective load dispatch problem of biomass heat and power cogeneration. According to the energy conservation law and production process, a real-time multi-objective load dispatch optimization model for heat and power units is established. Then, the concept of multi-objective utopia points is introduced, and the multi-objective load comprehensive objective function is defined to coordinate the conflict between the economic performance and pollutant emission performance of the units. Furthermore, using the online receding optimization characteristics of economic predictive control, the comprehensive objective function of multi-objective load dispatching is optimized online. Then, the fuel rate satisfying the economic performance and pollutant emission performance of the units is calculated to realize the economic performance and environmental protection operation of biomass heat and power cogeneration. Finally, the proposed multi-objective load dispatch control method is compared to traditional dispatch strategies by using industrial data. The results show that the method presented here can well balance the production cost and pollutant emission objective under the fluctuation of the thermoelectric load demand, and provides a feasible scheme for real-time dispatching of the multi-objective load dispatch problem of biomass heat and power cogeneration.

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9

Singh, Nagendra, Tulika Chakrabarti, Prasun Chakrabarti, Martin Margala, Amit Gupta, S. Phani Praveen, Sivaneasan Bala Krishnan, and Bhuvan Unhelkar. "Novel Heuristic Optimization Technique to Solve Economic Load Dispatch and Economic Emission Load Dispatch Problems." Electronics 12, no. 13 (July 3, 2023): 2921. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12132921.

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The fundamental objective of economic load dispatch is to operate the available generating units such that the needed load demand satisfies the lowest generation cost and also complies with the various constraints. With proper power system operation planning using optimized generation limits, it is possible to reduce the cost of power generation. To fulfill the needs of such objectives, proper planning and economic load dispatch can help to plan the operation of the electrical power system. To optimize the economic load dispatch problems, various classical and new evolutionary optimization approaches have been used in research articles. Classical optimization techniques are outdated due to many limitations and are also unable to provide a global solution to the ELD problem. This work uses a new variant of particle swarm optimization techniques called modified particle swarm optimization, which is effective and efficient at finding optimum solutions for single as well as multi-objective economic load dispatch problems. The proposed MPSO is used to solve single and multi-objective problems. This work considers constraints like power balance and power generation limits. The proposed techniques are tested for three different case studies of ELD and EELD problems. (1) The first case is tested using the data of 13 generating unit systems along with the valve point loading effect; (2) the second case is tested using 15 generating unit systems along with the ramp rate limits; and (3) the third case is tested using the economic emission dispatch (EELD) as a multi-objective problem for 6 generating unit systems. The outcomes of the suggested procedures are contrasted with those of alternative optimization methods. The results show that the suggested strategy is efficient and produces superior optimization outcomes than existing optimization techniques.

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10

Singh, Pragya, and Aayushi Priya. "A Comprehensive Review on Economic Load Dispatch using Evolutionary Approach." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJOSCIENCE 3, no. 2 (February 10, 2017): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijoscience.v3i2.172.

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Economic Load Dispatch, ELD can be defined as the way of allocating the load level to the generators of the power plant in such a way that the total demand would be supplied in a most economic manner and completely. In a practical power system, the power plants are not located at the same distance from the centre of loads and their fuel costs are different. Also, under normal operating conditions, the generation capacity is more than the total load demand and losses. Thus, there are many options for scheduling generation. In an interconnected power system, the objective is to find the real and reactive power scheduling of each power plant in such a way as to minimize the operating cost. This means that the generator‟s real and reactive powers are allowed to vary within certain limits so as to meet a particular load demand with minimum fuel cost. This is called optimal power flow problem. In this paper, Economic Load Dispatch (ELD) of real power generation is considered. Economic Load Dispatch (ELD) is the scheduling of generators to minimize total operating cost of generator units subjected to equality constraint of power balance within the minimum and maximum operating limits of the generating units. This paper gives a survey of research work covering the concept of economic load dispatch. Economic load dispatch gives the best saving in cost for any power generation plant operation in which the methodology can be applied by various means from conventional to the advanced. In the past years up to 90s, the conventional techniques were used to make this happen but in the past decades AI techniques have fulfilled the requirements with satisfactory results that are being reviewed.

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11

Rao, DSNM, and Niranjan Kumar. "Comparisional Investigation of Load Dispatch Solutions with TLBO." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 7, no. 6 (December 1, 2017): 3246. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v7i6.pp3246-3253.

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This paper discusses economic load dispatch Problem is modeled with non-convex functions. These are problem are not solvable using a convex optimization techniques. So there is a need for using a heuristic method. Among such methods Teaching and Learning Based Optimization (TLBO) is a recently known algorithm and showed promising results. This paper utilized this algorithm to provide load dispatch solutions. Comparisons of this solution with other standard algorithms like Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Differential Evolution (DE) and Harmony Search Algorithm (HSA). This proposed algorithm is applied to solve the load dispatch problem for 6 unit and 10 unit test systems along with the other algorithms. This comparisional investigation explored various merits of TLBO with respect to PSO, DE, and HAS in the field economic load dispatch.

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12

Jan, Zaineb Nisar. "Economic Load Dispatch using Lambda Iteration, Particle Swarm Optimization & Genetic Algorithm." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 8 (August 31, 2021): 972–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.37527.

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Abstract: In economic load dispatch problem scheduling of loads is done in order to achieve reliable power supply with reduced costs. With the increase in load demand with each passing year energy crisis is increasing hence an area of study where fuel costs can be reduced was proposed. This can be achieved using various methods among which the methods discussed in this paper are Lambda Iteration, Particle Swarm Operation and Genetic Algorithm. Based on numerical results the best optimization technique can be figured out among the discussed methods. Keywords: Lambda Iteration, PSO, GA, economic load dispatch, optimization solutions

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13

Spea, Shaimaa R. "Solving practical economic load dispatch problem using crow search algorithm." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 10, no. 4 (August 1, 2020): 3431. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v10i4.pp3431-3440.

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The practical economic load dispatch problem is a non-convex, non-smooth, and non-linear optimization problem due to including practical considerations such as valve-point loading effects and multiple fuel options. An optimization algorithm named crow search algorithm is proposed in this paper to solve the practical non-convex economic load dispatch problem. Three cases with different economic load dispatch configurations are studied. The simulation results and statistical analysis show the efficiency of the proposed crow search algorithm. Also, the simulation results are compared to the other reported algorithms. The comparison of results confirm the high-quality solutions and the effectiveness of the proposed method for solving the non-convex practical economic load dispatch problem.

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14

Anyaka, Boniface O., J. Felix Manirakiza, Kenneth C. Chike, and Prince A. Okoro. "Optimal unit commitment of a power plant using particle swarm optimization approach." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 10, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 1135. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v10i2.pp1135-1141.

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Economic load dispatch among generating units is very important for any power plant. In this work, the economic load dispatch was made at Egbin Thermal Power plant supplying a total load of 600MW using six generating units. In carrying out this study, transmission losses were assumed to be included into the load supplied. Also three different combinations in the form of 6, 5 and 4 units commitment were considered. In each case, the total load was optimally dispatched between committed generating units using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). Similarly, the generation cost for each generating unit was determined. For case 1, the six generators were committed and the generation cost is 2,100,685.069$/h. For case 2, five generators were committed and the generation cost is 2,520,861.947$/h. For case 3, four generators were committed and the generation cost is 3,150,621.685$/h. From all considered cases, it was found that, the minimum generation cost was achieved when all six generating units were committed and a total of 420,178.878$/h was saved.

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15

Singh, Nagendra, and Yogendra Kumar. "Multiobjective Economic Load Dispatch Problem Solved by New PSO." Advances in Electrical Engineering 2015 (February 19, 2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/536040.

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Proposed in this paper is a new particle swarm optimization technique for the solution of economic load dispatch as well as environmental emission of the thermal power plant with power balance and generation limit constraints. Economic load dispatch is an online problem to minimize the total generating cost of the thermal power plant and satisfy the equality and inequality constraints. Thermal power plants use fossil fuels for the generation of power; fossil fuel emits many toxic gases which pollute the environment. This paper not only considers the economic load dispatch problem to reduce the total generation cost of the thermal power plant but also deals with environmental emission minimization. In this paper, fuel cost and the environmental emission functions are considered and formulated as a multiobjective economic load dispatch problem. For obtaining the solution of multiobjective economic load dispatch problem a new PSO called moderate random search PSO was used. MRPSO enhances the ability of particles to explore in the search spaces more effectively and increases their convergence rates. The proposed algorithm is tested for the IEEE 30 bus test systems. The results obtained by MRPSO algorithm show that it is effective and efficient.

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16

Kulkarni, P. A., and Prof R. M. Holmukhe. "Infrastructural Analysis of Load Dispatch Centre." International Journal of Computer Applications 1, no. 7 (February 25, 2010): 112–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/154-276.

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17

Al-Subhi, Ahmad A., and Hesham K. Alfares. "Economic Load Dispatch Using Linear Programming." International Journal of Applied Industrial Engineering 3, no. 1 (January 2016): 16–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijaie.2016010102.

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This paper presents an optimum solution of the economic dispatch (ED) problem without considering transmission losses using linear programming (LP). In the ED problem, several on-line units (generators) are available, and it is needed to determine the power to produce by each unit in order to meet the required load at minimum total cost. To apply LP, the nonlinear cost functions of all generators are approximated by linear piecewise functions. To examine the effectiveness of this linearization method, a comprehensive set of benchmark test problems is used consisting of 3, 6, 18, 20, 38, and 40 generators. Using this set, LP solutions of linearized ED problems are compared with several other techniques available in the literature. The LP technique with piecewise linearization shows an overall competitive advantage in terms of total cost, solution time, and load satisfaction accuracy. The impact of varying the width of the linearized pieces (segments) is also discussed. All the computational analysis is performed using MATLAB software environment.

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18

Ebrahimi, A., M. Ehsan, and V. Tahani. "Multicriteria Load Dispatch with Fuzzy Constraints." Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems 2, no. 4 (1994): 315–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ifs-1994-2404.

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19

Hosseinnezhad, Vahid, та Ebrahim Babaei. "Economic load dispatch using θ-PSO". International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 49 (липень 2013): 160–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2013.01.002.

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20

Mi, Yang, Yuyang Chen, Minghan Yuan, Zichen Li, Biao Tao, and Yunhao Han. "Multi-Timescale Optimal Dispatching Strategy for Coordinated Source-Grid-Load-Storage Interaction in Active Distribution Networks Based on Second-Order Cone Planning." Energies 16, no. 3 (January 27, 2023): 1356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16031356.

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In order to cope with the efficient consumption and flexible regulation of resource scarcity due to grid integration of renewable energy sources, a scheduling strategy that takes into account the coordinated interaction of source, grid, load, and storage is proposed. In order to improve the accuracy of the dispatch, a BP neural network approach modified by a genetic algorithm is used to predict renewable energy sources and loads. The non-convex, non-linear optimal dispatch model of the distribution grid is transformed into a mixed integer programming model with optimal tides based on the second-order cone relaxation, variable substitution, and segmental linearization of the Big M method. In addition, the uncertainty of distributed renewable energy output and the flexibility of load demand re-response limit optimal dispatch on a single time scale, so the frequency of renewable energy and load forecasting is increased, and an optimal dispatch model with complementary time scales is developed. Finally, the IEEE 33-node distribution system was tested to verify the effectiveness of the proposed optimal dispatching strategy. The simulation results show an 18.28% improvement in the economy of the system and a 24.39% increase in the capacity to consume renewable energy.

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21

Prashar, Sushil, Vikram Kumar Kamboj, and Kultaar Deep Singh. "A Cost Effective Solution to Security Constrained Unit Commitment and Dispatch Problem using Hybrid Search Algorithm." E3S Web of Conferences 184 (2020): 01071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202018401071.

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The Security constraints unit commitment (SCUC) is a powerful scheduling technique used in power markets for daily planning. SCUC is a framework that combines two common algorithms in the electricity industry: Unit Commitment (UC) and Economic Dispatch (ED), while adding a new dimension – Security. Load demand is changing continuously due to variation of load of industrial, residential and commercial sectors. Thus, it is very important to decide which generating unit should be kept on and how much power should be dispatched so that time varying load demand can be meet on Hourly basis and there should be no scope of occurrence of loss of load hour (LOLH). In the proposed research, the recently developed hybrid meta-heuristics search algorithm i.e. GWO-RES has been applied to solve the security constrained Unit Commitment and dispatch problem of Electric power system. The efficiency of the proposed hybrid algorithm has been tested for standard IEEE-14 Bus, 30-Bus and 56-bus system and it has been experimentally found that GWO-RES performs much better than hybrid GWO-PS and GWO-RS algorithm.

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22

Zhang, Xiu Ge, Ye Ren, and Xun Cheng Huang. "Optimum Load Dispatching Model in Intelligent Distribution Network." Advanced Materials Research 915-916 (April 2014): 1433–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.915-916.1433.

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The increase of the intensive power proportion in distribution network brings new challenges to load dispatch of power plant, and intelligent distribution would be a key issue in the future power integrated system. The paper combined the strength Pareto evolutionary algorithm with the parallel genetic algorithm (PGA) ,namely the Pseudo-parallel SPEA2 Algorithm for solving the dynamic economic load dispatch problem. This problem is formulated as a nonlinear constrained multi-objective optimization problem, meanwhile, synthetically considers dynamic constraints handling, the minimum of fuel cost and the pollution emission. Besides, the paper analyzed the feasibility and validity of this algorithm in the load dispatch of power system.

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23

Rahmat, Nur Azzammudin, Ismail Musirin, and Ahmad Farid Abidin. "Solving Fuzzy Combined Economic Load–Emission Dispatch by Using Differential Evolution Immunized Ant Colony Optimization Technique." Applied Mechanics and Materials 785 (August 2015): 500–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.785.500.

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The fluctuating load demand with respect to time requires thorough analysis by the energy providers. Nowadays, the utilities need to include emission control during energy dispatch planning. The practically accurate economic dispatch solution is achieved by considering it as a dynamic or time-varying problem. Therefore, this research proposes Fuzzy Combined Economic Load-Emission Dispatch (Fz-CELED) to solve dynamic economic dispatch problem. Fuzzy Logic is used to predict the future load demand and fuel pricing. Moreover, this paper proposed the Differential Evolution Immunized Ant Colony Optimization (DEIANT) technique to optimize Fz-CELED problem. The research was conducted on IEEE 57-Bus Systems. Comparative studies are also conducted among DEIANT, ACO and EP to assess their performance.

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24

Rosli, Hazwani Mohd, Syahirah Abd Halim, Lilik Jamilatul Awalin, and Seri Mastura Mustaza. "Economic-emission load dispatch for power system operation using enhanced sunflower optimization." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 27, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v27.i1.pp1-10.

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Conventional thermal power plant uses limited sources of gas, fuel or coal which contributes to the rise of air pollution. Thus, it is crucial to efficiently use the natural sources and minimize the emissions of greenhouse gases and other pollutants. This paper presents an optimal economic dispatch considering three factors which are cost of generation, loss of power transmission and amount of emission for an efficient operation of power generation. Enhanced sunflower optimization (ESFO) algorithm is applied to determine the solution for three different cases: economic load dispatch, emission load dispatch and economic-emission load dispatch. The optimal solution based on the minimum generation cost and emission is obtained for the IEEE 6-unit test system using MATLAB software

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25

Zheng, Tao, Zemei Dai, Jiahao Yao, Yufeng Yang, and Jing Cao. "Economic Dispatch of Multi-Energy System Considering Load Replaceability." Processes 7, no. 9 (August 28, 2019): 570. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7090570.

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By integrating gas, electricity, and cooling and heat networks, multi-energy system (MES) breaks the bondage of isolated planning and operation of independent energy systems. Appropriate scheduling of MES is critical to the operational economy, and it is essential to design scheduling strategies to achieve maximum economic benefits. In addition to the emergence of energy conversion systems, the other main novelty of MES is the multivariate of load, which offers a great optimization potential by changing load replaceability (flexibly adjusting the composition of loads). In this paper, by designing load replaceability index (LRI) of composite load in MES, its interaction mechanism with scheduling optimum is systematically analyzed. Through case studies, it is proven that the optimum can be improved by elevating load replaceability.

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26

Sahni, Anita, and Dr K. T. Chaturvedi. "An Efficient Algorithm for Economic Load Dispatch Considering Valve Point Loading Effect." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 11, no. 5 (June 30, 2022): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.e3534.0611522.

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A simple and efficient algorithm is proposed for solving the economic dispatch problem of power system with valve point discontinuities employing a particle swarm optimization based approach. Evolutionary methods such as GA and PSO are known to perform better than conventional gradient based optimization methods for non convex optimization problems. This reactive power management in economic load dispatches plays a vital role in improving power quality of the system. The power compensation and economic load dispatches is major problem in distribution network. The power is maintain the state of the UPQC (Unified power quality conditioner). The UPAC controlled by the STATCOM or DSTATCOM. The performance of the proposed method has been compared with conventional PSO. The effectiveness of the algorithm has been tested on a test system having three generating units.

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27

Zhang, Li Xiao, Wen Tan, and Xiao Bin Huang. "Optimized Load Distributed of Power Plant Units Based on Branch and Bound Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 239-240 (December 2012): 1565–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.239-240.1565.

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Power consumption is increasing significantly with the rapid economic development. In order to improve the competitiveness of thermal power plants, the problem of units' optimal load dispatch becomes a hot topic of the research about reducing coal consumption. The branch and bound method is presented to solve the problem based on a load dispatch model with velocity constraint in this paper. Branch can create the conditions for the optimal solution of unit load distribution, bound can improve the search efficiency of the optimal solution [1]. Through the computational Simulation, it proves the method described in the paper has the higher convergence speed and can be better applied to the problem of units' optimal load dispatch.

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28

Li, Qifen, Yihan Zhao, Yongwen Yang, Liting Zhang, and Chen Ju. "Demand-Response-Oriented Load Aggregation Scheduling Optimization Strategy for Inverter Air Conditioner." Energies 16, no. 1 (December 28, 2022): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010337.

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In recent years, the peak–valley differences in urban power loads have been increasing. It is difficult to maintain the real-time balance of a power system by relying solely on the generation-side resources. As a typical flexible load, an air conditioning load can balance the supply and demand of a power grid by adjusting power using the thermal inertia of buildings. From the perspective of a load aggregator, this study models and aggregates the dispatch of a single inverter air conditioner distributed in a region to determine the adjustment potential of an air conditioning cluster. Then, according to the demand response capacity requirements, an optimal strategy for the aggregate dispatch of an inverter air conditioner considering incentive compensation measures is proposed with the objective of maximizing the load quotient economic benefit. The sensitivity analysis of the compensation factor for temperature rise is also performed. The results show that 3000 inverter air conditioners in the load quotient dispatch area participate in the demand response for 4 h, with a load reduction of 1.267 MW and a net income of RMB 14,435.97. Secondly, an increase in the temperature rise compensation factor will reduce the cost of temperature rise compensation by the loader to the user, but it will also reduce the load reduction and the net income of the loader. This study has practical significance for load aggregators to formulate compensation strategies and improve the economic benefits of participating in demand response.

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Mistry, Payal, and Sanjay Vyas. "A STUDY ON : Optimisation of Economic Load Dispatch Problem by PSO." Indian Journal of Applied Research 4, no. 6 (October 1, 2011): 171–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/june2014/54.

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30

Jun-Feng Guo, Jun-Feng Guo, Yong-Qiang Zhang Jun-Feng Guo, Sheng-Bin Xu Yong-Qiang Zhang, Trong-The Nguyen Sheng-Bin Xu, and Jin-Yang Lin Trong-The Nguyen. "A Power System Profitable Load Dispatch Based on Golden Eagle Optimizer." 電腦學刊 33, no. 4 (August 2022): 145–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.53106/199115992022083304012.

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<p>Profitable load dispatch (PLD) is a typical multi-constrained nonlinear optimization problem considered an essential vital part of the power system to achieve energy-saving and consumption reduction. Dealing with the PLD problem using additional methods, e.g., gradient computing quadratic programming, would suffer from computational time complexity. The swarm intelligence optimization algorithm is one of the most promising effective ways of dealing with nonlinear optimization problems like the PLD issue. Gold-en Eagle optimizer (GEO) is a recent robust swarm intelligence optimization algorithm that has advantages as a few parameters, easy implementation, and powerful search capability. This study suggests a solution to the actual operation constraints of the power system of the PLD model based on novel GEO. The sum of a series of piecewise quadratic polynomials is modeled for the fitness function as the cost function used for figuring optimization out by the first-time GEO. In the experimental section, the IEEE-bus benchmark of 15 and 40-unit test systems are used as the case study to test the performance of the pro-posed scheme system. The results show that the proposed scheme can solve the power system PLD prob-lem with good robustness and significant economic benefits. </p> <p> </p>

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Liu, Wang, Wang, Zhu, and Lio. "Active Power Dispatch for Supporting Grid Frequency Regulation in Wind Farms Considering Fatigue Load." Energies 12, no. 8 (April 21, 2019): 1508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12081508.

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This paper proposes an active power control method for supporting grid frequency regulation in wind farms (WF) considering improved fatigue load sensitivity of wind turbines (WT). The control method is concluded into two parts: frequency adjustment control (FAC) and power reference dispatch (PRD). On one hand, the proposed Fuzzy-PID control method can actively maintain the balance between power generation and grid load, by which the grid frequency is regulated when plenty of winds are available. The fast power response can be provided and frequency error can be reduced by the proposed method. On the other hand, the sensitivity of the WT fatigue loads to the power references is improved. The explicit analytical equations of the fatigue load sensitivity are re-derived to improve calculation accuracy. In the process of the optimization dispatch, the re-defined fatigue load sensitivity will be used to minimize fatigue load. Case studies were conducted with a WF under different grid loads and turbulent wind with different intensities. By comparing the frequency response of the WF, rainflow cycle, and Damage Equivalent Load (DEL) of the WT, the efficacy of the proposed method is verified.

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32

Liu, Jie, Xingquan Ji, Kejun Li, and Kaiyuan Zhang. "Multi-Time Scale Optimal Dispatch for AC/DC Distribution Networks Based on a Markov Chain Dynamic Scenario Method and MPC." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2020 (February 20, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7516578.

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A multi-time scale optimal dispatch model based on the scenario method and model predictive control (MPC) in the AC/DC distribution network is established due to the uncertainty of wind and load. A Markov chain dynamic scenario method is proposed, which generates scenarios by characterizing the forecast error via empirical distribution. Considering the time correlation of the forecast error, Markov chain is adopted in the Markov chain dynamic method to simulate the uncertainty and variability in wind and load with time. A multi-time scale optimal dispatch strategy based on MPC is proposed. The operation scheduling of operation units is solved in day-ahead and intraday optimal dispatch by minimizing the expected value of total cost in each scenario. In the real-time optimal dispatch, the stability and robustness of system operation are considered. MPC is adopted in the real-time optimal dispatch, taking the intraday scheduling as reference and using the roll optimization method to compute real-time optimal dispatch scheduling to smooth the output power. The simulation results in a 50-node system with uncontrollable distributed energy demonstrate that the proposed model and strategy can effectively eliminate fluctuations in wind and load in AC/DC distribution networks.

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Hosseini Firouz, Mansour, and Noradin Ghadimi. "Wind Energy Uncertainties in Multi-objective Environmental/Economic Dispatch Based on Multi-objective Evolutionary Algorithm." Journal of Research in Science, Engineering and Technology 3, no. 03 (September 13, 2019): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jrset.vol3iss03pp8-15.

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This paper a Multi-objective Honey Bee Mating Optimization (MOHBMO) is proposed for Environmental/ Economic Power Dispatch (EED) problem. This paper proposes a new environmental/economic load dispatch model that considers cost and emission function coefficients with uncertainties and the constraints of ramp rate. Due to the environmental concerns that arise from the emissions produced via fossil-fueled electric power plants, the classical economic dispatch, which operates electric power systems so as to minimize only the total fuel cost, can no longer be considered alone. Actually, EED problem is the scheduling of generators which fulfill the load demand of the power plants using fossil fuel and also making combined production, in order for them to perform with minimum cost and emission. Therefore, by EED, emissions can be reduced by dispatch of power generation to minimize emissions. Which is affect on power generated, system loads, fuel cost and emission coefficients in real-world situations. The MOHBMO technique has been carried out on the IEEE 30- and 118-bus test system. This technique is compared with other techniques which reveals the superiority of the proposed approach and confirms its potential for solving other power systems problems.

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Santos, Rosane, André Luiz Diniz, and Bruno Borba. "Assessment of the Modeling of Demand Response as a Dispatchable Resource in Day-Ahead Hydrothermal Unit Commitment Problems: The Brazilian Case." Energies 15, no. 11 (May 26, 2022): 3928. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15113928.

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Modern power systems have experienced large increases in intermittent and non-dispatchable sources and a progressive reduction in the size of hydro reservoirs for inflow regularization. One method to mitigate the high uncertainty and intermittency of the net load is by Demand Response (DR) mechanisms, to allow a secure and reliable system dispatch. This work applied a mixed integer linear programming formulation to model DR as a dispatchable resource in the day-ahead hydrothermal scheduling problem, taking into account minimum load curtailment constraints, minimum up/down load deduction times, as well as piecewise linear bid curves for load shedding in eligible loads. The methodology was implemented in the official model used in Brazil and tested in large-scale problems to obtain the optimal daily dispatch and hourly pricing. The results show the positive impact of dispatchable DR loads in cost reduction and in mitigating peak values of energy prices, even for predominantly hydro systems, helping to preserve the reservoir levels and increasing the security of the supply in the future.

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35

V.P, Sakthivel. "Economic Load Dispatch Using Glowworm Swarm Optimization." International Innovative Research Journal of Engineering and Technology 3, no. 1 (September 30, 2017): EE—24—EE—31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32595/iirjet.org/v3i1.2017.49.

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36

Meher, K. C., P. P. Mohanty, D. P. Das, S. S. Mohanty, and A. K. Baliarsingh. "Solving Economic Load Dispatch Using WI-PSO." IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 9, no. 4 (2014): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/1676-09434550.

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37

Arghira, Nicoleta, Ioana Fagarasan, Calin Soare, and Sergiu St Iliescu. "Generation Units Models for Load Dispatch Simulator." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 43, no. 8 (2010): 436–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20100712-3-fr-2020.00072.

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A. Athab, Falah, and Wafaa S. Majeed. "SOLVING ECONOMIC LOAD DISPATCH WITH RELIABILITY INDICATORS." Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development 24, no. 06 (November 1, 2020): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.24.6.9.

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Due to the great importance of reliable indicators in electrical operating systems in all its different parts, it has been considered the most important factors in the design and maintenance of the electrical system, especially during its operation. The main reason for attention to reliability indicators relates to interruptions in the power system that are provided to consumers. The introduction of reliable indicators to solving an economic load dispatch (ELD) issue increases the possibility of providing customers with a required load with the highest degree of reliability. The ELD issue has been solved with reliability indicators. This means that the ELD problem with reliability is combined into one problem called combined the economic load dispatch with reliability (CELDR). Solving the above problem lowers the fuel cost while increasing the reliability of the generators while preparing the required load. The exchange market algorithm (EMA), in this work, has been implemented in a system of 26 generating units to solve the CELDR issue.considering system reliability, inequality, and equality constraints. The results obtained show the direct effect of using reliability indicators in solving the above problem, where the best results were obtained using the EMA algorithm to solve the mentioned problem, compared to other algorithms.

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Sinha, N., R. Chakrabarti, and P. K. Chattopadhyay. "Evolutionary programming techniques for economic load dispatch." IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation 7, no. 1 (February 2003): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tevc.2002.806788.

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Daniel, Leena, and Krishna Teerth Chaturvedi. "Economic Load Dispatch Using Ant Lion Optimization." International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology 67, no. 4 (April 25, 2019): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/22315381/ijett-v67i4p218.

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41

Yoshikawa, M., N. Toshida, H. Kawamura, Y. Harada, M. Tsurugai, and Y. Nakata. "Boiler-Dynamics-Model-Based Economic Load Dispatch." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 29, no. 1 (June 1996): 6951–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)58800-x.

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42

Noman, Nasimul, and Hitoshi Iba. "Differential evolution for economic load dispatch problems." Electric Power Systems Research 78, no. 8 (August 2008): 1322–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2007.11.007.

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43

Sasaki, Yutaka, Naoto Yorino, Yoshifumi Zoka, and Farid Wahyudi. "Robust Stochastic Dynamic Load Dispatch Against Uncertainties." IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 9, no. 6 (November 2018): 5535–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2017.2690360.

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44

Mandal, Barun, Provas Kumar Roy, and Sanjoy Mandal. "Economic load dispatch using krill herd algorithm." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 57 (May 2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2013.11.016.

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45

Ghorbani, Naser, and Ebrahim Babaei. "Exchange market algorithm for economic load dispatch." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 75 (February 2016): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2015.08.013.

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Ramírez, Ronald Ayala, Javier Tenesaca Chacaguasay, and Juan Lata García. "Optimal load dispatch strategies for a hybrid system using renewable energy sources." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 897, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/897/1/012015.

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Abstract Recently, the idea of hybrid power systems (HES) has attracted interest for the electrification of isolated or energy efficient areas. This document examines the modelling and optimal dimensions of a hybrid microgrid using different dispatch strategies. The sizing of the HES components such as Photovoltaic panels, Batteries, Inverter, a Diesel generator has been optimized by three strategies: (i) load tracking, (ii) cycle load, and (iii) combined dispatch. The location of the case study is in a rural community in Ecuador whose load profile is 17 kW. By utilizing HOMER software, optimization for the HES was achieved with the Combined Dispatch strategy (CD) which presented the minimum levels in the net annual cost (NPC), initial capital, levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of $ 90,073.10, $ 21,208 and $ 0.2016 / kWh, respectively. The conclusions offer a guide to consider the resources and generation combination essential for the optimal operation of an island microgrid with different dispatch scenarios.

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Singh, Nirbhow Jap, Shakti Singh, Vikram Chopra, Mohd Asim Aftab, S. M. Suhail Hussain, and Taha Selim Ustun. "Chaotic Evolutionary Programming for an Engineering Optimization Problem." Applied Sciences 11, no. 6 (March 18, 2021): 2717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11062717.

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The aim of the current paper is to present a mimetic algorithm called the chaotic evolutionary programming Powell’s pattern search (CEPPS) algorithm for the solution of the multi-fuel economic load dispatch problem. In the CEPPS algorithm, the exploration process is maintained by chaotic evolutionary programming, whereas exploitation is taken care off by a pattern search. The proposed CEPPS has two variants based on the Gauss map and the tent map. Seven generalized benchmark test functions and six cases of the multi-fuel economic load dispatch problem are considered for the performance analysis. It is observed from the analysis that the CEPPS solution procedure based on the tent map exhibits superiority to obtain an excellent solution and better convergence characteristics than traditional chaotic evolutionary programming. Further, the performance investigation for the considered economic load dispatch shows that the Gauss map CEPPS solution procedure performs better than the tent map based CEPPS to obtain the solution of the multi-fuel economic dispatch problem.

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Gao, Wenzhong, and Yifan Lin. "Energy Dispatch for CCHP System in Summer Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning." Entropy 25, no. 3 (March 21, 2023): 544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e25030544.

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Combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) system is an effective solution to solve energy and environmental problems. However, due to the demand-side load uncertainty, load-prediction error, environmental change, and demand charge, the energy dispatch optimization of the CCHP system is definitely a tough challenge. In view of this, this paper proposes a dispatch method based on the deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithm, DoubleDQN, to generate an optimal dispatch strategy for the CCHP system in the summer. By integrating DRL, this method does not require any prediction information, and can adapt to the load uncertainty. The simulation result shows that compared with strategies based on benchmark policies and DQN, the proposed dispatch strategy not only well preserves the thermal comfort, but also reduces the total intra-month cost by 0.13~31.32%, of which the demand charge is reduced by 2.19~46.57%. In addition, this method is proven to have the potential to be applied in the real world by testing under extended scenarios.

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Dean, Stephen F. "Why the Closest Ambulance Cannot be Dispatched in an Urban Emergency Medical Services System." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 23, no. 2 (April 2008): 161–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00005793.

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AbstractIntroduction:Response time performance is related to increased survival for a relatively small group of patients with critical emergencies. Effectively utilizing current resources is a challenge for all emergency medical services (EMS) systems for reasons of cost-effectiveness and safety.Problem:The objective of this study was to identify opportunities for improving ambulance response-time performance in an urban EMS system using fixed deployment.Methods:This was a qualitative and quantitative case study which consisted of structured interviews with policy makers, managers, and workers in a fire department EMS division, as well as analysis of dispatch data and observation of dispatch operations.Results:The current computer-aided dispatch (CAD) system does not identify the closest ambulance to the emergency, and therefore, dispatchers must guess which unit is closer when units are not within their stations or “first due” areas. There is no means to track how often dispatchers guess correctly or how often the closest ambulance actually is dispatched to the emergency.Temporal and geographic patterns were identified. Opportunities also were identified to improve response time performance through the use of dynamic deployment and peak-load staffing.Conclusions:The results suggest that there were opportunities for improving ambulance response times by implementing strategies such as peak-load staffing and dynamic deployment. However, the most important improvement would be the implementation of a policy to send the closest ambulance to the emergency. More research is needed to identify how prevalent the failure to send the closest ambulance is within EMS systems that use fixeddeployment response strategies and computer-aided dispatch systems that are incapable of tracking unit locations outside of their stations.

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Hu, Shubo, Zhengnan Gao, Jing Wu, Yangyang Ge, Jiajue Li, Lianyong Zhang, Jinsong Liu, and Hui Sun. "Time-Interval-Varying Optimal Power Dispatch Strategy Based on Net Load Time-Series Characteristics." Energies 15, no. 4 (February 21, 2022): 1582. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15041582.

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In China, with the increasing permeability of wind power, the power supply capacity is enough overall, but has shortage in partial-time. During peak hours, the capability of wind power consumption is poor and the power balance becomes more difficult. In order to maximize the utilization of wind power, the net loads are chosen as the response objectives, which contain significant uncertainties and have no probabilistic distribution characteristics. Under the traditional day-ahead power dispatch mode with fixed length time intervals and in the regions with insufficient hydroelectricity, the thermal generators take charge of the peak-load shaving. The frequent adjustments of thermal power output affect the system operation safety, economic benefits, and environmental benefits. Thus, a time-interval-varying optimal power dispatch strategy based on net load time-series characteristics is proposed in this paper. The net loads respond differently to intervals. The length of each time interval is determined based on the net load time-series characteristics analyzed by random matrix theory. The dispatch mode in each time interval is determined according to the characteristic quantification index calculated by the empirical modal decomposition and sample entropy. The proposed strategy and method can extend the continuous and stable operation time of the thermal generators, reduce the coal consumption caused by the ramping operation, and improve the safety, stability, and economy of the system. Furthermore, the proposed dispatch mode is environmentally friendly with reduced environmental cost and increased carbon credits. An actual provincial power grid in northeast China is taken as the example to verify the rationality and effectiveness of the proposed method and strategy.

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