Статті в журналах: "Liquid Fuel Conversion"

1

Tshiteya, Mukuna. "Conversion of wood to liquid fuel." Energy 10, no. 5 (May 1985): 581–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-5442(85)90089-1.

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2

Leonardo, Adam, and Semin. "Effect of CNG Engine Conversion on Performance Characteristic: A Review." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 972, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/972/1/012028.

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Abstract The world has been experiencing a crisis of energy caused by the deterioration of scarce fossil fuel resources. The usage of fossil fuels, mainly liquid fuels is considered unsustainable due to resource depletion and the accumulation of pollutants. Natural gas has become a promising alternative fuel since it is highly abundant in the world, produces less emission, and gives similar engine performance compared to the existing liquid fuel, diesel, or gasoline. This paper presents various research regarding the engine performance characteristic of CNG. The studies reported that as compared to liquid-based fuel such as diesel oil or gasoline, CNG gives lower brake thermal efficiency (BTE) as compared to diesel fuel. However, the brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of engine fueled with CNG is lower than diesel or gasoline fuel. In terms of exhaust gas temperature, CNG was always produced higher temperatures in comparison to gasoline. The maximum cylinder gas pressure of CNG was reported lower than diesel fuel operation. In general, the power produced by CNG combustion is a little bit lower than diesel fuel, this drawback of CNG fuel can be overcome by adding hydrogen fuel to CNG to increase produced power.

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3

Chen, Zhuo, Tingzhou Lei, Zhiwei Wang, Xueqin Li, and Peng Liu. "Environmental and Economic Impacts of Biomass Liquid Fuel Conversion and Utilization—A Review." Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy 16, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 163–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbmb.2022.2172.

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Biomass liquid fuel, one of the most important renewable fuels, plays a key role in the energy development. This paper reviews the research progress in biomass liquid fuel conversion and utilization, environmental impact, and economic analysis. The application research of biomass liquid fuel currently focuses on the evaluation of substitution and emission reduction effect of a single component on fossil energy. While most studies confirm that biomass liquid fuel can reduce greenhouse gas emission and current energy shortage problems, the large-scale cultivation and use of energy crops may induce negative environmental impacts. And although second-generation biomass liquid fuel base on agricultural residues have potential development and considerable economic feasibility compared to fossil fuel, technological breakthroughs are required to reduce production costs and achieve large-scale promotion and application. Technological breakthroughs in the multi-product comprehensive utilization of biomass liquid fuel, raw material plants in the environment, establishment of economic analysis models, and economic quantification of ecological benefits will drive research directions in the future.

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4

Kler, Aleksandr, Elina Tyurina, and Aleksandr Mednikov. "Comparative efficiency of technologies for conversion and transportation of energy resources of Russia’s eastern regions to NEA countries." E3S Web of Conferences 27 (2018): 02005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20182702005.

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The paper presents perspective technologies for combined conversion of fossil fuels into synthetic liquid fuels and electricity. The comparative efficiency of various process flows of conversion and transportation of energy resources of Russia's east that are aimed at supplying electricity to remote consumers is presented. These also include process flows based on production of synthetic liquid fuel.

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5

Zhang, Lei, Bo Zhou, Peigao Duan, Feng Wang, and Yuping Xu. "Hydrothermal conversion of scrap tire to liquid fuel." Chemical Engineering Journal 285 (February 2016): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.10.001.

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6

Degueldre, Claude A., Richard J. Dawson, and Vesna Najdanovic-Visak. "Nuclear fuel cycle, with a liquid ore and fuel: toward renewable energy." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 3, no. 7 (2019): 1693–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8se00610e.

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To fulfill the conditions required for a nuclear renewable energy concept, one has to explore a combination of processes going from the front end of the nuclear fuel cycle to the fuel production and the energy conversion using specific fluid fuels and reactors.

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7

Kong, Si Fang, Hui Liu, Fu Shuan Ma, and Hui Zeng. "Research Progress on Biomass Liquid-Fuel Products by Thermo-Chemical Conversion." Advanced Materials Research 860-863 (December 2013): 472–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.860-863.472.

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Thermo-chemical conversion to prepare biomass liquid fuel is one of the most promising biomass utilization technologies for biomass energy. Direct liquefaction and indirect liquefaction, two main thermo-chemical conversion technologies for liquid fuel from biomass were introduced in detail. Moreover, the latest research status of five kinds of liquid-fuel products from biomass by thermo-chemical conversion technology, such as methanol, ethanol, dimethyl ether, biodiesel and biomass pyrolytic oil were especially discussed. In addition, the problems existing in the thermo-chemical conversion technology and products are discussed and the developing trend and some proposals on thermo-chemical utilization of biomass energy in future are p resented.

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8

Shah, M. S., P. K. Halder, A. S. M. Shamsuzzaman, M. S. Hossain, S. K. Pal, and E. Sarker. "Perspectives of Biogas Conversion into Bio-CNG for Automobile Fuel in Bangladesh." Journal of Renewable Energy 2017 (2017): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4385295.

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The need for liquid and gaseous fuel for transportation application is growing very fast. This high consumption trend causes swift exhaustion of fossil fuel reserve as well as severe environment pollution. Biogas can be converted into various renewable automobile fuels such as bio-CNG, syngas, gasoline, and liquefied biogas. However, bio-CNG, a compressed biogas with high methane content, can be a promising candidate as vehicle fuel in replacement of conventional fuel to resolve this problem. This paper presents an overview of available liquid and gaseous fuel commonly used as transportation fuel in Bangladesh. The paper also illustrates the potential of bio-CNG conversion from biogas in Bangladesh. It is estimated that, in the fiscal year 2012-2013, the country had about 7.6775 billion m3 biogas potential equivalent to 5.088 billion m3 of bio-CNG. Bio-CNG is competitive to the conventional automobile fuels in terms of its properties, economy, and emission.

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9

Climent, Maria J., Avelino Corma, and Sara Iborra. "Conversion of biomass platform molecules into fuel additives and liquid hydrocarbon fuels." Green Chemistry 16, no. 2 (2014): 516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3gc41492b.

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10

Tao, Thomas, Linda Bateman, Jeff Bentley, and Michael Slaney. "Liquid Tin Anode Solid Oxide Fuel Cell for Direct Carbonaceous Fuel Conversion." ECS Transactions 5, no. 1 (December 19, 2019): 463–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2729026.

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11

Kryshtopa, Sviatoslav, Liudmyla Kryshtopa, Yu S. Vlasyuk та F. V. Kozak. "Improvement of fuel and economic characteristics of diesel engines by their converтing to methanol conversion gas products". Avtoshliakhovyk Ukrayiny 1, № 269 (31 грудня 2022): 2–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.33868/0365-8392-2022-1-269-2-13.

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The work is aimed at solving the problem of conversion of existing diesel power drives of technological transport into gaseous fuels, which are a cheaper alternative to diesel fuel. A method has been proposed to increase the energy efficiency of alternative fuels. The thermochemical essence of increasing the energy of the source fuel has been developed. The choice of alternative alcohol fuel as a starting product for the conversion process, taking into account its cost and energy value. The calculations showed that the thermal effect from the combustion of converted CO and Н2 exceeds the effect from the combustion of the same amount of liquid methanol. Fuel energy and engine power were increased by regenerating the heat of the exhaust gases. Experimental studies of power and economic performance of a diesel engine, which was converted to work on the products of methanol conversion. Experimental studies have shown that the conversion of diesel engines to work using methanol conversion products is justified. Given that the price of methanol is, on average, 10-20% of the cost of diesel fuel, the conversion of diesel engines to work using methanol conversion products is quite profitable. Keywords: diesel engine; рн alternative fuel; methanol conversion; heat utilization; exhaust gases; power; specific fuel consumption.

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12

Zhang, Yanan, Asad H. Sahir, Eric C. D. Tan, Michael S. Talmadge, Ryan Davis, Mary J. Biddy, and Ling Tao. "Economic and environmental potentials for natural gas to enhance biomass-to-liquid fuels technologies." Green Chemistry 20, no. 23 (2018): 5358–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8gc01257a.

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With the increased availability of low-cost natural gas, co-conversion of natural gas and biomass-to-liquid fuels has gained interest due to the potential to improve liquid fuel yields while lowering greenhouse gas emissions.

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13

Sarker, Moinuddin, Aminul Kabir, Mohammad Mamunor Rashid, Mohammed Molla, and A. S. M. Din Mohammad. "Waste Polyethylene Terephthalate (PETE-1) Conversion into Liquid Fuel." Journal of Fundamentals of Renewable Energy and Applications 1 (2011): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4303/jfrea/r101202.

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14

Zhou, Yingdong, and Changwei Hu. "Catalytic Thermochemical Conversion of Algae and Upgrading of Algal Oil for the Production of High-Grade Liquid Fuel: A Review." Catalysts 10, no. 2 (January 21, 2020): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10020145.

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The depletion of fossil fuel has drawn growing attention towards the utilization of renewable biomass for sustainable energy production. Technologies for the production of algae derived biofuel has attracted wide attention in recent years. Direct thermochemical conversion of algae obtained biocrude oil with poor fuel quality due to the complex composition of algae. Thus, catalysts are required in such process to remove the heteroatoms such as oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. This article reviews the recent advances in catalytic systems for the direct catalytic conversion of algae, as well as catalytic upgrading of algae-derived oil or biocrude into liquid fuels with high quality. Heterogeneous catalysts with high activity in deoxygenation and denitrogenation are preferable for the conversion of algae oil to high-grade liquid fuel. The paper summarized the influence of reaction parameters and reaction routes for the catalytic conversion process of algae from critical literature. The development of new catalysts, conversion conditions, and efficiency indicators (yields and selectivity) from different literature are presented and compared. The future prospect and challenges in general utilization of algae are also proposed.

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15

Wang, Aiguo, Danielle Austin, and Hua Song. "Catalytic Upgrading of Biomass and its Model Compounds for Fuel Production." Current Organic Chemistry 23, no. 5 (July 1, 2019): 517–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1385272823666190416160249.

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The heavy dependence on fossil fuels raises many concerns on unsustainability and negative environmental impact. Biomass valorization to sustainable chemicals and fuels is an attractive strategy to reduce the reliance on fossil fuel sources. Gasification, liquefaction and pyrolysis are the main thermochemical technologies for biomass conversion. Gasification occurs at high temperature and yields the gas (syngas) as the main product. Liquefaction is conducted at low temperature but high pressure, which mainly produces liquid product with high quality. Biomass pyrolysis is performed at a moderate temperature and gives a primarily liquid product (bio-oil). However, the liquid product from biomass conversion is not advantageous for direct use as a fuel. Compared to liquefaction, pyrolysis is favorable when the aim is to produce the maximum amount of the liquid product from the biomass. Hydrotreating for bio-oil upgrading requires a large amount of expensive hydrogen, making this process costly. Catalytic cracking of bio-oil to reduce the oxygen content leads to a low H/C ratio. Methanolysis is a novel process that utilizes methane instead of hydrogen for biomass conversion. The feasibility studies show that this approach is quite promising. The original complexity of biomass and variation in composition make the composition of the product from biomass conversion unpredictable. Model compounds are employed to better understand the reaction mechanism and develop an optimal catalyst for obtaining the desired product. The major thermochemical technologies and the mechanism based on model compound investigations are reviewed in the article.

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16

Al Ichsan, Gesyth Mutiara Hikhmah, Khoirina Dwi Nugrahaningtiyas, Dian Maruto Widjonarko, Fitria Rahmawati, and Witri Wahyu Lestari. "Conversion of Wood Waste to be a Source of Alternative Liquid Fuel Using Low Temperature Pyrolysis Method." Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi 22, no. 1 (January 23, 2019): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jksa.22.1.7-10.

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Conversion of wood waste into bio-oil with low temperature pyrolysis method has been successfully carried out using tubular transport reactors. Pyrolysis carried out at temperatures of 250-300°C without using N2 gas. Bio-oil purified by a fractionation distillation method to remove water and light fraction compounds. The materials obtained from different types of wood waste, namely: Randu wood (Ceiba pentandra), Sengon wood (Paraserianthes falcataria), Coconut wood (Cocos nucifera), Bangkirei wood (Shorea laevis Ridl), Kruing wood (Dipterocarpus) and Meranti wood (Shorea leprosula). Bio-oil products are analyzed for their properties and characteristics, namely the nature of density, acidity, high heat value (HHV), and elements contained in bio-oil such as carbon, nitrogen and sulfur content based on SNI procedures, while bio-oil chemical compositions are investigated using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS). The maximum yield of bio-oil products occurs at 300°C by 40%. Bio-oil purification by fractional distillation method can produce purity of 16-31% wt. The characterization results of the chemical content of bio-oil showed that bio-oil of methyl formate, 2,6-dimetoxy phenol, 1,2,3 trimethoxy benzene, levoglucosan, 2,4-hexadienedioic acid and 1,2- benzenediol.

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17

Cao, Tianyu, Hongjian Wang, Yixiang Shi, and Ningsheng Cai. "Direct carbon fuel conversion in a liquid antimony anode solid oxide fuel cell." Fuel 135 (November 2014): 223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2014.07.007.

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18

Ketov, Aleksandr, Natalia Sliusar, Anna Tsybina, Iurii Ketov, Sergei Chudinov, Marina Krasnovskikh, and Vladimir Bosnic. "Plant Biomass Conversion to Vehicle Liquid Fuel as a Path to Sustainability." Resources 11, no. 8 (August 5, 2022): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources11080075.

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Biofuel such as linseed oil has an energy potential of 48.8 MJ/kg, which is much lower than fossil diesel fuel 57.14 MJ/kg. Existing biofuels need to increase the energy potential for use in traditional engines. Moreover, biofuel production demands cheap feedstock, for example, sawdust. The present paper shows that the technology to synthesize high-energy liquid vehicle fuels with a gross calorific value up to 53.6 MJ/kg from renewable sources of plant origin is possible. Slow pyrolysis was used to produce high-energy biofuel from sawdust and linseed oil. The proposed approach will allow not only to preserve the existing high-tech energy sources of high unit capacity based on the combustion of liquid fuels, but also to make the transition to reducing the carbon footprint and, in the future, to carbon neutrality by replacing fossil carbon of liquid hydrocarbon fuels with the carbon produced from biomass.

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19

Zhang, Ji, Junling Yang, Huafu Zhang, Zhentao Zhang, and Yu Zhang. "Research status and future development of biomass liquid fuels." BioResources 16, no. 2 (April 8, 2021): 4523–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.2.zhang.

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Due to the combined pressures of energy shortage and environmental degradation, bio-liquid fuels have been widely studied as a green, environmentally friendly, renewable petroleum alternative. This article summarizes the various technologies of three generations of biomass feedstocks (especially the second-generation, biomass lignin, and the third-generation, algae raw materials) used to convert liquid fuels (bioethanol, biodiesel, and bio-jet fuel) and analyzes their advantages and disadvantages. In addition, this article details the latest research progress in biomass liquid fuel production, summarizes the list of raw materials, products and conversion processes, and provides personal opinions on its future development. The aim is to provide a theoretical basis and reference for the optimization of existing technology and future research and development of biomass liquid fuels.

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20

Hakawati, Rawan, Beatrice Smyth, Helen Daly, Geoffrey McCullough, and David Rooney. "Is the Fischer-Tropsch Conversion of Biogas-Derived Syngas to Liquid Fuels Feasible at Atmospheric Pressure?" Energies 12, no. 6 (March 16, 2019): 1031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12061031.

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Biogas resulting from anaerobic digestion can be utilized for the production of liquid fuels via reforming to syngas followed by the Fischer-Tropsch reaction. Renewable liquid fuels are highly desirable due to their potential for use in existing infrastructure, but current Fischer-Tropsch processes, which require operating pressures of 2–4 MPa (20–40 bar), are unsuitable for the relatively small scale of typical biogas production facilities in the EU, which are agriculture-based. This paper investigates the feasibility of producing liquid fuels from biogas-derived syngas at atmospheric pressure, with a focus on the system’s response to various interruption factors, such as total loss of feed gas, variations to feed ratio, and technical problems in the furnace. Results of laboratory testing showed that the liquid fuel selectivity could reach 60% under the studied conditions of 488 K (215 °C), H2/CO = 2 and 0.1 MPa (1 bar) over a commercial Fischer–Tropsch catalyst. Analysis indicated that the catalyst had two active sites for propagation, one site for the generation of methane and another for the production of liquid fuels and wax products. However, although the production of liquid fuels was verified at atmospheric pressure with high liquid fuel selectivity, the control of such a system to maintain activity is crucial. From an economic perspective, the system would require subsidies to achieve financial viability.

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21

Faravelli, Tiziano, Alessio Frassoldati, Eliseo Ranzi, Miccio Francesco, and Miccio Michele. "Modeling Homogeneous Combustion in Bubbling Beds Burning Liquid Fuels." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 129, no. 1 (February 21, 2006): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2424957.

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This paper introduces a model for the description of the homogeneous combustion of various fuels in fluidized bed combustors (FBC) at temperatures lower than the classical value for solid fuels, i.e., 850°C. The model construction is based on a key bubbling fluidized bed feature: A fuel-rich (endogenous) bubble is generated at the fuel injection point, travels inside the bed at constant pressure, and undergoes chemical conversion in the presence of mass transfer with the emulsion phase and of coalescence with air (exogenous) bubbles formed at the distributor and, possibly, with other endogenous bubbles. The model couples a fluid-dynamic submodel based on two-phase fluidization theory with a submodel of gas phase oxidation. To this end, the model development takes full advantage of a detailed chemical kinetic scheme, which includes both the low and high temperature mechanisms of hydrocarbon oxidation, and accounts for about 200 molecular and radical species involved in more than 5000 reactions. Simple hypotheses are made to set up and close mass balances for the various species as well as enthalpy balances in the bed. First, the conversion and oxidation of gaseous fuels (e.g., methane) were calculated as a test case for the model; then, n-dodecane was taken into consideration to give a simple representation of diesel fuel using a pure hydrocarbon. The model predictions qualitatively agree with some of the evidence from the experimental data reported in the literature. The fate of hydrocarbon species is extremely sensitive to temperature change and oxygen availability in the rising bubble. A preliminary model validation was attempted with results of experiments carried out on a prepilot, bubbling combustor fired by underbed injection of a diesel fuel. Specifically, the model results confirm that heat release both in the bed and in the freeboard is a function of bed temperature. At lower emulsion phase temperatures many combustible species leave the bed unburned, while post-combustion occurs after the bed and freeboard temperature considerably increases. This is a well-recognized undesirable feature from the viewpoint of practical application and emission control.

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22

Chen, Hanchi, and Shijie Liu. "Conversion of Distillers Grain to Chemicals, Liquid Fuel and Materials." Journal of Bioprocess Engineering and Biorefinery 2, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbeb.2013.1047.

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23

Schuessler, M., M. Portscher, and U. Limbeck. "Monolithic integrated fuel processor for the conversion of liquid methanol." Catalysis Today 79-80 (April 2003): 511–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5861(03)00076-2.

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24

Rustamov, V. R., K. M. Abdullayev, and E. A. Samedov. "Biomass conversion to liquid fuel by two-stage thermochemical cycle." Energy Conversion and Management 39, no. 9 (July 1998): 869–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0196-8904(97)10035-8.

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25

Zheng, Ji-lu, Xi-feng Zhu, Qing-xiang Guo, and Qing-shi Zhu. "Thermal conversion of rice husks and sawdust to liquid fuel." Waste Management 26, no. 12 (January 2006): 1430–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2005.10.011.

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26

Climent, Maria J., Avelino Corma, and Sara Iborra. "ChemInform Abstract: Conversion of Biomass Platform Molecules into Fuel Additives and Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels." ChemInform 45, no. 13 (March 14, 2014): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201413276.

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27

Atsbha, Tesfalem Aregawi, Taeksang Yoon, Byung-Hoon Yoo, and Chul-Jin Lee. "Techno-Economic and Environmental Analysis for Direct Catalytic Conversion of CO2 to Methanol and Liquid/High-Calorie-SNG Fuels." Catalysts 11, no. 6 (May 29, 2021): 687. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11060687.

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Catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 has great potential to significantly reduce CO2 and contribute to green economy by converting CO2 into a variety of useful products. The goal of this study is to assess and compare the techno-economic and environmental measures of CO2 catalytic conversion to methanol and Fischer–Tropsch-based fuels. More specifically, two separate process models were developed using a process modeler: direct catalytic conversion of CO2 to Fischer–Tropsch-based liquid fuel/high-calorie SNG and direct catalytic conversion of CO2 to methanol. The unit production cost for each process was analyzed and compared to conventional liquid fuel and methanol production processes. CO2 emissions for each process were assessed in terms of global warming potential. The cost and environmental analyses results of each process were used to compare and contrast both routes in terms of economic feasibility and environmental friendliness. The results of both the processes indicated that the total CO2 emissions were significantly reduced compared with their respective conventional processes.

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28

Juwono, Hendro, M. Arif Tri Sujadmiko, Laily Fauziah, and Ismi Qurrota Ayyun. "Catalytic Conversion From Plastic Waste by Silica-Alumina-Ceramic Catalyst to Produce an Alternative Fuel Hydrocarbon Fraction." Jurnal ILMU DASAR 20, no. 2 (July 16, 2019): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jid.v20i2.8829.

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Liquid fuels from polypropylene plastic waste have been successfully performed by catalytic cracking method. The catalyst used is Al-MCM-41- Ceramics. The catalyst was characterized by XRD, SEM, Pyridine-FTIR, N2-Adsorption-Desorption, and the product of catalytic cracking were investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The catalyst was using three times at sample notify A,B and C. The results showed liquid fuels have the largest percentage of gasoline (C8-C12) are 92.76; 91.92 and 90.58 percent fraction produced. The performance of catalyst showed that reuseability number were decrease, but the charactersitic of liquid fuel produced were also be agreeable to commercial gasoline standard. Keywords: olypropylene waste plastics, liquid fuels, catalytic conversion, Al-MCM-41-Cer catalyst, reuseability number.

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29

Commeh, Michael, David Dodoo-Arhin, Edward Acquaye, Isaiah Nimako Baah, Nene Kwabla Amoatey, James Hawkins Ephraim, David O. Obada, D. Pham Minh, and A. Nzihou. "Plastic Fuel Conversion and Characterisation: A Waste Valorization Potential for Ghana." MRS Advances 5, no. 26 (2020): 1349–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2020.127.

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AbstractPlastics generally play a very important role in a plethora of industries, fields and our everyday lives. In spite of their cheapness, availability and important contributions to lives, they however, pose a serious threat to the environment due to their mostly non-biodegradable nature. Recycling into useful products can reduce the amount of plastic waste. Thermal degradation (Pyrolysis) of plastics is becoming an increasingly important recycling method for the conversion of plastic materials into valuable chemicals and oil products. In this work, waste Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) water bottles were thermally converted into useful gaseous and liquid products. A simple pyrolysis reactor system has been used for the conversions with the liquid product yield of 65 % at a temperature range of 400°C to 550°C. The chemical analysis of the pyrolytic oil showed the presence of functional groups such as alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, ethers, carboxylic acids, esters, and phenyl ring substitution bands. The main constituents were 1-Tetradecene, 1-Pentadecene, Cetene, Hexadecane, 1-Heptadecene, Heptadecane, Octadecane, Nonadecane, Eicosane, Tetratetracontane, 1-Undecene, 1-Decene). The results are promising and can be maximized by additional techniques such as hydrogenation and hydrodeoxygenation to obtain value-added products.

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30

Bashir, Bilal, Muhammad Amin, Anaiz Gul Fareed, and Zia Ur Rahman Farooqi. "Conversion of Coal-Biomass into Diesel by Using Aspen Plus." C 8, no. 4 (November 10, 2022): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/c8040063.

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Taking the importance of Pakistan’s dire need for energy breakthrough, in this paper, we explore how the country’s vast estimated reserves of 175 billion tons of Thar coal is a useful source for the clean and efficient production of good quality liquid fuel. Coal to liquid (CTL) technology has gathered increasing attention among many countries with a sufficient volume of coal reserves, and this technology can also be implemented in Pakistan, which in result can also reduce harmful greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the environment. In this study, the Fischer Tropsch Synthesis (FT) liquefaction method was used, and the reactor design, chemical reactions, syngas ratio fraction, and Anderson-Schulz-Flory and Langmuir model were all obtained from the Aspen Plus simulation. The results showed that, at the optimum syngas flow rate of 9 Kg/s, the FT model produced diesel fuel at 0.00134 Kg/s. Per this calculation, the massive amount of Thar coal reserves can be transformed into 123.22 million barrels of diesel. The design of the reactor is very critical, and, in this study, it was prioritized to design a reactor that produces liquid fuel only of composition C12+; during the production of liquid fuel, the quantity of methane is not high; and it can still be further reduced on optimized conditions. On the other hand, CO2 gas, which is a sole contributor of GHG emissions, was also reduced by up to 98%.

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31

Tsodikov, Mark V., Olga V. Bukhtenko, Alexander V. Naumkin, Sergey A. Nikolaev, Andrey V. Chistyakov, and Grigory I. Konstantinov. "Activity and Structure of Nano-Sized Cobalt-Containing Systems for the Conversion of Lignin and Fuel Oil to Synthesis Gas and Hydrocarbons in a Microwave-Assisted Plasma Catalytic Process." Catalysts 12, no. 11 (October 27, 2022): 1315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12111315.

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In this study, we present the results of lignin and fuel oil conversion to hydrogen, synthesis gas, and liquid hydrocarbons in the presence of nano-sized cobalt-containing systems in a microwave-assisted plasma catalytic process. The deposition of a small amount of cobalt on lignin increases its microwave absorption capacity and provides plasma generation in the reaction zone. The role of Co-containing particles in the above catalytic reactions is probably to activate the carbon bonds of lignin, which substantially increases the microwave absorption capacity of the system as a whole. The subsequent use of the cobalt-containing residue of lignin conversion as a catalytic system and MWI-absorbing material results in active fuel oil pyrolysis in a plasma catalytic process to afford gaseous and liquid hydrocarbons. In the plasma catalytic pyrolysis, fuel oil conversion is probably accompanied by the conversion of the organic matter of the residue and agglomeration of cobalt oxide particles.

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32

Panda, Achyut K., and RK Singh. "Conversion of waste polypropylene to liquid fuel using acid-activated kaolin." Waste Management & Research 32, no. 10 (August 18, 2014): 997–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x14545504.

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33

Tao, Thomas T., Mark Koslowske, Jeff Bentley, and Jonathan Brodie. "Liquid Tin Anode Solid Oxide Fuel Cell for Direct Biomass Conversion." ECS Transactions 41, no. 12 (December 16, 2019): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.3697434.

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34

Manganaro, J., B. Chen, J. Adeosun, S. Lakhapatri, D. Favetta, A. Lawal, R. Farrauto, L. Dorazio, and D. J. Rosse. "Conversion of Residual Biomass into Liquid Transportation Fuel: An Energy Analysis." Energy & Fuels 25, no. 6 (June 16, 2011): 2711–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef200327e.

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35

Manganaro, James L., and Adeniyi Lawal. "Economics of Thermochemical Conversion of Crop Residue to Liquid Transportation Fuel." Energy & Fuels 26, no. 4 (April 6, 2012): 2442–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef3001967.

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36

Manganaro, James L., and Adeniyi Lawal. "Economics of Thermochemical Conversion of Crop Residue to Liquid Transportation Fuel." Energy & Fuels 26, no. 5 (May 2012): 3115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef3006614.

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37

Ahmad, Nauman, Nabeel Ahmad, Ibrahim M. Maafa, Usama Ahmed, Parveen Akhter, Nasir Shehzad, Um-e.-salma Amjad, and Murid Hussain. "Thermal conversion of polystyrene plastic waste to liquid fuel via ethanolysis." Fuel 279 (November 2020): 118498. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118498.

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38

Demirbaş, A. "Conversion of biomass using glycerin to liquid fuel for blending gasoline as alternative engine fuel." Energy Conversion and Management 41, no. 16 (November 2000): 1741–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0196-8904(00)00015-7.

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39

Truong Quoc, Hung, Nhat Phan Long, and Tuy Dao Quoc. "Synthesis of mesoporous Co/Al-SBA-15 catalyst and application to ethylene hydropolymerization." Vietnam Journal of Catalysis and Adsorption 9, no. 2 (July 31, 2020): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.51316/jca.2020.037.

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Liquid fuel, a mixture of ethylene’s liquid oligomer, from ethylene was successfully carried out by oligomerization of ethylene in the presence of Co/Al-SBA-15. The mesoporous Co/Al-SBA-15 catalyst was prepared through impregnation of varies amount of Co (5, 7.5, 10, and 15 wt.%) into Al-SBA-15. The conversion of ethylene was performed at atmospheric pressure and 190°C in the presence of CO and H2, and 08 hour/day. Through all of Co impregnated proportion on Al-SBA-15 (5, 7.5, 10 and 15 wt.%), the GC-MS result showed the liquid hydrocarbon were obtained as naptha (15.37÷30.53%), gasoline (10.65÷21.17%), kerosene (1.49÷20.50%) and diesel (3.21÷3.69%) fraction. The highest conversion of ethylene into liquid fuel was found in the presence of 7.5%Co/Al-SBA-15, with the yield of 20%. Byproducts was also obtained during the conversion, e.g. 3,4,5-methylnonane, 2,3 dimethylnonane, 3-methylheptane, and 4-ethylheptane, which was approximately 30% of total product volume.

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40

Suriya, Krishna K. A., Khan Farzan, Chandra Upreti Yogesh, and Bharat Sai S. Bala. "Conversion process of natural gas into liquid fuels." i-manager’s Journal on Future Engineering and Technology 18, no. 1 (2022): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jfet.18.1.19029.

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Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) technology has developed over the past few decades into a financially sound industry offering market diversification to remote natural gas resource stakeholders. Presently, several patented technologies are available for the petroleum industries to transport natural gas cheaply in liquefied form. In the recent past, low natural gas prices in North America can be attributed to the isolation of shale gas resources using GTL technology. Some small technology providers are currently using GTL to eliminate associated gas flaring in remote oil fields. Several smaller technology providers are now looking to GTL to stop associated gas flaring in remote producing fields. In addition, GTL has the potential to extract liquid fuel in gas-rich inland areas. The GTL technology is preferred as the existing technologies that process natural gas through olefins are more complex and have so far proven difficult and costly in terms of commercial viability. The various GTL technologies having prospective market scope are reviewed this article.

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41

Kryshtopa, S. І., L. І. Kryshtopa, І. М. Mykytii, М. М. Hnyp, and F. V. Kozak. "Increasing the economic indicators of diesel engines by transferring them to gas-like products of conversion of methyl alcohol." Oil and Gas Power Engineering, no. 1(35) (June 29, 2021): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/1993-9868-2021-1(35)-67-80.

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The work aimed at solving the problem of conversion of existing diesel power drives of oil and gas technological transport into gaseous fuels, which are a cheaper alternative to diesel fuel. A method has been proposed to increase the energy efficiency of alternative fuels. The thermochemical essence of increasing the energy of the source fuel has been developed. The choice of alternative alcohol fuel as a starting product for the conversion process, taking into account its cost and energy value. The calculations showed that the thermal effect from the combustion of converted CO and H2 exceeds the effect from the combustion of the same amount of liquid methanol. Compared to other alternative fuels, the cost of methyl alcohol is low, in addition, when using methanol as a fuel for diesel engines, you can significantly reduce emissions of soot particles and nitrogen oxides. This is due to the fact that the combustion of methanol in the diesel cylinder does not form intermediates that promote the formation of acetylene and aromatic hydrocarbons, which lead to the formation of soot. Methanol is a renewable natural resource, ie there is a large raw material base to increase its production and much wider use as an energy source. Using of this alcohol as an alternative biofuel for vehicles is possible as a result of its production in affordable and cheap ways from agricultural and food waste, from gaseous fuel. Fuel energy and engine power were increased by regenerating the heat of the exhaust gases. Experimental studies of power and economic performance of a diesel engine, which was converted to work on the products of methanol conversion. Experimental studies have shown that the conversion of diesel engines to work using methanol conversion products is justified. Given that the price of methanol is, on average, 10-20% of the cost of diesel fuel, the conversion of diesel engines to work using methanol conversion products is quite profitable.

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42

Haris, K. A., R. D. Tilottama, M. H. Robbani, and M. Yuliani. "Potential quantity of liquid fuel from pyrolysis of plastic waste in Labuan Bajo." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1201, no. 1 (June 1, 2023): 012011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1201/1/012011.

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Abstract Labuan Bajo is one of the super-priority tourist destinations expected to attract more international tourists to increase foreign exchange. To make this a reality, a combination of programs that support tourism and master plans, including solid waste management, is needed. Private sectors have developed a circular economy to handle the plastic waste. However, this plan is constrained by the high cost of transporting plastic waste to recycling factories. Pyrolysis technology can be an alternative to treat solid waste without transporting it outside Labuan Bajo. A study of pyrolysis technology is needed before it can be applied, including the quantity of liquid fuel produced by the pyrolysis process. This liquid fuel can be utilised to fulfil the community demands, such as the demand for engine fuel. This research aimed to ascertain the potential quantity of liquid fuel produced by the pyrolysis process using plastic waste from Labuan Bajo. The calculation was carried out using two different scenarios: developed predictive theoretical model conversion and installed full-scale pyrolysis plant yield. The potential quantity of liquid fuel produced using the scenarios above is in the range of 3,075–2,763.83 L/day and can potentially supply 3.24–2.91% of Labuan Bajo’s liquid fuel demand.

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43

Shilov, Vladislav, Dmitriy Potemkin, Vladimir Rogozhnikov, and Pavel Snytnikov. "Recent Advances in Structured Catalytic Materials Development for Conversion of Liquid Hydrocarbons into Synthesis Gas for Fuel Cell Power Generators." Materials 16, no. 2 (January 8, 2023): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16020599.

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The paper considers the current state of research and development of composite structured catalysts for the oxidative conversion of liquid hydrocarbons into synthesis gas for fuel cell feeding and gives more detailed information about recent advances in the Boreskov Institute of Catalysis. The main factors affecting the progress of the target reaction and side reactions leading to catalyst deactivation are discussed. The properties of the Rh/Ce0.75Zr0.25O2/Al2O3/FeCrAl composite multifunctional catalyst for the conversion of diesel fuel into synthesis gas are described. The results of the catalyst testing and mathematical modeling of the process of diesel fuel steam–air conversion into synthesis gas are reported.

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44

Stelmachowski, Marek, and Krzysztof Słowiński. "Thermal and thermo-catalytic conversion of waste polyolefins to fuel-like mixture of hydrocarbons." Chemical and Process Engineering 33, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 185–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10176-012-0016-z.

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Thermal and thermo-catalytic conversion of waste polyolefins to fuel-like mixture of hydrocarbons Results of the investigation of thermal degradation of polyolefins in the laboratory-scale set-up reactors are presented in the paper. Melting and cracking processes were carried out in two different types of reactors at the temperature of 390-420°C. This article presents the results obtained for conversion of polyolefin waste in a reactor with a stirrer. Next, they were compared with the results obtained for the process carried out in a reactor with a molten metal bed, which was described in a previous publication. For both processes, the final product consisted of a gaseous (2-16 % mass) and a liquid (84-98 % mass) part. No solid product was produced. The light, "gasoline" fraction of the liquid hydrocarbons mixture (C4-C10) made up over 50% of the liquid product. The overall (vapor) product may be used for electricity generation and the liquid product for fuel production.

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45

Nagpure, Atul S., Ashok Kumar Venugopal, Nishita Lucas, Marimuthu Manikandan, Raja Thirumalaiswamy, and Satyanarayana Chilukuri. "Renewable fuels from biomass-derived compounds: Ru-containing hydrotalcites as catalysts for conversion of HMF to 2,5-dimethylfuran." Catalysis Science & Technology 5, no. 3 (2015): 1463–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cy01376j.

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46

Lazdovica, Kristine, and Valdis Kampars. "Catalytic Intermediate Pyrolysis of Cellulose for Hydrocarbons Production in the Presence of Zeolites by Using TGA-FTIR Method." Key Engineering Materials 850 (June 2020): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.850.127.

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Pyrolysis plays a vital role in biomass conversion as one of the most promising thermal conversion routes. Solid, liquid and gaseous products are obtained from biomass pyrolysis. The liquid is considered as perspective fuel; however, the direct use of bio-oil as fuel may present many difficulties due to its high viscosity, poor heating value and relative instability. This creates a significant economic barrier for production of transportation fuel by pyrolysis process. Catalytic pyrolysis has been widely used as a convenient method for the direct conversion of biomass into higher quality liquid bio-fuels. Intermediate pyrolysis of cellulose (as a model substance for biomass) with or without catalysts was investigated using TGA-FTIR method in order to determine the influence of zeolite on the relative yield of the compounds. The addition of zeolite with medium and weak acidity increased the production of volatile matter from 86.1% to 88.5% and 88.9% under the catalyst of MCM-41 and ZSM-5 (70). Zeolite with high acidity contributes to the formation of coke and simultaneously causing the deactivation of the catalyst, thus decreasing the volatile matter of cellulose from 86.1% to 83.6% and 83.2% by using H-ZSM-5 (23) and H-ZSM-5 (50). All catalysts showed deoxygenation activity. Zeolites had higher activity in the deoxygenation of compounds containing hydroxyl group than compounds containing carbonyl and carboxyl groups. H-ZSM-5 (23) had a substantial effect on the production of monoaromatic hydrocarbons whereas the yield of olefins notably increased in the presence of ZSM-5 (70).

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47

Morina, Morina, and Oberlin Sidjabat. "CATALYTIC PYROLYSIS OF POLYPROPYLENE PLASTIC FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES INTO GASOLINE FRACTION COMPOUNDS USING THE MIXED NICKEL (Ni) AND CHROME (Cr) METALS AS THE CATALYST." Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas 37, no. 3 (February 15, 2022): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.29017/scog.37.3.634.

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Plastic wastes which come from municipal solid wastes, have been identi􀂿 ed as the worldwideenvironmental problem in the last decades. Chemical recycling is one of the alternative methods to solvesuch problem. Inorder to obtai appropriate liquid fuels, polypropylene plastic waste was degraded thermallyand catalytically in the presence of natural zeolite incorporated with chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni) metals.The reaction was conducted in a 􀂿 xed bed reactor in the temperature range of 400-500°C. The dependenciesof process temperature and effect of catalyst on yield of the fuel fractions were determined and comparedto commercial gasoline fractions. The current study shows that the major product of thermal degradation(pyrolysis) and catalytic degradation is liquid (gasoline) fraction and the highest products obtained attemperature 450°C is approximately 77.84%. The use of chromium and nickel metals on activated naturalzeolite as a bi-functional catalyst enhance the yield of liquid fractions and the acidity of the catalysts. The liquid product obtained in this process was analyzed using GC for its composition. Synthesized catalysts, activated natural zeolite and natural zeolite were characterized by means of nitrogen physisorption (BET), porosity, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and acidity. Based on the obtained results, the catalyst containing 6% of chromium and 4% of nickel on activated natural zeolite is a good catalyst for conversion of polypropylene plastic wastes to liquid (gasoline) fuels. Catalytic conversion using such catalysts may applicable as an alternative method for recycling plastic wastes to more valuable commodities such as fuel oils.

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48

Shah, Imran Ali, Xiang Gou, and Jinxiang Wu. "Simulation Study of an Oxy-Biomass-Based Boiler for Nearly Zero Emission Using Aspen Plus." Energies 12, no. 10 (May 21, 2019): 1949. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12101949.

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Bioenergy integrated CO2 capture is considered to be one of the viable options to reduce the carbon footprint in the atmosphere, as well as to lower dependability on the usage of fossil fuels. The present simulation-based study comprises the oxy bio-CCS technique with the objective of bringing about cleaner thermal energy production with nearly zero emissions, CO2 capture and purification, and with the ability to remove NOx and SO2 from the flue gas and to generate valuable byproducts, i.e., HNO3 and H2SO4. In the present work, a simulation on utilization of biomass resources by applying the oxy combustion technique was carried out, and CO2 sequestration through pressurized reactive distillation column (PRDC) was integrated into the boiler. Based on our proposed laboratory scale bio-CCS plant with oxy combustion technique, the designed thermal load was kept at 20 kWth using maize stalk as primary fuel. With the objective of achieving cleaner production with near zero emissions, CO2 rich flue gas and moisture generated during oxy combustion were hauled in PRDC for NOx and SO2 absorption and CO2 purification. The oxy combustion technique is unique due to its characteristic low output of NO sourced by fuel inherent nitrogen. The respective mechanisms of fuel inherent nitrogen conversion to NOx, and later, the conversion of NOx and SO2 to HNO3 and H2SO4 respectively, involve complex chemistry with the involvement of N–S intermediate species. Based on the flue gas composition generated by oxy biomass combustion, the focus was given to the fuel NOx, whereby different rates of NO formation from fuel inherent nitrogen were studied to investigate the optimum rates of conversion of NOx during conversion reactions. The rate of conversion of NOx and SO2 were studied under fixed temperature and pressure. The factors affecting the rate of conversion were optimized through sensitivity analysiês to get the best possible operational parameters. These variable factors include ratios of liquid to gas feed flow, vapor-liquid holdups and bottom recycling. The results obtained through optimizing the various factors of the proposed system have shown great potential in terms of maximizing productivity. Around 88.91% of the 20 kWth boiler’s efficiency was obtained. The rate of conversion of NOx and SO2 were recorded at 98.05% and 87.42% respectively under parameters of 30 °C temperature, 3 MPa pressure, 10% feed stream holdup, liquid/gaseous feed stream ratio of 0.04 and a recycling rate of the bottom product of 20%. During the simulation process, production of around four kilograms per hour of CO2 with 94.13% purity was achieved.

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49

Sam, Yusif Rhule, Lawrence Darkwah, Derrick Kpakpo Allotey, Adjei Domfeh, Mizpah Ama Dziedzorm Rockson, and Emmanuel Kwaku Baah-Ennumh. "Chemical Plant Design for the Conversion of Plastic Waste to Liquid Fuel." Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science 11, no. 03 (2021): 239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/aces.2021.113015.

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50

Mujtiba, Afsheen, and Shahid Raza Malik. "Study of the Conversion of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) into Liquid Fuel." NFC-IEFR Journal of Engineering and Scientific Research 4, no. 1 (December 30, 2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.24081/nijesr.2016.1.0001.

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