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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Liquid heterogeneous systems"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 30 травня 2022

Оновлено: 31 травня 2022

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Статті в журналах з теми "Liquid heterogeneous systems"

Uttormark, Michael J., Michael O. Thompson, Luis A. Báez, and Paulette Clancy. "Solid/Liquid Cluster Recognition in Heterogeneous Systems." Molecular Simulation 11, no. 2-4 (October 1993): 121–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08927029308022504.

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Bartlewicz, Olga, Izabela Dąbek, Anna Szymańska, and Hieronim Maciejewski. "Heterogeneous Catalysis with the Participation of Ionic Liquids." Catalysts 10, no. 11 (October 22, 2020): 1227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10111227.

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This mini-review briefly describes the recent progress in the design and development of catalysts based on the presence of ionic liquids. In particular, the focus was on heterogeneous systems (supported ionic liquid (IL) phase catalysts (SILPC), solid catalysts with ILs (SCILL), porous liquids), which due to the low amounts of ionic liquids needed for their production, eliminate basic problems observed in the case of the employment of ionic liquids in homogeneous systems, such as high price, high viscosity, and efficient isolation from post-reaction mixtures.

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Ovchinnikov, A. A., A. A. Shadrin, D. V. Alekseev, and N. A. Nikolaev. "Separation of liquid-liquid and liquid-solid heterogeneous systems in single-flow vortex separators." Theoretical Foundations of Chemical Engineering 40, no. 4 (July 2006): 411–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0040579506040117.

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Akhatov, I. Sh, and V. A. Baikov. "Propagation of sound perturbations in heterogeneous gas-liquid systems." Journal of Engineering Physics 50, no. 3 (March 1986): 276–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00870119.

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Леухин, Anatoliy Leukhin, Юнусов, Gubeydulla Yunusov, Кислицына, Nadezhda Kislitsyna, Зиганшин, and Bulat Ziganshin. "JUSTIFICATION OF PULSATION DEVICE MODES FOR DEVISION OF LIQUID FOOD SYSTEMS." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 10, no. 2 (July 14, 2015): 63–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/12054.

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The article is devoted to the substantiation of modes of pulsation apparatus for the separation of liquid heterogeneous food systems. The experimental results were described on the pulsation method for devision of heterogeneous system and apparatus for implementing the process.

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Khabibullin, M. Ya. "Improvement of the separation process of liquid heterogeneous systems when collecting formation liquid." Equipment and Technologies for Oil and Gas Complex, no. 3 (2020): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.33285/1999-6934-2020-3(117)-65-69.

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Di Menno Di Bucchianico, Daniele, Wander Y. Perez-Sena, Valeria Casson Moreno, Tapio Salmi та Sébastien Leveneur. "Model Discrimination for Hydrogen Peroxide Consumption towards γ-Alumina in Homogeneous Liquid and Heterogeneous Liquid-Liquid Systems". Processes 9, № 8 (23 серпня 2021): 1476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9081476.

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The use of hydrogen peroxide as an oxidizing agent becomes increasingly important in chemistry. The example of vegetable oil epoxidation is an excellent illustration of the potential of such an agent. This reaction is traditionally performed by Prileschajew oxidation, i.e., by the in situ production of percarboxylic acids. Drawbacks of this approach are side reactions of ring-opening and thermal runaway reactions due to percarboxylic acid instability. One way to overcome this issue is the direct epoxidation by hydrogen peroxide by using γ-alumina. However, the reaction mechanism is not elucidated: does hydrogen peroxide decompose with alumina or oxidize the hydroxyl groups at the surface? The kinetics of hydrogen peroxide consumption with alumina in homogeneous liquid and heterogeneous liquid-liquid systems was investigated to reply to this question. Bayesian inference was used to determine the most probable models. The results obtained led us to conclude that the oxidation mechanism is the most credible for the heterogeneous liquid-liquid system.

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Tschapek, M., C. Wasowski, and R. M. Torres Sanchez. "Liquid Junction Potential at the Salt Bridge in Heterogeneous Systems." Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft für physikalische Chemie 93, no. 10 (October 1989): 1139–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bbpc.19890931018.

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Ulman, Abraham, Stephen D. Evans, and Ravi Sharma. "Wetting studies of molecularly heterogeneous surfaces using two liquid systems." Thin Solid Films 210-211 (April 1992): 810–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-6090(92)90411-4.

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Kulichikhin, V. G., N. N. Avdeev, A. V. Semakov, and N. A. Plat�. "Interphase interaction in heterogeneous polymeric systems containing liquid-crystalline component." Russian Chemical Bulletin 43, no. 11 (November 1994): 1753–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00696299.

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Дисертації з теми "Liquid heterogeneous systems"

Rasoul, Anwar Ali. "Modelling of vapour-liquid-liquid equilibria for multicomponent heterogeneous systems." Thesis, Teesside University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10149/337883.

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This work is focused on thermodynamic modelling of isobaric vapour-liquid-liquid equilibrium (VLLE) (homogeneous) and (heterogeneous) for binary, ternary and quaternary systems. This work uses data for organic/aqueous systems; historically these mixtures were used in the production of penicillin and were required to be separated by continuous fractional distillation. Modelling of the separation required phase equilibrium data to be available so that predictions could be made for equilibrium stage temperatures, vapour compositions, liquid compositions and any phase splitting occurring in the liquid phase. Relevant data became available in the literature and work has been carried out to use relevant theories in correlating and predicting as was originally required in the distillation equilibrium stage modelling. All the modelling carried out was at atmospheric pressure. The modelling has been done using an Equation of State, specifically Peng Robinson Styrjek Vera (PRSV), combined with the activity coefficient model UNIversal QUAsi Chemical (UNIQUAC) through Wong Sandler mixing rules (WSMR). The success of all correlations and predictions was justified by minimizing the value of the Absolute Average Deviation (AAD) as defined within the thesis. Initially the integral Area Method and a method called Tangent Plane Intersection (TPI) were used in the prediction of liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) binary systems. This work used a modified 2-point search, suggested a 3-point search and has successfully applied both of these methods to predict VLLE for binary systems. It was discovered through the application of the TPI on ternary VLLE systems that the method was strongly sensitive to initial values. This work suggested and tested a Systematic Initial Generator (SIG) to provide the TPI method with realistic initial values close to the real solution and has demonstrated the viability of the SIG on improving the accuracy of the TPI results for the ternary systems investigated. In parallel with the TPI another method the Tangent Plane Distance Function (TPDF) was also investigated. This method is based on the minimisation of Gibbs free energy function related to the Gibbs energy surface. This method consistently showed it was capable of predicting VLLE for both ternary and quaternary systems as demonstrated throughout this work. The TPDF method was found to be computationally faster and less sensitive to the initial values. Some of the methods investigated in this work were also found to be applicable as phase predictors and it was discovered that the TPDF and the SIG methods were successful in predicting the phase regions; however the TPI method failed in identifying the 2 phase region. Applying the techniques described to newly available quaternary data has identified the strengths and weaknesses of the methods. This work has expanded the existing knowledge and developed a reliable model for design, operation and optimisation of the phase equilibria required for prediction in many separation processes. Currently available modelling simulation packages are variable in their predictions and sometimes yield unsatisfactory predictions. Many of the current uses of VLLE models are particularly focused on Hydrocarbon/Water systems at high pressure. The work described in this thesis has demonstrated that an EOS with suitable mixing rules can model and predict data for polar organic liquids at atmospheric and below atmospheric pressure and offers the advantage of using the same modelling equations for both phases.

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Desai, G. H. I. "Measurement and correlation of vapour liquid equilibrium of heterogeneous systems." Thesis, Teesside University, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.374069.

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Roney, Alfred B. "Structure and dynamics of heterogeneous molecular systems." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001678.

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Hu, Yushan. "OXYGEN TRANSPORT AS A STRUCTURE PROBE FOR HETEROGENEOUS POLYMERIC SYSTEMS." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1112902488.

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Fu, Xin 1973. "Stochastic analysis of dense nonaqueous phase liquid dissolution in naturally heterogeneous subsurface systems." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/29283.

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Thesis (Ph. D .)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, February 2003.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 186-192).
Field-scale Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquid (DNAPL) dissolution in three-dimensional heterogeneous subsurface systems is investigated using a stochastic approach that treats the variability of flow properties as three-dimensional random fields. A steady-state, quasi-static DNAPL saturation distribution in a source zone is derived, based on the previous research to describe the field-scale nonuniform residual DNAPL distribution. A local-scale dissolution model is generalized from the laboratory experimental results. Effective transport and dissolution properties are obtained by a stochastic analysis, which includes nonstationarity in the concentration field to address both boundary and downstream effects. An extrapolation of the effective properties is performed for the large spatial variability of hydraulic and dissolution parameters. The extrapolation is evaluated using a unique two-zone model that simplifies the continuous DNAPL distribution to two components: low permeability lens zone with high DNAPL saturation and a surrounding permeable zone with low DNAPL saturation. The agreement between the two-zone model results with stochastic solutions demonstrates the adequacy of the extrapolation of the latter. Four field sites with different geological settings and hydraulic characteristics are evaluated using effective properties: the Borden site, the Cape Cod aquifer, the Savannah River Site and the Hanford site.
(cont.) The theoretical prediction is compared with the DNAPL concentration data from the Hanford site, where millions of pounds carbon tetrachloride were dumped in disposal facilities. In spite of the error and uncertainty involved in the field data, there is reasonable agreement between the field observations and the predicted mean DNAPL concentration field. It is concluded that the dominant factor affecting the field-scale DNAPL dissolution is the variability of the dissolution rate coefficient, which is a function of spatial distribution of DNAPL and permeability. The bypassing effect, reflecting the diversion of water flow around zones of high DNAPL saturation with low aqueous relative permeability, is another important factor that can reduce the effective dissolution rate significantly. The limitations of the study are discussed regarding the data collection and further evaluation of the extrapolation.
by Xin Fu.
Ph.D .

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Michelin-Jamois, Millan. "Application des systèmes hétérogènes lyophobes (SHL) au confort des charges utiles." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAL0113/document.

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L’existence de concurrence dans l’industrie aérospatiale obligé à une évolution continue des technologies en lien avec une diminution des coûts de lancement et une fiabilité accrue. Ceci passe, entre autre, par l’amélioration des moyens de protection des charges utiles. Le but de cette thèse est de vérifier l’applicabilité des systèmes hétérogènes lyophobes (association d’un matériau nanoporeux et d’un liquide non-mouillant) dans l’amortissement des vibrations pour le confort de celles-ci. L’intrusion de liquide dans des SHL demande une énergie mécanique importante sous forme de pression. En fonction des propriétés du couple solide/liquide cette énergie peut être partiellement dissipée. Cette dissipation, de l’ordre de quelques dizaines de joules par gramme de matériau est bien supérieure à celle des systèmes conventionnels (élastomères, amortisseurs visqueux…) et montre une grande stabilité vis-à-vis de la fréquence, d’où leur intérêt dans l’amortissement des vibrations. Bien que l’eau soit déjà très largement étudié dans le cadre de la recherche sur les SHL, elle ne peut être utilisée que pour des températures comprises entre 0 et 100°C (à pression atmosphérique). Dans le but d’élargir cette gamme de températures jusqu’à -50°C, des mélanges ont été utilisés. L’ajout d’électrolytes dans l’eau permet de baisser la température de solidification du liquide. L’étude des solutions d’électrolytes a permis de mettre en évidence deux phénomènes différents menant à des augmentations de pressions d’intrusion et d’extrusion dans les SHL. Dans les matériaux microporeux (comme les ZIF-8 étudiés dans ce travail), un phénomène d’exclusion totale des ions de la matrice poreuse peut être observé. Cet effet est accompagné de l’apparition d’un terme de pression osmotique menant aux augmentations importantes de pressions d’intrusion et d’extrusion mises en évidence. Dans le cas où les ions peuvent pénétrer les pores, les variations de pressions d’intrusion et d’extrusion sont beaucoup plus faibles et ont été attribuées à des changements dans les propriétés de surface du liquide. Les matériaux mésoporeux (comme les MCM-41 étudiés au cours de ce travail) semblent se comporter de cette manière quels que soient les ions considérés. L’extension de la gamme d’application des SHL vers les hautes températures a été faite grâce à l’utilisation du Galinstan, alliage de gallium, d’indium et d’étain, non-toxique et liquide entre -20 et 1300°C environ. Ce liquide, associé à des verres mésoporeux rendus chimiquement inertes, a permis l’obtention de cycles de dissipation d’énergie reproductibles. Enfin, une étude numérique d’un amortisseur SHL simplifié dans un système mécanique a été menée. La variété des comportements a mis en évidence la complexité de ces systèmes qui nécessitent un dimensionnement très précis. Si cette condition est vérifiée, les amortisseurs SHL s’avèrent très efficaces et adaptables du fait de la grande variété des couples solide/liquide utilisables
Competition in aerospace industry forces to follow a constant evolution of technologies linked to launching costs decreasing and reliability increasing. An improvement of payload protection systems is a way to achieve these conditions. The main issue of this PhD thesis is to verify the applicability of lyophobic heterogeneous systems (association of a nanoporous material and a non- wetting liquid) in vibrations damping for payload comfort. Intrusion of liquid in LH S requires a high mechanical energy in the form of p res sure. Depending on solid/liquid couple properties this energy can be partly dissipated. This dissipation, of the order of ten joules per gram of material, is far higher than classical systems (elastomeric ones, viscous dampers...) and shows a relative stability regarding to frequency variations. These properties explain their interest in vibrations damping applications. Although water is a very common liquid which is very studied in the research field of LHS, it can only be used in the 0 to 100˚C temperatures range (under atmospheric pressure). In order to broaden this temperatures range to -50˚C, electrolytes have been used. Adding electrolytes to water permits to decrease the liquid melting temperature. The study of electrolyte solutions has highlighted two different phenomena leading to intrusion and extrusion pressures increasing in LHS. In microporous materials (such as ZIF-8 studied here), a total exclusion phenomenon of ions from porous matrix can be observed. This effect leads to the appearance of an osmotic pressure term which explains high increasing of both intrusion and extrusion pressures. If ions can penetrate pores, intrusion and extrusion pressures increasing are smaller and have been explained by liquid surface properties changes. Mesoporous materials (such as MCM-41 studied here) seem to show this last behaviour whatever ion is. Increasing of LHS application range to high temperatures has been made using Galinstan, gallium, indium and tin alloy, which is non-toxic and stays liquid between approximately -20 and 1300˚C. This liquid, associated with chemically inert mesoporous glasses, permits to obtain reproducible energy dissipation cycles. Finally, a numerical study of a simplified LHS damper in a mechanical system has been done. The behaviours variety has brought to light the complexity of such a system which needs a very accurate design. If this condition is verified, LHS dampers can be very effective and adaptable thanks to the numerous solid/liquid couples which can be used

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Бабенко, Володимир Миколайович. "Закономірності гідродинаміки і масообміну в процесах ректифікації суміші розчинників на новому контактному пристрої". Thesis, НТУ "ХПІ", 2016. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/22718.

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Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.17.08 – процеси та обладнання хімічної технології. – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут" Міністерства освіти і науки України, м. Харків, 2016. Дисертацію присвячено дослідженню процесу поділу рідинних гетерогенних сумішей на регулярних контактних пристроях з різними геометричними параметрами насадочних елементів. Досліджено механізм процесу утворення рідинної плівки для колонних апаратів, що застосовуються в ректифікації у відповідності з гідродинамічними характеристиками процесу. Показано, що основним фактором інтенсифікації масообмінного процесу для регулярних контактних елементів, є швидкість відновлення рідинної плівки. Доведено що, основними факторами, які визначають ефективність процесу поділу суміші розчинників, є низький питомий опір апарату по газу і конструктивні особливості контактних елементів ректифікаційній колони. Отримано графічні та емпіричні залежності для розрахунку висоти насадочного шару, питомої поверхні насадки в залежності від лінійної швидкості газу в колонному апараті і геометричних параметрів насадочних пристроїв. Розроблено практичні рекомендації для проектування колонних установок з високими енергетичними показниками. Запропоновано новий регулярний контактний елемент, який поєднує в собі велику питому поверхню з малим гідродинамічним опором. Запропоновано принципову апаратурно-технологічну схему процесу поділу суміші розчинників, яка розроблена й впроваджена на виробництві ПАТ "ФАРМСТАНДАРТ-БІОЛІК" (м. Харків).
Dissertation for the degree of candidate of engineering sciences on specialty 05.17.08 – processes and equipment of chemical technology. – National technical university "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute" of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, Kharkiv, 2016. The dissertation is dedicated to the study of the separation process of liquid heterogeneous mixtures on the regular contact devices with different geometric parameters of the packing elements. The mechanism of the liquid film formation for the column apparatuses utilized in rectification is investigated according to the hydrodynamic characteristics of the process. It is shown that the main factor in the intensification of mass transfer processes for regular contact devices is velocity recovery of the liquid film. It is proved that the main factors of the solvent mixture separation efficiency are low specific resistance of an apparatus for a gas and constructional characteristics of the contact devices of a rectification column. Graphical and empirical relationships are obtained to calculate height of the packed bed, specific surface of a nozzle, depending on the linear gas velocity in a column apparatus and geometric parameters of the packing devices. Practical recommendations for the design of column units with high energy performance are developed. A new regular contact element that combines large surface area with low hydrodynamic resistance is suggested. A process flow diagram of the solvent mixtures separation is given, which was developed and implemented in the production line of PJSC "PHARMSTANDARD-BIOLIK" (Kharkiv city).

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Fischer, Andreas C. "Integration and Fabrication Techniques for 3D Micro- and Nanodevices." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Mikro- och nanosystemteknik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-107125.

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The development of micro and nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS and NEMS) with entirely new or improved functionalities is typically based on novel or improved designs, materials and fabrication methods. However, today’s micro- and nano-fabrication is restrained by manufacturing paradigms that have been established by the integrated circuit (IC) industry over the past few decades. The exclusive use of IC manufacturing technologies leads to limited material choices, limited design flexibility and consequently to sub-optimal MEMS and NEMS devices. The work presented in this thesis breaks new ground with a multitude of novel approaches for the integration of non-standard materials that enable the fabrication of 3D micro and nanoelectromechanical systems. The objective of this thesis is to highlight methods that make use of non-standard materials with superior characteristics or methods that use standard materials and fabrication techniques in a novel context. The overall goal is to propose suitable and cost-efficient fabrication and integration methods, which can easily be made available to the industry. The first part of the thesis deals with the integration of bulk wire materials. A novel approach for the integration of at least partly ferromagnetic bulk wire materials has been implemented for the fabrication of high aspect ratio through silicon vias. Standard wire bonding technology, a very mature back-end technology, has been adapted for yet another through silicon via fabrication method and applications including liquid and vacuum packaging as well as microactuators based on shape memory alloy wires. As this thesis reveals, wire bonding, as a versatile and highly efficient technology, can be utilized for applications far beyond traditional interconnections in electronics packaging. The second part presents two approaches for the 3D heterogeneous integration based on layer transfer. Highly efficient monocrystalline silicon/ germanium is integrated on wafer-level for the fabrication of uncooled thermal image sensors and monolayer-graphene is integrated on chip-level for the use in diaphragm-based pressure sensors. The last part introduces a novel additive fabrication method for layer-bylayer printing of 3D silicon micro- and nano-structures. This method combines existing technologies, including focused ion beam implantation and chemical vapor deposition of silicon, in order to establish a high-resolution fabrication process that is related to popular 3D printing techniques.

QC 20121207

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Oputu, Ogheneochuko Utieyin. "Advanced oxidation process using ozone/heterogeneous catalysis for the degradation of phenolic compounds (chlorophenols) in aqueous system." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2510.

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Thesis (DTech (Chemistry))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016.
The use of ozone as an advanced oxidation process is gathering wide spread attention with the major limitation to its application being its cost of operation and design considerations. While the general approach of most researches is to buttress the already known fact of the efficacy of the process, little attention is given to studying the by-products of ozone reactions with organics. The aims of this study were to investigate the efficacy of the ozonation process for removing recalcitrant phenolics: phenol, 2-chlorophenol (2CP), 4-chlorophenol (4CP) and 2,4-dichloropheno (2,4DCP) from aqueous medium with a view of understanding various reaction pathways of the process and identifying possible intermediates and residual compounds using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The choice of the selected chlorophenols would also elucidate the role of the positioning of the chlorine atoms in determining reaction rates, pathways and subsequent mechanisms and by-products. Sequel to this, oxy-hydroxy iron in β-phase (β-FeOOH, akaganite) and various β-FeOOH bonded composites on support metal oxides (Al2O3, NiO and TiO2) were prepared via hetero-junction joining, and explored as a possible promoter to improve the efficiency of the ozonation process. Apparent first order reaction rates constants of tested phenolics was in the order 2,4-DCP > 2-CP > Phenol > 4-CP, irrespective of the tested pH. The individual rates however increased with increasing pH. The position 4 chlorine atom was found to be least susceptible to hydroxylative dechlorination. Catechol intermediate and pathway was identified as the major degradation pathway for phenol and 2-CP, while 4-chlorocatechol pathways were more important for 4-CP and 2,4-DCP. The formation of polymeric dimers and trimers by all compounds was pronounced at alkaline pH. Heterogeneous catalytic ozonation using β-FeOOH reduced ozonation time for 4-CP by 32%. Mechanism for β-FeOOH/ozone catalysis showed that the catalyst suffered reductive dissolution in acidic pH and the kinetics of 4-CP removal using the catalyst was best described using a two stage kinetic model. The first stage was attributed to heterogeneous catalysis of ozone breakdown on β-FeOOH surface generating faster reacting radicals, while the second stage was due to homogeneous catalysis by reduced Fe2+ ions in solution. β-FeOOH stabilized on NiO at a 5% ratio exhibited superior catalytic property compared to the other tested composites. Characterization by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) affirmed a β-FeOOH-NiO bonded interfaced composite which was stable as a iv catalyst over four (4) recycle runs. The mechanism of operation of the composite was via an increased ozone breakdown to radicals as monitored via photoluminescence experiments. The composite material produced satisfactory results when tested on real wastewater samples. Results from this study contribute to the current understanding on reaction mechanisms for ozone with phenols and chlorophenols, for the first time monitoring time captured intermediates via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric method, which preserves the integrity of reaction intermediates. Also this study proposes heterogeneous catalysts; β-FeOOH and β-FeOOH bonded composites as possible improvements for simple ozone based water purification systems.

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Книги з теми "Liquid heterogeneous systems"

Peter, Entel, and Wolf Dietrich E, eds. International Symposium on Structure and Dynamics of Heterogeneous Systems: From atoms, molecules and clusters in complex environment to thin films and multilayers : Duisburg, Germany, 24-26 February 1999. Singapore: World Scientific, 2000.

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Jordan, Robert B. Reaction Mechanisms of Inorganic and Organometallic Systems. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195301007.001.0001.

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This third edition retains the general level and scope of earlier editions, but has been substantially updated with over 900 new references covering the literature through 2005, and 140 more pages of text than the previous edition. In addition to the general updating of materials, there is new or greatly expanded coverage of topics such as Curtin-Hammett conditions, pressure effects, metal hydrides and asymmetric hydrogenation catalysts, the inverted electron-transfer region, intervalence electron transfer, photochemistry of metal carbonyls, methyl transferase and nitric oxide synthase. The new chapter on heterogeneous systems introduces the basic background to this industrially important area. The emphasis is on inorganic examples of gas/liquid and gas/liquid/solid systems and methods of determining heterogeneity.

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Entel, Peter, Dietrich E. Wolf, and International Symposium on Structure And. Structure and Dynamics of Heterogeneous Systems: From Atoms, Molecules and Clusters in Complex Environment to Thin Films and Multilayers. World Scientific Publishing Company, 2000.

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Weil, K. S., J. T. Darsell, and J. Y. Kim. "Evidence of a High-Temperature Wetting Transition between Ag-CuO Liquid Alloys and Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia Substrates." In Interfaces in Heterogeneous Ceramic Systems, 43–54. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118144084.ch4.

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Jordan, Robert B. "Kinetics in Heterogeneous Systems." In Reaction Mechanisms of Inorganic and Organometallic Systems. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195301007.003.0011.

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In this Chapter, a heterogeneous system is one in which the reactants are present in at least two phases. The discussion will concentrate on two such conditions, two-phase gas/liquid systems and three-phase gas/liquid/solid systems. Chemists tend to favor homogeneous conditions, with the reactants all in one phase, because they provide more controlled and reproducible conditions. However, heterogeneous conditions are often preferred in industrial processes because of the ease of separating the catalyst from the products. In many mechanistic studies, heterogeneity adds a complicating feature to be avoided, but there are times when this cannot be done, or when it happens unexpectedly. In gas/liquid systems, the gas often has limited solubility in the liquid which contains the other reagents. As a consequence, there can be problems of mass transport of the gaseous reactant from the gas to the liquid phase. Mass transport can limit the concentration of the gas in the liquid and/or become a rate-limiting feature of the system. These features can confuse interpretations of product distributions and rate laws. The gas/liquid/solid systems generally involve reactants in the gas and liquid phases and a catalyst as the solid phase. In some cases, the solid may be produced from initially homogeneous conditions, and a question arises as to whether the real catalyst is the original species added or the solid product formed under the reaction conditions. There are further questions about the factors that may control the rate of the catalytic process. In the chemistry laboratory, these systems are most often encountered with the gases H2 or CO reacting with substrate and possibly a catalyst in the liquid phase. For the mechanistic interpretation of kinetic observations, an important factor is the rate of mass transfer of the gas to the liquid phase. The rate of gas absorption into the liquid is typically represented as a first order process, driven by the difference between the saturated gas concentration [G(I)]f and the concentration at any time [G(I)], as given by where kLA is an effective first-order rate constant. This constant is taken as a product of an inherent absorption rate constant, kL, and something related to the surface area of the liquid phase, A.

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"The Liquid Junction Potential." In Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics of Heterogeneous Systems, 249–59. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812779144_0016.

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García-López, Elisa I., Giuseppe Marcì, and Leonardo Palmisano. "Photocatalytic and Catalytic Reactions in Gas–Solid and in Liquid–Solid Systems." In Heterogeneous Photocatalysis, 153–76. Elsevier, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-64015-4.00005-5.

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"Chapter 6 Ultrasound assistance to analytical heterogeneous liquid-liquid systems." In Techniques and Instrumentation in Analytical Chemistry, 193–226. Elsevier, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-9244(07)80022-9.

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"Liquid Vaporization from Fine Metal Slurry Droplets." In Dynamics of Heterogeneous Combustion and Reacting Systems, 235–62. Washington DC: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/5.9781600866258.0235.0262.

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"Detonation Velocity in Heterogeneous Liquid Decane-Gas Systems." In Dynamics of Explosions, 461–73. New York: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/5.9781600865800.0461.0473.

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H.L. Silva, Benjamim, and Cesar A.M. Abreu. "Quantitative of Mass Transfer in Liquid-Liquid Operations of Oil-Alcohol-Glycerin Systems." In Advances in Mass Transfer [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98926.

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The effects of mass transfer were quantified for the effective performance of mixtures between partially miscible phases, or for the promotion of their separations. To consolidate the analysis of heterogeneous liquid–liquid processes, variations in the composition of the liquid phases over the evolution of contact operations were considered, detailing the physical mechanisms involved in the mixtures of oil (soy, sunflower) and alcohol (methanol, ethanol), and in the separation between biodiesel and glycerin. Based on experimental evaluations, the average distribution coefficients for triglycerides (oil-alcohol) and glycerol (biodiesel-glycerin) were estimated at 1.31 and 1.46, and 3.42 × 10−2 and 4.06 × 10–2, for soybean and sunflower, respectively, while their mass transfer coefficients, depending on their concentration ranges in the phase, varied in orders of magnitude from 10−2 s−1 to 10–4 s−1. Including the values of the physical parameters, a heterogeneous model for the alkaline transesterification of soybean oil (methanol, ethanol, NaOH, 25°C, 40°C, 60°C, 600 rpm) was validated.

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"Ignition of Liquid Fuel Drops in Shock Waves." In Dynamics of Deflagrations and Reactive Systems: Heterogeneous Combustion, 205–19. Washington DC: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/5.9781600866050.0205.0219.

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"Boron Particle Ignition and Liquid Film Rupture Because of Surface Tension Effects." In Dynamics of Heterogeneous Combustion and Reacting Systems, 178–91. Washington DC: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/5.9781600866258.0178.0191.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Liquid heterogeneous systems"

Sung, Kun Hyuk, Jun Seok Nam, Gi Bae Hong, and Hong Sun Ryou. "Experimental study on the effect of initial liquid droplet size on the evaporation in a heterogeneous droplet." In ILASS2017 - 28th European Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ilass2017.2017.4744.

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In the present work, we experimentally investigated the effect of initial liquid droplet size on the evaporation in the heterogeneous droplet. Spherical carbon and water were used for particle and liquid droplet comprising the heterogeneous droplet. four initial droplet volumes of 1, 2, 3 and 4 μl were considered when the diameter of the particle was 5 mm. The heterogeneous droplet was suspended with a rod at 20 cm away from the radiator which surface temperature was fixed to 473 K. Ambient temperature and relative humidity remained 296 K and 40 %, respectively, during the experiment. As the results, the evaporation rate of 4 μl case increased about 1.8 times compared with that of 1 μl case. The evaporation rate increased almost linearly with the volume ratio, and that is related closely with the contact surface between particle and water droplet. Contact surface area remained almost constantly with time, whereas it increased with the initial volume of water droplet. The energy from radiator can be accumulated at the contact surface at the side of particle, thereby intensifying the evaporation of water droplet because more heat transfers from particle to droplet through the contact surface. Consequently, the initial volume of liquid droplet is one of the influence factors on the evaporation rate in the heterogenous droplet.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ILASS2017.2017.4744

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Bakir, Muhannad S., Calvin King, Deepak Sekar, Hiren Thacker, Bing Dang, Gang Huang, Azad Naeemi, and James D. Meindl. "3D heterogeneous integrated systems: Liquid cooling, power delivery, and implementation." In 2008 IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference - CICC 2008. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cicc.2008.4672173.

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Moshkovich, Yahav, Yeshayahou Levy, Ilai Sher, and Eran Sher. "Energy Aspects in Spray Formation by Homogenous Flash Boiling Process." In ILASS2017 - 28th European Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ilass2017.2017.4773.

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When a pressurized bubbly mixture is driven out through an orifice, the mixture pressure abruptly drops and thebubbles undergo a rapid expansion process, which under some circumstances results in a rapid disintegration of the liquid bulk into small droplets (atomization). Depending on the initial conditions, heterogeneous or homogeneous nucleation of vapor bubbles may occur. For homogeneous nucleation, the vapor bubbles grow rapidly one towards the other, and when they touch each other the bubbles “explode”. In this stage, the liquid around the bubbles is teared, and a spray with small and uniform droplets is formed. In the literature, it seems that the efficiency of the homogenous flash boiling process is very low. In this work, we analyse this process andanalyse it for possible energy losses.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ILASS2017.2017.4773

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Chen, Min, Yunfei Chen, Juekuan Yang, Yandong Gao, and Deyu Li. "Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Thermal Bubble Nucleation." In ASME/JSME 2011 8th Thermal Engineering Joint Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajtec2011-44324.

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Thermal bubble nucleation was studied using molecular dynamics for both homogeneous and heterogeneous systems using isothermal-isobaric (NPT) and isothermal-isostress (NPzzT) ensembles. Simulation results indicate that homogeneous thermal bubble nucleation is induced from cavities occurring spontaneously in the liquid when the temperature exceeds the superheat limit. In contrast to published results using NVE and NVT ensembles, no stable nanoscale bubble exists in NPT ensembles, but instead, the whole system changes into vapor phase. For a heterogeneous system composed of a nanochannel with an initial distance of 3.49 nm between the two solid plates, it is found that if the liquid-solid interaction is equal to or stronger than that between liquid argon atoms, the bubble nucleation temperature of the confined liquid argon can be higher than the corresponding homogeneous nucleation temperature, because of the more ordered arrangement of atoms within two solid walls nanometers apart. This observation is in contradiction to the common understanding that homogeneous bubble nucleation temperature sets an upper limit for thermal phase change under a given pressure. Compared to the system where the liquid-solid interaction is the same as that between liquid argon atoms, the system with reduced liquid-solid interaction possesses a significantly reduced bubble nucleation temperature, while the system with enhanced liquid-solid interaction only has a marginally increased bubble nucleation temperature.

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Lu, J. F., and X. F. Peng. "Microscopic Activation Phenomena in Heterogeneous Nucleation." In ASME 2003 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2003-47469.

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The energy property in liquid near the wall was theoretically investigated to understand the effects of wall surface on inception process of nucleation or embryo bubble formation in boiling systems. Analyses indicate that the liquid near heating wall has higher pressure than in bulk region owing to existence of strong attractive forces, and this pressure could maintain a stable liquid microlayer and cause a steady energy peak near the wall. So a vapor embryo is likely to occur beyond the stable microlayer instead of exactly at the solid surface. The stable liquid layer may also be the inception structure of the ultrathin film before nucleation occurs. Fluctuations enhance the phenomenon of energy peak until the nucleation occurs, while energy peak promotes nucleation. Employing the concept of energy peak, the inception phenomena of the microlayer and the formation of embryo bubbles near solid surface were described.

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Panao, Miguel, José Costa, and Mário Bernardo. "Application of dry-ice for transient spray cooling." In ILASS2017 - 28th European Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ilass2017.2017.4784.

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Spray cooling systems are able to remove large amounts of heat due to phase-change. Although vaporization is themost common phase-change process used in applications requiring thermal management, the use of liquids often implies the presence of a liquid film which is known to mitigate cooling performance. Thus, it is worth exploring other approaches for spray cooling avoiding liquid films. The work presented here explores sublimation using CO2 particles (dry-ice) formed through the Joule-Thomson effect. The application of interest is the molding industry, where reducing the cycle time taking advantage of the time-frame available between the mold opening and closing during the part’s extraction, allows a production increase and, consequently, a higher competitive advantage in the market. The purpose of the experiments performed in dry-ice particle spray cooling is to investigate the effect of the impingement distance (350-450mm), and injection duration, on the total energy flux removed from the surface, and cooling efficiency, in order to assess the performance of sublimation spray cooling. The results show an evolution of temperature distribution from a more homogeneous pattern with shorter pulses to a heterogeneous one for pulse durations longer than 1 s. This is particularly useful in hotspot cooling. In terms of changing the spray impact distance, the higher particle dispersion achieved with a larger distance led to a decrease in thermal performance, probably due to the saturation of CO2 close to the impact surface. However, the pattern observed for the evolution of the total energy flux removed, with a maximum around an injection duration of 0.5 s, remains unaltered. The maximum cooling efficiency, obtained for the shortest distance, is up to 30%, which is comparable to spray coolingsystems based on vaporization.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ILASS2017.2017.4784

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Fedotovsky, Vladimir S., Tatiana N. Vereshchagina, and Aleksandr D. Efanov. "Hydrodynamically Coupled Vibration of Shell With Liquid and Rod Bundles." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-32820.

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The conception of effective vibrodynamic properties of heterogeneous media is presented, enabling one to solve various problems on vibration of elastic systems containing liquid and a large number of identical inclusions. The idea of the conception consists in that the liquid with the inclusions (for example, a rod bundle) being affected by vibration is considered a continuous medium with the special dynamic properties – vibrodensity and vibroviscosity. These properties are dependent both on the properties of liquid and inclusions and on the frequency of vibration impacts. It is these vibrodynamic properties upon which the vibration performance of elastic systems containing heterogeneous media is dependent. General equations of vibrodensity and vibroviscosity are used in studying natural and forced vibrations of shell containing liquid and a bundle of elastic rods. It is established that natural frequencies and amplitudes of shell resonance vibrations depend on rod bundle parameters. The result obtained on vibrodensity was used as well for determination of natural frequencies of free-surfacc liquid vibration in cylindrical vessel enclosing rod bundle. It is demonstrated that the natural frequencies of liquid vibration in vessel with rod bundle are lower than in vessel without rods. Comparison of theory with experimental data is made.

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Bache, Oystein, and Martin Ystenes. "IR transmission cell for in-situ studies of reactions in solid and liquid phase in heterogeneous catalyst systems." In Luebeck - DL tentative, edited by Herbert M. Heise, Ernst H. Korte, and Heinz W. Siesler. SPIE, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.56334.

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Hu, Yuanchen, Thomas Sarvey, Muhannad Bakir, and Yogendra Joshi. "Single phase liquid cooling of hotspots in a heterogeneous pin-fin-enhanced microgap with non-uniform fin array." In 2017 16th IEEE Intersociety Conference on Thermal and Thermomechanical Phenomena in Electronic Systems (ITherm). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itherm.2017.7992515.

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Suciu, Claudiu Valentin. "Energy Dissipation During Liquid Adsorption/Desorption In/From Liquid-Repellent Nanochannels." In ASME 2008 6th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2008-62040.

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Ability of viscous fluids, flowing in narrow interstices, to dissipate the mechanical energy of shock and vibration is well known. In recent years, connected to the nano-technological development, solid-liquid interfaces have been used to dissipate surface energies, in systems where the solid is liquid-repellent; such interfaces are able to store, release or transform the energy. Thus, the contact angle hysteresis can be applied to dissipate the mechanical energy, and this kind of energy loss, in which not the viscosity but the surface tension of the liquid plays the main role, is called surface dissipation. In fact a liquid nano-porosimeter that exhibits nano-damping ability, when applied to mechanical systems is called colloidal damper. Concretely, during the cyclical adsorption/desorption of the liquid (e.g., water or aqueous solutions) in/from the liquid-repellent nanochannels (e.g., modified nanoporous silica gel) the energy is dissipated. Such absorber is convenient from the ecological standpoint since it is oil-free and since both the silica gel (artificial sand with controlled architecture) and the liquid are environment-friendly. Connected to this attractive kind of energy loss, one of the problems awaiting solution is that a theoretical model of the surface dissipation remains to be developed and validated by tests. Accordingly, in this work, based on a detailed discussion of the mechanism of surface dissipation one reveals that the parameters which determine the magnitude of the energy loss are the silica gel mass, the liquid and solid surface tensions, and an integral function (specific pore surface) which is related to the nano-architecture of the liquid-repellent coating, to the silica gel pore architecture and to the maximum applied pressure. Silica gel particles are supposed to be obtained through the aggregation of nano-particles, producing rough nanochannels of variable radius, and normal distribution fits quite well the measured pores size distributions. Heterogeneous molecules of the liquid-repellent coating have a methyl group as head, and a body consisted of methylene groups; they produce a nanopillar structure on the silica gel surface. Maximization of the surface dissipation for imposed working liquid or imposed coating molecule is discussed. Test rig is a compression-decompression chamber used to validate the theoretical findings. Results obtained are useful in general for the appropriate design of liquid-repellent nanochannels with technological applications, and in particular for the absorber optimum design under imposed requirements.

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Liou, Tai Sheng. Statistical analysis of liquid seepage in partially saturated heterogeneous fracture systems. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/753887.

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