Статті в журналах: "Liquid oxygen and methane"

1

Oh, Choeulwoo, and Hyung-Suk Oh. "Confined Oxygen Promotes Radical Generation for Methane Oxidation Toward Liquid Oxygenates." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 49 (October 9, 2022): 1915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02491915mtgabs.

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The activation of methane (CH4) gas to produce value-added liquid hydrocarbons has been a challenging issue in catalytic research. Electrochemical oxidation is one of the alternative methods to oxidize methane and can be usually performed at ambient temperature, which can solve the problems of methane steam reforming caused by high temperature. However, electrochemical direct methane oxidation still have limitations that it should competes with oxygen evolution reaction, resulting in low efficiency. Also, oxygenates generated from methane oxidation can be easily overoxidized to carbon dioxide which is not appropriate product for the purpose of electrochemical system to make liquid hydrocarbons , suggesting solution to transport problem in the industry. Therefore, we suggest new system to convert methane into liquid products via oxygen reduction reaction using cathode. Recently in some papers, oxygen is used as an oxidant in photocatalytic system to oxidize methane into liquid hydrocarbons. Herein, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generated from oxygen reduction reaction can produce hydroxyl radical, superoxide radical, and hydroperoxide radical with strong activity to break first C-H bond from CH4. By combining methyl radical activated from methane and radicals generated from H2O2, we could make formic acid with high selectivity. Through the reduction reaction on cathode and oxidation reaction by radicals, intermediate products, such as methanol and methyl hydroperoxide, were finally converted into formic acid. Furthermore, overoxidation, one of important limitation in direct methane oxidation, can be prevented by using cathode where reduction reaction occurs on electrode. In this work, we synthesized metal organic framework (MOF)-derived cobalt single atom using ZIF-67. The cobalt single atom has high faradaic efficiency (FE) in acidic media with low onset potential, which is over 80% at 0.5 V (vs RHE). To efficiently utilize H2O2 produced by oxygen reduction reaction, additional hydrophobic layer was introduced with gas diffusion electrode (GDE) by coating poly tetra fluoro ethylene (PTFE) on catalyst layer. Additional PTFE layer on GDE confined H2O2 and CH4 together, offering higher possibilities to be reacted. In addition, liquid oxygenates generated from the reaction have hydrophilic properties that prevents further reactions by reducing the diffusion of liquid products toward cathode due to hydrophobic layer. By applying new system into flow cell, the low solubility of methane in the electrolyte can be alleviated to achieve high production rate. At last, This new system using oxygen reduction reaction to oxidize methane can make a new pathway for many chemical reaction area in the point that the system can be applied in any industrial reactions where H2O2 included. Figure 1

2

Urzica, Daniela, and Eva Gutheil. "Structures of Laminar Methane/Nitrogen/Oxygen, Methane/Oxygen and Methane/Liquid Oxygen Counterflow Flames for Cryogenic Conditions and Elevated Pressures." Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie 223, no. 4-5 (May 2009): 651–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/zpch.2009.6050.

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3

Ricci, Daniele, Francesco Battista, and Manrico Fragiacomo. "Transcritical Behavior of Methane in the Cooling Jacket of a Liquid-Oxygen/Liquid-Methane Rocket-Engine Demonstrator." Energies 15, no. 12 (June 7, 2022): 4190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15124190.

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The successful design of a liquid rocket engine is strictly linked to the development of efficient cooling systems, able to dissipate huge thermal loads coming from the combustion in the thrust chamber. Generally, cooling architectures are based on regenerative strategies, adopting fuels as coolants; and on cooling jackets, including several narrow axial channels allocated around the thrust chambers. Moreover, since cryogenic fuels are used, as in the case of oxygen/methane-based liquid rocket engines, the refrigerant is injected in liquid phase at supercritical pressure conditions and heated by the thermal load coming from the combustion chamber, which tends to experience transcritical conditions until behaving as a supercritical vapor before exiting the cooling jacket. The comprehension of fluid behavior inside the cooling jackets of liquid-oxygen/methane rocket engines as a function of different operative conditions represents not only a current topic but a critical issue for the development of future propulsion systems. Hence, the current manuscript discusses the results concerning the cooling jacket equipping the liquid-oxygen/liquid-methane demonstrator, designed and manufactured within the scope of HYPROB-NEW Italian Project. In particular, numerical results considering the nominal operating conditions and the influence of variables, such as the inlet temperature and pressure values of refrigerant as well as mass-flow rate, are shown to discuss the fluid transcritical behavior inside the cooling channels and give indications on the numerical methodologies, supporting the design of liquid-oxygen/liquid-methane rocket-engine cooling systems. Validation has been accomplished by means of experimental results obtained through a specific test article, provided with a cooling channel, characterized by dimensions representative of HYPROB DEMO-0A regenerative combustion chamber.

4

Xu, Zhen Chao, and Eun Duck Park. "Gas-Phase Selective Oxidation of Methane into Methane Oxygenates." Catalysts 12, no. 3 (March 9, 2022): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12030314.

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Methane is an abundant resource and its direct conversion into value-added chemicals has been an attractive subject for its efficient utilization. This method can be more efficient than the present energy-intensive indirect conversion of methane via syngas, a mixture of CO and H2. Among the various approaches for direct methane conversion, the selective oxidation of methane into methane oxygenates (e.g., methanol and formaldehyde) is particularly promising because it can proceed at low temperatures. Nevertheless, due to low product yields this method is challenging. Compared with the liquid-phase partial oxidation of methane, which frequently demands for strong oxidizing agents in protic solvents, gas-phase selective methane oxidation has some merits, such as the possibility of using oxygen as an oxidant and the ease of scale-up owing to the use of heterogeneous catalysts. Herein, we summarize recent advances in the gas-phase partial oxidation of methane into methane oxygenates, focusing mainly on its conversion into formaldehyde and methanol.

5

Mariyana, Rina, Min-Sik Kim, Chae Lim, Tae Kim, Si Park, Byung-Keun Oh, Jinwon Lee, and Jeong-Geol Na. "Mass Transfer Performance of a String Film Reactor: A Bioreactor Design for Aerobic Methane Bioconversion." Catalysts 8, no. 11 (October 24, 2018): 490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal8110490.

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The mass transfer performance of a string film reactor (SFR)—a bioreactor design for the aerobic bioconversion of methane—was investigated. The results showed that the SFR could achieve high mass transfer performance of gases, and the highest values of the mass transfer coefficients for oxygen and methane were 877.1 h−1 and 408.0 h−1, respectively. There were similar mass transfer coefficients for oxygen and methane in absorption experiments using air, methane, and air–methane mixed gas under the same liquid flow rate conditions, implying that each gas is delivered into the liquid without mutual interaction. The mass transfer performance of the SFR was significantly influenced by the liquid flow rate and the hydrophilicity of the string material, whereas the magnitude of the gas flow rate effect on the mass transfer performance depended on both the tested liquid flow rate and the gas flow rate. Furthermore, the mass transfer performance of the SFR was compared with those of other types of bioreactors.

6

Thu, Vu Phuong. "COMBINATION OF METHANE OXIDATION AND DENITRIFICATION PROCESS IN A TWO-STAGE BIOREACTOR." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 54, no. 4B (March 22, 2018): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/54/4b/12020.

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The importance of a combination of methane oxidation and denitrification processes in a two-stage bioreactor was investigated for the removal of nitrate using methane gas. In the configuration I, methane and oxygen were supplied separately to two columns of the two-stage bioreactor, an oxic column and an anoxic column. The nitrate removal efficiency was around 25 % and nitrite presented in the liquid medium, showing that the denitrification process was not complete. In the configuration II, methane and oxygen were supplied together to one column of the two-stage bioreactor, better results were achieved. Nitrate removal efficiency increased to almost 100 %, no nitrite was found in the liquid medium. The methane oxidation and the denitrification processes seemed to be happened simultaneously in one column of the two-stage bioreactor and demonstrated its advantages. Methane utilized concentration in the medium of the methane oxidation column increased from 1 to 2.1 mg/L, which resulted in more soluble organic carbon was created and supplied for denitrifiers. The C/N utilized ratio was lower in the Configuration II showing that the aerobic methane oxidation coupled to denitrification (AMO-D) achieved higher efficiency when methane and oxygen were supplied together.

7

Haranguş, Victoria, Gabriel Vasilescu, Adela Todoruţ, and Teodor Hepuţ. "Analysis of Hazards Identified within the Premises of the Electric Steelworks, to Carry out the Risk Assessment." Solid State Phenomena 216 (August 2014): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.216.97.

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In steelmaking and casting, there are used, stored and handled chemicals which are risk factors either in the normal operation of the technical plants, or in predictable and unpredictable failure conditions. In the steelmaking and casting plants, the substances and liquids considered risk factors are: methane, oxygen, liquid steel and water used for the cooling system. This paper deals with the risk assessment within the premises of electric steelworks, in predictable failure situations, based on the sheets of assessment and reduction of the risk associated with explosive atmospheres of methane and oxygen, in the presence of high temperatures existing at the electric steelworks.

8

Kočí, Kamila, Lucie Obalová, Daniela Plachá, and Zdenek Lacný. "Effect of Temperature, Pressure and Volume of Reacting Phase on Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction on Suspended Nanocrystalline TiO2." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 73, no. 8-9 (2008): 1192–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc20081192.

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The effect of temperature, pressure and volume of reactant solution on the photocatalytic reduction of CO2 at suspended TiO2 was studied in an annular batch photoreactor. Reaction products in the liquid phase (methanol, formaldehyde) and in the gas phase (methane, ethane, carbon monoxide, molecular oxygen and hydrogen) were analysed by gas chromatography. The photocatalytic reduction of CO2 was not sensitive significantly to small temperature variations within 10 K. The CO2 pressure at carbonation of the solution influenced the selectivity of the CO2 conversion to methane and methanol, while the dihydrogen yield was higher by two orders of magnitude and independent of the pressure. The dependence of the product yields on the volume of the liquid phase confirmed the fact that the requirement for perfect mixing was difficult to fulfil for the annular configuration of the reactor.

9

Stevenson, James, Jonathan Lunine, and Paulette Clancy. "Membrane alternatives in worlds without oxygen: Creation of an azotosome." Science Advances 1, no. 1 (February 2015): e1400067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1400067.

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The lipid bilayer membrane, which is the foundation of life on Earth, is not viable outside of biology based on liquid water. This fact has caused astronomers who seek conditions suitable for life to search for exoplanets within the “habitable zone,” the narrow band in which liquid water can exist. However, can cell membranes be created and function at temperatures far below those at which water is a liquid? We take a step toward answering this question by proposing a new type of membrane, composed of small organic nitrogen compounds, that is capable of forming and functioning in liquid methane at cryogenic temperatures. Using molecular simulations, we demonstrate that these membranes in cryogenic solvent have an elasticity equal to that of lipid bilayers in water at room temperature. As a proof of concept, we also demonstrate that stable cryogenic membranes could arise from compounds observed in the atmosphere of Saturn’s moon, Titan, known for the existence of seas of liquid methane on its surface.

10

Kang, Jongkyu, and Eun Duck Park. "Selective Oxidation of Methane over Fe-Zeolites by In Situ Generated H2O2." Catalysts 10, no. 3 (March 5, 2020): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10030299.

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Liquid-phase selective oxidation of methane into methane oxygenates, including methanol and formic acid, with molecular oxygen was investigated using Fe-zeolites and Pd/activated carbon in the presence of molecular hydrogen as a reducing agent. Various Fe-zeolites such as Fe-ZSM-5, Fe-mordenite, Fe-β, Fe-Y, and Fe-ferrierite were prepared by ion-exchange and compared for this reaction. Among them, Fe-ZSM-5 was selected for further study because this catalyst showed high activity in the selective oxidation of methane with relatively less leaching. Further, the effect of reaction temperature, pH, and the amount of catalyst was examined, and detailed investigations revealed that the leached Fe species, which were facilitated in the presence of acid, were mainly responsible for methane oxidation under the given reaction conditions.

11

Deng, Bo Yuan, Yanghong Wei, Shao Peng Zhu, and Xueke Che. "Effect of dielectric barrier discharge methane reforming products on the combustion performance of rocket engine." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2551, no. 1 (July 1, 2023): 012030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2551/1/012030.

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Abstract Although the low-thrust liquid oxygen/methane rocket engine has broad application prospects, the low flame propagation speed and low combustion rate of methane fuel make the liquid oxygen/methane engine still face key technical challenges. Methane fuel is partially converted into hydrogen and ethane with higher combustion rate before being injected into the combustion chamber, which is positive for the use of dielectric barrier to improve the combustion performance of the engine. Therefore, this paper studies the effect of the main four products of dielectric barrier discharge reforming with methane conversion rate of 10%, on the flow field of the combustion chamber. The results show that the addition of reforming products can effectively improve the combustion efficiency of the engine. H2 in the reforming product can also improve the specific impulse performance of the engine by increasing the total pressure of the engine chamber. C2H4 will not affect the maximum temperature of the engine, However, it can expand the medium-high temperature range of engine temperature to different degrees. The addition of H2 accelerates the oxygen consumption rate, which provides a feasible way to reduce the design size of the engine and improve the combustion efficiency of the low-thrust engine.

12

Zhang, Fan, Huiqiang Zhang, and Bing Wang. "Conceptual study of a dual-rocket-based-combined-cycle powered two-stage-to-orbit launch vehicle." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 232, no. 5 (May 1, 2017): 944–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954410017703148.

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The liquid oxygen/methane staged cycle liquid-rocket engine is one of the most potential rocket engines in the future for its higher performance, higher fuel density and reusable capacity. Two working states of this liquid-rocket engine named as full-load state and half-load state are defined in this paper. Based on this liquid-rocket engine, a dual-rocket-based-combined-cycle propulsion system with liquid oxygen /air/methane as propellants is therefore proposed. The dual-rocket-based-combined-cycle system has then five working modes: the hybrid mode, pure ejector mode, ramjet mode, scramjet mode and pure rocket mode. In hybrid mode, the booster and ejector rockets driven by the full-load liquid-rocket engine work together with the purpose of reducing thrust demand on ejector rocket. In scramjet mode, the fuel-rich burned hot gas generated by the half-load liquid-rocket engine is used as fuel, which is helpful to reduce the technical difficulty of scramjet in hypersonic speed. The five working modes of dual-rocket-based-combined-cycle are highly integrated based on the full- or half-load state of the liquid oxygen/methane staged cycle liquid-rocket engine, and the unified single type fuel of liquid methane is adopted for the whole modes. Then a preliminary design of a horizontal takeoff two-stage-to-orbit launch vehicle is conducted based on the dual-rocket-based-combined-cycle propulsion system. Under an averaged baseline thrust and specific impulse, the launch trajectory to reach a low Earth orbit at 100 km is optimized via the pseudo-spectral method subject to maximizing the payload mass. It is shown that the two-stage-to-orbit vehicle based on the dual-rocket-based-combined-cycle can achieve the payload mass fraction of 0.0469 and 0.0576 for polar mission and equatorial mission, respectively. Conclusively, insights gained in this paper can be usefully applied to a more detailed design of the dual-rocket-based-combined-cycle powered two-stage-to-orbit launch vehicle.

13

Al-Garni, A. Z., A. Z. Şahin, and B. S. Yilbas. "Active Cooling of a Hypersonic Plane Using Hydrogen, Methane, Oxygen and Fluorine." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 210, no. 1 (January 1996): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1996_210_340_02.

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This paper studies active cooling of an aerospace plane using liquid hydrogen, liquid methane, liquid oxygen and liquid fluorine. An ascending optimized trajectory to minimize the heat load in the hypersonic part is used to perform the study, which includes cooling of the stagnation point, the leading edges of wings and engine and other parts of the aerospace plane that are close to the leading edges. The laminar case of the stagnation point and both laminar and turbulent cases for the leading edge heating have been considered. The amount of liquid coolant mass needed for cooling is calculated. A design of minimum inlet–outlet areas for the amount of liquid needed for cooling is made with consideration of the coolant's physical constraints in the liquid and gaseous states. The study shows that the ratio of masses of coolant to the initial total mass (initial total mass of the vehicle including fuel and coolant masses) is in the limit of the reachable range. The comparison shows that the hydrogen is a clear winner as a candidate for coolant and saves mass as compared to the other three coolants. The study shows that there are no fundamental barriers for the cooling system of the vehicle in terms of its coolant mass and area size for coolant passage.

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Borschev, N. O., A. E. Belyavskiy, and O. A. Yuranev. "Estimating Cryogenic Tank Cooling Time for a Nitrogen Vapour-Liquid Mixture." Proceedings of Higher Educational Institutions. Маchine Building, no. 9 (750) (September 2022): 116–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/0536-1044-2022-9-116-125.

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At present, there exists a trend for spacefaring countries to use methane as fuel for the first stages of launch vehicles. Russia is currently developing a promising launch vehicle known as Amur LNG. However, due to methane being a hazardous (flammable and explosive) substance, it is poorly suited for fuel tank strength tests conducted using existing equipment. In this regard, we face an urgent issue of developing a safe method for simulating liquid methane temperature during strength testing of methane tanks. We propose to cool the tank with a nitrogen vapour-liquid mixture. To estimate cooling time for a cryogenic tank treated with a nitrogen vapour-liquid mixture as per the method proposed, along with determining the amount of refrigerant to be used, we solved its thermal state problem using the method of isothermal nodes. This approach may also be used for oxygen tanks.

15

Effenberger, Johannes, Lydia Jahn, and Volker Kuehn. "Co-digestion of press liquids of source-sorted municipal organic waste in anaerobic sludge treatment of municipal wastewater treatment plants." Water Science and Technology 73, no. 12 (April 15, 2016): 3080–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.143.

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Abstract This paper describes a semi-continuous laboratory-scale investigation of a potential co-substrate for mesophilic anaerobic sludge digestion in a municipal wastewater treatment plant. A feed liquid produced from source-sorted municipal organic waste by pretreatment with a screw press was subjected to the investigation. Quantities produced in press trials as well as the composition of the feed liquid are presented. Mass balances for N, P and chemical oxygen demand are given in order to verify the methane production of the feed liquid in co-digestion with sewage sludge at mesophilic conditions. Hydraulic retention time of the reactors were 14.7 to 16 d and organic loading rates were 1.5 to 2.7 kg volatile solids (VS) per cubic metre per day. The pretreatment by screw press is compared to the production of feed liquids with pulper-based pretreatment processes. While the addition of the feed liquid increased methane production by about 345 ml CH4/g VSin, total solids of the feed liquid were reduced to about 63%. With respect to co-digestion at municipal wastewater treatment plants, several risks associated with the investigated feed liquid are outlined.

16

Gaya, Ndepana A., Victor Charles, Innocent Joseph, and Hitler Louis. "A review on CO oxidation, methanol synthesis, and propylene epoxidation over supported gold catalysts." Catalysis for Sustainable Energy 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 13–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cse-2019-0003.

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Abstract The aim of this general review is to give an overview of the reaction pathways involving the transformation of carbon monoxide (CO), methanol synthesis and propylene epoxidation using gold (Au) and gold supported clusters. Over the catalyst system of Nano-gold (Au/SiO2), the process of methane to methanol was also highlighted. A reaction mechanism proposed, indicated that molecular oxygen was consumed in the oxidation–reduction cycle. Consequently, methane oxidation to methanol can be achieved as a green chemical process. The system can also be used in other green chemical processes of liquid phase or gas phase oxidations. Methanol is expected to be a potential solution to the partial deployment of fossil source-based economies. Moreover, it is a recognized energy carrier that is better than other alternatives in terms of transportation, storage and reuse. New or improved catalysts for methanol production are likely to be discovered in the near future.

17

Shynkarenko, Olexiy, and Domenico Simone. "Oxygen–Methane Torch Ignition System for Aerospace Applications." Aerospace 7, no. 8 (August 7, 2020): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace7080114.

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A new ignition system, based on a CH4/O2 torch has been developed by the Chemical Propulsion Laboratory of the University of Brasilia. Designed to ignite a hybrid rocket, this device has been improved to be used in testing of solid and liquid ramjet engines under development in our lab. The capability to provide multiple ignitions and to cool-down its combustion chamber walls by using a swirled injection of the oxidizer, along with a very low weight to power ratio, makes this device versatile. The igniter is controlled by a feedback system, developed by our group, which guarantees the possibility of operating in different design conditions enabling, therefore, complete integration with systems of different nature. The main characteristics of the igniter and the design solutions are presented including some considerations about the tests performed to evaluate the quality and performance of the ignition system.

18

Ramcke, Thomas, Arne Lampmann, and Michael Pfitzner. "Simulations of Injection of Liquid Oxygen/Gaseous Methane Under Flashing Conditions." Journal of Propulsion and Power 34, no. 2 (March 2018): 395–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.b36412.

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19

Lux, Johannes, and Oskar Haidn. "Flame Stabilization in High-Pressure Liquid Oxygen/Methane Rocket Engine Combustion." Journal of Propulsion and Power 25, no. 1 (January 2009): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.36852.

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20

Xu, Jiabao, Yan Wu, Qingcheng Zhu, Ping Jin, Jue Wang, and Guobiao Cai. "Transient study on filling characteristics of LOX dome." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2472, no. 1 (May 1, 2023): 012036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2472/1/012036.

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Abstract The 3D flow filling process of LOX (Liquid Oxygen) dome is studied in a liquid oxygen/methane rocket engine. The volume, flow field pressure and velocity distributions of liquid oxygen at different time are determined. The flow property of propellant and the injection characteristic time of liquid oxygen are obtained. The results show that when the LOX dome has not been filled, the LOX flow state is disorder, and flows around the annular wall in the middle dome. The static pressure near the equalizing orifice near the liquid oxygen inlet is high and the velocity is slow. When the LOX filling is completed, the pressure at the outlet of each equalizing orifice is the same. The liquid oxygen flow is in a stable state, and the flow rate decreases. The overall velocity distribution is more uniform. In addition, in the filling process of LOX dome, the time of arrival in each area is different. There are different injection delays in each area on the injection panel, and the time of arrival of liquid oxygen in the opposite area of the inlet section of LOX dome is the latest. This result leads to the inhomogeneity of injection characteristic time and flow rate in thrust chamber.

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Frolov, Sergey M., Konstantin S. Panin, and Viktor A. Smetanyuk. "Gasification of Liquid Hydrocarbon Waste by the Ultra-Superheated Mixture of Steam and Carbon Dioxide: A Thermodynamic Study." Energies 17, no. 9 (April 29, 2024): 2126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17092126.

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The thermodynamic modeling of waste oil (WO) gasification by a high-temperature gasification agent (GA) composed of an ultra-superheated H2O/CO2 mixture is carried out. The GA is assumed to be obtained by the gaseous detonation of fuel–oxidizer–diluent mixture in a pulsed detonation gun (PDG). N-hexadecane is used as a WO surrogate. Methane or the produced syngas (generally a mixture of H2, CO, CH4, CO2, etc.) is used as fuel for the PDG. Oxygen, air, or oxygen-enriched air are used as oxidizers for the PDG. Low-temperature steam is used as a diluent gas. The gasification process is assumed to proceed in a flow-through gasifier at atmospheric pressure. It is shown that the use of the detonation products of the stoichiometric methane–oxygen and methane–air mixtures theoretically leads to the complete conversion of WO into a syngas consisting exclusively of H2 and CO, or into energy gas with high contents of CH4 and C2-C3 hydrocarbons and an LHV of 36.7 (fuel–oxygen mixture) and 13.6 MJ/kg (fuel–air mixture). The use of the detonation products of the stoichiometric mixture of the produced syngas with oxygen or with oxygen-enriched air also allows theoretically achieving the complete conversion of WO into syngas consisting exclusively of H2 and CO. About 33% of the produced syngas mixed with oxygen can be theoretically used for PDG self-feeding, thus making the gasification technology very attractive and cost-effective. To self-feed the PDG with the mixture of the produced syngas with air, it is necessary to increase the backpressure in the gasifier and/or enrich the air with oxygen. The addition of low-temperature steam to the fuel–oxygen mixture in the PDG allows controlling the H2/CO ratio in the produced syngas from 1.3 to 3.4.

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Nurhilal, Mohammad, Purwiyanto Purwiyanto, and Galih Mustiko Aji. "PENGARUH KOMPOSISI DAN WAKTU FERMENTASI CAMPURAN LIMBAH INDUSTRI TAHU DAN KOTORAN SAPI TERHADAP KANDUNGAN GAS METHANE PADA PEMBANGKIT BIOGAS." JTT (Jurnal Teknologi Terapan) 6, no. 1 (April 12, 2020): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31884/jtt.v6i1.239.

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Biogas is alternative energy produced from the anaerobic activity process of methane bacteria obtained by fermentation. Anaerobic activation is a sequence of microorganism processes breaking down biodegradable materials without oxygen. Biogas is mostly produced from cow dung and tofu industry waste that has the potential to contain methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). To reduce the content of (CO2) and (H2S) and to increase the element of methane gas, the purification process is needed to do. Purification can be carried out by absorption techniques using water, NaOH solution, and zeolite/silica gel. The purpose of this study is to examine the methane gas content of variations in the composition of cow dung and tofu liquid waste and the fermentation time. The method used was an experiment by varying the composition of cow dung and tofu liquid waste by 40%: 60%; 50%: 50%; and 60%: 40%, as well as variations in the fermentation time of120, 168 and 216 hours of fermentation. The results showed that the highest methane gas content in the composition of a mixture of cow dung and tofu liquid waste was 50:50 in 168 hours of fermentation which was equal to 2.806%. The content of methane gas was influenced by the fermentation time, the pH conditions in the digester, and the intensity of stirring the biogas material in the digester.

23

Wang, Zhe, Min Guo, Gary A. Baker, Joseph R. Stetter, Lu Lin, Andrew J. Mason, and Xiangqun Zeng. "Methane–oxygen electrochemical coupling in an ionic liquid: a robust sensor for simultaneous quantification." Analyst 139, no. 20 (2014): 5140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4an00839a.

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24

Orlin, Sergei A. "Use of cryogenic components of propellants for liquid-propellant rocket engines and in life support systems of manned space vehicles." MATEC Web of Conferences 324 (2020): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032401005.

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The cited materials show the use of oxygen, hydrogen, liquefied natural gases (methane) and fluorine as components of the fuel for liquid-propellant rocket engines (LRE). The reasons for the need to use oxygen as an oxidizing agent are indicated. The advantages and disadvantages are disclosed from the point of view of using the listed components as fuel elements for liquid-propellant rocket engines. The issues of ecology when using the considered fuels are reviewed. Shown not only the use of cryogenic components as fuel for LRE, but also in life support systems in manned spacecraft in space research.

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Baldwin, Michael, Ali Ghavami, S. Mostafa Ghiaasiaan, and Alok Majumdar. "Pool boiling in liquid hydrogen, liquid methane and liquid oxygen: A review of available data and predictive tools." Cryogenics 115 (April 2021): 103240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2020.103240.

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Baldwin, Michael, Ali Ghavami, S. Mostafa Ghiaasiaan, and Alok Majumdar. "Flow boiling in liquid hydrogen, liquid methane and liquid oxygen: A review of available data and predictive tools." Cryogenics 116 (June 2021): 103298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2021.103298.

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Рудинский, А. В., Д. А. Ягодников, С. В. Рыжков та В. В. Онуфриев. "Особенности формирования собственного электрического поля низкотемпературной кислород-метановой плазмы". Письма в журнал технической физики 47, № 10 (2021): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/pjtf.2021.10.50973.18638.

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The mathematical model has been developed for the combustion of oxygen-methane plasma at pressures of 0.2-1.6 MPa, taking into account the ionization of combustion products and the recombination of charged components. The concentrations of positive ions were determined for the characteristic zones of the reacting oxygen-methane mixture under the assumption of ambipolar diffusion. The distributions of the strength of the self-consistent electric field and the generated electric charge along the length of the channel are obtained. The simulation results in terms of the concentration of electrons and ions in the flame are verified by the known experimental data obtained by probe methods under the operating conditions of a model liquid-propellant rocket engine.

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Sliphorst, M., B. Knapp, S. Groening, and M. Oschwald. "Combustion Instability-Coupling Mechanisms Between Liquid Oxygen/Methane Spray Flames and Acoustics." Journal of Propulsion and Power 28, no. 6 (November 2012): 1339–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.b34339.

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29

Houbron, Eric, Michel Torrijos, and Bernard Capdeville. "An Alternative Use of Biogas Applied at the Water Denitrification." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 8 (October 1, 1999): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0400.

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The urban wastewater treatment plants of the 21st century will have to consider the removal of the carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. On one hand, the usual exogenous carbon source for tertiary treatment are generally supplied as methanol, ethanol, acetic acid, etc. On the other hand, the anaerobic wastewater treatment plant produces a biogas which contains up to 90 % of methane and which could be used as a cheap carbon source for denitrification. The first step of this work conducted in batch culture with or without copper, has shown that a consortium of methanotrophic and denitrifying bacteria are involved in this process. The methanotrophic bacteria oxidises methane under aerobic conditions via a specific enzyme (Methane Mono Oxygenase) and produces a soluble organic carbon in the liquid phase available for the denitrification. During the batch culture, when dissolved oxygen concentration decreases below 1 mg/l, a maximum denitrification rate of 3.3 mg N-NO3/l.h was obtained with 80 μg/l of copper in the medium. The consumption rate of methane was 3.5 mmol CH4/l.h. The molar ratio of the oxygen/methane consumed was 1.27, and the mass ratio of C-CH4 consumed to N-NO3 eliminated was 10.9. During chemostat culture, denitrification on synthetic and real nitrifying water was tested. The stability of the consortium has been verified under different culture conditions. The variation of the dilution rate showed that the maximum one was 0.16 h−1. The specific denitrification rate obtained with synthetic and real water were respectively 6.1 and 9.47 mg N-NO3/TSS.h, with a C/N mass ratio of 3.6 and 4.6. In chemostat, culture the efficiency of the methane oxidation and the denitrification was improved.

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He, Feng, James Trainham, Gregory Parsons, John S. Newman, and Fanxing Li. "A hybrid solar-redox scheme for liquid fuel and hydrogen coproduction." Energy Environ. Sci. 7, no. 6 (2014): 2033–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ee00038b.

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A ferrite based oxygen carrier promoted with a mixed ionic–electronic conductor support is used in a hybrid solar-redox scheme. Based on both experiments and simulations, this scheme has the potential to co-produce liquid fuel and hydrogen from methane and solar energy at high efficiency with near zero life cycle CO₂ emission.

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MEREU, Alexandru, and Dragos ISVORANU. "Joint design and simulation of GOX-GCH4 combustion and cooling in an experimental water-cooled subscale rocket engine." INCAS BULLETIN 15, no. 4 (December 2, 2023): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.13111/2066-8201.2023.15.4.13.

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This paper presents the authors’ most recent research regarding the feasibility of cooling a 1 kN scaled-down experimental rocket engine, running on gaseous oxygen and gaseous methane, for a ground test. The cooling segment of a rocket engine has always been a delicate problem, increasing the development time and costs of development. Since a series of problems can occur during the first ignition of a rocket engine prototype, removing as many potential issues from the initial test, such as using liquid methane for the cooling system, could result in a more stable experiment. Using water as the cooling agent can contribute to a more accelerated TRL increase of the engine’s subcomponents while reducing the risks taken for a whole assembly test. Thus, the combustion chamber, nozzle, and injector can be tested separately from the final cooling method, which can be added subsequently. In the present work, both a steady and transient CFD combustion simulation of a multicomponent compound, consisting of gaseous oxygen and gaseous methane was conducted in the combustion chamber of a small-scale rocket engine. The simulation is based on PDF-flamelet approach for the oxygen and methane combustion, along with real gas equations for the cooling agent.

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Wittman, P. K., and J. W. Mitchell. "Ultrapurification of Nitrogen Monitored by Metastable Transfer Emission Spectroscopy." Applied Spectroscopy 40, no. 2 (February 1986): 156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702864509349.

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Metastable transfer emission spectroscopy (MTES) has been applied for on-line monitoring of nitrogen purity. The relative efficiencies of various purification techniques for removing oxygen- and carbon-containing impurities have been compared. Total oxygen impurities present initially at several hundred ppm are reduced to <50 ppb with a reactive resin. Several other conventional laboratory purification methods reduce, but do not eliminate, oxygen contamination. Hydrocarbon impurities as methane are reduced only to the 3 ppm level by a liquid-nitrogen cold trap. Further reduction is obtained by the use of the microwave discharge as a chemical reactor prior to liquid-nitrogen trapping. An on-line system for the direct purification and reliable monitoring of nitrogen purity in a flowing gas stream is reported.

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Hartwig, Jason, Peter Meyerhofer, Benjamin Stiegemeier, and Robert Morehead. "Liquid methane and liquid oxygen horizontal chilldown experiments of a 2.54 and 11.43 cm transfer line." Applied Thermal Engineering 205 (March 2022): 118042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.118042.

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34

Baldwin, Michael, Ali Ghavami, S. Mostafa Ghiaasiaan, and Alok Majumdar. "Critical heat flux of liquid hydrogen, liquid methane, and liquid oxygen: a review of available data and predictive tools." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1301, no. 1 (May 1, 2024): 012165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1301/1/012165.

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Abstract Available experimental data dealing with critical heat flux (CHF) of liquid hydrogen (LH2), liquid methane (LCH4), and liquid oxygen (LO2) in pool and flow boiling are compiled. The compiled data are compared with widely used correlations. Experimental pool boiling CHF data for the aforementioned cryogens are scarce. Based on only 25 data points found in five independent sources, the correlation of Sun and Lienhard (1970) is recommended for predicting the pool CHF of LH2. Only two experiments with useful CHF data for the pool boiling of LCH4 could be found. Four different correlations including the correlation of Lurie and Noyes (1964) can predict the pool boiling CHF of LCH4 within a factor of two for more than 70% of the data. Furthermore, based on the 19 data points taken from only two available sources, the correlation of Sun and Lienhard (1970) is recommended for the prediction of pool CHF of LO2. Flow boiling CHF data for LH2 could be found in seven experimental studies, five of them from the same source. Based on the 91 data points, it is suggested that the correlation of Katto and Ohno (1984) be used to predict the flow CHF of LH2. No useful data could be found for flow boiling CHF of LCH4 or LO2. The available databases for flow boiling of LCH4 and LO2 are generally deficient in all boiling regimes. This deficiency is particularly serious with respect to flow boiling.

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Ricci, Daniele, Francesco Battista, and Manrico Fragiacomo. "Numerical Investigation on the Thermal Behaviour of a LOx/LCH4 Demonstrator Cooling System." Aerospace 8, no. 6 (May 27, 2021): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace8060151.

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Reliability of liquid rocket engines is strictly connected with the successful operation of cooling jackets, able to sustain the impressive operative conditions in terms of huge thermal and mechanical loads, generated in thrust chambers. Cryogenic fuels, like methane or hydrogen, are often used as coolants and they may behave as transcritical fluids flowing in the jackets: after injection in a liquid state, a phase pseudo-change occurs along the chamber because of the heat released by combustion gases and coolants exiting as a vapour. Thus, in the development of such subsystems, important issues are focused on numerical methodologies adopted to simulate the fluid thermal behaviour inside the jackets, design procedures as well as manufacturing and technological process topics. The present paper includes the numerical thermal analyses regarding the cooling jacket belonging to the liquid oxygen/liquid methane demonstrator, realized in the framework of the HYPROB (HYdrocarbon PROpulsion test Bench) program. Numerical results considering the nominal operating conditions of cooling jackets in the methane-fuelled mode and the water-fed one are included in the case of the application of electrodeposition process for manufacturing. A comparison with a similar cooling jacket, realized through the conventional brazing process, is addressed to underline the benefits of the application of electrodeposition technology.

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Sidlerov, D. A., and S. A. Fedorov. "Soot Formation Numerical Simulation in Reducing Gas Generators of Oxygen-Methane Liquid Rocket Engines." Herald of the Bauman Moscow State Technical University. Series Mechanical Engineering, no. 4 (139) (December 2021): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/0236-3941-2021-4-19-31.

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A method for numerical simulation of operating processes in reducing gas generators with calculation of the condensed phase (soot) formation process detailed structure has been developed. It is assumed that soot is formed from gas-phase fuel in two stages. At the first stage, active radical nuclei are formed, and at the second stage, carbon black particles are formed from these nuclei. Numerical modeling of processes, fuel mixing and combustion, as well as soot formation in model reducing oxygen-methane gas generators with gas-liquid coaxial mixing elements of jet-jet type has been performed. Gas generators of this type can be used in promising oxygen-methane liquid rocket engines operating on open and closed circuits with reducing gas generators, as well as on the gas-gas circuit having reducing and oxidizing gas generators. A comparative analysis of soot formation features in gas generators with single- and multi-nozzle mixing heads has been performed. It is shown that a decrease in the pitch between the mixing elements leads to a significant change in the mixture formation processes, fuel combustion and the flow of combustion products (all other conditions being equal), which significantly reduces the intensity of condensed phase formation in reducing gas generators. The numerical simulation method will be used for studies of fuel combustion and condensed phase formation in regenerative gas generators of modern and advanced liquid rocket engines at the stages of development, design and improvement

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Burye, Theodore E., and Talia Sebastian. "Contrasting Intermediate-Temperature La_0.7Sr_0.3VO_3.86-⸹ (LSV) Porous Catalyst Elevated Sulfur Tolerance Using Gaseous and Liquid Fuel Explored through Experimental and Modeling Characterization Over Time." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 24 (August 28, 2023): 1596. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-01241596mtgabs.

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The U.S. Army is investigating Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs), which can produce clean, secure, and sustainable energy to replace existing power sources. Today SOFCs are known to provide high density, high efficiency power with long term stability at low cost and environmental impact, utilizing a variety of naturally sourced fuels such as hydrogen, hydrocarbons, and alcohols. This fuel flexibility makes SOFCs attractive for use with multiple applications and helps bridge the gap between current hydrogen-fueled SOFC technologies and future hydrocarbon-fueled based use. Despite this potential, many technical hurdles remain, such as thermal stress cracking and coarsening, delamination, and catalyst contamination. Catalyst contamination is of particular concern for the U.S. Army, which operates on JP-8 kerosene-based fuel via AR-70 single fuel policy, as sulfur impurities commonly found in naturally sourced hydrocarbon-based fuels, can poison the catalyst, permanently degrading SOFC system performance, even at low concentrations. As the U.S. Army begins to investigate SOFCs to enable additional capabilities like silent watch, advanced radios, and exportable power in their fleet, catalyst poisoning from sulfur presents a concerning technology gap that must be addressed, especially since it is also possible that sulfur contaminated fuel, scavenged in theater, may be used, and could contain elevated levels (>300ppm) of sulfur. While lower temperature SOFC operation is also actively being pursued to help alleviate physical material degradation issues, with the introduction of hydrocarbon-based fuels, catalyst development to reduce sulfur poisoning degradation also needs further exploration. This study continues to experimentally and theoretically investigate the response of sulfur tolerant anode catalyst La0.7Sr0.3VO3.86-⸹ (LSV) at currently targeted SOFC intermediate operating temperatures (400-600°C). We have previously investigated low and moderate hydrogen sulfide (H2S) concentrations (30ppm, 300ppm) in balance hydrogen and methane gas environments for up to 100 hours. In this work, LSV showed significant sulfur tolerance in hydrogen and methane balance gases when compared to the industry standard Ni-YSZ anode, where sulfur adsorption rates were 278-287x lower in some cases. The lowest rates occurred between 600-700°C, which is attributed to the cubic structure the material presents in this temperature range. Higher adsorption rates were observed in the monoclinic/tetragonal structure the material presents at temperatures between 400-500°C. Average adsorption rates were overall higher in methane. When compared against Ni-YSZ, which is known to accumulate sulfur from hydrogen sulfide via two-step dissociative adsorption, LSV was observed to accumulate sulfur through weak chemisorption (H2S*, 0.43 eV max) of molecular hydrogen sulfide on oxygen deficient surfaces and one-step dissociative adsorption (H2S*, 0.34 eV, max, HS*+H*, 8.34 eV, max) on oxygen sufficient surfaces. The weak chemisorption behavior on oxygen deficient surfaces is attributed to the reduced oxygen stoichiometry of the material, in which only vanadium V2+/3+ couples exist. Overall, molecular adsorption/dissociation was observed to occur near strontium defects on LaO/SrO terminations. The propensity of H2S adsorption on LSV surfaces was observed to be significantly less for oxygen deficient LSV, and significantly higher for oxygen sufficient LSV, when compared to H2S adsorption calculations on Ni (100) surfaces, which follow a two-step dissociative adsorption reaction (H2S* → HS*+H* → H*+S*), resulting in a strongly adsorbed S* species (5.96 eV, max). Under the Army’s single fuel policy, it is more likely SOFCs would be fueled using hydrogen and/or methane, which are both gases, however SOFCs in the future could also be directly fueled using liquid alcohol fuels, or as scavenged from theater. Typical small alcohol molecules (methanol or ethanol) do not contain high concentrations of sulfur; however, alcohols can be contaminated with sulfur-containing hydrocarbons. This work will investigate sulfur adsorption using methanol contaminated with 300ppm thiophene using the same operating temperature and heating duration conditions with hydrogen and methane. These results will be contrasted against the 300ppm H2S hydrogen and methane results previously reported. Figure 1

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Schneider, Dirk, Chloé Génin, Ralf Stark, Michael Oschwald, Sebastian Karl, and Volker Hannemann. "Numerical Model for Nozzle Flow Application Under Liquid Oxygen/Methane Hot-Flow Conditions." Journal of Propulsion and Power 34, no. 1 (January 2018): 221–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.b36611.

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39

Lux, Johannes, and Oskar Haidn. "Effect of Recess in High-Pressure Liquid Oxygen/Methane Coaxial Injection and Combustion." Journal of Propulsion and Power 25, no. 1 (January 2009): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.37308.

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40

Arya, Firman Indra, Thamrin Thamrin, and Amelia Linggawati. "ANALISIS REDUKSI POTENSI GAS METANA (CH4) PADA PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH CAIR PABRIK KELAPA SAWIT DENGAN METODE PENGOLAHAN MELALUI BIODIGESTER DAN KOLAM KONVENSIONAL." Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan 15, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jil.15.1.p.89-101.

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Research on the analysis of the reduction of the potential of methane gas (CH4) in the processing of palm oil mill effluent with the method of processing through Biodigester and Conventional ponds. Palm oil mill waste management system PT. The Indo Palm Fertile Core which reduces CH4 by splitting the effluent out of the inlet is divided into 2 lines, each pathway of the system aims to reduce methane gas (CH4) that comes from the degradation of organic matter present in the liquid waste. Sample analysis was taken from 6 palm oil mill waste processing ponds owned by PT. Inti Indosawit Subur Pelalawan. In this study the authors calculated repetition of sampling conducted using the Slovin technique. The measured parameters of wastewater are Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), pH and temperature in each pond that affects the formation of methane gas and carbon dioxide. Analysis of methane gas is determined in 1 way namely theoretically using equations and using the Biogas 5,000 Gas Analyzer tool. Calculation of methane gas potential (CH4) is carried out to find out how much the potential of methane gas (CH4) in each WWTP pond. From the calculation of the potential emissions of methane gas (CH4) it will be known how much reduction in methane gas (CH4) in the treatment of liquid waste in PKS PT. Inti Indosawit Subur Pelalawan Regency. Results of COD anasis and methane gas potential in biodigesters The average value of COD loading on Biodigester per day in September at the time of sampling was 24,884 kg / day. Potential emissions of methane captured in the Biodigester is 7,838.46 Nm3 / Day. The percentage of potential methane emissions in the Biodigester per day is 31.5%. Whereas the highest methane gas pool was found in pond 3, which is 6.4 Nm3 / day, which was calculated theoretically with a percentage of methane gas emissions of 0.011%. However, if measured using a tool, the percentage of potential methane gas in a 3 COD pool of 58,112 mg / L is 0% at a temperature of 35 ° C and a pH of 8.38. The highest methane gas emissions occur in pond 3 during the daytime with a value of 6.4 Nm3 / Day on the first day, 6.95 Nm3 / Day on the second day, 6.41 Nm3 / Day on the third day and 6.67 Nm3 / Day on the fourth day, the potential emissions of the biodigester have been calculated by the company. The potential of methane emissions captured in Biodigester is 7,838.46 Nm3 / Day with the percentage of potential methane emissions in Biodigester an average of 31.5% per day. The highest value of methane gas emissions during the 4 days of the study was 6.95 Nm3 / day on the second day taken at noon with a pool temperature of 35 ͦ C.

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Ignatowicz, Katarzyna, Jacek Piekarski, and Paweł Kogut. "Influence of Selected Substrate Dosage on the Process of Biogas Installation Start-Up in Real Conditions." Energies 14, no. 18 (September 18, 2021): 5948. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185948.

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This paper presents an analysis of selected parameters of biogas, formed as a result of methane fermentation, during the start-up of a biogas installation, using water, liquid manure, corn silage and inoculated sludge as substrates. Moreover, the dependencies between the type and amount of the supplied substrate and the obtained parameters of biogas and fermentation mass are presented and explained. During 59 days after the start of the biogas plant operation, the methane content increased to a maximum of about 62%. Finally, after about 80 days, the methane content stabilized at a constant level of about 55%. CO2 content increased from about 6% (day 32) to about 46% (day 84), with a clear linear correlation between carbon dioxide and methane content. Oxygen content decreased from about 18% (day 32) to about 0.3% (day 84) as the resulting gases displaced air from the reactor, and there was also a linear correlation between oxygen and methane content. The hydrogen sulfide content decreased from about 76 ppm (day 32) to about 0 ppm (day 47), after which, in a clear power correlation to the methane content, it maximally increased to 890 ppm (day 61). However, for the sake of safe engine operation, the desulfurization plant was started on day 63, which resulted in a H2S concentration below 50 ppm on day 74 of the experiment. The final hydrogen sulfide content was 9 ppm on day 84 of the biogas plant start-up.

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Ghaani, Mohammad Reza, Peter G. Kusalik, and Niall J. English. "Massive generation of metastable bulk nanobubbles in water by external electric fields." Science Advances 6, no. 14 (April 2020): eaaz0094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz0094.

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Nanobubbles (NBs) are nanoscopic gaseous domains than can exist on solid surfaces or in bulk liquids. They have attracted substantial attention due to their long-time (meta)stability and a high potential for real-world applications. Using an approach not previously investigated, we exploit surface-electrostatic NB formation and stabilization via application of external electric fields in gas-liquid systems, with the marked result of massively increased gas uptake into the liquid in NB form. The de facto gas solubility enhancement (over many months) ranges from 2.5-fold for oxygen to 30-fold for methane vis-à-vis respective Henry’s law values for gas solubility; the more hydrophobic the gas, the more spectacular the increase. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the origin of NBs’ movement lies in dielectrophoresis, while substantial NB stabilization arises from a surface-polarization interaction.

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Werner, M., and R. Kayser. "Denitrification with Biogas as External Carbon Source." Water Science and Technology 23, no. 4-6 (February 1, 1991): 701–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0520.

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Denitrification with biogas consisting of approximately 60% methane was tested over one year in three types of lab-scale reactors. Denitrification of sanitary landfill leachate with biogas as a sole carbon source was found to be possible. Denitrification rates from 60 mg NO3–N/l. d with an activated sludge reactor, 150 mg NO3–N/l. d with a trickling filter and 550 mg NO3–N/l.d with a fluidized bed reactor were obtained. The oxygen concentration played a significant role in process optimization. Not only high concentrations of oxygen in the liquid medium but also low oxygen concentrations in the aeration gas inhibited denitrification.

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Kim, Jeong Soo, Hun Jung, and Jong Hyun Kim. "State of the Art in the Development of Methane/Oxygen Liquid-bipropellant Rocket Engine." Journal of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers 17, no. 6 (December 1, 2013): 120–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.6108/kspe.2013.17.6.120.

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45

Williams-Wynn, Mark, Wayne Michael Nelson, Zoubir Tebbal, Paramespri Naidoo, Latifa Negadi, and Deresh Ramjugernath. "Binary Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium Data for Perfluorooctane with Light Gases (Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Methane)." Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 62, no. 12 (November 3, 2017): 4301–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jced.7b00657.

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Hollist, Michele, Dennis Larsen, Abel Gomez, Tyler Hafen, Piotr Czernichowski, Skyler Valdez, Jeffrey Lingen, et al. "Scale Up and Coupling of the MOXIE Solid Oxide Electrolyzer for Both Terrestrial and Space Applications." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 54 (August 28, 2023): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-0154154mtgabs.

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The Mars Oxygen ISRU Experiment (MOXIE) is a first of its kind demonstration of in-situ resource utilization technology to produce propellant and breathable oxygen from the Mars ambient carbon dioxide. The use of Lunar and Martian resources represents a significant opportunity to reduce the cost of launch from Earth, enabling propellant production for space refueling, and allowing for life support of manned missions to the Lunar and Martian surfaces. Since developing the Solid OXide Electrolysis (SOXE) stacks for the Mars 2020 MOXIE program in 2017, the OxEon team has made significant advancements in scale and capabilities of the SOXE stack technology used in that system. Newer variants have a five-fold larger cell area and a 6.5-fold increase in cells per stack, for a stack scaled 33-times the 0.5% scale of the device in MOXIE. Six of these OxEon mission-scale SOXE stacks will produce 30 tons of propellant oxygen to fuel a Mars Ascent Vehicle (MAV) in the 19-month window between landing an unfueled MAV pre-supply mission and the next launch opportunity for the first crewed Mars Mission, meeting target requirements for a return mission. OxEon has built and demonstrated systems with mission-scale stacks for both Lunar and Martian applications. A system for the production of propellant H2 and O2 from Lunar ice was successfully tested in a cryo-vac chamber at the Colorado School of Mines in 2022. Another mission-scale demonstration system is scheduled to demonstrate production of O2 and methane from Martian H2O and atmospheric CO2 at Jet Propulsion Laboratory in 2022. In addition to SOXE/SOFC systems, the OxEon technology portfolio also consists of a low energy plasma reformer capable of producing sygnas from a variety of hydrocarbons and a modular-scale Fischer-Tropsch reactor for the production of liquid fuels from syngas. These technologies allow OxEon to provide a wide range of terrestrial energy solutions. A DOE Bioenergy Technologies Office (BETO) funded system is currently being fabricated to demonstrate the conversion of both CO2 and CH4 in anaerobic digester gas to liquid transportation fuels. This will be accomplished using an SOEC system to convert steam and CO2 to synthesis gas. OxEon’s plasma reformer will be used to convert methane to synthesis gas, using the plasma to catalyze the reaction of methane with steam and oxygen, supplied in part by the byproduct oxygen from the electrolysis system. The syngas from the plasma reformer and electrolysis systems are then combined to produce liquid fuels in the Fischer-Tropsch (FT) reactor. Figure 1

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Alkusma, Yulian Mara, Hermawan Hermawan, and H. Hadiyanto. "Pengembangan Potensi Energi Alternatif Dengan Pemanfaatan Limbah Cair Kelapa Sawit Sebagai Sumber Energi Baru Terbarukan Di Kabupaten Kotawaringin Timur." Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan 14, no. 2 (October 17, 2016): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jil.14.2.96-102.

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ABSTRAKEnergi memiliki peranan penting dalam proses pembangunan yang pada akhirnya untuk mencapai tujuan sosial, ekonomi dan lingkungan untuk serta merupakan pendukung bagi kegiatan ekonomi nasional. Sumber energi terbarukan yang berasal dari pemanfaatan biogas limbah cair kelapa sawit dapat menghasilkan energi listrik yang saat ini banyak bergantung pada generator diesel dengan biaya yang mahal.Limbah cair kelapa sawit (Palm Oil Mill Effluent atau POME) adalah limbah cair yang berminyak dan tidak beracun, berasal dari proses pengolahan minyak kelapa sawit, namun limbah cair tersebut dapat menyebabkan bencana lingkungan apabila tidak dimanfaatkan dan dibuang di kolam terbuka karena akan melepaskan sejumlah besar gas metana dan gas berbahaya lainnya ke udara yang menyebabkan terjadinya emisi gas rumah kaca. Tingginya kandungan Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) sebesar 50.000-70.000 mg/l dalam limbah cair kelapa sawit memberikan potensi untuk dapat di konversi menjadi listrik dengan menangkap biogas (gas metana) yang dihasilkan melalui serangkaian tahapan proses pemurnian. Di Kabupaten Kotawaringin Timur terdapat 36 Pabrik Pengolahan Kelapa Sawit yang total kapasitas pabriknya adalah sebesar 2.115 TBS/jam, menghasilkan limbah cair sebesar 1.269 ton limbah cari/jam dan mampu menghasilkan 42.300 m3 biogas.Kata kunci: Renewable Energy, Plam Oil Mill Effluent, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Biogass, Methane. ABSTRACTEnergy has an important role in the development process and ultimately to achieve the objectives of social, economic and environment for as well as an environmental support for national economic activity. Renewable energy source derived from wastewater biogas utilization of oil palm can produce electrical energy which is currently heavily dependent on diesel generators at a cost that mahal.Limbah liquid palm oil (Palm Oil Mill Effluent, or POME) is the wastewater that is greasy and non-toxic, derived from the processing of palm oil, but the liquid waste could cause environmental disaster if not used and disposed of in open ponds because it will release large amounts of methane and other harmful gases into the air that cause greenhouse gas emissions. The high content of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) of 50000-70000 mg / l in the liquid waste palm oil provides the potential to be converted into electricity by capturing the biogas (methane gas) produced through a series of stages of the purification process. In East Kotawaringin there are 36 palm oil processing factory that total factory capacity is of 2,115 TBS / hour, producing 1,269 tons of liquid waste wastewater / h and is capable of producing 42,300 m3 of biogas.Keywords: Renewable Energy, Plam Oil Mill Effluent, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Biogass, MethaneCara sitasi: Alkusma, Y.M., Hermawan, dan Hadiyanto. (2016). Pengembangan Potensi Energi Alternatif dengan Pemanfaatan Limbah Cair Kelapa Sawit sebagai Sumber Energi Baru Terbarukan di Kabupaten Kotawaringin Timur. Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan,14(2),96-102, doi:10.14710/jil.14.2.96-102

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SAKUMA, Yoichi, Hirokuni YAMANISHI, Junichi KODAIRA, Haruo OBAYASHI, Hidehiko KANETA, and Machiko TEZUKA. "Synthesis of Tritium-Free Water for Liquid-Scintillation Counting II. Influence of Methane in Oxygen." Japanese Journal of Health Physics 30, no. 2 (1995): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5453/jhps.30.127.

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Xue, Pei, Yan Bin Wang, and Jun Yuan. "The Study on Hydrous Pyrolysis Experiments of Coal-Measure Source Rocks in Ordos Basin." Advanced Materials Research 734-737 (August 2013): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.734-737.8.

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Through the hydrous pyrolysis experiments of coal-measure source rocks in Taiyuan formation in Ordos Basin with different mediums from 250 °C to 550 °C, with a stepwise heating stage of 50 °C, the characteristics of gas and liquid products are discussed systematically in this paper. The results show that the change rule of hydrocarbon productivity of coal with temperature is similar to mudstone. Total hydrocarbon productivity and gas hydrocarbon productivity increase with temperature rise. Liquid hydrocarbon productivity increases with temperature rise first and then decreases. The peak yield of oil of coal appears at the heating temperature 350 °C, mudstone at 375 °C. The peak yield of mudstone lags behind. The non-hydrocarbon gas productivity increases with temperature rise. The non-hydrocarbon gases are carbon dioxide, nitrogen gas and oxygen mainly. The productivity of carbon dioxide is significantly higher than other non-hydrocarbon gas productivities. The main hydrocarbon gas is methane. The productivity of methane increases when temperature rises. And the productivity increases obviously after 400 °C.

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Mosolov, S. V., I. G. Lozino-Lozinskaya, D. M. Pozvonkov, and D. F. Slesarev. "Test Results of a Model Additively Manufactured Oxygen-Methane Combustion Chamber of a Liquid Rocket Engine." Herald of the Bauman Moscow State Technical University. Series Mechanical Engineering, no. 3 (138) (September 2021): 60–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/0236-3941-2021-3-60-79.

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The paper focuses on an experimental unit developed for modeling combustion characteristics in a model oxygen-methane combustion chamber of a liquid rocket engine. The key components of the unit, i.e., the mixing head of the combustion chamber and the regeneratively cooled nozzle, were manufactured using advanced methods of additive manufacturing. The paper emphasizes the specific character of the combustion chamber components made with the use of additive technology and introduces hot-fire test results of the model combustion chamber as part of the experimental unit. The study shows the durability of the mixing head and combustion chamber nozzle under hot-fire test conditions, as well as the reliable operation of the experimental unit as a whole, which confirms the selected design and technological solutions. Within the study, we analyzed the cooling system of the experimental unit for the test conditions, estimated the thermal state of the nozzle, with account for the features of the additively manufactured cooling path. To increase the cooling system’s reliability and expand the combustion chamber pressure application, it is recommended to apply a heat-shielding coating on the firewall of the nozzle. Using new experimental data, we analyzed the parameters of improving the efficiency of the model combustion chamber with the additively manufactured components and corresponding in scale and consumption characteristics to the combustion chamber of the liquid rocket engine

Статті в журналах з теми "Liquid oxygen and methane"

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