Дисертації з теми "Lithium-ion batteries (LIB)"
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Törnblom, Pontus. "Ethyl 2,2-difluoroacetate as Possible Additive for Hydrogen-Evolution-Suppressing SEI in Aqueous Lithium-Ion Batteries." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Strukturkemi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-448596.
Повний текст джерелаFalconi, Andrea. "Modélisation électrochimique du comportement d’une cellule Li-ion pour application au véhicule électrique." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAI043/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe future development of electric vehicles is mostly dependent of improvements in battery performances. In support of the actual research of new materials having higher performances in terms of energy, power, durability and cost, it is necessary to develop modeling tools. The models are helpful to simulate integration of the battery in the powertrain and crucial for the battery management system, to improve either direct (e.g. preventing overcharges and thermal runaway) and indirect (e.g. state of charge indicators) safety. However, the battery models could be used to understand its physical phenomena and chemical reactions to improve the battery design according with vehicles requirements and reduce the testing phases. One of the most common model describing the porous electrodes of lithium-ion batteries is revisited. Many variants available in the literature are inspired by the works of prof. J Newman and his research group from UC Berkeley. Yet, relatively few works, to the best of our knowledge, analyze in detail its predictive capability. In the present work, to investigate this model, all the physical quantities are set in a dimensionless form, as commonly used in fluid mechanics: the parameters that act in the same or the opposite ways are regrouped and the total number of simulation parameter is greatly reduced. In a second phase, the influence of the parameter is discussed, and interpreted with the support of the limit cases. The analysis of the discharge voltage and concentration gradients is based on galvanostatic and pulse/relaxation current profiles and compared with tested commercial LGC cells. The simulations are performed with the software Comsol® and the post-processing with Matlab®. Moreover, in this research, the parameters from the literatures are discussed to understand how accurate are the techniques used to parametrize and feed the inputs of the model. Then, our work shows that the electrode isotherms shapes have a significant influence on the accuracy of the evaluation of the states of charges in a complete cell. Finally, the protocols to characterizes the performance of commercial cells at different C-rates are improved to guarantee the reproducibility
Han, Ruixin. "SYNTHESIS, AND STRUCTURAL, ELECTROCHEMICAL, AND MAGNETIC PROPERTY CHARACTERIZATION OF PROMISING ELECTRODE MATERIALS FOR LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES AND SODIUM-ION BATTERIES." UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/chemistry_etds/90.
Повний текст джерелаLaurita, Angelica. "Synthesis and characterization of molecular electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/16685/.
Повний текст джерелаHuang, Yanshan, Dongqing Wu, Arezoo Dianat, Manferd Bobeth, Tao Huang, Yiyong Mai, Fan Zhang, Gianaurelio Cuniberti, and Xinliang Feng. "Bipolar nitrogen-doped graphene frameworks as high-performance cathodes for lithium ion batteries." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-225697.
Повний текст джерелаHuang, Yanshan, Dongqing Wu, Arezoo Dianat, Manferd Bobeth, Tao Huang, Yiyong Mai, Fan Zhang, Gianaurelio Cuniberti, and Xinliang Feng. "Bipolar nitrogen-doped graphene frameworks as high-performance cathodes for lithium ion batteries." Royal Society of Chemistry, 2016. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A30349.
Повний текст джерелаMeireles, Natalia. "Separation of anode from cathode material from End of Life Li-ion batteries (LIBs)." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Mineralteknik och metallurgi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-81356.
Повний текст джерелаTran, Nicolas. "Etude des phases Li1+x(Ni0.425Mn0.425Co0.15)1-xO2 en tant que matériaux d'électrode positive pour batteries lithium-ion." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00142944.
Повний текст джерелаElsayed, Adel [Verfasser], and Frank [Akademischer Betreuer] Endres. "Electrochemical synthesis of silicon-based materials and their evaluation as anodes for lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) / Adel Elsayed ; Betreuer: Frank Endres." Clausthal-Zellerfeld : Technische Universität Clausthal, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1231363126/34.
Повний текст джерелаYang, Jianping. "Synthesis and Characterizations of Lithium Aluminum Titanium Phosphate (Li1+xAlxTi2-x(PO4)3) Solid Electrolytes for All-Solid-State Li-ion Batteries." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright151550285784082.
Повний текст джерелаLiu, Lixiang [Verfasser], Oliver G. [Akademischer Betreuer] Schmidt, Oliver G. [Gutachter] Schmidt, and Lin [Gutachter] Zhang. "Nickel-Iron Oxide-based Nanomembranes as Anodes for Micro-Lithium-Ion Batteries / Lixiang Liu ; Gutachter: Oliver G. Schmidt, Lin Zhang ; Betreuer: Oliver G. Schmidt." Chemnitz : Technische Universität Chemnitz, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1220943517/34.
Повний текст джерелаBains, Jessica Johanna. "Optimisation de matériaux lamellaires d’électrode positive pour batteries lithium-ion de type Li1+x(Ni1/2-yMn1/2-yCo2y)1-xO2 via une modification de surface ou une substitution cationique." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR13771/document.
Повний текст джерелаTwo approaches were considered for the optimization of Li1+x(Ni1/2-yMn1/2-yCo2y)1-xO2 positive electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries : the surface modification (coating) and partial substitution. First, we showed that fluorine substitution for oxygen is not effective, on the contrary to the hypotheses proposed in literature by others authors: in fact a thin LiF layer is formed at the surface of these materials irrespective of the synthesis route. These "coated" materials show a better cyclability. Their structural and physicochemical properties were characterized mainly by X-ray diffraction, 7Li and 19F MAS NMR spectroscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy. Secondly, we studied the effect of aluminum (electrochemically inert) substitution for cobalt within these layered materials rich in nickel and manganese. The synthesis conditions were optimized and an interesting material was thus proposed. The structure and cationic distribution were determined by chemical analyses, X-ray diffraction, magnetic measurements: aluminum substitution leads to a lower overlithiation, to a larger exchange Li+ / Ni2+ ratio and thus to a decreasing bidimensional character for the structure. These materials show a good cyclability even at high rates and an improved thermal stability in the deintercalated state
Si, Wenping. "Designing Electrochemical Energy Storage Microdevices: Li-Ion Batteries and Flexible Supercapacitors." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-160049.
Повний текст джерелаHuman beings are facing the grand energy challenge in the 21st century. Nowhere has this become more urgent than in the area of energy storage and conversion. Conventional energy is based on fossil fuels which are limited on the earth, and has caused extensive environmental pollutions. Additionally, the consumptions of energy are still increasing, especially with the rapid proliferation of vehicles and various consumer electronics like PCs and cell phones. We cannot rely on the earth’s limited legacy forever. Alternative energy resources should be developed before an energy crisis. The developments of renewable conversion energy from solar and wind are very important but these energies are often not even and continuous. Therefore, energy storage devices are of significant importance since they are the one stabilizing the converted energy. In addition, it is a disappointing fact that nowadays a smart phone, no matter of which brand, runs out of power in one day, and users have to carry an extra mobile power pack. Portable electronics demands urgently high-performance energy storage devices with higher energy density. The first part of this work involves lithium-ion micro-batteries utilizing single silicon rolled-up tubes as anodes, which are fabricated by the rolled-up nanotechnology approach. A lab-on-chip electrochemical device platform is presented for probing the electrochemical kinetics, electrical properties and lithium-driven structural changes of a single silicon rolled-up tube as an anode in lithium ion batteries. The second part introduces the new design and fabrication of on chip, all solid-state and flexible micro-supercapacitors based on MnOx/Au multilayers, which are compatible with current microelectronics. The micro-supercapacitor exhibits a maximum energy density of 1.75 mW h cm-3 and a maximum power density of 3.44 W cm-3. Furthermore, a flexible and weavable fiber-like supercapacitor is also demonstrated using Cu wire as substrate. This dissertation was written based on the research project supported by the International Research Training Group (IRTG) GRK 1215 "Rolled-up nanotech for on-chip energy storage" from the year 2010 to 2013 and PAKT project "Electrochemical energy storage in autonomous systems, no. 49004401" from 2013 to 2014. The aim of the projects was to design advanced energy storage materials for next-generation rechargeable batteries and flexible supercapacitors in order to address the energy issue. Here, I am deeply indebted to IRTG for giving me an opportunity to carry out the research project in Germany. September 2014, IFW Dresden, Germany Wenping Si
Bains, Jessica. "Optimisation de matériaux lamellaires d'électrode positive pour batteries lithium-ion de type Li1+x(Ni1/2-yMn1/2-yCo2y)1-xO2 via une modification de surface ou une substitution cationique." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00575622.
Повний текст джерелаTran, Nicolas. "Etude des phases Li1+x(Ni0. 425Mn0. 425Co0. 15)1-xO2 en tant que matériaux d'électrode positive pour batteries lithium-ion : effets de la surlithiation sur les propriétés structurales et électrochimiques." Bordeaux 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR13048.
Повний текст джерелаThomas, Rajesh. "Investigations on Graphene/Sn/SnO2 Based Nanostructures as Anode for Li-ion Batteries." Thesis, 2013. http://etd.iisc.ernet.in/2005/3460.
Повний текст джерелаHung, Shu-Hui, and 洪淑惠. "Assessment of Physico-Chemical Processes for Lithium Ion Recovery from Spent Lithium Ion Batteries (LIBs)." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/23831406079714532407.
Повний текст джерела國立臺灣大學
環境工程學研究所
102
Spent lithium ion batteries (LIBs) contain lots of valuable metals such as aluminum, cobalt, copper, lithium, manganese, and nickel. The separation and recovery of cobalt and lithium among these metal mixtures are attractive due to their comparatively high price. However, the energy consumption and chemical additives would lead to additional environmental impacts. In this study, eight different scenarios of LIBs recovery technologies were evaluated from the engineering, environmental and economic (3E) aspects. A life cycle assessment (LCA) was implemented in Umberto, and the Eco-invent database in Umberto was used to assess the environmental impact of various LIB recovery technologies. Impact categories including IPCC 2007, Impact 2002+, and CML 2001 were selected. Various impact factors, e.g., global warming, climate change potential, ecosystem quality, human health, aquatic acidification, eutrophication potential and human toxicity, were evaluated for various scenarios. The results indicated that the use of a strong acid could achieve high leaching efficiency, but generation of Cl2, NOx and SOx may cause environmental problems. The addition of HCl would have a greater impact than that of NH2OH and H2SO4, of which the potential was 0.021 kg SO2-Eq for acidification, 0.017 kg CO2-Eq for climate change (GWP-100a), 0.015 kg NOx for eutrophication, 0.0164 kg 1,4-DCB for human health (HTP-100a), and 0.00058 kg ethylene. In addition, since the chemical extraction would result in the greatest impacts on environment, the solvent extraction of Li, Co, Mn, and Ni from spent LIBs was carried out using sodium - di (2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (Na-D2EHPA) and mono-2-ethylhexyl ester (Na-P507) dissolved in kerosene. The results indicated that the percentage extraction for the metal ions including Li, Co, Mn, and Ni increased as the increase of equilibrium pH. In addition, Mn was preferentially extracted over Li, Co, and Ni with the extractants, where the maximized separation factor was operated under an O/A ratio of 1:1 was maximized with 1.0 M D2EHPA at an equilibrium pH value of 3.5. Lastly, according to the 3E analysis and response surface methodology, the optimum operations of physico-chemical processes for LIB recovery were proposed.
Liu, Han-Chang, and 劉漢章. "Characterization of Electrolytic Li3-3xFexPO4 Coatings for Thin Film Lithium Ion Batteries." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/28531494520020653111.
Повний текст джерела中興大學
材料工程學系所
95
In this study, the electrochemical syntheses of cathodic method was used to prepare the coating of Li3-3xFexPO4 films on Pt substrates. Also, the electrochemical mechanisms of deposition and the characterization of these films for lithium batteries were discussed. This dissertation contained four parts. Ⅰ. Electrochemical deposition of Li3PO4 (Li3-3xFexPO4, x = 0) coating as the solid electrolyte has been carried out on Pt in LiNO3 and NH4H2PO4 aqueous solution. The coated specimens were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron micrographs (SEM), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) analysis and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). The orthorhombic β-phase Li3PO4 was existence until 500℃ transition to orthorhombic γ-phase. The lithium ionic conductivity of 100 nm crystalline Li3PO4 thin film was about 8.62×10-8 S cm-1 at 25℃. Also, the mechanism of electrolytic Li3PO4 coating on Pt was discussed in this article. Ⅱ. Electrolytic Li3−3xFexPO4 ( x = 0.20,0.45) coating on Pt as the solid electrolyte has been carried out in the mixture of LiNO3, NH4H2PO4 and Fe (NH4)2(SO4)2.6H2O aqueous solution. The ionic conductivity of Li3−3xFexPO4 was investigated in terms of defect models with an iron level of 0 ≦ x ≦ 0.45. To determine the changes in ionic conductivity and activation energy of Li3−3xFexPO4 with iron content x, AC-IS measurements are carried out at temperatures from 25 to 70℃. The maximum ionic conductivity is 1.77 × 10−7 S cm−1 for x = 0.20 at room temperature, and the activation energy was increased from 0.42 to 0.62 eV with increasing iron contents. Ⅲ. A novel method of FePO4 (Li3-3xFexPO4, x = 1) coatings on Pt by electrochemical synthesis in 0.01 M Fe(NO3)3•9H2O and 0.01 M (NH4)2HPO4 mixed aqueous solution was presented. After deposition, the coated specimens were further annealed and characterized by ICP-AES, XRD, FE-SEM, FTIR, and TG-DTA. It was found that the uniform as-deposited film was amorphous Fe(OH)HPO4•H2O, dehydrated into Fe(OH)HPO4 under 250℃, further condensed into FePO4 below 600℃, and fully crystallized at 600℃. Also, the sponge-like morphology of the annealed specimen was found full of nanopores and tuned with increasing temperature. Ⅳ. The electrochemical properties of the iron phosphates were characterized with a voltage window of 0.2–2.5 V. Annealing at 300℃ had the excellent discharge capacity of 260 mAh/g after 50 cycles, while the cathode LiFePO4 has a theoretical capacity of 170 mAh/g. Based on ex situ Raman spectra, the electrochemical mechanism of FePO4 film with lithium upon cycling was proposed
Gaudet, James Michael. "Structure, Magnetic Ordering and Electrochemistry of Li1+xV1-xO2." 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10222/13337.
Повний текст джерелаDing, L., S. He, S. Miao, M. R. Jorgensen, S. Leubner, C. Yan, Stephen G. Hickey, A. Eychmüller, J. Xu, and O. G. Schmidt. "Ultrasmall SnO(2) nanocrystals: hot-bubbling synthesis, encapsulation in carbon layers and applications in high capacity Li-ion storage." 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/10440.
Повний текст джерелаUltrasmall SnO2 nanocrystals as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been synthesized by bubbling an oxidizing gas into hot surfactant solutions containing Sn-oleate complexes. Annealing of the particles in N2 carbonifies the densely packed surface capping ligands resulting in carbon encapsulated SnO2 nanoparticles (SnO2/C). Carbon encapsulation can effectively buffer the volume changes during the lithiation/delithiation process. The assembled SnO2/C thus deliver extraordinarily high reversible capacity of 908 mA.h.g(-1) at 0.5 C as well as excellent cycling performance in the LIBs. This method demonstrates the great potential of SnO2/C nanoparticles for the design of high power LIBs.
National Natural Science Foundation of China (21103039), Anhui Province Natural Funds for Distinguished Young Scientists, https://bradscholars.brad.ac.uk/browse?order=ASC&rpp=20&sort_by=-1&etal=-1&offset=6150&type=authorResearch Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (20110111120008), Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Grant (DFG): H1113/3-5. C.Y. acknowledges the support from the “Thousand Talents Program” and the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD).
Zheng, Bo-Wei, and 鄭博維. "Electrochemical and Microstructural Characteristics of Hydrothermally Synthesized LiF-coated LiFePO4 Composite Cathode Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/r3cwvs.
Повний текст джерела國立虎尾科技大學
材料科學與綠色能源工程研究所
102
Since the LiFePO4 compound displays advantages with a high safety and high charge-discharging cycles, it has been widely used as cathode materials of the secondary lithium-ion battery. In the present study, hydrothermally synthesized LiFeO4 powders were used as the raw material, and the LiF-coated LiFeO4 composite cathode materials were also prepared by the hydrothermal synthesizing method at 150oC, 170oC, held for 3hr. and 6hr. to improve electrochemical properties of raw-LiFeO4 cathode powders under a high voltage. The phase composition, crystallinity and particle morphologies were examined by the x-ray diffraction and TEM analysis. The phase stability was examined by the TGA analysis. The binding energy and chemical shift of crystalline LiF/LiFePO4 composite powders were analysized by the XPS. Concluded the above-mentioned results, the optimal powder conditions were selected to deposit on the Al-foil. Then the deposited Al-foils were assembled as a battery for the electrochemical tests. Experimental results showed that the raw-LiFePO4 powders and LiF/LiFePO4 composite cathode powders were synthesized by the hydrothermal method. The LiF/LiFePO4 composite powders showed good thermal stability and good crystallinity. After the charge-discharge experiments, it was found that the LiF/LiFePO4 composite powders shows a lower capacity, which is resulted from a lower adding content of the conductive carbon black.
Yen, Pei-Yi, and 嚴佩宜. "Optimization of Sintering Process on Li1+xAlxTi2-x(PO4)3 Solid Electrolytes for All-Solid-State Lithium-ion Batteries." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/57gkqe.
Повний текст джерела中原大學
化學工程研究所
107
Lithium-ion battery(LIB) plays an important role in the modern social energy chain. It is widely used in mobile phones, laptops, solar power plants, and even electric vehicles and other equipment. But these applications are mostly restricted by safety issues such as poor thermal stability, flammable reaction products, and leakage of electrolyte and internal short circuits for the use of liquid electrolytes in LIB. The use of solid electrolyte to replace liquid electrolyte preparation of all solid lithium-ion battery is expected to overcome the above shortcomings, which makes solid electrolyte an important research direction in the field of energy. In the first part, our study focused on Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3(LATP) with a NASICON structure. Al-doped LiTiOPO4 precursor powder was synthesized by a simple solvothermal method with heterovalent ion doping to partially replace Ti4+ by Al3+. According to the materials characterization, the optimal composition is Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3. In the first part, hydrothermal method was used to synthesize orthorhombic structure of LiTiOPO4 powder. The SEM elemental analysis shows that the distribution of Al element is fairly uniform. The second part discusses the different sintering processes involved in obtaining LATP which includes the pre-sintering temperature of the precursor powder and the sintering temperature of the LATP pellets. The structure was analyzed by XRD and Rietveld refinement, and the effects of sintering temperature on porosity, microstructure and electrical conductivity were discussed. The Rietveld refinement results show that the synthesized Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 crystal is a trigonal structure with a R-3c(167) space group. Through the discussion of two-stage sintering, it is found that the good contact between the grains and the lower amorphous content of the second phase between the grain boundaries are the key in obtaining high lithium-ion conductivity. The experimental results show that the optimum pre-sintering temperature of the precursor powder is 900℃. Through the Rietveld refinement calculation, it can be seen that the precursor powder, Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 has the highest phase composition after sintering at 900℃. The optimal sintering temperature of LATP pellet is at 1100℃, which has the activation energy is 0.17 eV, and the highest density is 99.07%. Its grain conductivity, grain boundary conductivity and total lithium-ion conductivity are 6.57*10-4, 4.59*10-4, 2.70*10-4 S cm-1, respectively. Lastly, LATP was applied to lithium-ion batteries, and LATPS/NCM solid-state batteries were successfully assembled. After charging and discharging at 0.1C for 80 cycles, the discharge capacity retention was 95.76%, indicating that the LATPS/NCM solid-state battery has good cyclic stability. Therefore, LATP is a potential candidate as a solid electrolyte for lithium-ion batteries.
Das, Shyamal Kumar. "Influence Of Nanostructuring On Electrochemical Performance Of Titania-Based Electrodes And Liquid Electrolytes For Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Batteries." Thesis, 2010. http://etd.iisc.ernet.in/handle/2005/1920.
Повний текст джерелаSi, Wenping. "Designing Electrochemical Energy Storage Microdevices: Li-Ion Batteries and Flexible Supercapacitors." Doctoral thesis, 2014. https://monarch.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A20191.
Повний текст джерелаHuman beings are facing the grand energy challenge in the 21st century. Nowhere has this become more urgent than in the area of energy storage and conversion. Conventional energy is based on fossil fuels which are limited on the earth, and has caused extensive environmental pollutions. Additionally, the consumptions of energy are still increasing, especially with the rapid proliferation of vehicles and various consumer electronics like PCs and cell phones. We cannot rely on the earth’s limited legacy forever. Alternative energy resources should be developed before an energy crisis. The developments of renewable conversion energy from solar and wind are very important but these energies are often not even and continuous. Therefore, energy storage devices are of significant importance since they are the one stabilizing the converted energy. In addition, it is a disappointing fact that nowadays a smart phone, no matter of which brand, runs out of power in one day, and users have to carry an extra mobile power pack. Portable electronics demands urgently high-performance energy storage devices with higher energy density. The first part of this work involves lithium-ion micro-batteries utilizing single silicon rolled-up tubes as anodes, which are fabricated by the rolled-up nanotechnology approach. A lab-on-chip electrochemical device platform is presented for probing the electrochemical kinetics, electrical properties and lithium-driven structural changes of a single silicon rolled-up tube as an anode in lithium ion batteries. The second part introduces the new design and fabrication of on chip, all solid-state and flexible micro-supercapacitors based on MnOx/Au multilayers, which are compatible with current microelectronics. The micro-supercapacitor exhibits a maximum energy density of 1.75 mW h cm-3 and a maximum power density of 3.44 W cm-3. Furthermore, a flexible and weavable fiber-like supercapacitor is also demonstrated using Cu wire as substrate. This dissertation was written based on the research project supported by the International Research Training Group (IRTG) GRK 1215 "Rolled-up nanotech for on-chip energy storage" from the year 2010 to 2013 and PAKT project "Electrochemical energy storage in autonomous systems, no. 49004401" from 2013 to 2014. The aim of the projects was to design advanced energy storage materials for next-generation rechargeable batteries and flexible supercapacitors in order to address the energy issue. Here, I am deeply indebted to IRTG for giving me an opportunity to carry out the research project in Germany. September 2014, IFW Dresden, Germany Wenping Si