Статті в журналах: "Lmo; lto"

1

Ha, Yeyoung, Andrew M. Colclasure, Stephen E. Trask, Shabbir Ahmed, Kevin L. Gering, Andrew N. Jansen, Anthony Burrell, and Kyusung Park. "Impact of Electrode Thickness and Temperature on the Rate Capability of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂/LiMn₂O₄ Cells." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 168, no. 11 (November 1, 2021): 110536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac3781.

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Growing demand for stationary energy storage systems requires the development of low cost, long cycle life, safe batteries. Lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) utilizing Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) anode and LiMn2O4 (LMO) cathode are promising candidates providing critical-material-free chemistry, high power capability, and long lifespan. However, their low energy density is a major drawback. In this work, we evaluate the rate performance of LTO/LMO cells fabricated with electrode loadings from 1.7 to 4.2 mAh cm−2 toward the development of high energy density and low cost LTO/LMO cells. The operating temperature is varied from 30 °C to 55 °C to evaluate the impact of electrode thickness vs temperature limitations on the electrode utilization. In addition, Newman modeling is performed to provide detailed understandings of the cell performance. Combining experimental and simulated results, we show the rate capability of the thicker electrodes is limited by the electrolyte transport. When the cells are discharged by applying pulsed current, Li+ ion depletion is mitigated and the discharge capacity increases. Thus, high energy density LTO/LMO cells for BTMS applications can operate more efficiently when intermittent rest is applied. Finally, overcoming electrolyte transport limitations will be the key to enabling the development of high energy density LTO/LMO cells using thick electrodes.

2

Gieu, Jean-Baptiste, Volker Winkler, Cécile Courrèges, Loubna El Ouatani, Cécile Tessier, and Hervé Martinez. "New insights into the characterization of the electrode/electrolyte interfaces within LiMn2O4/Li4Ti5O12 cells, by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning Auger microscopy and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, no. 29 (2017): 15315–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta02529g.

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This work aims to study the electrode/electrolyte interfaces in a Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ (LTO)/LiMn₂O₄ (LMO) cell assembled with a VC-containing electrolyte and operating at 60 °C.

3

Guittet, Darice, Paul Gasper, Matt Shirk, Matt Mitchell, Madeline Gilleran, Eric Bonnema, Kandler Smith, Partha Mishra, and Margaret Mann. "Levelized cost of charging of extreme fast charging with stationary LMO/LTO batteries." Journal of Energy Storage 82 (March 2024): 110568. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2024.110568.

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4

Rozenblit, A., W. R. Torres, A. Y. Tesio, and E. J. Calvo. "Effect of particle size in Li4Ti5O12 (LTO)-LiMn2O4 (LMO) batteries: a numerical simulation study." Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 25, no. 8-9 (August 17, 2021): 2395–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10008-021-05020-x.

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5

Yang, Yang, Libo Lan, Zhuo Hao, Jianyou Zhao, Geng Luo, Pei Fu, and Yisong Chen. "Life Cycle Prediction Assessment of Battery Electrical Vehicles with Special Focus on Different Lithium-Ion Power Batteries in China." Energies 15, no. 15 (July 22, 2022): 5321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15155321.

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The incentive policies of new energy vehicles substantially promoted the development of the electrical vehicles technology and industry in China. However, the environmental impact of the key technology parameters progress on the battery electrical vehicles (BEV) is uncertain, and the BEV matching different lithium-ion power batteries shows different environmental burdens. This study conducts a life cycle assessment (LCA) of a BEV matching four different power batteries of lithium-ion phosphate (LFP), lithium-ion nickel-cobalt-manganese (NCM), lithium manganese oxide (LMO), and lithium titanate oxide (LTO) batteries. In addition, the 2025 and 2030 prediction analyses of the batteries production and life cycle BEV are conducted with the specially considered change and progress of the power battery energy density, battery manufacturing energy consumption, electricity structure, battery charge efficiency, and vehicle lightweight level. In addition, sensitivity analyses of power battery energy density, battery manufacturing energy consumption, electricity structure, and battery charge efficiency are conducted. The results show that the LFP battery is more environmentally friendly in the global warming potential (GWP) and acidification potential (AP), and the NCM battery is more environmentally friendly in abiotic depletion (fossil) (ADP(f)) and human toxicity potential (HTP). However, the LTO battery shows the highest environmental impact among the four environmental impact categories due to the lower energy density. For life cycle BEV, GWP and ADP(f) of BEV based on LFP, NCM, and LMO are lower than those of internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEV), while AP and HTP of BEV based on the four batteries are higher than those of ICEV. The grave-to-cradle (GTC) phase of vehicle has substantial environmental benefit to reduce the human toxicity emission. With the improvement of the battery density, battery charge efficiency, electricity structure, and glider lightweight level, life cycle BEVs based on the four different batteries show substantial environmental benefits for four environmental impact categories.

6

Jha, Sumi, and Som Sekhar Bhattacharyya. "Moderated Mediation Analysis of Leader Technology Orientation: A Study of Operations and Manufacturing Leaders of India." Journal of Operations and Strategic Planning 3, no. 1 (June 2020): 58–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2516600x20930946.

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This article aims to understand the impact of the relationship between operations leader employee orientation (LEO) and leader information orientation (LIO) on leader long-term orientation (LLTO). The relationship is mediated by leader inclusivity orientation (LINCO) and moderated by leader technology orientation (LTO). The data were collected from business leaders who had more than 15 years of experience in the domain of supply chain, operations, and manufacturing. The total number of questionnaires sent to respondents was 620. Authors received 446 filled responses, out of which 360 responses were usable. The response rate was 58 percent. Moderated mediation analysis was performed to analyze the data and to test the proposed hypothesis. The findings revealed that the relationship between LEO LIO has a significant effect on LLTO. The relationship was positively mediated by LINCO. Further, LTO was found to be significantly related to LEO–LINCO–LTO and LIO–LINCO–LTO in a way that the relationship is strong when LTO is high and weak when LTO is low.

7

Gauthier, Nicolas, Cécile Courrèges, Julien Demeaux, Cécile Tessier, and Hervé Martinez. "Probing the in-depth distribution of organic/inorganic molecular species within the SEI of LTO/NMC and LTO/LMO batteries: A complementary ToF-SIMS and XPS study." Applied Surface Science 501 (January 2020): 144266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.144266.

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8

Tuccillo, Mariarosaria, Oriele Palumbo, Michele Pavone, Ana Belen Muñoz-García, Annalisa Paolone, and Sergio Brutti. "Analysis of the Phase Stability of LiMO2 Layered Oxides (M = Co, Mn, Ni)." Crystals 10, no. 6 (June 20, 2020): 526. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10060526.

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Transition-metal (TM) layered oxides have been attracting enormous interests in recent decades because of their excellent functional properties as positive electrode materials in lithium-ion batteries. In particular LiCoO2 (LCO), LiNiO2 (LNO) and LiMnO2 (LMO) are the structural prototypes of a large family of complex compounds with similar layered structures incorporating mixtures of transition metals. Here, we present a comparative study on the phase stability of LCO, LMO and LNO by means of first-principles calculations, considering three different lattices for all oxides, i.e., rhombohedral (hR12), monoclinic (mC8) and orthorhombic (oP8). We provide a detailed analysis—at the same level of theory—on geometry, electronic and magnetic structures for all the three systems in their competitive structural arrangements. In particular, we report the thermodynamics of formation for all ground state and metastable phases of the three compounds for the first time. The final Gibbs Energy of Formation values at 298 K from elements are: LCO(hR12) −672 ± 8 kJ mol−1; LCO(mC8) −655 ± 8 kJ mol−1; LCO(oP8) −607 ± 8 kJ mol−1; LNO(hR12) −548 ± 8 kJ mol−1; LNO(mC8) −557 ± 8 kJ mol−1; LNO(oP8) −548 ± 8 kJ mol−1; LMO(hR12) −765 ± 10 kJ mol−1; LMO(mC8) −779 ± 10 kJ mol−1; LMO(oP8) −780 ± 10 kJ mol−1. These values are of fundamental importance for the implementation of reliable multi-phase thermodynamic modelling of complex multi-TM layered oxide systems and for the understanding of thermodynamically driven structural phase degradations in real applications such as lithium-ion batteries.

9

Qiu, Yue. "Nanotechnology Applications in Cathode and Anode Materials of Li-Ion Battery." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 58 (July 12, 2023): 379–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v58i.10126.

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Lithium-ion batteries (LiBs), with their high energy/specific density, extended cycle life, and minimal self-discharge rate, have gained considerable popularity in the manufacturing of portable devices and electric vehicles, where space and weight constraints are of utmost importance. Additionally, LiBs have played a pivotal role in the advancement of electric vehicles, promoting sustainable energy practices, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. However, the limitations that stem from the inherent structures and properties of the conventional component materials of batteries might pose obstacles to the application and development of LiBs, despite their numerous advantages. Nevertheless, significant strides have been made towards improving the capacity, cycling performance, and rate performance of these batteries using nanotechnology. This approach leverages the outstanding properties of nanomaterials to enhance the electrochemical performance of battery components, such as cathode materials, which includes NMC, NCA, LMO, LFP, and anode materials such as Silicon and LTO. This paper provides a comprehensive discussion of the applications of nanotechnology in lithium-ion batteries, offering insights into the future of this promising field.

10

Wang, Ai. "Nanotechnology used in Li-ion Battery for Electric Vehicles." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 32 (February 12, 2023): 325–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v32i.5185.

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In recent years, environmental issues have been given increasing attention, and electric vehicles have replaced conventional combustion engined vehicles as a critical focus for development. In order to win the market, electric vehicles (EVs) must have sufficiently good performance, such as a longer mileage range, long cycling life, and time-saving charging, and the performance of the battery is one of the essential factors determining the performance of the EVs. In order to make more environmentally friendly electric vehicles available, the performance of lithium-ion batteries, which are the mainstream EV batteries, must be improved, and nanotechnology can facilitate this process. This report summarizes four promising materials for the cathodes and anodes of lithium batteries for electric vehicles and how nanotechnology can improve them. For LiMn2O4 (LMO), LiNi1-x-yMnxCoyO2 (NMC), and LiNiCoAlO2 (NCA) as cathode materials and Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) as anode material, nano-doping, nano-structuring, and surface coating are effective techniques to enhance the stability and rate capacity, and cycle performance of the battery. In the case of LMC, nanotechnology can help solve the Jahn-Teller distortions and stabilize the structure; for NMC, nanotechnology can suppress ion dissolution and chemical reactivity. For NCA, it can strengthen conductivity and capacity. And finally, for LTO, nanotechnology can faster charge/discharge rate. This paper looks forward to the maturation of these nanotechnologies and their practical application, and the identification of more nanotechnologies that can enhance the performance of Li-ion batteries to help make electric vehicles more usable and contribute to environmental development.

11

Pawlitzek, Fabian, Holger Althues, Benjamin Schumm, and Stefan Kaskel. "Nanostructured Networks for Energy Storage: Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotubes (VACNT) as Current Collectors for High-Power Li4Ti5O12(LTO)//LiMn2O4(LMO) Lithium-Ion Batteries." Batteries 3, no. 4 (November 15, 2017): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries3040037.

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12

Chen, Dong, Guangbiao Zhang, Zhenxiang Cheng, Shuai Dong, and Yuanxu Wang. "Robust manipulation of magnetism in LaAO3/BaTiO3 (A = Fe, Mn and Cr) superstructures by ferroelectric polarization." IUCrJ 6, no. 2 (January 15, 2019): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s205225251801624x.

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Robust control of magnetism is both fundamentally and practically meaningful and highly desirable, although it remains a big challenge. In this work, perovskite oxide superstructures LaFeO3/BaTiO3 (LFO/BTO), LaMnO3/BaTiO3 (LMO/BTO) and LaCrO3/BaTiO3 (LCO/BTO) (001) are designed to facilitate tuning of magnetism by the electric field from ferroelectric polarization, and are systemically investigated via first-principles calculations. The results show that the magnetic ordering, conductivity and exchange interactions can be controlled simultaneously or individually by the reorientation of the ferroelectric polarization of BTO in these designed superstructures. Self-consistent calculations within the generalized gradient approximation plus on-site Coulomb correction did not produce distinct rotations of oxygen octahedra, but there were obvious changes in bond length between oxygen and the cations. These changes cause tilting of the oxygen octahedra and lead to spin, orbital and bond reconstruction at the interface, which is the structural basis responsible for the manipulation. With the G-type antiferromagnetic (G-AFM) ordering unchanged for both ±P cases, a metal–insulator transition can be observed in the LFO/BTO superstructure, which is controlled by the LFO thin film. The LMO/BTO system has A-type antiferromagnetic (A-AFM) ordering with metallic behavior in the +P case, while it shifts to a half-metallic ferromagnetic ordering when the direction of the polarization is switched. LCO/BTO exhibits C-type antiferromagnetic (C-AFM) and G-AFM orders in the +P and −P cases, respectively. The three purpose-designed superstructures with robust intrinsic magnetoelectric coupling are a particularly interesting model system that can provide guidance for the development of this field for future applications.

13

Proschek, V., G. Kirchengast, and S. Schweitzer. "Greenhouse gas profiling by infrared-laser and microwave occultation: retrieval algorithm and demonstration results from end-to-end simulations." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 4, no. 2 (April 21, 2011): 2273–328. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-4-2273-2011.

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Abstract. Measuring greenhouse gas (GHG) profiles with global coverage and high accuracy and vertical resolution in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) is key for improved monitoring of GHG concentrations in the free atmosphere. In this respect a new satellite mission concept adding an infrared-laser part to the already well studied microwave occultation technique exploits the joint propagation of infrared-laser and microwave signals between Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites. This synergetic combination, referred to as LEO-LEO microwave and infrared-laser occultation (LMIO) method, enables to retrieve thermodynamic profiles (pressure, temperature, humidity) and accurate altitude levels from the microwave signals and GHG profiles from the simultaneously measured infrared-laser signals. However, due to the novelty of the LMIO method, a retrieval algorithm for GHG profiling did not yet exist. Here we introduce such an algorithm for retrieving GHGs from LEO-LEO infrared-laser occultation (LIO) data, applied as a second step after retrieving thermodynamic profiles from LEO-LEO microwave occultation (LMO) data as recently introduced in detail by Schweitzer et al. (2011b). We thoroughly describe the LIO retrieval algorithm and unveil the synergy with the LMO-retrieved pressure, temperature, and altitude information. We furthermore demonstrate the effective independence of the GHG retrieval results from background (a priori) information in discussing demonstration results from LMIO end-to-end simulations for a representative set of GHG profiles, including carbon dioxide (CO2), water vapor (H2O), methane (CH4), and ozone (O3). The GHGs except for ozone are well retrieved throughout the UTLS, while ozone is well retrieved from 10 km to 15 km upwards, since the ozone layer resides in the lower stratosphere. The GHG retrieval errors are generally smaller than 1% to 3% r.m.s., at a vertical resolution of about 1 km. The retrieved profiles also appear unbiased, which points to the climate benchmarking capability of the LMIO method. This performance, found here for clear-air atmospheric conditions, is unprecedented for vertical profiling of GHGs in the free atmosphere and encouraging for future LMIO implementation. Subsequent work will examine GHG retrievals in cloudy air, addressing retrieval performance when scanning through intermittent upper tropospheric cloudiness.

14

Proschek, V., G. Kirchengast, and S. Schweitzer. "Greenhouse gas profiling by infrared-laser and microwave occultation: retrieval algorithm and demonstration results from end-to-end simulations." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 4, no. 10 (October 4, 2011): 2035–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-2035-2011.

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Abstract. Measuring greenhouse gas (GHG) profiles with global coverage and high accuracy and vertical resolution in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) is key for improved monitoring of GHG concentrations in the free atmosphere. In this respect a new satellite mission concept adding an infrared-laser part to the already well studied microwave occultation technique exploits the joint propagation of infrared-laser and microwave signals between Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites. This synergetic combination, referred to as LEO-LEO microwave and infrared-laser occultation (LMIO) method, enables to retrieve thermodynamic profiles (pressure, temperature, humidity) and accurate altitude levels from the microwave signals and GHG profiles from the simultaneously measured infrared-laser signals. However, due to the novelty of the LMIO method, a retrieval algorithm for GHG profiling is not yet available. Here we introduce such an algorithm for retrieving GHGs from LEO-LEO infrared-laser occultation (LIO) data, applied as a second step after retrieving thermodynamic profiles from LEO-LEO microwave occultation (LMO) data. We thoroughly describe the LIO retrieval algorithm and unveil the synergy with the LMO-retrieved pressure, temperature, and altitude information. We furthermore demonstrate the effective independence of the GHG retrieval results from background (a priori) information in discussing demonstration results from LMIO end-to-end simulations for a representative set of GHG profiles, including carbon dioxide (CO2), water vapor (H2O), methane (CH4), and ozone (O3). The GHGs except for ozone are well retrieved throughout the UTLS, while ozone is well retrieved from about 10 km to 15 km upwards, since the ozone layer resides in the lower stratosphere. The GHG retrieval errors are generally smaller than 1% to 3% r.m.s., at a vertical resolution of about 1 km. The retrieved profiles also appear unbiased, which points to the climate benchmarking capability of the LMIO method. This performance, found here for clear-air atmospheric conditions, is unprecedented for vertical profiling of GHGs in the free atmosphere and encouraging for future LMIO implementation. Subsequent work will examine GHG retrievals in cloudy air, addressing retrieval performance when scanning through intermittent upper tropospheric cloudiness.

15

Gadani, Keval, Davit Dhruv, Zalak Joshi, Hetal Boricha, K. N. Rathod, M. J. Keshvani, N. A. Shah, and P. S. Solanki. "Transport properties and electroresistance of a manganite based heterostructure: role of the manganite–manganite interface." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18, no. 26 (2016): 17740–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cp02053d.

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In this paper, we report the results of the investigations on the transport properties performed across the manganite–manganite interface in the LaMnO_3−δ/La_0.7Ca_0.3MnO₃/LaAlO₃ (LMO/LCMO/LAO) heterostructure.

16

Zhao, Zhenzhen. "Applications of Nanotechnology: lithium-ion based batteries in electric vehicles." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 32 (February 12, 2023): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v32i.4946.

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With the benefit of zero emissions, free noise and stable operation, the electrical vehicle market has grown dramatically. More expectations are raised for electric vehicles to achieve a better user experience of long-range, long-lifespan and time-saving charging. Thus the capacity, cycling ability and rate capability of electric vehicle batteries are aimed to be improved. Since the advent of nanotechnology, it has made great contributions to various industries and is also believed to be a breakthrough in battery performance. This article introduced nanotechnologies, summarised and discussed its application that could improve lithium-ion-based electric vehicle battery performance. Three typical commercialised cathode materials (Lithium Manganese Oxide (LMO), Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC), and Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium Oxide (NCA)) suffer capacity fading due to lattice distortion, ion dissolution, and electrolyte decomposition, which can be mitigated by nano-doping, nanocoating, and special nanostructure to certain extents. Two promising anode materials (Lithium titanate (LTO) and silicon) face problems of poor electrical conductivity and volumetric expansion during cycling. Nanotechnologies provide solutions that greatly accelerate their commercialisation. In the future, quantitative composition manipulation is the key point to further promoting cathode material performance. And anode materials still need to be improved to be genuinely used in life. This article combines nanotechnology with the electric vehicle industry and provides innovative ideas for their development.

17

Zhang, Zhihua, Xin Wang, and Daren Lyu. "Estimation of Moist Atmospheric Profiles from Refraction and Attenuation Measurements by Using Centimeter and Millimeter Wave Links between LEO Satellites." Remote Sensing 15, no. 2 (January 8, 2023): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15020391.

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Microwave occultation using centimeter and millimeter wave links between low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites provide a potential way to estimate the moist atmospheric profiles based on refraction and attenuation measurements, which is called the LEO-LEO microwave occultation (LMO) technique. It has not yet been implemented in orbit. In this paper, we analyzed the attenuation properties at different heights of centimeter and millimeter waves based on simulations. The observing capabilities with different frequency combinations at the X, K, and M bands were analyzed. The results show that LMO may improve the retrieval accuracy of bending angles above 35 km. By using several appropriate frequencies at the X+K+M band, water vapor profiles from the near-surface to the lower stratosphere (~24 km) can be obtained. When the M-band frequencies were added, the temperature retrieval accuracy does not change obviously, but the accuracy of water vapor retrieval can significantly improve above 15 km, especially at about 17–24 km, and the RMS errors decrease from over 20% to less 10%. For promoting the LMO mission in the real world, a frequency combination at the X+K band is proposed, which can provide the potential to observe the temperature profiles at about 2.5–50 km and water vapor profiles at about 2.5–15 km accurately under clear and cloudy conditions. This study demonstrates that LMO can greatly extend the capabilities of the radio occultation technique and improve our ability to measure the moist atmospheric profiles globally.

18

Liu, Haifeng, Yuqiao Guo, Ruishi Xie, and Guohua Ma. "Epitaxial Growth of Strain-Induced Ferromagnetic LaCoO3 Thin Films by Simple Sol–Gel Technique." Nano 11, no. 03 (March 2016): 1650030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292016500302.

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LaCoO3 (LCO) epitaxial films were grown on (001) LaAlO3 (LAO) substrates by the simple sol–gel technique. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the cross-section transmission electron microscope (TEM) measurements indicate that single-phase (001) oriented LCO epitaxial films with biaxial compressive strain and elongated distortion of CoO6 octahedrons were grown on (001) LAO successfully. The epitaxial relationship between the LCO film and the LAO substrate is confirmed to be (001)[Formula: see text] and [100][Formula: see text]. It is also found that LCO grown on LAO has a larger mean Co–O bond length and unit-cell size, compared with those of polycrystalline film. In addition, the magnetic characterization shows that LCO epitaxial film exhibits an obvious ferromagnetic (FM) transition at [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]K, which is different from the nonmagnetic ground state of polycrystalline LCO. Combined with the structural analyses, it reveals that the strain-induced ferromagnetism observed in LCO epitaxial film originates from an increase of the mean Co–O bond length and a suppression of the CoO6 octahedral rotations, which can stabilize higher spin state of Co[Formula: see text] by a decrease of the [Formula: see text] gap energy.

19

Morita, Kenji, and Bun Tsuchiya. "Dynamic Behavior of Li in Solid-State Li-Ion Batteries Studied using MeV Ion Beam Analysis Techniques." Journal of Energy and Power Technology 03, no. 02 (March 26, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/jept.2102029.

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In this review, various studies on the Li depth profiles of metal/electrolyte/metal capacitors and batteries of Au/LCO/LATP/Pt, LCO/LiPON/Si, and LMO/LiPON/NbO with different metal electrodes at both sides (by bias; LCO =LiCoO2, LATP =Li3.1Al0.86Ti1.14Ge1.27P1.73O12, LMO =LiMn2O4, NbO = Nb2O5) using the in-situ reflection ERD (ERD) technique with 9MeV O+4 ion beam and transmission ERD (TERD) technique with 5MeV He+2 ion beam, respectively, are described. For capacitors, the transport fraction of Li-ion in the electrolyte is less than unity. The Li atoms diffuse in the direction opposite to the ion. It has been shown that the batteries are rechargeable. On the other hand, it is observed that an anomalous over-charging takes place when the batteries are over-biased (Si/LiPON/LCO and LMO/LiPON/NbO), and strong reactions of Li with the metal electrodes take place under these conditions. The anomaly observed is explained in terms of the imbalance in the capacities of Li in anode and cathode, which can be attributed to the sizeable amounts of hydrogen present as an impurity during the fabrication of the battery. This is because hydrogen can potentially reduce the capacity of Li in both anode and cathode. The reactions of Li with metal electrodes are discussed in terms of the transport fraction of Li ions (less than unity) and the difference in the work functions of metal electrodes at both sides. Finally, it is noted that the removal of hydrogen in batteries can potentially improve safety, efficiency, and lifetime. These can be achieved by reducing the reaction of Li with metal electrodes. The recoil-scatter method in the TERD technique can measure the Li depth profile in the absence of background yields.

20

Wang, Weiyuan, Jiyu Fan, Huan Zheng, Jing Wang, Hao Liu, Caixia Wang, Chunlan Ma, Langsheng Ling, Jingtao Xu, and Hao Yang. "Two conductive mechanisms in LaMnO3 thin film: Adiabatic and nonadiabatic small polaronic hopping." Modern Physics Letters B 35, no. 19 (June 24, 2021): 2150310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984921503103.

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We have presented the structural, surface morphology, magnetic and resistivity data for perovskite LaMnO3 epitaxial thin films which are fabricated on well-oriented (001) LaAlO3 substrates by pulsed laser deposition technique. X-ray diffraction [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text] linear scans and reciprocal space mapping measurement confirm that the out-of-plane and in-plane epitaxial relationship are LMO(001)/LAO(001) and LMO(110)/LAO(110), respectively. Surface roughness determined by atomic force microscopy was no more than 0.3 nm. In the whole studied temperature range, all films only show a paramagnetic behavior instead of any magnetic phase transitions. Correspondingly, the electron transport behaviors always exhibit an insulting state as the temperature changes from high to low. However, we find that none of theoretical models can individually be used to understand their conductive mechanisms. Further studies indicated that charge carries of high and low temperature region obey adiabatic and nonadiabatic small polaronic hopping mechanisms, respectively. This finding offers new ways of exploiting the abnormal ferromagnetism in LaMnO3 multilayer thin films.

21

Schweitzer, S., G. Kirchengast, and V. Proschek. "Atmospheric influences on infrared-laser signals used for occultation measurements between Low Earth Orbit satellites." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 4, no. 10 (October 21, 2011): 2273–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-2273-2011.

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Abstract. LEO-LEO infrared-laser occultation (LIO) is a new occultation technique between Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites, which applies signals in the short wave infrared spectral range (SWIR) within 2 μm to 2.5 μm. It is part of the LEO-LEO microwave and infrared-laser occultation (LMIO) method that enables to retrieve thermodynamic profiles (pressure, temperature, humidity) and altitude levels from microwave signals and profiles of greenhouse gases and further variables such as line-of-sight wind speed from simultaneously measured LIO signals. Due to the novelty of the LMIO method, detailed knowledge of atmospheric influences on LIO signals and of their suitability for accurate trace species retrieval did not yet exist. Here we discuss these influences, assessing effects from refraction, trace species absorption, aerosol extinction and Rayleigh scattering in detail, and addressing clouds, turbulence, wind, scattered solar radiation and terrestrial thermal radiation as well. We show that the influence of refractive defocusing, foreign species absorption, aerosols and turbulence is observable, but can be rendered small to negligible by use of the differential transmission principle with a close frequency spacing of LIO absorption and reference signals within 0.5%. The influences of Rayleigh scattering and terrestrial thermal radiation are found negligible. Cloud-scattered solar radiation can be observable under bright-day conditions, but this influence can be made negligible by a close time spacing (within 5 ms) of interleaved laser-pulse and background signals. Cloud extinction loss generally blocks SWIR signals, except very thin or sub-visible cirrus clouds, which can be addressed by retrieving a cloud layering profile and exploiting it in the trace species retrieval. Wind can have a small influence on the trace species absorption, which can be made negligible by using a simultaneously retrieved or a moderately accurate background wind speed profile. We conclude that the set of SWIR channels proposed for implementing the LMIO method (Kirchengast and Schweitzer, 2011) provides adequate sensitivity to accurately retrieve eight trace species of key importance to climate and atmospheric chemistry (H2O, CO2, 13CO2, C18OO, CH4, N2O, O3, CO) in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere region outside clouds under all atmospheric conditions. Two further species (HDO, H218O) can be retrieved in the upper troposphere.

22

Sokolova, Yulia V., Vladislav O. Kordik, Dmitry I. Smirnov, Maria E. Zvonareva, and Natalia I. Demidova. "STUDY OF CATHODE MATERIALS OF WASTE LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES." Transactions of the Kоla Science Centre of RAS. Series: Engineering Sciences 2, no. 2/2023 (April 10, 2023): 238–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.37614/2949-1215.2023.14.2.045.

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The physicochemical characteristics of fresh and spent cathode material type LiCoO2 (LCO), LiNi1-x-yMnxCoy (NMC), LiMn2O4 (LMO), LiFePO4 (LFP) of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIA) have been determined. The results of a comparative analysis of the properties of the cathode materials of spent LIBs with the initial cathode material used in the creation of different types of LIBs are presented. It has been established that the particles of cathodes of spent LIА contain particles up to 100 µm in size due to sintering.

23

Schweitzer, S., G. Kirchengast, and V. Proschek. "Atmospheric influences on infrared-laser signals used for occultation measurements between Low Earth Orbit satellites." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 4, no. 3 (May 10, 2011): 2689–747. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-4-2689-2011.

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Abstract. LEO-LEO infrared-laser occultation (LIO) is a new occultation technique between Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites, which applies signals in the short wave infrared spectral range (SWIR) within 2 μm to 2.5 μm. It is part of the LEO-LEO microwave and infrared-laser occultation (LMIO) method, recently introduced by Kirchengast and Schweitzer (2011), that enables to retrieve thermodynamic profiles (pressure, temperature, humidity) and accurate altitude levels from microwave signals and profiles of greenhouse gases and further variables such as line-of-sight wind speed from simultaneously measured LIO signals. For enabling trace species retrieval based on differential transmission, the LIO signals are spectrally located as pairs, one in the centre of a suitable absorption line of a target species (absorption signal) and one close by but outside of any absorption lines (reference signal). Due to the novelty of the LMIO method, detailed knowledge of atmospheric influences on LIO signals and of their suitability for accurate trace species retrieval did not yet exist. Here we discuss the atmospheric influences on the transmission and differential transmission of LIO signals. Refraction effects, trace species absorption (by target species, and cross-sensitivity to foreign species), aerosol extinction and Rayleigh scattering are studied in detail. The influences of clouds, turbulence, wind, scattered solar radiation and terrestrial thermal radiation are discussed as well. We show that the influence of defocusing, foreign species absorption, aerosols and turbulence is observable, but can be rendered small to negligible by use of the differential transmission principle and by a design with close frequency spacing of absorption and reference signals within 0.5 %. The influences of Rayleigh scattering and thermal radiation on the received signal intensities are found negligible. Cloud-scattered solar radiation can be observable under bright-day conditions but this influence can be as well made negligible by a design with a close time spacing (within 5 ms) of interleaved laser-pulse and background signals. Cloud extinction loss generally blocks SWIR signals, except very thin or sub-visible cirrus clouds, which can be addressed by a design allowing retrieval of a cloud layering profile from reference signals and its use in trace species retrieval when scanning through intermittent upper tropospheric cloudiness. Wind can have a small influence via Doppler shift resulting in a slightly modified trace species absorption in comparison to calm air, which can be made negligible by using a simultaneously retrieved wind speed profile or a moderately accurate (to about 10 m s−1) background wind profile. Considering all these influences, we conclude that the set of SWIR channels proposed for implementing the LMIO method (Kirchengast et al., 2010; Kirchengast and Schweitzer, 2011) provides adequate sensitivity to accurately retrieve eight greenhouse gas/isotope trace species of key importance to climate and atmospheric chemistry (H2O, 12CO2, 13CO2, C18OO, CH4, N2O, O3, CO) in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere region outside clouds under all atmospheric conditions. Two further isotope species (HDO, H218O) can be retrieved in the upper troposphere.

24

Ma, Wangjing, Xiao TC, Liu BN, Xu ZC, Jin ZQ, and Gong QT. "12-Tungstophosphate Acids: An Efficient, Green and Recyclable Photocatalyst in Carbon-Carbon Double Bond Isomerization on Linear Alpha Olefins." Journal of Biomedical Research & Environmental Sciences 2, no. 11 (December 2021): 1170–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.37871/jbres1367.

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The accelerated UV visible photocatalytic carbon-carbon double bond isomerization of Linear Alpha Olefins (LAO) with 12-Tungstophosphate Acids (12-TPA) as an efficient, environmentally-friendly and recyclable catalyst was described, which produced the corresponding Linear Internal Olefins (LIO) in general high selectivity and high yields.

25

You, Hae-Na, and Min-Gyu Lee. "Preparation of a Novel PU-LMO Adsorbent by Immobilization of LMO on Polyurethane Foam for Recovery of Lithium Ions." Clean Technology 20, no. 3 (September 30, 2014): 277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.7464/ksct.2014.20.3.277.

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26

Chik, A., S. Saad, F. Che Pa, C. K. Yeoh, and R. M. Zaki. "First Principles Calculations of Magnetic Properties of LaMnO₃ and La₂_/3 Al_1/3 MnO₃ Perovskite Manganites." Applied Mechanics and Materials 754-755 (April 2015): 766–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.754-755.766.

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The magnetic properties of the perovskite manganites LaMnO3(LMO) and La2/3Al1/3MnO3(LAMO) was presented. The calculations were made within density functional theory and generalized-gradient approximation (GGA) exchange correlations energy. It was found that LAMO exhibit magnetic properties and stabilizes in antiferromagnetic structure. However cell magnetization and magnetic moments reduce with inclusion of Al dopant.

27

Бойков, Ю. А., И. Т. Серенков, В. И. Сахаров та Т. Клаесон. "Упругонапряженные и релаксированные пленки La-=SUB=-0.67-=/SUB=-Ca-=SUB=-0.33-=/SUB=-MnO-=SUB=-3-=/SUB=-, выращенные на подложках из алюмината лантана с различной ориентацией". Физика твердого тела 58, № 12 (2016): 2469. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftt.2016.12.43875.177.

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Методами рассеяния ионов средних энергий и рентгеновской дифракции исследована структура пленок La0.67Ca0.33MnО3 (LCMO) толщиной 40 nm, сформированных методом лазерного испарения на подложках (001) и (110) LaAlO3 (LAO). Выращенные манганитные слои находились под действием латеральных двухосных сжимающих механических напряжений. Напряжения релаксировали в значительной степени, когда в качестве подложек использовались пластины (110)LAO, причем релаксация сопровождалась формированием дефектов в прослойке манганитной пленки толщиной 3-4 nm, прилегающей к межфазной границе LCMO--(110)LAO. Исследование структуры выращенных слоев сопровождалось измерением их электро- и магнетотранспортных параметров. Максимальные значения электросопротивления пленок LCMO, выращенных на обоих типах подложек, наблюдались при температуре TM порядка 250 K. При температурах, близких к TM, магнетосопротивление пленок LCMO/(110)LAO на 20-30% превышало соответствующие данные для пленок LCMO/(001)LAO, однако при низких температурах (T<150 K) ситуация становилась обратной. При T<TM магнетотранспорт в выращенных манганитных пленках существенно зависел от упорядочения спинов в ферромагнитных доменах, которые увеличивались с понижением температуры. Ю.А. Бойков и Т. Клаесон признательны за частичную финансовую поддержку данных исследований РФФИ (проект N 15-02-03996), а также the Swedish Research Councilf, the Knut and Alice Wallenberg foundation.

28

Santiago Alonso, Gemma. "Pregelj, Barbara: Leo, leo: priročnik motiviranja branja za šolsko leto 2014/2015." Journal for Foreign Languages 6, no. 1 (December 31, 2014): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/vestnik.6.261-263.

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29

Cantoni, C., J. Gazquez, M. Oxley, A. Lupini, M. Varela, S. Pennycook, P. Perna, et al. "Differences in Structural and Electronic Properties of Conducting LGO/STO and LAO/STO Interfaces." Microscopy and Microanalysis 17, S2 (July 2011): 1402–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927611007884.

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30

Dyakonov, K. V., V. V. Popov, V. P. Dyakonov, P. Gierlowski, S. J. Lewandowski, and H. Szymczak. "Observation of Domain Wall Resistance in La_0.7Ca_0.3MnO₃ Films." Solid State Phenomena 152-153 (April 2009): 120–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.152-153.120.

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We report the study of the magnetoresistance (MR) and resistivity as a function of temperature in epitaxial thin films of the La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 type (LCMO). The films deposited onto Y-cut of single-crystalline LiNbO3 (LNO) substrates by pulsed-laser deposition in an on-axis geometry. For comparison, the same manganite film deposited onto LaAlO3 (LAO) substrate is studied. The MR of LCMO/LNO film is found to be anisotropic and exhibits a hysteresis loops in low magnetic fields. When magnetic field is parallel to the film plane a number of jumps are observed in the MR below magnetic fields H~6 kOe. These jumps reflect the presence of pinning centers for domain walls. Evidently, a lattice deformation produced by a mismatch of lattice constants LCMO film and LNO, which lead to distortion of the film, is the origin of such strong pinning centers.

31

Xie, Qiyun, Xuran Zhou, Chao Qi, Gang Bai, Limin Chen, and Guofeng Cheng. "Comparative study of magneto-transport and lattice-vibrational properties of La2/3Ca1/3MnO3 thin films grown on SrTiO3 and LaAlO3 substrates." International Journal of Modern Physics B 32, no. 26 (October 18, 2018): 1850287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979218502879.

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Epitaxial La[Formula: see text]Ca[Formula: see text]MnO3 (LCMO) thin films of 60 nm are deposited on (001)-oriented SrTiO3 (STO) and LaAlO3 (LAO) substrate by modified off-axis magnetron sputtering method. The strain state of the films have been studied by high resolution X-ray diffraction. The magneto-transport properties were found to be strongly dependent on the substrate used. Compared with LCMO/LAO film (compressive strain), LCMO/STO film with tensile strain exhibits lower metal-insulator transition temperature, suppressed Curie temperature, higher resistivity and more localization of electron. The evolution of the Raman modes has also been investigated. The vibrational mode of LCMO/LAO is comparable to the bulk, while the signature of vibration mode at about 610 cm[Formula: see text] induced by strain-related distortion has been observed only in tensile strained LCMO/STO case. The controversial 660 cm[Formula: see text] peak is not observed in our films, which precludes the possible existence of Mn3O4 precipitates in the films.

32

Zhang, Lan, Suojiang Zhang, Qian Zhou, Kent Snyder, and Theodore Miller. "Electrolytic solvent effects on the gassing behavior in LCO||LTO batteries." Electrochimica Acta 274 (June 2018): 170–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2018.04.113.

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33

Bruś, B., and A. Zarycka. "LMO Ceramics Microstructure." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 61, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 857–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2016-0145.

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Abstract The aim of this work was to characterize the microstructure of LMO type ceramics. The ceramics obtained by the free sintering at two temperatures 1473 K and 1573 K and two sintering times 6 and 12 h was the test material. One series was also obtained by the hot pressing method for a comparison. In all the cases the material synthesis was conducted by the solid-state reaction method at 1173 for 24 h. Photographs of the specimen fractures were taken by a scanning electron microscope to characterize the microstructure of the ceramics obtained in a more detailed way. The VISILOG 4 system, enabling to calculate a lot of parameters characterizing the material microstructure, such as e.g.: a number of grains on the unit area, an average grain size, shape indexes of the grains in question, was used as well. It allows determining a grain size distribution, and a frequency of presence of grains with the specific shape index. By analyzing a set of the parameters obtained an influence of the technological conditions on the microstructure of the material in question, and on its properties and applicability at the same time can be determined.

34

Nisa, Shofirul Sholikhatun, Mintarsih Rahmawati, Cornelius Satria Yudha, Hanida Nilasary, Hartoto Nursukatmo, Haryo Satriya Oktaviano, Soraya Ulfa Muzayanha, and Agus Purwanto. "A Fast Approach to Obtain Layered Transition-Metal Cathode Material for Rechargeable Batteries." Batteries 8, no. 1 (January 7, 2022): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries8010004.

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Li-ion batteries as a support for future transportation have the advantages of high storage capacity, a long life cycle, and the fact that they are less dangerous than current battery materials. Li-ion battery components, especially the cathode, are the intercalation places for lithium, which plays an important role in battery performance. This study aims to obtain the LiNixMnyCozO2 (NMC) cathode material using a simple flash coprecipitation method. As precipitation agents and pH regulators, oxalic acid and ammonia are widely available and inexpensive. The composition of the NMC mole ratio was varied, with values of 333, 424, 442, 523, 532, 622, and 811. As a comprehensive study of NMC, lithium transition-metal oxide (LMO, LCO, and LNO) is also provided. The crystal structure, functional groups, morphology, elemental composition and material behavior of the particles were all investigated during the heating process. The galvanostatic charge–discharge analysis was tested with cylindrical cells and using mesocarbon microbeads/graphite as the anode. Cells were tested at 2.7–4.25 V at 0.5 C. Based on the analysis results, NMC with a mole ratio of 622 showed the best characteristicd and electrochemical performance. After 100 cycles, the discharged capacity reaches 153.60 mAh/g with 70.9% capacity retention.

35

Wang, Jiaxi, Xinyi Fan, Zhijie Chen, Chenwei Chen та Jing Xie. "Fabrication of polyvinyl alcohol-starch controlled release active film incorporated with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin/lemongrass oil emulsion for large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea) preservation". International Food Research Journal 30, № 4 (30 серпня 2023): 896–912. http://dx.doi.org/10.47836/ifrj.30.4.08.

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Polyvinyl alcohol-starch (PVA/ST) active films incorporated with lemongrass oil (LMO) or 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, and LMO (HP-β-CD/LMO) emulsion were developed in the present work. The effects of LMO or HP-β-CD/LMO emulsion on the properties of films, and their application in large yellow croaker preservation were investigated. The average particle size and the encapsulation efficiency of the HP-β-CD/LMO emulsion were 150.07 nm and 81.32%, respectively. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results revealed that HP-β-CD improved the compatibility between PVA and starch, and LMO was well embedded in HP-β-CD. The incorporation of LMO or HP-β-CD/LMO enhanced the water vapour barrier property and flexibility of the film while weakening its mechanical strength. The oxygen barrier property of the film was weakened by the incorporation of LMO and strengthened by HP-β-CD/LMO. The film incorporated with HP-β-CD/LMO exhibited a little weaker antioxidant and antibacterial activities than the film containing LMO owing to their release property. The existence of HP-β-CD postponed the release of LMO from the film into food simulant (10% ethanol). The preservation results demonstrated that the film containing LMO or HP-β-CD/LMO efficiently inhibited the growth of microorganisms and lipid oxidation of fish; and delayed the decomposition of protein and freshness reduction of large yellow croaker. Additionally, the film added with HP-β-CD/LMO exhibited the best protection for fish quality. In other words, the film with the proper release property of active agents contributed to the preservation of aquatic products.

36

Ito, Yutaka, Ikuo Kawamura, Chikara Kohda, Hisashi Baba, Takamasa Nomura, Terumi Kimoto, Isao Watanabe, and Masao Mitsuyama. "Seeligeriolysin O, a Cholesterol-Dependent Cytolysin of Listeria seeligeri, Induces Gamma Interferon from Spleen Cells of Mice." Infection and Immunity 71, no. 1 (January 2003): 234–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.71.1.234-241.2003.

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ABSTRACT Seeligeriolysin O (LSO), one of the cholesterol-dependent cytolysins produced by Listeria seeligeri, shows 80% homology to listeriolysin O (LLO) produced by Listeria monocytogenes at the amino acid sequence level. In addition to cytolytic activity, LLO has been shown to exhibit cytokine-inducing activity. In order to determine whether LSO is also capable of exhibiting these two different activities, we constructed a recombinant full-length LSO (rLSO530) and a noncytolytic truncated derivative with a C-terminal deletion (rLSO483) and compared these molecules with recombinant LLO. The cytolytic rLSO530 molecule could induce gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production in spleen cells when the cytolytic activity was blocked by treatment with cholesterol. The noncytolytic truncated rLSO483 molecule also induced IFN-γ production. Anti-LLO polyclonal antibody inhibited not only LLO-induced IFN-γ production but also LSO-induced IFN-γ production. Both NK cells and CD11b+ cells were required for LSO-induced IFN-γ production. Among the various cytokines expressed in CD11b+ cells, interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-18 appeared to be essential. We concluded that LSO exhibits the same biological activity as LLO.

37

Figueiredo, M. A. G., W. C. Souza, Harrison Corrêa, L. B. Ventura, H. L. Corrêa, S. S. X. Chiaro, and R. J. F. Souza. "Adsorption of Nitrogen Contaminants in the Light Gas Oil (LGO) and Light Cycle Oil (LCO) to Produce Diesel with Low Sulfur." Defect and Diffusion Forum 364 (June 2015): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.364.35.

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Ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) is obtained by Light Gas Oil (LGO) and Light Cycle Oil (LCO) feedstocks (middle fractions from distillate petroleum). In addition to the environmental requirements related to the production of fuels with a lower content of nitrogen, technical specifications refineries also stimulate the need to remove such compounds. Nitrogenous compounds, for example, are strong inhibitors for hydrodesulfurization reactions. As Brazilian oil has a high amount of nitrogen compounds, an alternative process for nitrogen removal has been investigated, such as adsorption. In this paper, the nitrogen removal was investigated. The adsorption tests were carried out in a shaking water batchs, by performing kinetic and isotherm tests. Two commercial clays were used: Fuller's earth and bentonite.

38

Kobori, Hiromi, Megumi Sogabe, Akinori Hoshino, Toshifumi Taniguchi, and Tetsuo Shimizu. "Magneto-Transport Properties and Hole Self-Doping due to Excess Oxygen Addition in Polycrystalline LaMnO<sub>3</sub>." Materials Science Forum 1053 (February 17, 2022): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-90n56r.

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We have presented the study on magneto-transport properties and hole self-doping due to excess oxygen addition in polycrystalline LaMnO3 (LMO). The polycrystalline LMO samples were prepared by use of a solid-state reaction method. Powder mixtures with a molar ratio of 1:1 between La2O3 and Mn2O3 were pre-annealed at 1100oC for 18 hours in the atmospheres of O2, He and vacuum. By this pre-annealing, non-crystalline LMO samples were produced. After that, the non-crystalline LMO samples were grinded and were pressed into pellets at the pressure of 3t/cm3. The pellets were annealed at 1100oC and 1300oC for 18 hours in the same atmospheres as the pre-annealing. Through these processes, crystalline LMO samples were produced. To investigate the crystallographic structure of the LMO samples, X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements have been performed by use of Cu-K radiation. From the results of XRD measurements, we have found that all LMO samples have perovskite structure and are polycrystalline. In addition, to investigate the surface structure of the LMO samples, scanning electron microscope (SEM) measurements have been carried out. Electrical resistivities (ERs) for the LMO samples have been measured as a function of temperature (4K-300K). The ERs of the LMO samples produced in O2 atmosphere show lower values as compared with other LMO ones produced in He and vacuum atmospheres. Especially, the temperature dependence of the ER for a LMO sample produced at the annealing temperature of 1100oC in O2 atmosphere shows metallic conduction. Thus, we have considered that this LMO sample has the largest hole self-doping concentration in all LMO ones. In addition, the magnetic field dependences of the magneto-resistance (MR) ratios for the LMO samples have been measured at several temperatures. The ferromagnetic behaviors on the MR ratios have been observed for LMO samples produced in O2 and He atmospheres.

39

Kobori, Hiromi, Tohru Kitamura, Toshifumi Taniguchi, and Tetsuo Shimizu. "Strong Hole Self-Doping in LaMnO₃ Thin Film on a-SiO₂ Substrate Produced by Metal Organic Decomposition Method." Materials Science Forum 962 (July 2019): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.962.17.

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We have studied the strong hole self-doping into LaMnO3(LMO) thin films produced by metal organic decomposition (MOD) method. With different heat treatment conditions, LMO thin films have been prepared by the MOD method in the 100 % O2gas atmosphere. We consider that the excess of O2-ions in LMO thin films induces the strong hole self-doping into LMO ones. The quantity of excess O2-ions in LMO is sensitive to the heat treatment conditions of the LMO production, especially the temperature, time and atmosphere gas. Although LMO single crystal is an antiferromagnetic insulator, LMO thin films we have produced in the 100 % O2gas atmosphere by use of the MOD method shows the properties of ferromagnetic metal.

40

Kobori, Hiromi, Megumi Sogabe, Akinori Hoshino, Atsushi Yamasaki, Toshifumi Taniguchi, and Tetsuo Shimizu. "Evidence of Hole Self-Doping due to Excess Oxygen Addition in Polycrystal LaMnO₃." Materials Science Forum 1023 (March 2021): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1023.9.

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We have presented the evidence of hole self-doping due to excess oxygen addition in polycrystal LaMnO3 (LMO). The polycrystal LMO samples were prepared by use of a solid-state reaction method. Powder mixtures with a molar ratio of 1:1 between La2O3 and Mn2O3 were pre-annealed at 1100oC for 18 hours in the atmospheres of oxygen gas, helium gas and vacuum. By this heat treatment, non-crystalline LMO samples were produced. After that, the non-crystalline LMO samples were grinded and were pressed into pellets at the pressure of 3t/cm3. The pellets were annealed at 1100oC and 1300oC for 18 hours in the same atmospheres as the pre-annealing. Through these processes, polycrystal LMO samples were finally produced. To investigate crystallographic structure of the LMO samples, X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements were performed by use of Cu-K radiation. From the experimental results of XRD measurements, we have found that all LMO samples have perovskite structure and are polycrystals. In addition, to investigate surface structure of the LMO samples, scanning electron microscope (SEM) measurements were carried out. Electrical resistivities (ERs) of the polycrystal LMO samples were measured as a function of temperature (4K-300K). The ERs of polycrystal LMO samples produced in an oxygen gas atmosphere show lower values as compared with other LMO ones in He gas and vacuum atmospheres. Especially, the temperature dependence of the ER for a polycrystal LMO sample produced at the annealing temperature of 1100oC in an oxygen atmosphere shows a metallic behavior. Thus, we have considered that this LMO sample has the largest hole self-doping concentration in all LMO ones.

41

Lakshmi-Narayana, Ambadi, Kapu Sivajee-Ganesh, Merum Dhananjaya, Arghya Narayan-Banerjee, Christian M. Julien, and San-Woo Joo. "Electrochemical Performance of Li2TiO3//LiCoO2 Li-Ion Aqueous Cell with Nanocrystalline Electrodes." Batteries 8, no. 10 (October 1, 2022): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries8100149.

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A challenge in developing high-performance lithium batteries requires a safe technology without flammable liquid electrolytes. Nowadays, two options can satisfy this claim: all-solid-state batteries and aqueous-electrolyte batteries. Commercially available Li-ion batteries utilize non-aqueous electrolytes (NAE) owing to a wide potential window (>3 V) that achieves high energy density but pose serious safety issues due to the high volatility, flammability, and toxicity of NAE. On the contrary, aqueous electrolytes are non-flammable, low-toxic, and have a low installation cost for humidity control in the production line. In this scenario, we develop a new aqueous rechargeable Li-ion full-cell composed of high-voltage cathode material as LiCoO2 (LCO) and a safe nanostructured anode material as Li2TiO3 (LTO). Both pure-phase LTO and LCO nanopowders are prepared by hydrothermal route and their structural and electrochemical properties are studied in detail. Simultaneously, the electrochemical performances of these electrodes are tested in both half- and full-cell configurations in presence of saturated 1 mole L−1 Li2SO4 aqueous electrolyte medium. Pt//LCO and Pt//LTO half-cells deliver high discharge capacities of 142 and 133 mAh g−1 at 0.5 C rate with capacity retention of ~95% and 94% after 50 cycles with a Coulombic efficiency of 98.25% and 99.89%, respectively. The electrochemical performance of a LTO//LCO full cell is investigated for the first time. It reveals a discharge capacity of 135 mAh g−1 at 0.5 C rate (50th cycle) with a capacity retention of 94% and a Coulombic efficiency of 99.7%.

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Jo, Minsang, Seong-Hyo Park, and Hochun Lee. "Effects of a Sodium Phosphate Electrolyte Additive on Elevated Temperature Performance of Spinel Lithium Manganese Oxide Cathodes." Materials 14, no. 16 (August 19, 2021): 4670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14164670.

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LiMn2O4 (LMO) spinel cathode materials suffer from severe degradation at elevated temperatures because of Mn dissolution. In this research, monobasic sodium phosphate (NaH2PO4, P2) is examined as an electrolyte additive to mitigate Mn dissolution; thus, the thermal stability of the LMO cathode material is improved. The P2 additive considerably improves the cyclability and storage performances of LMO/graphite and LMO/LMO symmetric cells at 60 °C. We explain that P2 suppresses the hydrofluoric acid content in the electrolyte and forms a protective cathode electrolyte interphase layer, which mitigates the Mn dissolution behavior of the LMO cathode material. Considering its beneficial role, the P2 additive is a useful additive for spinel LMO cathodes that suffer from severe Mn dissolution.

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Michalska, Monika, Dominika A. Buchberger, Jacek B. Jasiński, Arjun K. Thapa, and Amrita Jain. "Surface Modification of Nanocrystalline LiMn2O4 Using Graphene Oxide Flakes." Materials 14, no. 15 (July 24, 2021): 4134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14154134.

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In this work, a facile, wet chemical synthesis was utilized to achieve a series of lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4, (LMO) with 1–5%wt. graphene oxide (GO) composites. The average crystallite sizes estimated by the Rietveld method of LMO/GO nanocomposites were in the range of 18–27 nm. The electrochemical performance was studied using CR2013 coin-type cell batteries prepared from pristine LMO material and LMO modified with 5%wt. GO. Synthesized materials were tested as positive electrodes for Li-ion batteries in the voltage range between 3.0 and 4.3 V at room temperature. The specific discharge capacity after 100 cycles for LMO and LMO/5%wt. GO were 84 and 83 mAh g−1, respectively. The LMO material modified with 5%wt. of graphene oxide flakes retained more than 91% of its initial specific capacity, as compared with the 86% of pristine LMO material.

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Ono, Yuichi, Norio Fukuhara, and Osamu Yoshie. "TAL1 and LIM-Only Proteins Synergistically Induce Retinaldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 Expression in T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia by Acting as Cofactors for GATA3." Molecular and Cellular Biology 18, no. 12 (December 1, 1998): 6939–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.18.12.6939.

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ABSTRACT Previously, we have shown that TAL1 and the LIM-only protein gene (LMO) are regularly coactivated in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). This observation is likely to relate to the findings that TAL1 and LMO are highly synergistic in T-cell tumorigenesis in double-transgenic mice. To understand the molecular mechanisms of functional synergy between TAL1 and LMO in tumorigenesis and transcriptional regulation, we tried to identify downstream target genes regulated by TAL1 and LMO by a subtractive PCR method. One of the isolated genes, that for retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (RALDH2), was regularly expressed in most of the T-ALL cell lines that coexpressed TAL1 and LMO. Exogenously transfected TAL1 and LMO, but not either alone, inducedRALDH2 expression in a T-ALL cell line, HPB-ALL, not expressing endogeneous TAL1 or LMO. The RALDH2 transcripts in T-ALL were, however, mostly initiated within the second intron. Promoter analysis revealed that a GATA site in a cryptic promoter in the second intron was essential and sufficient for the TAL1- and LMO-dependent transcriptional activation, and GATA3 binds to this site. In addition, forced expression of GATA3 potentiated the induction ofRALDH2 by TAL1 and LMO, and these three factors formed a complex in vivo. Furthermore, a TAL1 mutant not binding to DNA also activated the transcription of RALDH2 in the presence of LMO and GATA3. Collectively, we have identified the RALDH2 gene as a first example of direct transcriptional target genes regulated by TAL1 and LMO in T-ALL. In this case, TAL1 and LMO act as cofactors for GATA3 to activate the transcription ofRALDH2.

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Kobori, Hiromi, Thoru Kitamura, A. Yamasaki, T. Taniguchi, and T. Shimizu. "Magneto-Transport Properties in LaMnO₃ Thin Films on a-SiO₂ Substrates Produced by Metal Organic Decomposition Method." Key Engineering Materials 853 (July 2020): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.853.63.

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We have studied the magneto-transport properties in LMO thin films on a-SiO2 substrates produced by the metal organic decomposition (MOD) method. LMO thin films have been prepared by the MOD method in the 100 % O2 gas atmosphere on different heat treatment conditions. Although LMO single crystal is an antiferromagnetic insulator, LMO thin films we have produced in the 100 % O2 gas atmosphere by use of the MOD method shows the ferromagnetic metal properties for suitable heat treatment conditions. We consider that the excess of O2- ions in LMO thin films produced in the 100 % O2 gas atmosphere induces the strong hole self-doping into those and changes to ferromagnetic metal. The quantity of excess O2- ions in LMO is sensitive to the heat treatment conditions of the LMO production, especially the temperature, time and atmosphere gas. We have obtained the coercive forces from the magnetic field dependence of magnetoresistance. Based on the temperature dependence of the coercive forces, we have estimated the Curie temperature of LMO thin films.

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Darwel, R. Selvia, F. Fadillah, Mahaza, and E. Zicof. "Effectiveness of local microorganisms (LMO) coconut pulp on composting time." International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology 11, no. 1 (July 2, 2021): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v11i1.54473.

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Compost can be used to reduce waste, it formed naturally, but it will take a long time, around 6-12 months. Bioactivators accelerate composting process; one of them is a solution of LMO (Local Microorganism) coconut pulp. The purpose of this study to determine the effectiveness of LMO coconut pulp for the composting time. The method in this research is quasi-experimental. This study consists of 3 treatments with 5 replications. Treatment 1 composting with the addition of LMO coconut pulp 50,000 ppm; treatment 2 composting with the addition of LMO coconut pulp 100,000 ppm; treatment 3 composting with the addition of LMO coconut pulp 200,000 ppm. The materials used in this study are vegetables and sawdust and the composting process carried out aerobically. From the observations, the average time to compile with LMO coconut pulp 50,000 ppm is 21.00 (21 days), 100,000 ppm 18.60 (19 days) and 200,000 ppm 18.20 (18 days). Based on the ANOVA test, the p value is 0.0001 (p <0.05) which means that H0 rejected, that there is a significant difference in composting time using LMO coconut pulp 50,000 ppm, 100,000 ppm, and 200,000 ppm. The most significant difference is between compost with LMO coconut pulp 50,000 ppm and compost with LMO coconut pulp 200,000 ppm. It is recommended for the further researchers using other types of waste, and test the quality of compost produced especially C/N compost. The community can use coconut pulp as a bioactivator in accelerating the composting process. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 11(1): 109-116, June 2021

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Hu, Sijiang, Yu Li, Feiyan Lai, Xiaohui Zhang, Qingyu Li, Youguo Huang, Ximing Yuan, Jianjun Chen, and Hongqiang Wang. "Enhanced electrochemical performance of LiMn2O4 cathode with a Li0.34La0.51TiO3-coated layer." RSC Advances 5, no. 23 (2015): 17592–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra15374j.

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Huang, Xudong. "Cathode Materials of Lithium Ion Battery." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 43 (April 14, 2023): 521–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v43i.7472.

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Lithium ion battery (LIB) technology is getting more and more attention for its superior electrochemical property in recent years and has begun to gradually enter the market occupying a certain part of market. The cathode conducts as an important part of LIB, its material will influence the overall performance of the battery greatly. This paper classifies and introduces multiple cathode material already basic applied commercially of LIB including LCO, LMO, Ternary Lithium Oxide (mainly introduce NCM and NCA) and LFP, showing their structure, physical property, chemical property (mainly the electrochemical property working as the cathode of LIB), synthesis in the lab and manufacturing approaches in the factory. In the end of the paper, the advantages and disadvantages of each material are summarized and the reasons why some of them have got commercial applications while other not yet are discussed. Besides, the future research directions of better the cathode material are introduced briefly.

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Nazarov, V. I., V. M. Retivov, D. A. Makarenkov, A. P. Popov, G. R. Aflyatunova, and N. A. Kuznetsova. "Development of a Safe Technology for the Processing of lithium-ion Batteries, Including the Stages of Discharging in Saline Ssolutions and Granulation of Target Products." Ecology and Industry of Russia 27, no. 10 (October 17, 2023): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2023-10-4-11.

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It was shown that when disposing of complex chemical power sources (CCPS), they must be subjected to a preliminary discharge to a safe residual voltage of 1 V maximum. The data of foreign studies on the discharge of Lithium-Cobalt, Lithium-Nickel-Cobalt-Manganese and Lithium-Manganese batteries (LCO, NCM, LMO batteries, respectively) by various methods were analyzed. The results of experimental studies of battery discharges in NaCl 5, 10, 15 wt.% and Na2CO3 10 wt.% solutions were presented. It was found that the discharge in saline solutions proceeds by electrolysis. It was confirmed that the use of Na2CO3 leads to the hydrolysis of carbonates. The graphs show the dependences of the discharge of various batteries on the discharge time and the hydrodynamic parameters of the agitator according to the Reynolds criterion (ReM). The composition of precipitation formed during the discharge of the battery was determined. Recommendations were developed on the regime parameters of mixing devices and the safe discharge procedure.

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Kim, Sangwook, Zonggen Yi, Tanvir R. Tanim, Ross R. Kunz, Eric J. Dufek, Kevin L. Gering, Peter J. Weddle, Kandler Smith, and Bor-Rong Chen. "Physics-Based Methods and Tools for Rapid Classification, Quantification, and Forecasting of Lithium-Ion Battery Aging Modes and Life." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 3 (October 9, 2022): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-023351mtgabs.

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Physics-based methods and tools for rapid classification, quantification, and forecasting of lithium-ion battery aging modes and life Sangwook Kim,1 Zonggen Yi,1 Ross R. Kunz,1 Eric J. Dufek,1 Tanvir Tanim,1 Kevin L. Gering1, Bor-Rong Chen,1 Peter Weddle, 2 Kandler Smith, 2 1 Energy and Environmental Science and Technology, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415 USA 2 Center for Energy Conversion & Storage Systems, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA 242nd ECS Meeting, Atlanta, GA, Oct. 9 - 13, 2022 Symposium: A03 – Lithium Ion Batteries Lithium-ion batteries play a central role in powering electric vehicles, stationary energy storage systems, and consumer electronics. Lately, machine learning and deep learning (DL) has been successfully used to gain insights into battery degradation during battery operation and predict lifetime in battery research and development community. Fast and robust classification and quantification of battery aging (e.g., Loss of Lithium Inventory (LLI) and Loss of active Material (LAM)) and accurate long-term forecasting of battery life enable more proactive planning of battery management and preemptive actions of modified operating conditions to achieve safe operations and prolong battery life. Here, we present the development of Incremental Capacity (IC)-DL framework for fast charging conditions as a diagnostic tool for aging mode classification and quantification (Figure 1). The classification and quantification of dominant battery aging modes is conducted using a synthetic-data-based DL modeling framework. Over 6000 initial conditions and 26,000 different aging conditions are generated using IC model to train DL. We applied trained DL classification and quantification algorithm to 22 Gr/NMC532 pouch cells with a different loading and charging protocol tested up to 600 cycles. Besides the analysis of reference performance test data at C/20, cycle-by-cycle data at higher C-rate is analyzed. This IC-DL framework as a diagnostic tool is also used in different battery chemistries, such as Gr/NMC811and LTO/LMO. IC-DL framework enables unique, rapid identification and quantification of the dominant aging modes at different C-rates in different battery chemistries. Additionally, a prognostic tool, Sigmoidal Rate Expression (SRE)-type mathematics are employed to evaluate the capacity loss and aging mode (i.e., LLI). SREs are robust engines that contain three variables that capture the thermodynamic and kinetic “thumbprint” of the mechanism progression within the context of a batch reactor scenario [1].We show two different methods by which SRE parameters can be early assessed based on quantified values from IC-DL framework; (1) extrapolative techniques using specialized functions to determine SRE parameter convergence and (2) a technique based on deep learning and Monte Carlo framework. Overall results from both methods confirm that we can predict capacity loss and LLI at the end of test (i.e., 600 cycles) within 1-2% absolute error using three weeks of testing data (or 125 cycles). We believe the IC-DL framework combined with SRE-base prognostics will reduce lithium-ion batteries development cycle as well as shorten the turnover time for validation, fulfilling the demands of rapidly growing battery market. References K. Gering, Electrochimica Acta, 228(20), 636-651 (2017) Figure 1

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