Статті в журналах: "Lland surface - atmosphere interactions"

1

Lellouch, Emmanuel. "Io’s Atmosphere and Surface-Atmosphere Interactions." Space Science Reviews 116, no. 1-2 (January 2005): 211–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11214-005-1957-z.

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2

Wood, Eric F. "Land surface-atmosphere interactions for climate modeling." Surveys in Geophysics 12, no. 1-3 (March 1991): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01903423.

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3

Leslie, Lance M., Milton S. Speer, and Lixin Qi. "Editorial: Special issue on atmosphere-surface interactions." Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics 80, no. 1-4 (June 1, 2002): V. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007030200010.

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4

Drewry, D. J., V. M. Kotlyakov, A. Ushakov, and A. Glazovsky. "Glaciers-Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions." Geographical Journal 159, no. 3 (November 1993): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3451295.

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5

Liu, Shaofeng, Yaping Shao, Angela Kunoth, and Clemens Simmer. "Impact of surface-heterogeneity on atmosphere and land-surface interactions." Environmental Modelling & Software 88 (February 2017): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2016.11.006.

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6

Johnson, N. M., and B. Fegley. "Experimental studies of atmosphere-surface interactions on Venus." Advances in Space Research 29, no. 2 (January 2002): 233–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0273-1177(01)00573-7.

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7

Santanello, Joseph A., Paul A. Dirmeyer, Craig R. Ferguson, Kirsten L. Findell, Ahmed B. Tawfik, Alexis Berg, Michael Ek, et al. "Land–Atmosphere Interactions: The LoCo Perspective." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 99, no. 6 (June 2018): 1253–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-17-0001.1.

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AbstractLand–atmosphere (L-A) interactions are a main driver of Earth’s surface water and energy budgets; as such, they modulate near-surface climate, including clouds and precipitation, and can influence the persistence of extremes such as drought. Despite their importance, the representation of L-A interactions in weather and climate models remains poorly constrained, as they involve a complex set of processes that are difficult to observe in nature. In addition, a complete understanding of L-A processes requires interdisciplinary expertise and approaches that transcend traditional research paradigms and communities. To address these issues, the international Global Energy and Water Exchanges project (GEWEX) Global Land–Atmosphere System Study (GLASS) panel has supported “L-A coupling” as one of its core themes for well over a decade. Under this initiative, several successful land surface and global climate modeling projects have identified hot spots of L-A coupling and helped quantify the role of land surface states in weather and climate predictability. GLASS formed the Local Land–Atmosphere Coupling (LoCo) project and working group to examine L-A interactions at the process level, focusing on understanding and quantifying these processes in nature and evaluating them in models. LoCo has produced an array of L-A coupling metrics for different applications and scales and has motivated a growing number of young scientists from around the world. This article provides an overview of the LoCo effort, including metric and model applications, along with scientific and programmatic developments and challenges.

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8

Liang, Xu, and Zhenghui Xie. "Important factors in land–atmosphere interactions: surface runoff generations and interactions between surface and groundwater." Global and Planetary Change 38, no. 1-2 (July 2003): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-8181(03)00012-2.

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9

Gentine, Pierre, Adam Massmann, Benjamin R. Lintner, Sayed Hamed Alemohammad, Rong Fu, Julia K. Green, Daniel Kennedy, and Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano. "Land–atmosphere interactions in the tropics – a review." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 23, no. 10 (October 17, 2019): 4171–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4171-2019.

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Abstract. The continental tropics play a leading role in the terrestrial energy, water, and carbon cycles. Land–atmosphere interactions are integral in the regulation of these fluxes across multiple spatial and temporal scales over tropical continents. We review here some of the important characteristics of tropical continental climates and how land–atmosphere interactions regulate them. Along with a wide range of climates, the tropics manifest a diverse array of land–atmosphere interactions. Broadly speaking, in tropical rainforest climates, light and energy are typically more limiting than precipitation and water supply for photosynthesis and evapotranspiration (ET), whereas in savanna and semi-arid climates, water is the critical regulator of surface fluxes and land–atmosphere interactions. We discuss the impact of the land surface, how it affects shallow and deep clouds, and how these clouds in turn can feed back to the surface by modulating surface radiation and precipitation. Some results from recent research suggest that shallow clouds may be especially critical to land–atmosphere interactions. On the other hand, the impact of land-surface conditions on deep convection appears to occur over larger, nonlocal scales and may be a more relevant land–atmosphere feedback mechanism in transitional dry-to-wet regions and climate regimes.

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10

Lellouch, E., C. de Bergh, B. Sicardy, S. Ferron, and H. U. Käufl. "Detection of CO in Triton's atmosphere and the nature of surface-atmosphere interactions." Astronomy and Astrophysics 512 (March 2010): L8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201014339.

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11

Potter, Brian E. "Atmospheric interactions with wildland fire behaviour - I. Basic surface interactions, vertical profiles and synoptic structures." International Journal of Wildland Fire 21, no. 7 (2012): 779. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf11128.

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This paper is the first of two reviewing scientific literature from 100 years of research addressing interactions between the atmosphere and fire behaviour. These papers consider research on the interactions between the fuels burning at any instant and the atmosphere, and the interactions between the atmosphere and those fuels that will eventually burn in a given fire. This first paper reviews the progression from the surface atmospheric properties of temperature, humidity and wind to horizontal and vertical synoptic structures and ends with vertical atmospheric profiles. (The companion paper addresses plume dynamics and vortices.) The review reveals several unanswered questions, as well as findings from previous studies that appear forgotten in current research and concludes with suggestions for areas of future research.

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12

Shaw, Roger. "Observations of Surface to Atmosphere Interactions in the Tropics." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 116, no. 3-4 (May 2003): 229–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1923(03)00003-0.

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13

Gordov, E. P., V. Yu Bogomolov, E. A. Dyukarev, I. G. Okladnikov, and S. V. Smirnov. "IMCES Geophysical Observatory for studies of surface-atmosphere interactions." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 386 (December 10, 2019): 012050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/386/1/012050.

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14

Winton, Michael. "Simple Optical Models for Diagnosing Surface–Atmosphere Shortwave Interactions." Journal of Climate 18, no. 18 (September 15, 2005): 3796–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3502.1.

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Abstract A technique is developed for diagnosing effective surface and atmospheric optical properties from climate model shortwave flux diagnostics. These properties can be used to distinguish the contributions of surface and atmospheric optical property changes to shortwave flux changes at the surface and top of the atmosphere. In addition to the four standard shortwave flux diagnostics (upward, downward, surface, and top of atmosphere), the technique makes use of surface-down and top-up fluxes over a zero-albedo surface obtained from an auxiliary online shortwave calculation. The simple model optical properties, when constructed from the time-mean fluxes, are effective optical properties, useful for predicting the time-mean response to optical property changes. The technique is tested against auxiliary online shortwave calculations at four validation albedos and shown to predict the monthly mean surface absorption with an rms error of less than 2% over the globe. The reasons for the accuracy of the technique are explored. Less accurate techniques that make use of existing shortwave diagnostics are presented and compared.

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15

Merchant, C. J. "Book Review: Ocean-atmosphere interactions." Holocene 14, no. 6 (September 2004): 953. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095968360401400619.

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16

Krakauer, Nir Y., Michael J. Puma, Benjamin I. Cook, Pierre Gentine, and Larissa Nazarenko. "Ocean–atmosphere interactions modulate irrigation's climate impacts." Earth System Dynamics 7, no. 4 (November 10, 2016): 863–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-7-863-2016.

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Abstract. Numerous studies have focused on the local and regional climate effects of irrigated agriculture and other land cover and land use change (LCLUC) phenomena, but there are few studies on the role of ocean–atmosphere interaction in modulating irrigation climate impacts. Here, we compare simulations with and without interactive sea surface temperatures of the equilibrium effect on climate of contemporary (year 2000) irrigation geographic extent and intensity. We find that ocean–atmosphere interaction does impact the magnitude of global-mean and spatially varying climate impacts, greatly increasing their global reach. Local climate effects in the irrigated regions remain broadly similar, while non-local effects, particularly over the oceans, tend to be larger. The interaction amplifies irrigation-driven standing wave patterns in the tropics and midlatitudes in our simulations, approximately doubling the global-mean amplitude of surface temperature changes due to irrigation. The fractions of global area experiencing significant annual-mean surface air temperature and precipitation change also approximately double with ocean–atmosphere interaction. Subject to confirmation with other models, these findings imply that LCLUC is an important contributor to climate change even in remote areas such as the Southern Ocean, and that attribution studies should include interactive oceans and need to consider LCLUC, including irrigation, as a truly global forcing that affects climate and the water cycle over ocean as well as land areas.

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17

Dirmeyer, Paul A., Yan Jin, Bohar Singh, and Xiaoqin Yan. "Trends in Land–Atmosphere Interactions from CMIP5 Simulations." Journal of Hydrometeorology 14, no. 3 (June 1, 2013): 829–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-12-0107.1.

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Abstract Data from 15 models of phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) for preindustrial, historical, and future climate change experiments are examined for consensus changes in land surface variables, fluxes, and metrics relevant to land–atmosphere interactions. Consensus changes in soil moisture and latent heat fluxes for past-to-present and present-to-future periods are consistent with CMIP3 simulations, showing a general drying trend over land (less soil moisture, less evaporation) over most of the globe, with the notable exception of high northern latitudes during winter. Sensible heat flux and net radiation declined from preindustrial times to current conditions according to the multimodel consensus, mainly due to increasing aerosols, but that trend reverses abruptly in the future projection. No broad trends are found in soil moisture memory except for reductions during boreal winter associated with high-latitude warming and diminution of frozen soils. Land–atmosphere coupling is projected to increase in the future across most of the globe, meaning a greater control by soil moisture variations on surface fluxes and the lower troposphere. There is also a strong consensus for a deepening atmospheric boundary layer and diminished gradients across the entrainment zone at the top of the boundary layer, indicating that the land surface feedback on the atmosphere should become stronger both in absolute terms and relative to the influence of the conditions of the free atmosphere. Coupled with the trend toward greater hydrologic extremes such as severe droughts, the land surface seems likely to play a greater role in amplifying both extremes and trends in climate on subseasonal and longer time scales.

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18

Berg, Alexis, Benjamin R. Lintner, Kirsten L. Findell, Sergey Malyshev, Paul C. Loikith, and Pierre Gentine. "Impact of Soil Moisture–Atmosphere Interactions on Surface Temperature Distribution." Journal of Climate 27, no. 21 (October 24, 2014): 7976–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00591.1.

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Abstract Understanding how different physical processes can shape the probability distribution function (PDF) of surface temperature, in particular the tails of the distribution, is essential for the attribution and projection of future extreme temperature events. In this study, the contribution of soil moisture–atmosphere interactions to surface temperature PDFs is investigated. Soil moisture represents a key variable in the coupling of the land and atmosphere, since it controls the partitioning of available energy between sensible and latent heat flux at the surface. Consequently, soil moisture variability driven by the atmosphere may feed back onto the near-surface climate—in particular, temperature. In this study, two simulations of the current-generation Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) Earth System Model, with and without interactive soil moisture, are analyzed in order to assess how soil moisture dynamics impact the simulated climate. Comparison of these simulations shows that soil moisture dynamics enhance both temperature mean and variance over regional “hotspots” of land–atmosphere coupling. Moreover, higher-order distribution moments, such as skewness and kurtosis, are also significantly impacted, suggesting an asymmetric impact on the positive and negative extremes of the temperature PDF. Such changes are interpreted in the context of altered distributions of the surface turbulent and radiative fluxes. That the moments of the temperature distribution may respond differentially to soil moisture dynamics underscores the importance of analyzing moments beyond the mean and variance to characterize fully the interplay of soil moisture and near-surface temperature. In addition, it is shown that soil moisture dynamics impacts daily temperature variability at different time scales over different regions in the model.

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19

Adushkin, V. V., and A. A. Spivak. "Near-surface geophysics: Complex investigations of the lithosphere-atmosphere interactions." Izvestiya, Physics of the Solid Earth 48, no. 3 (March 2012): 181–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1069351312020012.

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20

Vesala, Timo, Leena Järvi, Samuli Launiainen, Andrei Sogachev, Üllar Rannik, Ivan Mammarella, Erkki Si Ivola, et al. "Surface–atmosphere interactions over complex urban terrain in Helsinki, Finland." Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology 60, no. 2 (January 2008): 188–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2007.00312.x.

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21

Sellers, Piers. "Modeling and observing land-surface-atmosphere interactions on large scales." Surveys in Geophysics 12, no. 1-3 (March 1991): 85–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01903413.

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22

Brown, Michael E., and David L. Arnold. "Land-surface–atmosphere interactions associated with deep convection in Illinois." International Journal of Climatology 18, no. 15 (December 1998): 1637–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0088(199812)18:15<1637::aid-joc336>3.0.co;2-u.

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23

Briedé, J. W. "Hydrologic Interactions between Atmosphere, Soil and Vegetation." Journal of Arid Environments 23, no. 4 (November 1992): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-1963(18)30624-4.

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24

Kolaczek, B., J. Nastula, and D. Salstein. "El Nino-related variations in atmosphere–polar motion interactions." Journal of Geodynamics 36, no. 3 (October 2003): 397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0264-3707(03)00058-9.

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25

Davis, Kenneth J., Donald H. Lenschow, Steven P. Oncley, Christoph Kiemle, Gerhard Ehret, Andreas Giez, and Jakob Mann. "Role of entrainment in surface-atmosphere interactions over the boreal forest." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 102, no. D24 (December 1, 1997): 29219–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/97jd02236.

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26

Raupach, M. R., and J. J. Finnigan. "The influence of topography on meteorogical variables and surface-atmosphere interactions." Journal of Hydrology 190, no. 3-4 (March 1997): 182–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1694(96)03127-7.

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27

Ramírez, Jorge A., and Sharika U. S. Senarath. "A Statistical–Dynamical Parameterization of Interception and Land Surface–Atmosphere Interactions." Journal of Climate 13, no. 22 (November 2000): 4050–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<4050:asdpoi>2.0.co;2.

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28

Eley, Emily N., Bulusu Subrahmanyam, and Corinne B. Trott. "Ocean–Atmosphere Interactions during Hurricanes Marco and Laura (2020)." Remote Sensing 13, no. 10 (May 15, 2021): 1932. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13101932.

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During August of the 2020 Atlantic Hurricane Season, the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) was affected by two subsequent storms, Hurricanes Marco and Laura. Hurricane Marco entered the GoM first (22 August) and was briefly promoted to a Category 1 storm. Hurricane Laura followed Marco closely (25 August) and attained Category 4 status after a period of rapid intensification. Typically, hurricanes do not form this close together; this study aims to explain the existence of both hurricanes through the analysis of air-sea fluxes, local thermodynamics, and upper-level circulation. The GoM and its quality of warm, high ocean heat content waters proved to be a resilient and powerful reservoir of heat and moisture fuel for both hurricanes; however, an area of lower ocean heat content due to circulation dynamics was crucial in the evolution of both Marco and Laura. An analysis of wind shear further explained the evolution of both hurricanes. Furthermore, a suite of satellite observations and ocean model outputs were used to evaluate the biophysical modulations in the GoM. The cold core eddy (CCE) and Mississippi River surface plume had the greatest biophysical oceanic responses; the oceanic modulations were initialized by Marco and extended temporally and spatially by Laura. Reduced sea surface temperatures (SST), changes in sea surface salinity (SSS), and changes in Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentrations are related to translation speeds, and respective contributions of hurricane winds and precipitation are evaluated in this work.

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29

Ganbat, Danaa, and Gantuya Ganbat. "Results of simulations of atmosphere-lake interactions using numerical model." Embedded Selforganising Systems 9, no. 3 (October 19, 2022): 37–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14464/ess.v9i3.535.

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Lakes influence the regional atmosphere through modifying thermodynamic characteristics. This study examines the effects of the Baikal lake on meteorological parameters in summertime using the numerical model. Diurnal variations in the lakes’ impact on the atmosphere are found through changing the surface energy budget, which includes changes in sensible and latent heat fluxes. The changes in heat fluxes cause relatively lower surface temperature which leads to a shallow boundary layer over the lake surfaces. Greater heat capacity in water bodies compared to grasslands causes slower heating and cooling rates in the lakes. The amplitude of air temperature over the lake surfaces is smaller than that over the grasslands. Lakes promote diverging winds near the ground, furthermore, tend to stabilize the overlying atmosphere in the summertime.

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30

Dirmeyer, Paul A., Yan Jin, Bohar Singh, and Xiaoqin Yan. "Evolving Land–Atmosphere Interactions over North America from CMIP5 Simulations." Journal of Climate 26, no. 19 (September 24, 2013): 7313–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00454.1.

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Abstract Long-term changes in land–atmosphere interactions during spring and summer are examined over North America. A suite of models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project simulating preindustrial, historical, and severe future climate change scenarios are examined for changes in soil moisture, surface fluxes, atmospheric boundary layer characteristics, and metrics of land–atmosphere coupling. Simulations of changes from preindustrial to modern conditions show warming brings stronger surface fluxes at high latitudes, while subtropical regions of North America respond with drier conditions. There is a clear anthropogenic aerosol response in midlatitudes that reduces surface radiation and heat fluxes, leading to shallower boundary layers and lower cloud base. Over the Great Plains, the signal does not reflect a purely radiatively forced response, showing evidence that the expansion of agriculture may have offset the aerosol impacts on the surface energy and water cycle. Future changes show soils are projected to dry across North America, even though precipitation increases north of a line that retreats poleward from spring to summer. Latent heat flux also has a north–south dipole of change, increasing north and decreasing south of a line that also moves northward with the changing season. Metrics of land–atmosphere feedback increase over most of the continent but are strongest where latent heat flux increases in the same location and season where precipitation decreases. Combined with broadly elevated cloud bases and deeper boundary layers, land–atmosphere interactions are projected to become more important in the future with possible consequences for seasonal climate prediction.

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31

Wong, Mau C., Tim Cassidy, and Robert E. Johnson. "The composition of Europa's near-surface atmosphere." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 4, S251 (February 2008): 327–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921308021856.

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AbstractThe presence of an undersurface ocean renders Europa as one of the few planetary bodies in our Solar System that has been conjectured to have possibly harbored life. Some of the organic and inorganic species present in the ocean underneath are expected to transport upwards through the relatively thin ice crust and manifest themselves as impurities of the water ice surface. For this reason, together with its unique dynamic atmosphere and geological features, Europa has attracted strong scientific interests in past decades.Europa is imbedded inside the Jovian magnetosphere, and, therefore, is constantly subjected to the immerse surrounding radiations, similar to the other three Galilean satellites. The magnetosphere-atmosphere-surface interactions form a complex system that provides a multitude of interesting geophysical phenomenon that is unique in the Solar System. The atmosphere of Europa is thought to have created by, mostly, charged particles sputtering of surface materials. Consequently, the study of Europa's atmosphere can be used as a tool to infer the surface composition. In this paper, we will discuss our recent model studies of Europa's near-surface atmosphere. In particular, the abundances and distributions of the dominant O2 and H2O species, and of other organic and inorganic minor species will be addressed.

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32

Otterman, J., K. St�enz, K. I. Itten, and G. Kukla. "Dependence of snow melting and surface-atmosphere interactions on the forest structure." Boundary-Layer Meteorology 45, no. 1-2 (October 1988): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00120812.

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33

Fischer, E. M., S. I. Seneviratne, P. L. Vidale, D. Lüthi, and C. Schär. "Soil Moisture–Atmosphere Interactions during the 2003 European Summer Heat Wave." Journal of Climate 20, no. 20 (October 15, 2007): 5081–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli4288.1.

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Abstract The role of land surface–related processes and feedbacks during the record-breaking 2003 European summer heat wave is explored with a regional climate model. All simulations are driven by lateral boundary conditions and sea surface temperatures from the ECMWF operational analysis and 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40), thereby prescribing the large-scale circulation. In particular, the contribution of soil moisture anomalies and their interactions with the atmosphere through latent and sensible heat fluxes is investigated. Sensitivity experiments are performed by perturbing spring soil moisture in order to determine its influence on the formation of the heat wave. A multiyear regional climate simulation for 1970–2000 using a fixed model setup is used as the reference period. A large precipitation deficit together with early vegetation green-up and strong positive radiative anomalies in the months preceding the extreme summer event contributed to an early and rapid loss of soil moisture, which exceeded the multiyear average by far. The exceptionally high temperature anomalies, most pronounced in June and August 2003, were initiated by persistent anticyclonic circulation anomalies that enabled a dominance of the local heat balance. In this experiment the hottest phase in early August is realistically simulated despite the absence of an anomaly in total surface net radiation. This indicates an important role of the partitioning of net radiation in latent and sensible heat fluxes, which is to a large extent controlled by soil moisture. The lack of soil moisture strongly reduced latent cooling and thereby amplified the surface temperature anomalies. The evaluation of the experiments with perturbed spring soil moisture shows that this quantity is an important parameter for the evolution of European heat waves. Simulations indicate that without soil moisture anomalies the summer heat anomalies could have been reduced by around 40% in some regions. Moreover, drought conditions are revealed to influence the tropospheric circulation by producing a surface heat low and enhanced ridging in the midtroposphere. This suggests a positive feedback mechanism between soil moisture, continental-scale circulation, and temperature.

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34

Santanello, Joseph A., Mark A. Friedl, and Michael B. Ek. "Convective Planetary Boundary Layer Interactions with the Land Surface at Diurnal Time Scales: Diagnostics and Feedbacks." Journal of Hydrometeorology 8, no. 5 (October 1, 2007): 1082–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm614.1.

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Abstract The convective planetary boundary layer (PBL) integrates surface fluxes and conditions over regional and diurnal scales. As a result, the structure and evolution of the PBL contains information directly related to land surface states. To examine the nature and magnitude of land–atmosphere coupling and the interactions and feedbacks controlling PBL development, the authors used a large sample of radiosonde observations collected at the southern Atmospheric Research Measurement Program–Great Plains Cloud and Radiation Testbed (ARM-CART) site in association with simulations of mixed-layer growth from a single-column PBL/land surface model. The model accurately predicts PBL evolution and realistically simulates thermodynamics associated with two key controls on PBL growth: atmospheric stability and soil moisture. The information content of these variables and their influence on PBL height and screen-level temperature can be characterized using statistical methods to describe PBL–land surface coupling over a wide range of conditions. Results also show that the first-order effects of land–atmosphere coupling are manifested in the control of soil moisture and stability on atmospheric demand for evapotranspiration and on the surface energy balance. Two principal land–atmosphere feedback regimes observed during soil moisture drydown periods are identified that complicate direct relationships between PBL and land surface properties, and, as a result, limit the accuracy of uncoupled land surface and traditional PBL growth models. In particular, treatments for entrainment and the role of the residual mixed layer are critical to quantifying diurnal land–atmosphere interactions.

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35

Liston, Glen E., and Christopher A. Hiemstra. "Representing Grass– and Shrub–Snow–Atmosphere Interactions in Climate System Models." Journal of Climate 24, no. 8 (April 15, 2011): 2061–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli4028.1.

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Abstract A vegetation-protruding-above-snow parameterization for earth system models was developed to improve energy budget calculations of interactions among vegetation, snow, and the atmosphere in nonforested areas. These areas include shrublands, grasslands, and croplands, which represent 68% of the seasonally snow-covered Northern Hemisphere land surface (excluding Greenland). Snow depth observations throughout nonforested areas suggest that mid- to late-winter snowpack depths are often comparable or lower than the vegetation heights. As a consequence, vegetation protruding above the snow cover has an important impact on snow-season surface energy budgets. The protruding vegetation parameterization uses disparate energy balances for snow-covered and protruding vegetation fractions of each model grid cell, and fractionally weights these fluxes to define grid-average quantities. SnowModel, a spatially distributed snow-evolution modeling system, was used to test and assess the parameterization. Simulations were conducted during the winters of 2005/06 and 2006/07 for conditions of 1) no protruding vegetation (the control) and 2) with protruding vegetation. The spatial domain covered Colorado, Wyoming, and portions of the surrounding states; 81% of this area is nonforested. The surface net radiation, energy, and moisture fluxes displayed considerable differences when protruding vegetation was included. For shrubs, the net radiation, sensible, and latent fluxes changed by an average of 12.7, 6.9, and −22.7 W m−2, respectively. For grass and crops, these fluxes changed by an average of 6.9, −0.8, and −7.9 W m−2, respectively. Daily averaged flux changes were as much as 5 times these seasonal averages. As such, the new parameterization represents a major change in surface flux calculations over more simplistic and less physically realistic approaches.

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36

Potter, Brian E. "Atmospheric interactions with wildland fire behaviour - II. Plume and vortex dynamics." International Journal of Wildland Fire 21, no. 7 (2012): 802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf11129.

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This paper is the second of two reviewing scientific literature from 100 years of research addressing interactions between the atmosphere and fire behaviour. These papers consider research on the interactions between the fuels burning at any instant and the atmosphere, and the interactions between the atmosphere and those fuels that will eventually burn in a given fire. The first paper reviews the progression from the surface atmospheric properties of temperature, humidity and wind to horizontal and vertical synoptic structures and ends with vertical atmospheric profiles. This second paper addresses plume dynamics and vortices. The review presents several questions and concludes with suggestions for areas of future research.

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37

Jansen, Malte F., Dietmar Dommenget, and Noel Keenlyside. "Tropical Atmosphere–Ocean Interactions in a Conceptual Framework." Journal of Climate 22, no. 3 (February 1, 2009): 550–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2243.1.

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Abstract Statistical analysis of observations (including atmospheric reanalysis and forced ocean model simulations) is used to address two questions: First, does an analogous mechanism to that of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) exist in the equatorial Atlantic or Indian Ocean? Second, does the intrinsic variability in these basins matter for ENSO predictability? These questions are addressed by assessing the existence and strength of the Bjerknes and delayed negative feedbacks in each tropical basin, and by fitting conceptual recharge oscillator models, both with and without interactions among the basins. In the equatorial Atlantic the Bjerknes and delayed negative feedbacks exist, although weaker than in the Pacific. Equatorial Atlantic variability is well described by the recharge oscillator model, with an oscillatory mixed ocean dynamics–sea surface temperature (SST) mode present in boreal spring and summer. The dynamics of the tropical Indian Ocean, however, appear to be quite different: no recharge–discharge mechanism is found. Although a positive Bjerknes-like feedback from July to September is found, the role of heat content seems secondary. Results also show that Indian Ocean interaction with ENSO tends to damp the ENSO oscillation and is responsible for a frequency shift to shorter periods. However, the retrospective forecast skill of the conceptual model is hardly improved by explicitly including Indian Ocean SST. The interaction between ENSO and the equatorial Atlantic variability is weaker. However, a feedback from the Atlantic on ENSO appears to exist, which slightly improves the retrospective forecast skill of the conceptual model.

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38

Seo, Eunkyo, and Paul A. Dirmeyer. "Understanding the diurnal cycle of land–atmosphere interactions from flux site observations." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 26, no. 20 (October 28, 2022): 5411–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5411-2022.

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Abstract. Land–atmosphere interactions have been investigated at daily or longer timescales due to limited data availability and large errors for measuring high-frequency variations. Yet coupling at the subdaily timescale is characterized by the diurnal cycle of incoming solar radiation and surface fluxes. Based on flux tower observations, this study investigates the climatology of observed land–atmosphere interactions on subdaily timescales during the warm season. Process-based multivariate metrics are employed to quantitatively measure segmented coupling processes, and mixing diagrams are adopted to demonstrate the integrative moist and thermal energy budget evolution in the atmospheric mixed layer. The land, atmosphere, and combined couplings for the entire daily mean, midday, and midnight periods show different situations to which surface latent and sensible heat fluxes are relevant, and they also reveal the climate sensitivity to soil moisture and surface air temperature. The 24 h coevolution of the moist and thermal energy within the boundary layer traces a particular path on mixing diagrams, exhibiting different degrees of asymmetry (time shifts) in water- and energy-limited locations. Water- and energy-limited processes also show opposing long tails of low humidity during the daytime and nighttime, related to the impact on land and atmospheric couplings of latent heat flux and other diabatic processes like radiative cooling. This study illustrates the necessity of considering the entire diurnal cycle to understand land–atmosphere coupling processes comprehensively in observations and models.

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39

Song, Jiyun, and Zhi-Hua Wang. "Evaluating the impact of built environment characteristics on urban boundary layer dynamics using an advanced stochastic approach." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 10 (May 24, 2016): 6285–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-6285-2016.

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Abstract. Urban land–atmosphere interactions can be captured by numerical modeling framework with coupled land surface and atmospheric processes, while the model performance depends largely on accurate input parameters. In this study, we use an advanced stochastic approach to quantify parameter uncertainty and model sensitivity of a coupled numerical framework for urban land–atmosphere interactions. It is found that the development of urban boundary layer is highly sensitive to surface characteristics of built terrains. Changes of both urban land use and geometry impose significant impact on the overlying urban boundary layer dynamics through modification on bottom boundary conditions, i.e., by altering surface energy partitioning and surface aerodynamic resistance, respectively. Hydrothermal properties of conventional and green roofs have different impacts on atmospheric dynamics due to different surface energy partitioning mechanisms. Urban geometry (represented by the canyon aspect ratio), however, has a significant nonlinear impact on boundary layer structure and temperature. Besides, managing rooftop roughness provides an alternative option to change the boundary layer thermal state through modification of the vertical turbulent transport. The sensitivity analysis deepens our insight into the fundamental physics of urban land–atmosphere interactions and provides useful guidance for urban planning under challenges of changing climate and continuous global urbanization.

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40

Baker, Jessica C. A., Dayana Castilho de Souza, Paulo Y. Kubota, Wolfgang Buermann, Caio A. S. Coelho, Martin B. Andrews, Manuel Gloor, Luis Garcia-Carreras, Silvio N. Figueroa, and Dominick V. Spracklen. "An Assessment of Land–Atmosphere Interactions over South America Using Satellites, Reanalysis, and Two Global Climate Models." Journal of Hydrometeorology 22, no. 4 (April 2021): 905–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-20-0132.1.

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AbstractIn South America, land–atmosphere interactions have an important impact on climate, particularly the regional hydrological cycle, but detailed evaluation of these processes in global climate models has been limited. Focusing on the satellite-era period of 2003–14, we assess land–atmosphere interactions on annual to seasonal time scales over South America in satellite products, a novel reanalysis (ERA5-Land), and two global climate models: the Brazilian Global Atmospheric Model version 1.2 (BAM-1.2) and the U.K. Hadley Centre Global Environment Model version 3 (HadGEM3). We identify key features of South American land–atmosphere interactions represented in satellite and model datasets, including seasonal variation in coupling strength, large-scale spatial variation in the sensitivity of evapotranspiration to surface moisture, and a dipole in evaporative regime across the continent. Differences between products are also identified, with ERA5-Land, HadGEM3, and BAM-1.2 showing opposite interactions to satellites over parts of the Amazon and the Cerrado and stronger land–atmosphere coupling along the North Atlantic coast. Where models and satellites disagree on the strength and direction of land–atmosphere interactions, precipitation biases and misrepresentation of processes controlling surface soil moisture are implicated as likely drivers. These results show where improvement of model processes could reduce uncertainty in the modeled climate response to land-use change, and highlight where model biases could unrealistically amplify drying or wetting trends in future climate projections. Finally, HadGEM3 and BAM-1.2 are consistent with the median response of an ensemble of nine CMIP6 models, showing they are broadly representative of the latest generation of climate models.

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41

Shull, Nathan, and Eungul Lee. "April Vegetation Dynamics and Forest–Climate Interactions in Central Appalachia." Atmosphere 10, no. 12 (December 2, 2019): 765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10120765.

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The study of land–atmosphere (L–A) interactions is an emerging field in which the effects of the land on the atmosphere are strongly considered. Though this coupled approach is becoming more popular in atmospheric research, L–A interactions are not fully understood, especially in temperate regions. This study provides the first in-depth investigation of L–A interactions and their impacts on near-surface climate conditions in the Appalachian region of the Eastern United States. By way of statistical analysis, we explore vegetation dynamics, L–A interactions, and the consequences for near-surface climate, along with the competing effects of the albedo (energy) and moisture (evapotranspiration and soil moisture) feedback. Based on the results from linear regression, composite, and correlation analyses, we conclude that: (1) a statistically significant increasing trend in April vegetation exists from 1982 to 2015 in central Appalachia; (2) there was empirical evidence that this increasing vegetation trend was significant and altered near-surface climatic conditions, as indicated by significantly enhanced latent heat flux, 2 m-specific humidity, and soil moisture; and (3) the dominant biogeophysical process responsible for the changes in near-surface climate conditions could be the positive moisture feedback process.

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42

Berg, Larry K., and Peter J. Lamb. "Surface Properties and Interactions: Coupling the Land and Atmosphere within the ARM Program." Meteorological Monographs 57 (April 1, 2016): 23.1–23.17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/amsmonographs-d-15-0044.1.

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43

Cihlar, J., J. Chen, and Z. Li. "Seasonal AVHRR multichannel data sets and products for studies of surface-atmosphere interactions." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 102, no. D24 (December 1, 1997): 29625–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/97jd01195.

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44

Lunine, J. I., and C. P. McKay. "Surface-atmosphere interactions on Titan compared with those on the pre-biotic Earth." Advances in Space Research 15, no. 3 (March 1995): 303–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0273-1177(99)80101-x.

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45

Hu, Zhenglin, and Shafiqul Islam. "A Method to Evaluate the Importance of Interactions Between Land Surface and Atmosphere." Water Resources Research 32, no. 8 (August 1996): 2497–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96wr01395.

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46

Farquhar, J. "Atmosphere-Surface Interactions on Mars: 17O Measurements of Carbonate from ALH 84001 ." Science 280, no. 5369 (June 5, 1998): 1580–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.280.5369.1580.

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47

Clements, Craig B., and Daisuke Seto. "Observations of Fire–Atmosphere Interactions and Near-Surface Heat Transport on a Slope." Boundary-Layer Meteorology 154, no. 3 (November 28, 2014): 409–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10546-014-9982-7.

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48

Bryan, A. M., A. L. Steiner, and D. J. Posselt. "Regional modeling of surface-atmosphere interactions and their impact on Great Lakes hydroclimate." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 120, no. 3 (February 12, 2015): 1044–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014jd022316.

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49

LEDREW, ELLSWORTH. "REMOTE SENSING OF ATMOSPHERE-CRYOSPHERE INTERACTIONS IN THE POLAR BASIN." Canadian Geographer/Le Géographe canadien 36, no. 4 (December 1992): 336–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0064.1992.tb01145.x.

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50

Haugland, Matthew J., and Kenneth C. Crawford. "The Diurnal Cycle of Land–Atmosphere Interactions across Oklahoma’s Winter Wheat Belt." Monthly Weather Review 133, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 120–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-2842.1.

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Abstract This manuscript documents the impact of Oklahoma’s winter wheat belt (WWB) on the near-surface atmosphere by comparing the diurnal cycle of meteorological conditions within the WWB relative to conditions in adjacent counties before and after the wheat harvest. To isolate the impact of the winter wheat belt on the atmosphere, data from several meteorological parameters were averaged to create a diurnal cycle before and after the wheat harvest. Observations from 17 Oklahoma Mesonet sites within the WWB (during a period of 9 yr) were compared with observations from 22 Mesonet sites in adjacent counties outside the winter wheat belt. The average diurnal cycles of dewpoint, temperature, and surface pressure exhibited patterns that revealed a distinct mesoscale impact of the wheat fields. The diurnal patterns were consistent with the status of the wheat crop and the grassland in adjacent counties. The impact of the WWB was shown to be more significant during a month when soil moisture was abundant, and minimal during a month when soil moisture was limited. Statistically significant, hydrostatically consistent afternoon surface pressure anomalies suggest that there is a strong possibility of weak mesoscale circulations induced by the WWB.

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