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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 6 вересня 2023

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1

Lee, Olive H. K., Gray A. Williams, and Kevin D. Hyde. "The diets of Littoraria ardouiniana and L. melanostoma in Hong Kong mangroves." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 81, no. 6 (December 2001): 967–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002531540100491x.

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Littoraria ardouiniana and Littoraria melanostoma are common snails in Hong Kong, living and feeding on mangrove trees. Gut content and stable isotopic analyses were conducted to investigate the littorinid's diets. Gut content analyses revealed these snails ingested bark, epidermal plant cells, fungi, and microalgae, but that broken plant cells were the most abundant food items in the stomach and faecal contents. The gut contents of the two littorinid species, either from the mangrove trees Kandelia candel or Aegiceras corniculatum, were similar and showed little temporal variation throughout the year. Dual stable isotopic analysis, which investigated the δ13C and δ15N values of the littorinids and their potential food items, indicated that these littorinids might feed on mixed diets composed of parts of the mangrove trees and other items available on the trees such as phylloplane fungi, microalgae and cyanobacteria. These epiphytic mangrove littorinids are generalist grazers which graze on the substratum non-selectively as they are constrained on their host trees, and their diets are, therefore, dependent on food availability on the trees themselves.

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2

Maltseva, Arina L., Marina A. Varfolomeeva, Arseniy A. Lobov, Polina Tikanova, Marina Panova, Natalia A. Mikhailova, and Andrei I. Granovitch. "Proteomic similarity of the Littorinid snails in the evolutionary context." PeerJ 8 (February 13, 2020): e8546. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8546.

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Background The introduction of DNA-based molecular markers made a revolution in biological systematics. However, in cases of very recent divergence events, the neutral divergence may be too slow, and the analysis of adaptive part of the genome is more informative to reconstruct the recent evolutionary history of young species. The advantage of proteomics is its ability to reflect the biochemical machinery of life. It may help both to identify rapidly evolving genes and to interpret their functions. Methods Here we applied a comparative gel-based proteomic analysis to several species from the gastropod family Littorinidae. Proteomes were clustered to assess differences related to species, geographic location, sex and body part, using data on presence/absence of proteins in samples and data on protein occurrence frequency in samples of different species. Cluster support was assessed using multiscale bootstrap resampling and the stability of clustering—using cluster-wise index of cluster stability. Taxon-specific protein markers were derived using IndVal method. Proteomic trees were compared to consensus phylogenetic tree (based on neutral genetic markers) using estimates of the Robinson–Foulds distance, the Fowlkes–Mallows index and cophenetic correlation. Results Overall, the DNA-based phylogenetic tree and the proteomic similarity tree had consistent topologies. Further, we observed some interesting deviations of the proteomic littorinid tree from the neutral expectations. (1) There were signs of molecular parallelism in two Littoraria species that phylogenetically are quite distant, but live in similar habitats. (2) Proteome divergence was unexpectedly high between very closely related Littorina fabalis and L. obtusata, possibly reflecting their ecology-driven divergence. (3) Conservative house-keeping proteins were usually identified as markers for cryptic species groups (“saxatilis” and “obtusata” groups in the Littorina genus) and for genera (Littoraria and Echinolittorina species pairs), while metabolic enzymes and stress-related proteins (both potentially adaptively important) were often identified as markers supporting species branches. (4) In all five Littorina species British populations were separated from the European mainland populations, possibly reflecting their recent phylogeographic history. Altogether our study shows that proteomic data, when interpreted in the context of DNA-based phylogeny, can bring additional information on the evolutionary history of species.

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3

Chapman, MG. "Small-scale patterns of distribution and size-structure of the intertidal littorinid Littorina unifasciata (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in New South Wales." Marine and Freshwater Research 45, no. 4 (1994): 635. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9940635.

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Within-shore and among-shore patterns of distribution, abundance and size structure of Littorina unifasciata Gray were identified on a number of shores in New South Wales. There was significant patchiness in distribution, abundance and size of L. unifasciata among patches of shore only a few metres apart, at different heights on the shore and from shore to shore. On a particular shore, the sizes of snails were strongly correlated with densities. In contrast, differences in densities at different heights from one shore to another were not correlated with mean size of snails. Density and size were each strongly correlated with the height on the shore at which snails were found. At any one height, differences in densities and size were also correlated with the distribution of particular microhabitat variables, such as the slope of the rock surface, the presence of pits and shallow pools and the presence of barnacles. Densities were also negatively correlated with densities of the large microalgae-grazing limpet Cellana tramoserica but were independent of other littorinids. A number of alternative models have been proposed to account for these patterns of distribution, abundance and size. Although processes that might account for these patterns were not investigated here, quantification of such patterns at a number of spatial scales is necessary before potential factors that might affect small-scale spatial variation in densities and sizes of L. unifasciata can be identified and investigated.

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4

Marshall, David J., and Terence P. T. Ng. "Shell standing in littorinid snails: a multifunctional behaviour associated with mating?" Journal of Molluscan Studies 79, no. 1 (November 28, 2012): 74–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mollus/eys026.

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5

Ng, Terence P. T., Mark S. Davies, Richard Stafford, and Gray A. Williams. "Mucus trail following as a mate-searching strategy in mangrove littorinid snails." Animal Behaviour 82, no. 3 (September 2011): 459–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.05.017.

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6

Ng, Terence P. T., Sarah L. Y. Lau, Laurent Seuront, Mark S. Davies, Richard Stafford, David J. Marshall, and Gray A. Williams. "Linking behaviour and climate change in intertidal ectotherms: insights from littorinid snails." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 492 (July 2017): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2017.01.023.

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7

Miller, Luke P., and Mark W. Denny. "Importance of Behavior and Morphological Traits for Controlling Body Temperature in Littorinid Snails." Biological Bulletin 220, no. 3 (June 2011): 209–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/bblv220n3p209.

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8

Ng, Terence P. T., Sarah L. Y. Lau, Mark S. Davies, Richard Stafford, Laurent Seuront, Neil Hutchinson, Tommy T. Y. Hui, and Gray A. Williams. "Behavioral repertoire of high‐shore littorinid snails reveals novel adaptations to an extreme environment." Ecology and Evolution 11, no. 12 (May 2, 2021): 7114–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.7578.

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9

Cartwright, Stephen R., and Gray A. Williams. "Seasonal variation in utilization of biogenic microhabitats by littorinid snails on tropical rocky shores." Marine Biology 159, no. 10 (August 24, 2012): 2323–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-012-2017-3.

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10

Ng, Terence P. T., and Gray A. Williams. "Contrasting reproductive traits in two species of mangrove-dwelling littorinid snails in a seasonal tropical habitat." Invertebrate Biology 131, no. 3 (July 27, 2012): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7410.2012.00269.x.

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11

Reid, David G., Neelavara Ananthram Aravind, and Neelavara Ananthram Madhyastha. "A unique radiation of marine littorinid snails in the freshwater streams of the Western Ghats of India: the genusCremnoconchusW.T. Blanford, 1869 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae)." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 167, no. 1 (January 2013): 93–135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00875.x.

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12

Parker, Terry, Craig Johnson, and Anthony R. O. Chapman. "Gammarid amphipods and littorinid snails have significant but different effects on algal succession in littoral fringe tidepools." Ophelia 38, no. 2 (November 1993): 69–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00785326.1993.10429889.

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13

CHAPMAN, M. G. "SPATIAL PATTERNS OF SHELL SHAPE OF THREE SPECIES OF CO-EXISTING LITTORINID SNAILS IN NEW SOUTH WALES, AUSTRALIA." Journal of Molluscan Studies 61, no. 2 (1995): 141–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mollus/61.2.141.

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14

MCKILLUP, STEPHEN C., and RUTH V. MCKILLUP. "THE EASTERN AUSTRALIAN DISTRIBUTIONS OF SARCOPHAGA MEGAFILOSIA AND S. MEIOFILOSIA, TWO FLIES THAT ARE PARASITOIDS OF LITTORINID SNAILS." Journal of Molluscan Studies 70, no. 2 (May 2004): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mollus/70.2.103.

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15

Seuront, Laurent, and Terence P. T. Ng. "Standing in the sun: infrared thermography reveals distinct thermal regulatory behaviours in two tropical high-shore littorinid snails." Journal of Molluscan Studies 82, no. 2 (January 6, 2016): 336–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mollus/eyv058.

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16

Gorbushin, A. M., and I. A. Levakin. "The effect of trematode parthenitae on the growth of Onoba aculeus, Littorina saxatilis and L. obtusata (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 79, no. 2 (April 1999): 273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315498000307.

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To determine whether modern theories predict snail growth responses to trematode infestation a field growth study of Onoba aculeus, Littorina saxatilis and L. obtusata infected with two closely related Microphallidae trematodes was conducted in the White Sea. In each of the three host–parasite combinations studied trematode infection causes inhibition of snail reproduction. However, contrary to the classical interpretation of the gigantic growth of infected snails as a side effect of parasitic castration, the presented study failed to demonstrate that Microphallus piriformes causes gigantism in Littorina. The infection tended to stunt growth in L. obtusata and had no significant effect on growth rate of L. saxatilis. In contrast, gigantic growth was observed in O. aculeus infected with M. pseudopygmaeus. Considering that both trematode species are very similar biologically, the discrepancy is attributed to differences in the life history of the snail's hosts. Onoba aculeus is a relatively short-lived snail (2.5–3 y). The lifespan of L. saxatilis and L. obtusata is much longer (up to 9–11 y). These findings agree with a previously reported ‘energetic’ hypothesis that predicts growth alterations in accordance with life history variations of the snail species.

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17

Rosenfeld, Sebastián, Claudia S. Maturana, Hamish G. Spencer, Peter Convey, Thomas Saucède, Paul Brickle, Francisco Bahamonde, Quentin Jossart, Elie Poulin, and Claudio Gonzalez-Wevar. "Complete distribution of the genus Laevilitorina (Littorinimorpha, Littorinidae) in the Southern Hemisphere: remarks and natural history." ZooKeys 1127 (November 2, 2022): 61–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1127.91310.

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Littorinid snails are present in most coastal areas globally, playing a significant role in the ecology of intertidal communities. Laevilitorina is a marine gastropod genus distributed exclusively in the Southern Hemisphere, with 21 species reported from South America, the sub-Antarctic islands, Antarctica, New Zealand, Australia and Tasmania. Here, an updated database of 21 species generated from a combination of sources is presented: 1) new field sampling data; 2) published records; 3) the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) and The Atlas of Living Australia (ALA), to provide a comprehensive description of the known geographic distribution of the genus and detailed occurrences for each of the 21 species. The database includes 813 records (occurrences), 53 from field sampling, 174 from the literature, 128 from GBIF, and 458 from ALA. West Antarctica had the highest species richness (8 species), followed by sub-Antarctic islands of New Zealand (4 species) and the south-east shelf of Australia (4 species). The provinces of Magellan, New Zealand South Island, and sub-Antarctic Islands of the Indian Ocean include two species each. This study specifically highlights reports of L. pygmaea and L. venusta, species that have been almost unrecorded since their description. Recent advances in molecular studies of L. caliginosa showed that this species does not correspond to a widely distributed taxon, but to multiple divergent lineages distributed throughout the Southern Ocean. Ongoing molecular and taxonomic studies are necessary for a better understanding of the diversity and biogeography of this genus.

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18

Buckland-Nicks, John, Sarah Ann Chisholm, and Glenys Gibson. "The living community inside the common periwinkle, Littorina littorea." Canadian Journal of Zoology 91, no. 5 (May 2013): 293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2012-0285.

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An extensive community of organisms inhabits the common periwinkle, Littorina littorea (L., 1758), along the wave-swept rocky shores of Canada’s East coast. This community, which includes both facultative and obligate endosymbionts, comprises a diverse array of species from seven animal phyla, including Annelida, Arthropoda, Gnathostomulida, Nematoda, Nemertea, and Platyhelminthes, as well as ciliates and algae. The presence of larger numbers of endosymbionts was found to correlate with specific shell characteristics of the snail host, including a wider aperture and columella, suggesting that these individuals have a larger mantle cavity relative to snails housing a small community of endosymbionts. Snails with large communities of endosymbionts were usually encrusted with coralline algae and often had trematode infections. Although L. littorea has been extensively studied since the last century, the existence of this community of organisms has passed unnoticed. The large diversity of organisms in this community suggests that these snails may provide refugia for a wide range of smaller taxa.

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19

Chapman, MG. "Aggregation of the littorinid snail Littorina unifasciata in New South Wales, Australia." Marine Ecology Progress Series 126 (1995): 191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps126191.

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20

Davies, Mark S., and Janine Blackwell. "Energy saving through trail following in a marine snail." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, no. 1614 (February 27, 2007): 1233–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2007.0046.

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Most snails and slugs locomote over a layer of mucus and although the resultant mucus trail is expensive to produce, we show that this expense can be reduced by trail following. When tracking over fresh conspecific trails, the marine intertidal snail Littorina littorea (L.) produced only approximately 27% of the mucus laid by marker snails. When tracking over weathered trails, snails adjusted their mucus production to recreate a convex trail profile of similar shape and thickness to the trail as originally laid. Maximum energy saving occurs when following recently laid trails which are little weathered. Many and diverse ecological roles for trail following have been proposed. Energy saving is the only role that applies across the Gastropoda and so may help to explain why trail following is such a well-established behaviour.

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21

Clausen, Karin T., Martin H. Larsen, Nina K. Iversen, and Kim N. Mouritsen. "The influence of trematodes on the macroalgae consumption by the common periwinkle Littorina littorea." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 88, no. 7 (July 29, 2008): 1481–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315408001744.

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Trematodes are ubiquitous elements of coastal ecosystems that commonly modify the phenotype of their invertebrate hosts, often with ramifications to higher levels of ecological organization. In this context, trematode infections have been suggested to reduce the consumption of the herbivorous gastropod Littorina littorea (L.) (Mollusca: Gastropoda), in turn affecting the composition of the macroalgal community on which the snail grazes. Here, we examine the effect of two species of trematodes, Renicola roscovita and Himasthla elongata, on L. littorea's consumption in two outdoor microcosm experiments offering the snails two different ephemeral green algae species as a food source. Our results show that, irrespective of the species of parasite and food source, infection decreases consumption: uninfected snails consumed up to 65% more macroalgal biomass than infected snails. Aside from infection status, gender and size also influenced the snails' consumption rate significantly. The differing histopathological impacts of the two species of trematodes on the hosts' gonad–digestive gland complex (in which the parasites reside), suggests that parasitic castration is a likely mechanism for the reduced energy demand of infected periwinkles. Together with existing evidence, our investigation suggests that trematodes in general depress the grazing activity of L. littorea, and that the resulting community regulation occurs throughout the snails' distributional range.

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22

HUGHES, JANE M., and MICHAEL P. JONES. "Shell colour polymorphism in a mangrove snail Littorina sp. (Prosobranchia: Littorinidae)." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 25, no. 4 (August 1985): 365–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1985.tb00402.x.

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23

Kozminsky, E. V. "Inheritance of the background shell color in the snails Littorina obtusata (Gastropoda, Littorinidae)." Russian Journal of Genetics 50, no. 10 (October 2014): 1038–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1022795414100044.

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24

Tyrrell, Megan C., Michele Dionne, and Jessica A. Edgerly. "Physical factors mediate effects of grazing by a non-indigenous snail species on saltmarsh cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) in New England marshes." ICES Journal of Marine Science 65, no. 5 (February 27, 2008): 746–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsn009.

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Abstract Tyrrell, M. C., Dionne, M., and Edgerly, J. A. 2008. Physical factors mediate effects of grazing by a non-indigenous snail species on saltmarsh cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) in New England marshes. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 746–752. In the southeastern US, grazing by a common indigenous littorinid snail has caused large declines in the biomass of saltmarsh cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora). In northeastern marshes, a closely related but non-indigenous snail may also negatively affect production of this key marsh-building plant. We manipulated densities of the gastropod Littorina littorea at two sites to investigate the effect of its grazing on plant production and sediment accumulation. The effects of the manipulation differed between sites. The site with longer inundation periods, lower elevation, and poorer drainage attributable to smaller sediment grain size had more stressful conditions for S. alterniflora. At that site, protection from snail grazing resulted in higher end-of-season plant biomass than all the other treatments and controls. Rates of sediment accumulation were also lower at that site, and the difference between sites increased as the season progressed. At the site where physical conditions were benign, snail manipulation had no effect on S. alterniflora biomass. The nature of the physical conditions at a site may influence the susceptibility of S. alterniflora to grazing pressure by this ubiquitous snail species. Accelerating anthropogenic impacts, such as sea-level rise, could further stress saltmarsh plants, leaving them increasingly susceptible to herbivory.

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25

Trussell, Geoffrey C., Catherine M. Matassa, and Patrick J. Ewanchuk. "Moving beyond linear food chains: trait-mediated indirect interactions in a rocky intertidal food web." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1851 (March 22, 2017): 20162590. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.2590.

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In simple, linear food chains, top predators can have positive indirect effects on basal resources by causing changes in the traits (e.g. behaviour, feeding rates) of intermediate consumers. Although less is known about trait-mediated indirect interactions (TMIIs) in more complex food webs, it has been suggested that such complexity dampens trophic cascades. We examined TMIIs between a predatory crab ( Carcinus maenas ) and two ecologically important basal resources, fucoid algae ( Ascophyllum nodosum ) and barnacles ( Semibalanus balanoides ), which are consumed by herbivorous ( Littorina littorea ) and carnivorous ( Nucella lapillus ) snails, respectively. Because crab predation risk suppresses snail feeding rates, we hypothesized that crabs would also shape direct and indirect interactions among the multiple consumers and resources. We found that the magnitude of TMIIs between the crab and each resource depended on the suite of intermediate consumers present in the food web. Carnivorous snails ( Nucella ) transmitted TMIIs between crabs and barnacles. However, crab–algae TMIIs were transmitted by both herbivorous ( Littorina ) and carnivorous ( Nucella ) snails, and these TMIIs were additive. By causing Nucella to consume fewer barnacles, crab predation risk allowed fucoids that had settled on or between barnacles to remain in the community. Hence, positive interactions between barnacles and algae caused crab–algae TMIIs to be strongest when both consumers were present. Studies of TMIIs in more realistic, reticulate food webs will be necessary for a more complete understanding of how predation risk shapes community dynamics.

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Matthews, P. M., W. I. Montgomery, and R. E. B. Hanna. "Infestation of littorinids by larval Digenea around a small fishing port." Parasitology 90, no. 2 (April 1985): 277–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000050988.

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Larval Digenea infecting Littorina rudis, L. littorea and L. obtusata around Portavogie harbour, Co. Down, were examined. High levels of infection were found among the littorinids collected from sites on the harbour shore, though levels of infection varied somewhat with position on the shore. There was a direct relationship between size of the snail host and likelihood of infection. There was a negative association between certain pairs of helminth species in the same host, particularly where the rediae of Cryptocotyle lingua or Himasthla sp. were involved. Infection rates in gastropods declined away from the harbour and it is concluded that the high infection rate centres around the harbour were probably due to the increased concentration of definitive hosts, mainly seagulls, attracted to this area by dumping of raw fish offal. The infection of Pholis gunnellus with the metacercariae of C. lingua was also examined. Older fish were more heavily infected than younger fish but no direct relationship was found between high snail infection rates and high P. gunnellus infection rates.

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27

CURTIS, L. A. "Ecology of larval trematodes in three marine gastropods." Parasitology 124, no. 7 (September 24, 2002): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182002001452.

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To comprehend natural host–parasite systems, ecological knowledge of both hosts and parasites is critical. Here I present a view of marine systems based on the snail Ilyanassa obsoleta and its trematodes. This system is reviewed and two others, those of the snails Cerithidea californica and Littorina littorea, are then summarized and compared. Trematodes can profoundly affect the physiology, behaviour and spatial distribution of hosts. Studying these systems is challenging because trematodes are often embedded in host populations in unappreciated ways. Trematode prevalence is variable, but can be high in populations of all three hosts. Conditions under which single- and multiple-species infections can accumulate are considered. Adaptive relations between species are likely the most important and potentials for adaptation of parasites to hosts, hosts to parasites, and parasites to other parasites are also considered. Even if colonization rate is low, a snail population can develop high trematode prevalence, if infections persist long and the host is long-lived and abundant. Trematodes must be adapted to use their snail hosts. However, both I. obsoleta and L. littorea possess highly dispersed planktonic larvae and trematode prevalence is variable among snail populations. Host adaptation to specific infections, or even to trematodes in general, is unlikely because routine exposure to trematodes is improbable. Crawl-away juveniles of C. californica make adaptation to trematodes in that system a possibility. Trematode species in all three systems are not likely adapted to each other. Multiple-species infections are rare and definitive hosts scatter parasite eggs among snail populations with variable prevalences. Routine co-occurrence of trematodes in snails is thus unlikely. Adaptations of these larval trematodes to inhabit the snail host must, then, be the basis for what happens when they do co-occur.

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Stankowski, Sean, Anja M. Westram, Zuzanna B. Zagrodzka, Isobel Eyres, Thomas Broquet, Kerstin Johannesson, and Roger K. Butlin. "The evolution of strong reproductive isolation between sympatric intertidal snails." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1806 (July 13, 2020): 20190545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0545.

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The evolution of strong reproductive isolation (RI) is fundamental to the origins and maintenance of biological diversity, especially in situations where geographical distributions of taxa broadly overlap. But what is the history behind strong barriers currently acting in sympatry? Using whole-genome sequencing and single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping, we inferred (i) the evolutionary relationships, (ii) the strength of RI, and (iii) the demographic history of divergence between two broadly sympatric taxa of intertidal snail. Despite being cryptic, based on external morphology, Littorina arcana and Littorina saxatilis differ in their mode of female reproduction (egg-laying versus brooding), which may generate a strong post-zygotic barrier. We show that egg-laying and brooding snails are closely related, but genetically distinct. Genotyping of 3092 snails from three locations failed to recover any recent hybrid or backcrossed individuals, confirming that RI is strong. There was, however, evidence for a very low level of asymmetrical introgression, suggesting that isolation remains incomplete. The presence of strong, asymmetrical RI was further supported by demographic analysis of these populations. Although the taxa are currently broadly sympatric, demographic modelling suggests that they initially diverged during a short period of geographical separation involving very low gene flow. Our study suggests that some geographical separation may kick-start the evolution of strong RI, facilitating subsequent coexistence of taxa in sympatry. The strength of RI needed to achieve sympatry and the subsequent effect of sympatry on RI remain open questions. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Towards the completion of speciation: the evolution of reproductive isolation beyond the first barriers'.

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29

Kozminsky, Eugene V., Elena A. Serbina, and Alexey O. Smurov. "Mate Choice in Molluscs of the Genus Littorina (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) from White Sea." Diversity 15, no. 2 (February 17, 2023): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d15020297.

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We studied the reproductive behaviour associated with mate choice by size in three species of White Sea molluscs of the genus Littorina—L. saxatilis, L. obtusata and L. fabalis. Three behavioural patterns were revealed after a comparative analysis of the behaviour of the male snails. The males of L. obtusata, regardless of their size, could mate with all females but preferred to mate with larger ones. The males of L. fabalis chose females of their own size or larger. The males of L. saxatilis mated with females of approximately their own size. In the first case (L. obtusata), there is a free exchange of genes between all the size groups in the population. In the second case (L. fabalis), the gene transfer from small males to females of any size is free but the gene transfer from large males to small females is limited. In the third case (L. saxatilis), the gene flow is limited between groups of individuals of dramatically different size. Thus, in the case of L. saxatilis and L. fabalis, to varying degrees restriction of random mating associated with size assortativity in choosing a mating partner was expressed, which under certain circumstances (divergence of individuals in different econiches, the presence of ecotypes differing in size, lack of stronger natural selection in the other direction) can favour sympatric speciation. The males of all the three periwinkles’ species preferred larger females but sexual selection in favour of larger females was found only in L. obtusata. In the other two species, there were no statistically significant size differences between copulating and non-copulating females. This appears to be due to the occurrence of size-assortative mating in these species, which limits the ability of males to choose larger female partners.

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30

BYERS, BRUCE A. "Shell colour polymorphism associated with substrate colour in the intertidal snail Littorina saxatilis Olivi (Prosobranchia: Littorinidae)." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 40, no. 1 (May 1990): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1990.tb00530.x.

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31

Mouritsen, Kim N., A. Gorbushin, and K. Thomas Jensen. "Influence of trematode infections on in situ growth rates of Littorina littorea." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 79, no. 3 (June 1999): 425–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002531549800054x.

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The influence of various species of digenean trematodes on the in situ growth rate of Littorina littorea (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia) from different habitats was investigated. The main results showed: (1) that infections either reduced or had no significant effect on growth in comparison with uninfected snails; (2) that the same type of infection could have a differential effect on growth depending on the habitat/population from which the snails originated. These findings are consistent with the life history hypothesis expecting no or a stunting effect of trematode infections on the growth of longer-lived snails, but do also emphasize that growth rates following trematode invasion can be significantly modified by environmental conditions, such as, food availability.

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32

Wahl, M. "Fouled snails in flow:potential of epibionts on Littorina littorea to increase drag and reduce snail growth rates." Marine Ecology Progress Series 138 (1996): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps138157.

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33

Ravinet, Mark. "Notes from a snail island: Littorinid evolution and adaptation." Molecular Ecology 27, no. 13 (June 17, 2018): 2781–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mec.14730.

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34

Huxham, M., D. Maitland, and M. Mocogni. "Respiration rates in Littorina littorea infected with three species of digenean parasite." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 81, no. 2 (April 2001): 351–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315401003885.

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The gastropod Littorina littorea shows increased mortality in the summer months when infected with digenean parasites. One possible cause of this mortality is impaired respiration in infected hosts. Respiration rates of L. littorea infected with three species of digenea of varying pathogenicity were measured: Cryptocotyle lingua, Himasthla elongata and Renicola roscovita. No evidence of altered respiration rates in infected snails was found.

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35

Hughes, Jane M., and Peter B. Mather. "Evidence for Predation as a Factor in Determining Shell Color Frequencies in a Mangrove Snail Littorina Sp. (Prosobranchia: Littorinidae)." Evolution 40, no. 1 (January 1986): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2408604.

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36

Hughes, Jane M., and Peter B. Mather. "EVIDENCE FOR PREDATION AS A FACTOR IN DETERMINING SHELL COLOR FREQUENCIES IN A MANGROVE SNAIL LITTORINA SP. (PROSOBRANCHIA: LITTORINIDAE)." Evolution 40, no. 1 (January 1986): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1986.tb05718.x.

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37

Carroll, John M., Morgan B. Church, and Christopher M. Finelli. "Periwinkle climbing response to water- and airbone predator chemical cues may depend on home-marsh geography." PeerJ 6 (October 1, 2018): e5744. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5744.

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The salt marsh periwinkle, Littorina irrorata, exhibits a spatial refuge from predation by climbing the stems of Spartina alterniflora in order to avoid benthic predators. Salt marsh periwinkles have a broad geographic distribution, and for many species, responses to predators also varies with biogeography. This study sought to determine if the geographical location of the home marsh influenced the response of periwinkles (climbing height) to blue crab predator cues both via air and water. Snails from Louisiana (LA) climbed higher in general than those from North Carolina (NC), regardless of chemical cue. However, LA snails climbed 11 cm higher in the presence of waterborne predators than control snails with no cue, while NC snails only climbed five cm higher in the same comparisons. Airborne chemical cue tended to have snails climbing at intermediate heights. These responses were significantly enhanced when both populations of snails were housed together. Periwinkle response to predator cues was stronger in LA than NC, and so it is possible that the behavioral response of these snails to predators varies with biogeography of the home marsh. Also interestingly, the results of this study also suggest that cue delivery is probably occurring via mechanisms other than water, and potentially via airborne cues. Therefore, salt marsh periwinkles likely respond to numerous cues that initiate behavioral responses, including airborne cues, and these responses may vary by home-marsh geography.

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38

JOHANNESSON, KERSTIN, and ANETTE EKENDAHL. "Selective predation favouring cryptic individuals of marine snails (Littorina)." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 76, no. 1 (May 2, 2002): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2002.tb01720.x.

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39

Miller, Luke P., Michael J. O'Donnell, and Katharine J. Mach. "Dislodged but not dead: survivorship of a high intertidal snail following wave dislodgement." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 87, no. 3 (May 16, 2007): 735–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315407055221.

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Waves breaking on rocky shorelines impart large forces on intertidal organisms, sometimes dislodging individuals. Dislodged individuals may be deposited in habitats that have a greater risk of predation or that prevent return to preferred regions on the shore. Thus, dislodgement is often assumed to be lethal. We experimentally dislodged Littorina keenae snails from high in the intertidal zone to test the likelihood of survival. Under a variety of wave conditions, we measured return rates to the high shore of 54–90%, so in this species, dislodgement is not equal to death. Snails showed a strong preference for returning to the approximate tidal height from which they were dislodged, but we found no evidence of widespread homing behaviour back to the original site of dislodgement.

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40

Johannesson, K., and B. Johannesson. "The Taxonomic Status of Littorina Neglecta: A Comment to Grahame, Mill, Double and Hull." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 73, no. 1 (February 1993): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002531540003280x.

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In a short communication Grahame et al. (1992) argue against our finding that Littorina neglecta Bean is an ecotype of Littorina saxatilis (Olivi) rather than a separate species (Johannesson & Johannesson, 1990b). Unfortunately, Grahame et al. (1992) have miss-represented our earlier paper, and we feel the need to refute their arguments.In populations from north-western Europe we studied morphological characters used to separate Littorina neglecta from L. saxatilis. We found that intermediate shapes were common and, furthermore, we found no close coupling among characters used to define L. neglecta (Johannesson & Johannesson, 1990a). We further analysed the genetic variation in five strongly polymorphic allozyme loci. In four loci we found a pattern that indicated that L. neglecta is not reproductively isolated from L. saxatilis. In the fifth locus, Aat-1, we found consistent differences between populations of L. neglecta (from the low shore) and L. saxatilis (from the high shore). Similar differences were observed between low and high shore populations in Sweden where, however, no snails of neglecta-type were present.

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41

Arakelova, E. S. "Rates of energy and phosphorus metabolism in Littorina snails (gastropoda)." Russian Journal of Ecology 43, no. 3 (May 2012): 243–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1067413612030034.

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42

Galindo, Juan, and John W. Grahame. "Ecological Speciation and the Intertidal Snail Littorina saxatilis." Advances in Ecology 2014 (July 22, 2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/239251.

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In recent decades biologists studying speciation have come to consider that the process does not necessarily require the presence of a geographical barrier. Rather, it now seems to be possible for reproductive barriers to evolve within what was hitherto a single ‘‘species.’’ The intertidal snail Littorina saxatilis has been the focus of a considerable amount of work in this context, and it is now thought of as a good case study of ‘‘ecological speciation.’’ We review some of this work and briefly consider prospects for future developments.

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43

Ng, Terence P. T., and Gray A. Williams. "Penis-rejection in a mangrove littorinid snail: why do females reject males?" Journal of Molluscan Studies 81, no. 1 (October 20, 2014): 164–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mollus/eyu074.

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44

Estévez, Daniel, Juan Galindo, and Emilio Rolán‐Alvarez. "Negative frequency‐dependent selection maintains shell banding polymorphisms in two marine snails ( Littorina fabalis and Littorina saxatilis )." Ecology and Evolution 11, no. 11 (May 2021): 6381–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.7489.

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45

Costa, Diana, Graciela Sotelo, Antigoni Kaliontzopoulou, João Carvalho, Roger Butlin, Johan Hollander, and Rui Faria. "Hybridization patterns between two marine snails, Littorina fabalis and L. obtusata." Ecology and Evolution 10, no. 3 (January 21, 2020): 1158–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5943.

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46

Maltseva, Arina L., Marina A. Varfolomeeva, Elizaveta R. Gafarova, Marina A. Z. Panova, Natalia A. Mikhailova, and Andrei I. Granovitch. "Divergence together with microbes: A comparative study of the associated microbiomes in the closely related Littorina species." PLOS ONE 16, no. 12 (December 21, 2021): e0260792. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260792.

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Any multicellular organism during its life is involved in relatively stable interactions with microorganisms. The organism and its microbiome make up a holobiont, possessing a unique set of characteristics and evolving as a whole system. This study aimed to evaluate the degree of the conservativeness of microbiomes associated with intertidal gastropods. We studied the composition and the geographic and phylogenetic variability of the gut and body surface microbiomes of five closely related sympatric Littorina (Neritrema) spp. and a more distant species, L. littorea, from the sister subgenus Littorina (Littorina). Although snail-associated microbiomes included many lineages (207–603), they were dominated by a small number of OTUs of the genera Psychromonas, Vibrio, and Psychrilyobacter. The geographic variability was greater than the interspecific differences at the same collection site. While the microbiomes of the six Littorina spp. did not differ at the high taxonomic level, the OTU composition differed between groups of cryptic species and subgenera. A few species-specific OTUs were detected within the collection sites; notably, such OTUs never dominated microbiomes. We conclude that the composition of the high-rank taxa of the associated microbiome (“scaffolding enterotype”) is more evolutionarily conserved than the composition of the low-rank individual OTUs, which may be site- and / or species-specific.

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47

González-Mancebo, E., MJ Trujillo-Trujillo, M. Gandolfo-Cano, E. Mohedano-Vicente, J. Cuesta-Herranz, B. Bartolome, and C. Pastor-Vargas. "Actin Allergen of Common Periwinkle Sea Snail (Littorina littorea)." Journal of Investigational Allergology and Clinical Immunology 29, no. 2 (April 23, 2019): 150–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18176/jiaci.0356.

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48

Johnson, Lisa J. "Size assortative mating in the marine snail Littorina neglecta." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 79, no. 6 (December 1999): 1131–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315499001423.

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Laboratory based experiments, carried out on Littorina neglecta collected from the barnacle zone at Ravenscar, north-east England, showed that this marine prosobranch displays size assortative mating. Males prefer to mate with larger, more fecund females, but they do not necessarily choose the largest available. It is suggested that such size assortative mating may act as a barrier to reproduction between L. neglecta and L. saxatilis. No relationship was found between either male or female shell size and the length of copulation.

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49

Lobov, Arseniy A., Irina Y. Babkina, Lavrentii G. Danilov, Alexey E. Masharskiy, Alexander V. Predeus, Natalia A. Mikhailova, Andrei I. Granovitch, and Arina L. Maltseva. "Species-Specific Proteins in the Oviducts of Snail Sibling Species: Proteotranscriptomic Study of Littorina fabalis and L. obtusata." Biology 10, no. 11 (October 22, 2021): 1087. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10111087.

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Genus Littorina subgenus Neritrema (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda) includes the “obtusata” group of closely related species (Littorina obtusata and L. fabalis). The anatomy of the adult reproductive system (pallial oviduct) is the only reliable feature used for species identification in females of these species. Reproductive system anatomy and reproduction-associated proteins often diverge between sibling species. Despite being of high evolutionary interest, the molecular basis of this divergence remains poorly understood. We performed proteotranscriptomic comparison of oviducts of L. obtusata and L. fabalis by RNA-seq on Illumina HiSeq 2500 and two-dimensional protein electrophoresis (2D DIGE) with MS/MS identification of the species-specific proteins. The interspecies differences in the oviduct were associated with (1) metabolic proteins reflecting overall physiological differences between L. obtusata and L. fabalis, (2) receptor proteins, and (3) transcripts related to transposable elements (TEs). Various receptors identified may recognize a wide variety of ligands from pathogen-associated molecular patterns to specific carbohydrates on the sperm surface. Therefore, these may participate in immune defense as well as in sperm storage and regulation. Species-specificity of multiple TE sequences (coding for reverse transcriptase and ribonuclease H) may indicate the important role of these genomic elements in the Littorina species divergence, which has not been reported previously.

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50

Panova, Marina, Tomas Johansson, Björn Canbäck, Johan Bentzer, Magnus Rosenblad, Kerstin Johannesson, Anders Tunlid, and Carl André. "Species and gene divergence in Littorina snails detected by array comparative genomic hybridization." BMC Genomics 15, no. 1 (2014): 687. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-15-687.

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