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Статті в журналах з теми "Litoria caerulea"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022

Оновлено: 19 лютого 2023

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1

Heuser, W., N. Pantchev, S. Wolken, D. Neumann, M. Lierz, and D. Fischer. "Subkutane Sparganose beim Korallenfingerfrosch (Litoria caerulea)." Tierärztliche Praxis Ausgabe K: Kleintiere / Heimtiere 38, no. 04 (2010): 249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1622854.

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2

Sladakovic, Izidora, Robert S. Johnson, and Larry Vogelnest. "Evaluation of Intramuscular Alfaxalone in Three Australian Frog Species (Litoria caerulea, Litoria aurea, Litoria booroolongensis)." Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery 24, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5818/1529-9651-24.1.36.

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3

Tracy, Christopher R., Keith A. Christian, Lorrae J. McArthur, and C. M. Gienger. "Removing the rubbish: frogs eliminate foreign objects from the body cavity through the bladder." Biology Letters 7, no. 3 (December 8, 2010): 465–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.0877.

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During the course of a telemetry study on three species of Australian frogs ( Litoria caerulea, Litoria dahlii and Cyclorana australis ), we found that many of the surgically implanted transmitters had migrated into the bladder. We subsequently implanted small beads into L. caerulea and they were expelled from the body in 10–23 days. Beads implanted into cane toads ( Rhinella marina ) to document the process were either expelled or were enveloped into the bladder. This appears to be a unique pathway for expulsion of foreign objects from the body, and suggests that caution should be employed in telemetry studies when interpreting the separation of some animals from their transmitters as a mortality event.

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4

Vogelnest, Larry. "Myiasis in a Green Tree Frog Litoria caerulea." Bulletin of the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians 4, no. 1 (January 1994): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5818/1076-3139-4.1.4a.

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5

Williams, C. R., B. P. C. Smith, S. M. Best, and M. J. Tyler. "Mosquito repellents in frog skin." Biology Letters 2, no. 2 (February 21, 2006): 242–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2006.0448.

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The search for novel insect repellents has been driven by health concerns over established synthetic compounds such as diethyl- m -toluamide (DEET). Given the diversity of compounds known from frog skin and records of mosquito bite and ectoparasite infestation, the presence of mosquito repellents in frogs seemed plausible. We investigated frog skin secretions to confirm the existence of mosquito repellent properties. Litoria caerulea secretions were assessed for mosquito repellency by topical application on mice. The secretions provided protection against host-seeking Culex annulirostris mosquitoes. Olfactometer tests using aqueous washes of skin secretions from L. caerulea and four other frog species were conducted to determine whether volatile components were responsible for repellency. Volatiles from Litoria rubella and Uperoleia mjobergi secretions were repellent to C. annulirostris , albeit not as repellent as a DEET control. The demonstration of endogenous insect repellents in amphibians is novel, and demonstrates that many aspects of frog chemical ecology remain unexplored.

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6

Maclean, Bruce. "Hernia repair in a White's tree frog, Pelodryas (Litoria) caerulea." Companion Animal 16, no. 8 (October 2011): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-3862.2010.00028.x.

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7

Warburg, M. R., M. Rosenberg, J. R. Roberts, and H. Heatwole. "Cutaneous glands in the Australian hylid Litoria caerulea (Amphibia, Hylidae)." Anatomy and Embryology 201, no. 5 (April 25, 2000): 341–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004290050323.

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8

Szczepaniak, Klaudiusz, Krzysztof Tomczuk, and Maria Studzińska. "Cutaneus myxosporidiasis in the Australian green tree frog (Litoria caerulea)." Parasitology Research 108, no. 2 (October 5, 2010): 489–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-010-2093-6.

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9

Donnellan, Stephen C., Michael J. Tyler, Paul Monis, Adam Barclay, and Anna Medlin. "Do skin peptide profiles reflect speciation in the Australian treefrog Litoria caerulea (Anura : Hylidae)?" Australian Journal of Zoology 48, no. 1 (2000): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo99068.

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Анотація:

Profiles of skin gland peptides of the tree frog Litoria caerulea from Australia show substantial divergence among geographic locations. Indeed, two divergent groups of populations, ‘eastern’ and ‘northern’, are apparent from a phenetic analysis of similarities of skin gland peptide profiles among populations of L. caerulea. We analyse variation in nuclear genes (allozyme frequencies) and the mitochondrial genome (haplotype relationships and frequencies) to test the taxonomic significance of differences apparent among profiles of skin gland peptides. Both molecular genetic data sets identified the same two groups apparent in the profiles of skin gland peptides. However, neither molecular data set, under an evolutionary species concept, provides strong enough evidence to support recognition of these groups as separate species. These data imply that the genetic basis of the inheritance and expression of skin gland peptides requires further characterisation.

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10

Buttemer, William A. "Effect of Temperature on Evaporative Water Loss of the Australian Tree Frogs Litoria caerulea and Litoria chloris." Physiological Zoology 63, no. 5 (September 1990): 1043–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/physzool.63.5.30152628.

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11

Jerrett, I. V., R. J. Whittington, and R. P. Weir. "Pathology of a Bohle-like Virus Infection in Two Australian Frog Species (Litoria splendida and Litoria caerulea)." Journal of Comparative Pathology 152, no. 2-3 (February 2015): 248–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2014.12.007.

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12

Krisp, Ashley R., Jennifer C. Hausmann, Kurt K. Sladky, and Christoph Mans. "Anesthetic Efficacy of MS-222 in White's Tree Frogs (Litoria caerulea)." Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery 30, no. 1 (March 3, 2020): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5818/18-11-170.1.

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13

Sammon, Noel B., Keith M. Harrower, Larelle D. Fabbro, and Rob H. Reed. "Microfungi in Drinking Water: The Role of the Frog Litoria caerulea." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 7, no. 8 (August 19, 2010): 3225–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph7083225.

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14

Waugh, Russell J., David J. M. Stone, John H. Bowie, John C. Wallace, and Michael J. Tyler. "Peptides from australian frogs. Structures of the caeridins from Litoria caerulea." Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1, no. 5 (1993): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/p19930000573.

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15

Llewelyn, Victoria K., Lee Berger, and Beverley D. Glass. "Regional variation in percutaneous absorption in the tree frog Litoria caerulea." Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 60 (June 2018): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2018.03.019.

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16

Steinborner, ST, PA Wabnitz, RJ Waugh, JH Bowie, CW Gao, MJ Tyler, and JC Wallace. "The Structures of New Peptides From the Australian Red Tree Frog 'Litoria rubella'. The Skin Peptide Profile as a Probe for the Study of Evolutionary Trends of Amphibians." Australian Journal of Chemistry 49, no. 9 (1996): 955. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9960955.

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Анотація:

Seventeen peptides have been isolated and characterized from specimens of the red tree frog 'Litoria rubella', collected from 15 locations throughout Australia. These can be classified into two families of peptides, viz. ( i ) the tryptophyllins L, of which Phe Pro Trp Leu (NH2), Phe Pro Trp Pro (NH2) and pGlu Phe Pro Trp Pro (NH2) are the major constituents, (ii) two types of rubellidins, the first of which is unique to 'Litoria rubella' [e.g. Val Asp Phe Phe Ala (OH)], and the second [e.g. Gly Leu Gly Asp Ile Leu Gly Leu Leu Gly Leu (NH2)], containing peptides of the caeridin type (like those isolated from Litoria caerulea and Litoria splendida). These peptides show no significant antimicrobial activity. The tryptophyllins are thought to be neuromodulators or neurotransmitters, but the roles of the anionic rubellidin peptides in the amphibian integument are not understood. A comparison of the skin peptide profiles of live specimens of 'Litoria rubella' collected from different locations suggests that there are a number of discrete populations (perhaps different species or subspecies) in ( i ) an area from Kakadu National Park to the Adelaide River in the Northern Territory, (ii) in and around Alice Springs, (iii) in the north of South Australia, and (iv) in several areas of the Kimberley region of Western Australia. In addition, there appear to be evolving populations along the eastern seaboard of Queensland.

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17

Wuttke, S., D. Matz, and J. Barnes. "Sticky solutions: How the tree frog Litoria caerulea solves the allometry problem." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 150, no. 3 (July 2008): S90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.04.168.

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18

Robins, Andrew, and Lesley J. Rogers. "Lateralized visual and motor responses in the green tree frog, Litoria caerulea." Animal Behaviour 72, no. 4 (October 2006): 843–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.01.022.

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19

Oliver, Paul M., Eric N. Rittmeyer, Janne Torkkola, Stephen C. Donnellan, Chris Dahl, and Stephen J. Richards. "Multiple trans-Torres Strait colonisations by tree frogs in the Litoria caerulea group, with the description of a new species from New Guinea." Australian Journal of Zoology 68, no. 1 (2020): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo20071.

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Australia and New Guinea (together referred to as Sahul) were linked by land for much of the late Tertiary and share many biotic elements. However, New Guinea is dominated by rainforest, and northern Australia by savannah. Resolving patterns of biotic interchange between these two regions is critical to understanding the expansion and contraction of both habitat types. The green tree frog (Litoria caerulea) has a vast range across northern and eastern Australia and New Guinea. An assessment of mitochondrial and morphological diversity in this nominal taxon in New Guinea reveals two taxa. True Litoria caerulea occurs in disjunct savannahs of the Trans-Fly, Central Province and across northern Australia, with very low genetic divergence, implying late Pleistocene connectivity. A previously unrecognised taxon is endemic to New Guinea and widespread in lowland swampy rainforest. Date estimates for the divergence of the new species suggest Pliocene connectivity across lowland tropical habitats of northern Australia and New Guinea. In contrast, the new species shows shallow phylogeographic structuring across the central mountains of New Guinea, implying recent dispersal between the northern and southern lowlands. These results emphasise that the extent and connectivity of lowland rainforest and savannah environments across northern Australia and southern New Guinea have undergone profound shifts since the late Pliocene. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A577A415-0B71-4663-B4C1-7271B97298CD

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20

Smith, Benjamin P. C., Yoji Hayasaka, Michael J. Tyler та Brian D. Williams. "β-caryophyllene in the skin secretion of the Australian green tree frog, Litoria caerulea: an investigation of dietary sources". Australian Journal of Zoology 52, № 5 (2004): 521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo04019.

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Uptake of noxious and toxic compounds from the diet and their subsequent concentration in integumentary glands is an important step in the defence strategy of many frog species. In this study we show that the Australian green tree frog, Litoria caerulea White, is capable of sequestering β-caryophyllene (a prominent component of the parotoid gland secretion of wild frogs), and most probably other terpenes, from its diet. Animals fed caryophyllene-dosed crickets rapidly acquired the compound in high quantities after only one feeding. Furthermore, dietary analysis of wild-caught animals identified a major source of caryophyllene (the spur-throated grasshopper) in the frogs' diet. Although the ecological significance of this uptake system has not been clarified, the presence of terpenes in the parotoid gland secretions of L. caerulea is interesting when viewed in terms of their wide spectrum of bioactivity and abundance in the environment.

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21

Ledwoń, Aleksandra, Izabella Dolka, Beata Dolka, Andrzej Życzyński, and Wojciech Bielecki. "Cloacal adenocarcinoma and mycobacteriosis in a White’s Tree Frog - case description." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 73, no. 8 (2017): 510–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.5727.

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Mycobacterium fortuitum infection and adenocarcinoma were associated with cloacal prolapse in a White’s tree frog (Litoria caerulea). The disease was characterized by the presence of nodules in a cloacal mucous membrane. Bacteriological examination of the cloacal tissue revealed the presence of Enterococcus sp., E. coli and numerous acid-fast bacteria (AFB). The presence of AFB was confirmed by a Ziehl-Neelsen stain of the cloacal tissue and culture on the Löwenstein–Jensen medium. Post-mortem examination showed no changes typical of mycobacteriosis or neoplasia in other organs.

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22

WAUGH, R. J., D. J. M. STONE, J. H. BOWIE, J. C. WALLACE, and M. J. TYLER. "ChemInform Abstract: Peptides from Australian Frogs. Structures of the Caeridins from Litoria caerulea." ChemInform 24, no. 25 (August 20, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199325234.

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23

Hausmann, Jennifer C., Ashley R. Krisp, Christoph Mans, Stephen M. Johnson, and Kurt K. Sladky. "Analgesic Efficacy of Tramadol and Morphine in White's Tree Frogs (Litoria caerulea)." Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science 60, no. 6 (November 1, 2021): 681–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.30802/aalas-jaalas-21-000009.

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Published data are sparse regarding the recognition of clinically relevant pain and appropriate analgesia in amphibians. The amphibian analgesia literature has primarily focused on nociceptive pathways in a single species, the northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens). The objective of the current study was to assess the analgesic efficacy and safety of oral tramadol and subcutaneous morphine in a commonly maintained zoo and pet species, White's tree frog (Litoria caerulea). We hypothesized that tramadol and morphine would provide dose-dependent antinociception, as measured by significant increases in hindlimb withdrawal latency after exposure to a noxious thermal stimulus. Two randomized, placebo-controlled, complete crossover studies were performed, with tramadol (n = 12) administered at 15, 25, and 40 mg/kg PO and morphine (n = 12) administered at 5 and 10 mg/kg SC. Hindlimb withdrawal latency was measured for a maximum of 72 h. No adverse side effects or signs of sedation were observed with any dose or drug evaluated. No significant difference in withdrawal latency was detected between the control and either tramadol or morphine. These negative results were surprising, suggesting that the thermal nociceptive model may not be biologically relevant in amphibian species.

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24

Kaiser, Kristine, Julia Devito, Caitlin G. Jones, Adam Marentes, Rachel Perez, Lisa Umeh, Regina M. Weickum, Kathryn E. McGovern, Emma H. Wilson, and Wendy Saltzman. "Effects of anthropogenic noise on endocrine and reproductive function in White's treefrog,Litoria caerulea." Conservation Physiology 3, no. 1 (2015): cou061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/conphys/cou061.

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25

Kaiser, Kristine, Julia Devito, Caitlin G. Jones, Adam Marentes, Rachel Perez, Lisa Umeh, Regina M. Weickum, Kathryn E. McGovern, Emma H. Wilson, and Wendy Saltzman. "Reproductive and immune effects of chronic corticosterone treatment in male White’s treefrogs,Litoria caerulea." Conservation Physiology 3, no. 1 (2015): cov022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/conphys/cov022.

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26

Pessier, Allan P., Donald K. Nichols, Joyce E. Longcore, and Melvin S. Fuller. "Cutaneous Chytridiomycosis in Poison Dart Frogs (Dendrobates spp.) and White's Tree Frogs (Litoria Caerulea)." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 11, no. 2 (March 1999): 194–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063879901100219.

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27

Green, Brian, and Keith Christian. "Water flux in the Australian treefrog Litoria caerulea under natural and semi-natural conditions." Amphibia-Reptilia 15, no. 4 (1994): 401–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853894x00434.

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28

Fu, Minjie, and Bruce Waldman. "Ancestral chytrid pathogen remains hypervirulent following its long coevolution with amphibian hosts." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1904 (June 5, 2019): 20190833. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0833.

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Many amphibian species around the world, except in Asia, suffer morbidity and mortality when infected by the emerging infectious pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). A lineage of the amphibian chytrid fungus isolated from South Korean amphibians (BdAsia-1) is evolutionarily basal to recombinant global pandemic lineages (BdGPL) associated with worldwide amphibian population declines. In Asia, the Bd pathogen and its amphibian hosts have coevolved over 100 years or more. Thus, resilience of Asian amphibian populations to infection might result from attenuated virulence of endemic Bd lineages, evolved immunity to the pathogen or both. We compared susceptibilities of an Australasian amphibian, Litoria caerulea , known to lack resistance to BdGPL, with those of three Korean species, Bufo gargarizans , Bombina orientalis and Hyla japonica , after inoculation with BdAsia-1, BdGPL or a blank solution. Subjects became infected in all experimental treatments but Korean species rapidly cleared themselves of infection, regardless of Bd lineage. They survived with no apparent secondary effects. By contrast, L. caerulea , after infection by either BdAsia-1 or BdGPL, suffered deteriorating body condition and carried progressively higher Bd loads over time. Subsequently, most subjects died. Comparing their effects on L. caerulea , BdAsia-1 induced more rapid disease progression than BdGPL. The results suggest that genomic recombination with other lineages was not necessary for the ancestral Bd lineage to evolve hypervirulence over its long period of coevolution with amphibian hosts. The pathogen's virulence may have driven strong selection for immune responses in endemic Asian amphibian host species.

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29

Pukala, Tara L., Terry Bertozzi, Steve C. Donnellan, John H. Bowie, Katharina H. Surinya-Johnson, Yanquin Liu, Rebecca J. Jackway, Jason R. Doyle, Lyndon E. Llewellyn, and Michael J. Tyler. "Host-defence peptide profiles of the skin secretions of interspecific hybrid tree frogs and their parents, female Litoria splendida and male Litoria caerulea." FEBS Journal 273, no. 15 (August 2006): 3511–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05358.x.

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30

Young, Sam, Rick Speare, Lee Berger, and Lee F. Skerratt. "CHLORAMPHENICOL WITH FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE THERAPY CURES TERMINALLY ILL GREEN TREE FROGS (LITORIA CAERULEA) WITH CHYTRIDIOMYCOSIS." Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 43, no. 2 (June 2012): 330–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2011-0231.1.

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31

Reynolds, S. J. "Use of tree hollows by the Green Tree Frog Litoria caerulea at East Point Reserve, Darwin." Northern Territory Naturalist 18 (November 2005): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/p.295537.

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32

Li, Lei, Qing Wu, Xi Wang, Huimin Lu, Xinping Xi, Mei Zhou, Chris J. Watson, Tianbao Chen, and Lei Wang. "Discovery of Novel Caeridins from the Skin Secretion of the Australian White’s Tree Frog, Litoria caerulea." International Journal of Genomics 2018 (July 11, 2018): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8158453.

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Анотація:

Abundant biologically active peptides have been discovered from frog skin secretions, a rich natural source of bioactive compounds with great potential in drug discovery. In this study, three Caeridin peptides, namely, Caeridin-1, S5-Caeridin-1, and Caeridin-a1, were discovered from the skin secretion of the Australian White’s tree frog, Litoria caerulea, for the first time, by means of combining transcriptomic and peptidomic analyses. It also represents the first report on bioactive Caeridins since this family of peptides was initially studied 20 years ago. Chemically synthetic versions of each natural Caeridin demonstrated promising bioactivities either on rat smooth muscles or against microbial growth. Specifically, Caeridin-1 produced contraction of rat bladder smooth muscle, while S5-Caeridin-1 induced relaxation of rat ileum smooth muscle, both at nanomolar concentrations. Moreover, Caeridin-a1 was shown to potently inhibit the growth of the planktonic Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), and Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis), the Gram-negative bacterium, Escherichia coli (E. coli), and the yeast, Candida albicans (C. albicans). The discovery of these Caeridins may induce further intensive and systematic studies of frog skin peptides to promote the discovery of natural templates as lead compounds for drug discovery and therapeutic application.

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33

HILL, BD, PE GREEN, and H. A. LUCKE. "Hepatitis in the green tree frog (Litoria caerulea) associated with infection by a species of Myxidium." Australian Veterinary Journal 75, no. 12 (December 1997): 910–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1997.tb11266.x.

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34

KISHIMOTO, Takuya E., James K. CHAMBERS, Kouki MIYAMA, Nguyen V. SON, Mun Keong KOK, Mizuho UNEYAMA, Yasutsugu MIWA, Hiroyuki NAKAYAMA, and Kazuyuki UCHIDA. "Neuromastoma of the hard palate mucosa in an Australian green tree frog (Litoria caerulea)." Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 80, no. 10 (2018): 1511–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1292/jvms.18-0279.

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35

Federle, W., W. J. P. Barnes, W. Baumgartner, P. Drechsler, and J. M. Smith. "Wet but not slippery: boundary friction in tree frog adhesive toe pads." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 3, no. 10 (May 30, 2006): 689–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2006.0135.

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Tree frogs are remarkable for their capacity to cling to smooth surfaces using large toe pads. The adhesive skin of tree frog toe pads is characterized by peg-studded hexagonal cells separated by deep channels into which mucus glands open. The pads are completely wetted with watery mucus, which led previous authors to suggest that attachment is solely due to capillary and viscous forces generated by the fluid-filled joint between the pad and the substrate. Here, we present evidence from single-toe force measurements, laser tweezer microrheometry of pad mucus and interference reflection microscopy of the contact zone in Litoria caerulea , that tree frog attachment forces are significantly enhanced by close contacts and boundary friction between the pad epidermis and the substrate, facilitated by the highly regular pad microstructure.

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36

Gericota, Barbara, Michael M. Garner, Bradd Barr, Robert Nordhausen, R. Scott Larsen, Linda J. Lowenstine, and Brian G. Murphy. "Morphologic, Immunohistochemical, and Molecular Characterization of a Novel Lankesterella Protozoan in Two White's Tree Frogs (Litoria caerulea)." Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 41, no. 2 (June 2010): 242–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2009-0184r.1.

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37

Peterson, John D., John E. Steffen, Laura K. Reinert, Paul A. Cobine, Arthur Appel, Louise Rollins-Smith, and Mary T. Mendonça. "Host Stress Response Is Important for the Pathogenesis of the Deadly Amphibian Disease, Chytridiomycosis, in Litoria caerulea." PLoS ONE 8, no. 4 (April 22, 2013): e62146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062146.

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38

Chia, Brian C. S., John A. Carver, Robyn A. Lindner, John H. Bowie, Herbert Wong, and Wilford Lie. "Caerin 4.1, an Antibiotic Peptide from the Australian Tree Frog, Litoria caerulea. The N.M.R.-Derived Solution Structure." Australian Journal of Chemistry 53, no. 4 (2000): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch99108.

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Анотація:

Caerin 4.1 (GLWQK5IKSAA10GDLAS15GIEVG20IKS-NH2) is an antibiotic peptide isolated from the Australian tree frog Litoria caerulea. Unlike caerin 1.1, the major peptide isolated from this species, caerin 4.1 has a narrow spectrum of antibiotic activity, e.g. it shows selective activity against Pasteurella haemolytica and Escherichia coli. Caerin 4.1 consists of 23 amino acid residues and is comparable in size with other wide-spectrum antibiotic peptides isolated from Australian amphibians, e.g. caerin 1.1 and maculatin 1.1. An n.m.r. study in trifluoroethanol/water indicates that caerin 4.1 forms an amphipathic α-helix with distinct hydrophilic and hydrophobic zones. Two regions of well defined helicity (from Gln4 to Ala10 and from Ile17 to Ile21) are separated by a central helical region of greater conformational variability. The enhanced disorder in this region arises from the presence of two central glycine residues at positions 11 and 16. However, the degree of disorder and hence flexibility is much less than in caerin 1.1 where central proline residues are present instead. This reduced central flexibility may account for the narrow spectrum of biological activity of caerin 4.1, i.e. because biological membranes of the various bacteria have different composition and topology, their optimal interaction with the relatively rigid caerin 4.1 peptide is not possible.

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39

Gibb, Karen, Xavier Schobben, and Keith Christian. "Frogs host faecal bacteria typically associated with humans." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 63, no. 7 (July 2017): 633–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2017-0119.

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Tree frogs commonly access drinking water tanks; this may have human health implications. Although amphibians might not be expected to host mammalian faecal indicator bacteria (FIB), it is possible that they may have human FIB on their skin after exposure to human waste. We collected faeces and skin wash from green tree frogs (Litoria caerulea) from a natural environment, a suburban site, and a suburban site near a creek occasionally contaminated with sewage effluent. We used molecular techniques to test for FIB that are routinely used to indicate human faecal contamination. Enterococci colonies were isolated from both faecal and skin wash samples, and specific markers (Enterococcus faecium and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron) were found in frog faeces, demonstrating that these markers are not human- or mammalian-specific. Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron was detected in frogs from both natural and urban sites, but E. faecium was only associated with the sewage impacted site.

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40

Latheef, S., A. Keyburn, I. Broz, A. Bagnara, C. Bayley, S. Frith, and EC Dobson. "Atypical Brucella sp in captive Australian green tree frogs ( Litoria caerulea ): clinical features, pathology, culture and molecular characterization." Australian Veterinary Journal 98, no. 5 (March 9, 2020): 216–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/avj.12925.

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41

Berger, L., R. Speare, and LF Skerratt. "Distribution of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and pathology in the skin of green tree frogs Litoria caerulea with severe chytridiomycosis." Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 68 (2005): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao068065.

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42

Williams, CR, JF Wallman, and MJ Tyler. "Toxicity of green tree frog (Litoria caerulea) skin secretion to the blowfliesCalliphora stygia(Fabricius) andLucilia cuprina(Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae)." Australian Journal of Entomology 37, no. 1 (April 1998): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-6055.1998.tb01551.x.

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43

Scholz, I., W. J. P. Barnes, J. M. Smith, and W. Baumgartner. "Ultrastructure and physical properties of an adhesive surface, the toe pad epithelium of the tree frog, Litoria caerulea White." Journal of Experimental Biology 212, no. 2 (December 26, 2008): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.019232.

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44

Christian, Keith, and David Parry. "Reduced Rates of Water Loss and Chemical Properties of Skin Secretions of the Frogs Litoria caerulea and Cyclorana australis." Australian Journal of Zoology 45, no. 1 (1997): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo96046.

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We measured the rates of water loss in two Australian hylid frogs: the arboreal Litoria caerulea and the terrestrial burrowing frog Cyclorana australis. We measured the latter species with and without cocoons. Both species showed reduced rates of water loss compared with ‘typical’ amphibians that lose water as if from a free surface. Cocooned C. australis had very low rates of water loss. We examined the chemical composition of skin secretions rinsed (using only high-pure water) from both species and the cocoon material from C. australis. The chemical composition of the material from these three sources was generally similar and consisted of 5–10% neutral lipids and 78–85% proteinaceous material. The fact that the terrestrial species has a high resistance to water loss is unusual given that almost all other known species of non-cocooned frogs with reduced rates of water loss are arboreal. The chemical similarity of the skin secretions and cocoons from this species suggest that the reduced rate of water loss in this species is linked to its ability to form a cocoon. Amino acid composition of the material indicated that a sclerotisation process may occur upon oxidation of the secretions. This would result in a physical barrier to water loss in the cocoons and possibly a thin physical proteinaceous barrier on the skin of both species in the absence of cocoons. We suggest that the high proportion of proteins in the skin secretions cannot be ignored, and that it may, in conjunction with the lipids, produce an effective waterproofing barrier in both species. We suggest that chemical components other than lipids also may be important in frogs from other continents, and complete compositional analyses of frog ‘mucus’ are required before we can fully understand the nature of the mechanisms involved in reduced rates of water loss in amphibians with and without cocoons.

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45

Chia, Brian C. S., John A. Carver, Robyn A. Lindner, John H. Bowie, Herbert Wong, and Wilford Lie. "ChemInform Abstract: Caerin 4.1, an Antibiotic Peptide from the Australian Tree Frog, Litoria caerulea. The NMR-Derived Solution Structure." ChemInform 31, no. 45 (November 7, 2000): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200045200.

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46

Nakano, Masato, and Tomoyuki Saino. "Light and electron microscopic analyses of the high deformability of adhesive toe pads in White's tree frog,Litoria caerulea." Journal of Morphology 277, no. 11 (August 23, 2016): 1509–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.20592.

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47

Matz, D., S. Wuttke, and J. Barnes. "Scaling of toe pad forces in Litoria caerulea provides insights into mechanisms of adhesion, friction and detachment in tree frogs." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 150, no. 3 (July 2008): S90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.04.169.

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48

Peters, Susan E., and Kiisa C. Nishikawa. "Comparison of isometric contractile properties of the tongue muscles in three species of frogs,Litoria caerulea,Dyscophus guinetti, andBufo marinus." Journal of Morphology 242, no. 2 (November 1999): 107–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4687(199911)242:2<107::aid-jmor4>3.0.co;2-v.

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49

Martinelli, Laura M., Stephen M. Johnson, and Kurt K. Sladky. "Comparison of Thermal and Mechanical Noxious Stimuli for Testing Analgesics in White's Tree Frogs (Litoria caerulea) and Northern Leopard Frogs (Lithobates pipiens)." Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science 60, no. 6 (November 1, 2021): 687–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.30802/aalas-jaalas-21-000010.

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Determining the clinical efficacy of analgesic drugs in amphibians can be particularly challenging. The current study investigated whether a thermal nociceptive stimulus is useful for the evaluation of analgesic drugs in 2 amphibian species. The objectives of this study were 2-fold: 1) compare 2 models of nociception (thermal and mechanical) using 2 frog species; White's Tree Frogs (Litoria caerulea; WTF) and Northern Leopard Frogs (Lithobates pipiens; NLF) after administration of saline or morphine sulfate; and 2) evaluate antinociceptive efficacy of morphine sulfate at 2 doses in a common amphibian research species, the NLF, using a mechanical stimulus. Neither WTF nor NLF displayed consistent drug-dependent changes in withdrawal responses to a noxious thermal stimulus applied using the Hargreaves apparatus, but NLF exposed to the noxious mechanical stimulus demonstrated a significant dose-dependent antinociceptive response to morphine sulfate. These results indicate that morphine is not antinociceptive in WTF, supporting previously reported results, and demonstrate the importance of using an appropriate experimental antinociceptive test in amphibians. Our data suggest that nociception in amphibian species may be best evaluated by using mechanical nociceptive models, although species differences must also be considered.

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50

Pearson, David, Matthew Greenlees, Georgia Ward-Fear, and Richard Shine. "Predicting the ecological impact of cane toads (Bufo marinus) on threatened camaenid land snails in north-western Australia." Wildlife Research 36, no. 6 (2009): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr09060.

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The spread of cane toads (Bufo marinus) through north-western Australia may threaten populations of endemic camaenid land snails because these snails exhibit restricted geographic distributions, low vagility and ‘slow’ life-histories. We conducted laboratory trials to determine whether toads would consume camaenids if they encountered them, and conducted field surveys to evaluate the likelihood of such encounters (on the basis of habitat overlap). In laboratory trials with 13 camaenid species, cane toads were more likely to consume camaenids than were two species of native frogs that we tested (Cyclorana australis, Litoria caerulea). However, field surveys suggested that many camaenids are active on vertical surfaces in limestone outcrops, and cane toads rarely venture into these habitats. Although the preferred habitats and activity patterns of camaenids thus reduce their vulnerability to cane toads, we recommend regular surveys of toad and snail numbers to monitor toad impacts. Given the restricted distributions of threatened saxicoline camaenid species in the Kimberley, localised management of grazing stock and fire is feasible to maintain vine-thicket vegetation cover and snail populations, as well as reducing open habitats favoured by toads.

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