Статті в журналах: "Liquid crystal type sensors"

1

Nazarava, K. U., and V. I. Navumenka. "Mid-infrared gas sensors of liquid crystal type." Ultramicroscopy 105, no. 1-4 (November 2005): 204–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2005.06.037.

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2

Beck, Elizabeth R., and Gillian M. Greenway. "Computer-aided design of liquid crystal type macrocycles for sensors." Analytical Proceedings including Analytical Communications 32, no. 8 (1995): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/ai9953200313.

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3

Petriashvili, Gia, Mauro Daniel Luigi Bruno, Maria Penelope De Santo, and Riccardo Barberi. "Temperature-tunable lasing from dye-doped chiral microdroplets encapsulated in a thin polymeric film." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 9 (January 31, 2018): 379–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.9.37.

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In the last decade, much interest has grown around the possibility to use liquid-crystal droplets as optical microcavities and lasers. In particular, 3D laser emission from dye-doped cholesteric liquid crystals confined inside microdroplets paves the way for many applications in the field of sensors or tunable photonics. Several techniques can be used to obtain small microresonators as, for example, dispersing a liquid crystal inside an immiscible isotropic fluid to create an emulsion. Recently, the possibility to obtain a thin free-standing film starting from an emulsion having a mixture of water and polyvinyl alcohol as isotropic matrix has been reported. After the water evaporation, a polymeric film in which the microdroplets are encapsulated has been obtained. Bragg-type laser emission has been recorded from the emulsion as well as from the thin film. Here, we report on the possibility to tune the laser emission as a function of temperature. Using a chiral dopant with temperature dependent solubility, the emitted laser wavelength can be tuned in a range of 40 nm by a temperature variation of 18 °C. The proposed device can have applications in the field of sensors and for the development of anti-counterfeiting labels.

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4

Yoshioka, Tomohiko, Toshiyuki Ikoma, Akira Monkawa, Toru Tonegawa, Dinko Chakarov, B. Kasemo, Nobutaka Hanagata, and M. Tanaka. "Protein Adsorption on Hydroxyapatite Nano-Crystals with Quartz Crystal Microbalance Technique." Key Engineering Materials 361-363 (November 2007): 1119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.361-363.1119.

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Real time adsorption behaviors of six proteins with different isoelectric points on hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanocrystal surfaces have been investigated by using HAp sensors for quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation technique (QCM-D). The dissipation (D)–frequency (f) plots clearly showed that the different types of protein adsorption behaviors; the D-f plots of acidic proteins lie on one straight line with a constant slope under all initial protein concentrations, while those of neutral and basic proteins lie on two straight lines with different slopes. The acidic proteins formed a monolayer, while the neutral and basic proteins could cause conformational changes with the adsorbed amount of proteins. The QCM-D technique with novel HAp nanocrystal sensor is useful for the liquid phase changes of proteins on the surface.

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Iswanto, Iswanto, Alfian Ma’arif, Bilah Kebenaran, and Prisma Megantoro. "Design of gas concentration measurement and monitoring system for biogas power plant." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 22, no. 2 (May 1, 2021): 726. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v22.i2.pp726-732.

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Biogas is a gas obtained from the breakdown of organic matter (such as animal waste, human waste, and plants) by methanogenic bacteria in an oxygen-free (anaerobic) state. The biogas produced mainly consists of 50-70% methane, 30-40% carbon dioxide, and other gases in small amounts. The gas produced has a different composition depending on the type of animal that produces it. It is challenging to obtain biogas concentration data because the monitoring equipment is currently minimal. Therefore, this research discusses how to make a monitoring system for biogas reactors. Sensors are installed in the digester tank and storage tank. The installed sensors are the MQ-4 sensor to detect methane gas (CH4), MG-811 sensor to detect carbon dioxide (CO2) gas, MQ-136 sensor to detect sulfide acid gas (H2S), and Thermocouple Type-K to detect temperature. The sensor will send a signal to the control unit in Arduino Mega 2560, then processed and displayed on the liquid crystal display (LCD). The sensor calculation results' accuracy is not much different from the reference based on the sensor readings. The sensor deviation standard is below 5.0, indicating that the sensor is in precision. The sensor's linearity of MQ-4 is 0.7%, the MG-811 is 0.17%, the MQ-136 is 0.29%, and the Type-K Thermocouple is 1.19%. The installed sensor can be used to monitor gas concentration and temperature in a biogas reactor.

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6

Voinova, Marina V. "On Mass Loading and Dissipation Measured with Acoustic Wave Sensors: A Review." Journal of Sensors 2009 (2009): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/943125.

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We summarize current trends in the analysis of physical properties (surface mass density, viscosity, elasticity, friction, and charge) of various thin films measured with a solid-state sensor oscillating in a gaseous or liquid environment. We cover three different types of mechanically oscillating sensors: the quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) monitoring, surface acoustic wave (SAW), resonators and magnetoelastic sensors (MESs). The fourth class of novel acoustic wave (AW) mass sensors, namely thin-film bulk acoustic resonators (TFBARs) on vibrating membranes is discussed in brief. The paper contains a survey of theoretical results and practical applications of the sensors and includes a comprehensive bibliography.

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Egorov, A. A., L. A. Sevastyanov, V. D. Shigorin, A. S. Ayriyan, and E. A. Ayriyan. "Properties of nematic LC planar and smoothly-irregular waveguide structures: research in the experiment and using computer modeling." Computer Optics 43, no. 6 (December 2019): 976–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2412-6179-2019-43-6-976-982.

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Nematic liquid crystal planar and smoothly-irregular waveguide structures were studied experimentally and by the computer modeling. Two types of optical smoothly-irregular waveguide structures promising for application in telecommunications and control systems are studied by numerical simulation: liquid crystal waveguides and thin film solid generalized waveguide Luneburg lens. Study of the behavior of these waveguide structures where liquid crystal layer can be used to control the properties of the entire device, of course, promising, especially since such devices are also able to perform various sensory functions when changing some external parameters, accompanied by a change in a number of their properties. It can be of interest to researchers not only in the field of the integrated optics but also in some others areas: nano-photonics, optofluidics, telecommunications, and control systems. The dependences of the attenuation coefficient (optical losses) of waveguide modes and the effective sizes (correlation radii) of quasi-stationary irregularities of the liquid-crystal layers on the linear laser radiation polarization and on the presence of pulse-periodic electric field were experimentally observed. An estimate was made of the correlation radii of liquid-crystal waveguide quasi-stationary irregularities. The obtained results are undoubtedly important for further research of waveguide liquid crystal layers, both from the theoretical point of view, and practical – in the organization and carrying out new experimental researches, for example, when developing promising integrated-optical LC sensors.

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8

Huang, Chia-Yi, and Shih-Hung Lin. "Organic Solvent Sensors Using Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Films with a Pillar Pattern." Polymers 13, no. 17 (August 29, 2021): 2906. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13172906.

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An organic solvent sensor of polymer-dispersed liquid crystals (PDLCs) film is fabricated by a combination of tri-functional monomers and LCs. When the patterned PDLC film comes into contact with the organic solvent, the organic solvent will penetrate into the film to induce the orientation of the liquid crystals, which will change from an ordered to a disordered state, which causes the PDLC film to scatter incident light. The experiment used acetone and ethanol as the organic solvents of interest. The results show that the patterned PDLC film has a stronger response to acetone than to ethanol. Based on the difference in the intensity of light scattering and the response time of the patterned PDLC film to different organic solvents, the results can be used to identify and recognize different types of organic solvents.

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9

Zhu, Chu, and Gary M. Hieftje. "A New Liquid-Crystal-Based Fiber-Optic Temperature Sensor." Applied Spectroscopy 43, no. 8 (November 1989): 1333–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702894204128.

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A new fiber-optic temperature sensor has been developed, based upon selective reflection from a cholesteric liquid crystal. The change of reflected-light intensity can be 40 times larger than background over a temperature range of only 0.4°C. For the demonstrated system, the temperature at which maximum reflection occurred was at 14.578°C, with a standard deviation of 0.026°C. The relative standard deviation of the peak reflected-light intensity was 7.1%. The dependence of the magnitude of reflection and that of peak temperature on the heating rate were studied. The response time of the present sensor is about 2 s, but it could be shortened with slight design modifications. Each sensor of the new type should be applicable to temperature sensing or control over a temperature range of about 1°C.

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Wang, Tiesheng, Meisam Farajollahi, Yeon Sik Choi, I.-Ting Lin, Jean E. Marshall, Noel M. Thompson, Sohini Kar-Narayan, John D. W. Madden, and Stoyan K. Smoukov. "Electroactive polymers for sensing." Interface Focus 6, no. 4 (August 6, 2016): 20160026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2016.0026.

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Electromechanical coupling in electroactive polymers (EAPs) has been widely applied for actuation and is also being increasingly investigated for sensing chemical and mechanical stimuli. EAPs are a unique class of materials, with low-moduli high-strain capabilities and the ability to conform to surfaces of different shapes. These features make them attractive for applications such as wearable sensors and interfacing with soft tissues. Here, we review the major types of EAPs and their sensing mechanisms. These are divided into two classes depending on the main type of charge carrier: ionic EAPs (such as conducting polymers and ionic polymer–metal composites) and electronic EAPs (such as dielectric elastomers, liquid-crystal polymers and piezoelectric polymers). This review is intended to serve as an introduction to the mechanisms of these materials and as a first step in material selection for both researchers and designers of flexible/bendable devices, biocompatible sensors or even robotic tactile sensing units.

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11

Zhang, Feng, Ying Wang, Zhiyong Bai, Shen Liu, Cailing Fu, Yijian Huang, Changrui Liao, and Yiping Wang. "Helicity Enhanced Torsion Sensor Based on Liquid Filled Twisted Photonic Crystal Fibers." Sensors 20, no. 5 (March 9, 2020): 1490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20051490.

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A highly sensitive torsion sensor can be constructed by combining a twisted photonic crystal fiber with a liquid-filled waveguide in its air-hole cladding. The torsion sensitivity of this type of sensor is determined directly by the phase-matching conditions between the fiber core mode and the liquid waveguide mode, which can be improved by tuning the helicity (denoted by the initial twist rate, α0) of the twisted photonic crystal fiber. The enhancement mechanism of α0 on the sensitivity of the proposed torsion sensor is investigated theoretically, followed by experimental verifications, and a torsion sensitivity as high as 446 nm∙mm∙rad−1 can be obtained by tailoring these parameters. Experimental results show that the torsion sensitivity increases with α0 decreasing from 3.142 to 3.925 rad/mm, which are in consistence with that of the numerical predictions. The demonstrated torsion sensor is expected to contribute to the development of highly sensitive torsion-related photonic crystal fiber devices.

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12

DeGaspari, John. "User-Friendly Sensors." Mechanical Engineering 122, no. 01 (January 1, 2000): 57–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2000-jan-4.

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This article illustrates that miniaturization promises to bring chemical analysis out of the lab and into the field. Current research, based on varying approaches, is aimed at ultimately developing small, portable chemical analysis systems that are fast, accurate, and field-friendly. Some applications have been commercialized, and many more are still under development. One approach, taken by Sandia National Laboratories in Livermore, CA, is based on detecting elemental signatures—telltale traces of elements that fluoresce when the material is hit by an X-ray or gamma ray. An integrated, field-portable µChemLab will take a chromatographic approach to performing chemical analysis on gases and liquids. The enabling technology of Sandia’s approach is based on a new type of solid-state detector designed with a semiconductor crystal alloy of cadmium, zinc, and telluride, which can operate at room temperature—a key advantage over conventional silicon- and germanium-based devices. A different approach, based on chromatography, is the focus of another Sandia project to develop a field-portable chemical analysis device.

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13

Garcia-Amorós, Jaume, and Dolores Velasco. "Structural Features Guiding the Design of Liquid-Crystalline Elastomeric Fluorescent Force Sensors." Applied System Innovation 3, no. 2 (April 16, 2020): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/asi3020022.

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Liquid single crystal elastomers (LSCEs) containing carbazole fluorogenic components alter their luminescence when they are stretched along the director direction. The differential luminescent behavior arises from the distinct interaction between the carbazole fluorophores and their local environment before and after the application of the mechanical input. Indeed, the uniaxial deformation of the material, along its anisotropic direction, forces a closer mesogen–fluorophore interaction, which leads to the quenching of the carbazole luminescence. Importantly, this intermolecular interaction is intimately related to the intrinsic order present in the LSCE. As a result, the amount of light emitted by the material in the form of fluorescence diminishes upon deformation. Thus, the application of mechanical stimuli to liquid-crystalline elastomers furnishes to two interconvertible states for the system with distinct optical properties (with either different emission color or fluorescence intensity). The initial state of the material is completely restored once the applied force is removed. In this way, this kind of macromolecular system can transduce mechanical events into detectable and processable optical signals, thus, having great potential as optical force sensors. In this context, the realization of the distinct structural factors that govern the interactions established between the mesogenic and fluorogenic units at the supramolecular level upon deformation is essential for the development of efficient LSCE-based force sensors. In fact, not only the density of carbazole units and their connection to the main polymer backbone, but also the presence of long range molecular order in the system and the type of mesophase exhibited by the LSCE are key factors for the conception of efficient force sensors based on these self-organized polymer networks. In this review, we present a comprehensive and systematic description of the different features that control the mechanoluminescent behavior of fluorescent liquid-crystalline elastomers and will guide the future design of LSCE-based force sensors with improved performances.

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14

Pu, Sheng. "MCU Control Technology of 3D Image Processing Based on Photoelectric Coupler." Applied Mechanics and Materials 543-547 (March 2014): 2674–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.543-547.2674.

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In the micro display device, we can achieve the binocular 3D imaging, to carry on wireless sensor control and the implementation of naked eye 3D image expression effect. The application of controllable silicon type photoelectric coupler MOC3041 and CD4069 phase inverter design the control circuit of image capture clock, and then the use of MCU control algorithm designs the wireless sensor signal acquisition PC circuit. Finally, this paper uses a liquid crystal screen, polarizing film and polymer liquid crystal layer to carry on 3D image synthesis experiment, we can obtain the very good 3D image expression effect, and the technology will be extended to the basketball training process, to receive the application of computer 3D imaging technology.

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15

Hong, Yan, Xuechun Cao, Yan Chen, Zhijuan Pan, Yu Chen, and Xianyi Zeng. "A conceptual wearable monitoring system for physiological indices and clothing microclimate measurement." International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 31, no. 3 (June 3, 2019): 318–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-10-2016-0116.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate physiological indices related to comfort and health condition, based on which corresponding electronic equipment are selected and applied. A wearable monitoring system using sensor and liquid crystal display (LCD) techniques are then designed. Sensors are used to collect and transmit recording required signals from the wearer. A microcomputer with the type of AT89C52 is used to record and analyze the collected data. LCD is applied to display the health and comfort condition of the wearer. Design/methodology/approach A novel wearable monitoring system for the measurement of physiological indices and clothing microclimate is proposed in this study in order to monitoring both health and comfort condition of the wearer. Findings The proposed system provides reference for the application of sensor and display technologies in the field of smart clothing, which can be further applied to infant and child care, health care, home entertainment, military and industry. Originality/value This paper, first, investigated a framework of a wearable monitoring system considering both comfort and health condition and summarized the related physiological indices. The requirements of both comfort and health condition monitoring are analyzed to select appropriate electronic elements.

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BING, P. B., Z. Y. LI, J. Q. YAO, Y. LU, and Z. G. DI. "A PHOTONIC CRYSTAL FIBER BASED ON SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE TEMPERATURE SENSOR WITH LIQUID CORE." Modern Physics Letters B 26, no. 13 (April 26, 2012): 1250082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984912500820.

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A Photonic Crystal Fiber based on Surface Plasmon Resonance (PCF-SPR) temperature sensor with liquid core is proposed in this paper. Glycerin liquid with a high refractive index is filled in the central air hole of the hollow core photonic bandgap (PBG) PCF, the transmission type of PCF will change to total internal reflection (TIR), which will significantly broaden its transmission bands. The refractive index of glycerin changes with temperature within a certain temperature range and can be detected by measuring the transmission spectra, thus the accurate ambient temperature can be obtained. Numerical results indicate that the plasmon on the surface of the gold-coated channels containing glycerin liquid can be intensively excited by the core-guided mode and the excitation of the plasmon mode is sensitive to the change of the temperature. Resolution of the PCF-SPR temperature sensor with liquid core is demonstrated to be as low as 4 × 10-6 RIU, where RIU means refractive index unit.

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Korec, Joanna, Karol A. Stasiewicz, Leszek R. Jaroszewicz, and Katarzyna Garbat. "SPR Effect Controlled by an Electric Field in a Tapered Optical Fiber Surrounded by a Low Refractive Index Nematic Liquid Crystal." Materials 13, no. 21 (November 3, 2020): 4942. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13214942.

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This paper presents the influence of a thin metal layer deposition on the surface of a tapered optical fiber surrounded by a low liquid crystal, on light propagation inside the taper structure. In this research, three types of liquid crystal cells were under investigation: orthogonal, parallel, and twist. They differed by the rubbing direction of the electrodes in relation to the fiber axis determining the initial molecule arrangement inside the cell. Gold films with thickness d = 30 nm were deposited on the tapered fiber surface in the tapered waist area. Cells including a tapered optical fiber with no metallic layer were also examined and presented as a reference. All measurements were performed at room temperature for a different steering voltage U from 0 to 200 V, with and without any amplitude modulation with a frequency f = 5 Hz, and the wavelength λ range from 550 to 1200 nm. As a result, the resonant peaks were obtained, which depends on a liquid crystal cell type and steering voltage, as well. This paper shows the possibility of sensing the change of applied voltage by the constructed system. During measurements, additional effects as signal overlapping and intermodal interference were observed reducing measured voltage value. In the future, the improved, similar systems that will have a better response could be used as a sensor of factors to which liquid crystal (LC) will be sensitive, especially temperature and electric field.

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18

Ku, Kyosun, Kyohei Hisano, Kyoko Yuasa, Tomoki Shigeyama, Norihisa Akamatsu, Atsushi Shishido, and Osamu Tsutsumi. "Effect of Crosslinkers on Optical and Mechanical Behavior of Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystal Elastomers." Molecules 26, no. 20 (October 14, 2021): 6193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26206193.

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Chiral nematic (N*) liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) are suitable for fabricating stimuli-responsive materials. As crosslinkers considerably affect the N*LCE network, we investigated the effects of crosslinking units on the physical properties of N*LCEs. The N*LCEs were synthesized with different types of crosslinkers, and the relationship between the N*LC polymeric system and the crosslinking unit was investigated. The N*LCEs emit color by selective reflection, in which the color changes in response to mechanical deformation. The LC-type crosslinker decreases the helical twisting power of the N*LCE by increasing the total molar ratio of the mesogenic compound. The N*LCE exhibits mechano-responsive color changes by coupling the N*LC orientation and the polymer network, where the N*LCEs exhibit different degrees of pitch variation depending on the crosslinker. Moreover, the LC-type crosslinker increases the Young’s modulus of N*LCEs, and the long methylene chains increase the breaking strain. An analysis of experimental results verified the effect of the crosslinkers, providing a design rationale for N*LCE materials in mechano-optical sensor applications.

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19

Song, Hong, Syed Raza Mehdi, Chaopeng Wu, Zixin Li, Hai Gong, Amjad Ali, and Hui Huang. "Underwater Spectral Imaging System Based on Liquid Crystal Tunable Filter." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 11 (November 1, 2021): 1206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9111206.

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In the past decade, underwater spectral imaging (USI) has shown great potential in underwater exploration for its high spectral and spatial resolution. This proposal presents a stare-type USI system combined with the liquid crystal tunable filter (LCTF) spectral splitting device. Considering the working features of LCTF and the theoretical model of USI, the core structure containing “imaging lens-LCTF-imaging sensor” is designed and developed. The system is compact, and the optical geometry is constructed minimally. The spectral calibration test analysis proved that the spectral response range of the system covers a full band of 400 nm to 700 nm with the highest spectral resolution between 6.7 nm and 18.5 nm. The experiments show that the system can quickly collect high-quality spectral image data by switching between different spectral bands arbitrarily. The designed prototype provides a feasible and reliable spectral imaging solution for in situ underwater targets observation with high spectrum collecting efficiency.

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Atta, Nada Farouk, Ahmed Galal, Ekram Hamdy El-Ads, and Aya Essam Galal. "Efficient Electrochemical Sensor Based on Gold Nanoclusters/Carbon Ionic Liquid Crystal for Sensitive Determination of Neurotransmitters and Anti-Parkinson Drugs." Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin 10, no. 1 (December 11, 2019): 46–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/apb.2020.006.

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Purpose: Herein we introduce a simple and sensitive sensor for the electrochemical determination of neurotransmitters compounds and anti-Parkinson drugs. Methods: The electrochemical sensor (Au/CILCE) based on gold nanoclusters modified carbon ionic liquid crystal (ILC) electrode was characterized using scanning electron microscopy and voltammetry measurements. Results: The effect of ionic liquid type in the carbon paste composite for the electro-catalytic oxidation of L-dopa was evaluated. Highest current response was obtained in case of ILC compared to other studied kinds of ionic liquids. The effective combination of gold nanoclusters and ILC resulted in extra advantages including large surface area and high ionic conductivity of the nanocomposite. L-dopa is considered one of the most important prescribed medicines for treating Parkinson’s disease. Moreover, a binary therapy using L-dopa and carbidopa proved effective and promising as it avoids the short comings of L-dopa mono-therapy for Parkinson’s patients. The Au/CILCE can detect L-dopa in human serum in the linear concentration range of 0.1 μM to 90 μM with detection and quantification limits of 4.5 nM and 15.0 nM, respectively. Also, the Au/CILCE sensor can simultaneously and sensitively detect L-dopa in the presence of carbidopa with low detection limits. Conclusion: The sensor is advantageous to be applicable for electrochemical sensing of other biologically electroactive species.

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Xu, Lan-Lan, Yi Gong, Ya-Xian Fan, and Zhi-Yong Tao. "A High-Resolution Terahertz Electric Field Sensor Using a Corrugated Liquid Crystal Waveguide." Crystals 9, no. 6 (June 12, 2019): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst9060302.

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Liquid crystals (LCs) can always reflect variable optical properties in a broad terahertz (THz) band under external electric or magnetic fields. Based on the measurements of these varying properties, we can realize electric and magnetic field sensing with very high sensitivity. Here, we theoretically and numerically demonstrate a type of electric field sensor in the THz frequency range based on the defect mode arising in a periodically corrugated waveguide with liquid crystals. The Bragg defect structure consisting of periodically corrugated metallic walls and a defect in the middle can provide a narrow transmitted peak with controllable bandwidth, which can be used for external field sensing when it is filled with LCs. The molecular orientation of nematic LCs (E7) is not only very sensitive to the applied DC electric field but also very crucial to the effective refractive index of E7. Changing the effective index can efficiently shift the frequency of the transmitted peak in the THz spectrum. The simulated results show that the sensitivity can reach as high as 9.164 MHz/(V/m) and the smallest resolution is 0.1115 V/m. The proposed sensor and its significant performance could benefit electric field sensing and extend the applications of THz technology.

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Sohail, Muhammad, Muhammad Zeshan Ashraf, Raziya Nadeem, Shamsa Bibi, Rabia Rehman, and Muhammad Adnan Iqbal. "Techniques in the synthesis of organometallic compounds of tungsten." Reviews in Inorganic Chemistry 40, no. 1 (March 26, 2020): 1–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revic-2019-0013.

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AbstractTungsten is an elegant substance, and its compounds have great significance because of their extensive range of applications in diverse fields such as in gas sensors, photocatalysis, lithium ion batteries, H2 production, electrochromic devices, dyed sensitized solar cells, microchip technology, and liquid crystal displays. Tungsten compounds exhibit a more efficient catalytic behavior, and tungsten-dependent enzymes generally catalyze the transfer of an oxygen atom to or from a physiological donor/acceptor with the metal center. Furthermore, tungsten has an n-type semiconductor band gap. Tungsten forms complexes by reacting with several elements such as H, C, N, O, and P as well as other numerous inorganic elements. Interestingly, all tungsten reactions occur at ambient temperature, usually with tetrahydrofuran and dichloromethane under vacuum. Tungsten has extraordinarily high-temperature properties, making it very useful for X-ray production and heating elements in furnaces. Tungsten coordinates with diverse nonmetallic elements and ligands and produces interesting compounds. This article describes an overview of the synthesis of various organometallic compounds of tungsten.

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Kassim, Murizah, Ezril Hisham Mat Saad, and Rosminah Mustakim. "Analysis of Drinks Base Concentration Using Microprocessor Based Sensor." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 5369–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.5369.

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This paper presents an analysis of liquid drinks concentration using microprocessor based sensor. A prototype model based on hardware and software is used to run this analysis. The model then is tested and a few type of branded sold drinks base is analyzed on its concentration. The hardware comprises of a portable device that has been design to detect the differences between selected liquid drinks concentration. Those tested experimental drinks are Sunquick Blackcurrant, Sunquick Orange, Greenhill Rose, Greenhill Mango and Dutch Lady Full cream milk. A light dependant resistor (LDR) is used as the sensor to measure the light density through the liquid. The method has obtained the input voltage from the LDR circuit and display the concentration measurement on the liquid crystal display (LCD). Successful output has been gathered from the designing circuit. A printed circuit board (PCB) layout and programming using Basic language is developed and design in the identified hardware and software. This research has produced a data collections and statistical analysis on the identified drinks concentration. Comparison has been made and mathematical concept on the design system has been carried out.

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Wang, Hao Zhou, Jian Min Zhang, and Hui Dong Li. "Design of the Real-Time Monitoring and Fault Diagnosis System of Equipment." Advanced Materials Research 718-720 (July 2013): 1472–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.718-720.1472.

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This paper studies on a new type design of a real-time monitoring and fault diagnosis system of equipment. The system uses subject knowledge, such as sensor technology, neural network and embedded systems. It regards system voltage and current as the monitoring goals at the same time and shows the text of the system malfunction on the liquid crystal display. The paper introduces a new system monitoring approach combined with text, sound, light alarm to achieve the goal that the process of operating the equipment is safe, stable, balanced and low loss.

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Kirihara, Soshu, Yousuke Itakura, and Satoko Tasaki. "Creation of Titania Artificial Interfaces with Geometric Patterns by Using Micro Stereolithography and Aqueous Solution Techniques." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2012, CICMT (September 1, 2012): 000117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/cicmt-2012-tp24.

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Titania micro patterns with periodic arrangements were formed on glass substrates successfully for electromagnetic wave energy resonations and localizations in terahertz frequency ranges. Geometric arrangements of acryl polygon tablets with titania particles dispersions by using micro patterning stereolithography. Moreover, periodically arranged full titania tablets with anatase phase were created homogeneously though liquid phase crystal depositions of water solvent processes under micro templates fabricated by using the stereolithography system. The terahertz wave properties were measured and simulated by a using time domain spectroscopic system and finite difference time domain method. The terahertz waves having micrometer order wavelengths and belonging in far-infrared frequency ranges are expected to apply for various types of novel sensors which can detect micro cracks on materials surfaces, micro defects in electric devices, bacteria in foods, and cancer cells in human skins.

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Aguirre, Luis E., Alexandre de Oliveira, David Seč, Simon Čopar, Pedro L. Almeida, Miha Ravnik, Maria Helena Godinho, and Slobodan Žumer. "Sensing surface morphology of biofibers by decorating spider silk and cellulosic filaments with nematic microdroplets." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 5 (January 14, 2016): 1174–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1518739113.

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Probing the surface morphology of microthin fibers such as naturally occurring biofibers is essential for understanding their structural properties, biological function, and mechanical performance. The state-of-the-art methods for studying the surfaces of biofibers are atomic force microscopy imaging and scanning electron microscopy, which well characterize surface geometry of the fibers but provide little information on the local interaction potential of the fibers with the surrounding material. In contrast, complex nematic fluids respond very well to external fields and change their optical properties upon such stimuli. Here we demonstrate that liquid crystal droplets deposited on microthin biofibers—including spider silk and cellulosic fibers—reveal characteristics of the fibers’ surface, performing as simple but sensitive surface sensors. By combining experiments and numerical modeling, different types of fibers are identified through the fiber-to-nematic droplet interactions, including perpendicular and axial or helicoidal planar molecular alignment. Spider silks align nematic molecules parallel to fibers or perpendicular to them, whereas cellulose aligns the molecules unidirectionally or helicoidally along the fibers, indicating notably different surface interactions. The nematic droplets as sensors thus directly reveal chirality of cellulosic fibers. Different fiber entanglements can be identified by depositing droplets exactly at the fiber crossings. More generally, the presented method can be used as a simple but powerful approach for probing the surface properties of small-size bioobjects, opening a route to their precise characterization.

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Seredyuk, Bohdan. "Analysis of magnetic properties of A3B6 type of semiconductor crystals with metalic impurities due to their military applications." Military Technical Collection, no. 24 (May 20, 2021): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33577/2312-4458.24.2021.8-12.

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The Earth's magnetic field is affected by the presence of heavy military armored vehicles which creates an additional magnetic moment. This distortion of the magnetic field, can be detected using magnetoresistive structures. This article touches base on the possibility of using semiconductor material such as InSe for high precision measurement of the magnetic field. The properties of InSe structures with regard to electrical, magnetic and optical characteristics are discussed. The effect of sharp anisotropy of InSe layered structure which consists in the strong covalent bond within the layers and a weak van-der-Waals bond in the interlayer space is discussed with regard to the explanation of how electrical, magnetic and optical properties are altered. The peculiarity of the spatial orientation of the material with regard to the direction of the magnetic field is considered. The impact of intercalation of InSe, GaSe by various concentrations of metal impurities such as nickel and other elements of 3d iron group is studied. Bode diagrams for pure InSe system are compared with the ones of NixInSe (for various x values). Also the effect of different temperatures ranging from room temperature to liquid nitrogen on the pattern of Bode diagrams is analyzed. The extent of how the magnetic properties of semiconductor crystals of the A3B6 type are altered by the presence of the metal impurities and their concentration is analyzed. Theoretic background for this paper is based on a well-known statement that layer structures such InSe or other A3B6 structures can be viewed as quasi two-dimensional. So, layers with strong covalent bond are formed by In-Se atoms, whereas interlayer space is filled with a weak Van der Waals bond. Within this model the processes across the layers can be described as a perturbation to the ones along the layers. This causes a strong anisotropy of the properties of these structures. Military implication of InSe structures mentioned throughout this paper is that these structures possess magnetoresistive properties and they were proved to be useful for the components of the magnetic sensors of civil and military use. This paper also touches base on how the InSe semiconductor crystals intercalated by 3d-elements can extend the functionality of magnetic sensors designed for heavy armor detection.

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Syahrorini, Syamsudduha, and Dwi Hadidjaja. "APLIKASI ALAT UKUR PARTIKULAT DAN SUHU BERBASIS IOT." Dinamik 25, no. 1 (June 27, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.35315/dinamik.v25i1.7512.

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Human daily life depends on air, so air quality needs to be protected especially against pollution. Decreasing air quality due to dust pollution can result in ARI. Makes it easier to measure ambient air and air temperature using internet-based technology. Designing internet-based dust and temperature measuring devices using the gp2y1010au0f type dust sensor, and DHS11 sensor as a temperature sensor, amplifier circuit, NodemCU microcontroller, and LCD (Liquid Crystal Display). The measurement application is carried out at the location of the PT. Djabus Tunas Utama Ngoro Mojokerto East Java at 10 sampling points around the mixing tube. The measurement results show the concentration carried by ambient air quality standards when the engine stops, so it is safe for employees. When the machine is mixing and the machine is not mixing (ordinary conditions) the concentration of particulates and the temperature exceeds the ambient air quality standard, for that all employees are required to use PPE.

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Dierking, Ingo. "Liquid crystal sensors." Liquid Crystals Today 27, no. 3 (July 3, 2018): 74–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1358314x.2018.1525047.

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Soon, Chin Fhong, Mohamad A. Genedy, Mansour Youseffi, and Morgan C. T. Denyer. "Cell Traction Force Mapping in MG63 and HaCaTs." Advanced Materials Research 832 (November 2013): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.832.39.

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The ability of a cell to adhere and transmit traction forces to a surface reveals the cytoskeleton integrity of a cell. Shear sensitive liquid crystals were discovered with new function in sensing cell traction force recently. This liquid crystal has been previously shown to be non-toxic, linear viscoelastic and sensitive to localized exerted forces. This paper reports the possibility of extending the application of the proposed liquid crystal based cell force sensor in sensing traction forces of osteoblast-like (MG-63) and human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cell lines exerted to the liquid crystal sensor. Incorporated with cell force measurement software, force distributions of both cell types were represented in force maps. For these lowly contractile cells, chondrocytes expressed regular forces (10 – 90 nN, N = 200) around the circular cell body whereas HaCaT projected forces (0 – 200 nN, N = 200) around the perimeter of poly-hedral shaped body. These forces are associated with the organisation of the focal adhesion expressions and stiffness of the LC substrate. From the results, liquid crystal based cell force sensor system is shown to be feasible in detecting forces of both MG63 and HaCaT.

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Oseev, Aleksandr, Nikolay Mukhin, Céline Elie-Caille, Wilfrid Boireau, Ralf Lucklum, Thomas Lecompte, Fabien Remy-Martin, Jean-François Manceau, Franck Chollet, and Thérèse Leblois. "Topology Challenge for the Assessment of Living Cell Deposits with Shear Bulk Acoustic Biosensor." Nanomaterials 10, no. 10 (October 21, 2020): 2079. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10102079.

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Shear bulk acoustic type of resonant biosensors, such as the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), give access to label-free in-liquid analysis of surface interactions. The general understanding of the sensing principles was inherited from past developments in biofilms measurements and applied to cells while keeping the same basic assumptions. Thus, the biosensor readouts are still quite often described using ‘mass’ related terminology. This contribution aims to show that assessment of cell deposits with acoustic biosensors requires a deep understanding of the sensor transduction mechanism. More specifically, the cell deposits should be considered as a structured viscoelastic load and the sensor response depends on both material and topological parameters of the deposits. This shifts the paradigm of acoustic biosensor away from the classical mass loading perspective. As a proof of the concept, we recorded QCM frequency shifts caused by blood platelet deposits on a collagen surface under different rheological conditions and observed the final deposit shape with atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results vividly demonstrate that the frequency shift is highly impacted by the platelet topology on the bio-interface. We support our findings with numerical simulations of viscoelastic unstructured and structured loads in liquid. Both experimental and theoretical studies underline the complexity behind the frequency shift interpretation when acoustic biosensing is used with cell deposits.

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Reinking, Roger F., Sergey Y. Matrosov, Robert A. Kropfli, and Bruce W. Bartram. "Evaluation of a 45° Slant Quasi-Linear Radar Polarization State for Distinguishing Drizzle Droplets, Pristine Ice Crystals, and Less Regular Ice Particles." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 19, no. 3 (March 1, 2002): 296–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426-19.3.296.

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Abstract A remote sensing capability is needed to detect clouds of supercooled, drizzle-sized droplets, which are a major aircraft icing hazard. Discrimination among clouds of differing ice particle types is also important because both the presence and type of ice influence the survival of liquid in a cloud and the chances for occurrence of these large, most hazardous droplets. This work shows how millimeter-wavelength dual-polarization radar can be used to identify these differing hydrometeors. It also shows that by measuring the depolarization ratio (DR), the estimation of the hydrometeor type can be accomplished deterministically for drizzle droplets; ice particles of regular shapes; and to a considerable extent, the more irregular ice particles, and that discrimination is strongly influenced by the polarization state of the transmitted microwave radiation. Thus, appropriate selection of the polarization state is emphasized. The selection of an optimal polarization state involves trade-offs in competing factors such as the functional dynamic range of DR, sensitivity to low-reflectivity clouds, and insensitivity to oscillations in the settling orientations of ice crystals. A 45° slant, quasi-linear polarization state, one in which only slight ellipticity is introduced, was found to offer a very good compromise, providing considerable advantages over standard horizontal and substantially elliptical polarizations. This was determined by theoretical scattering calculations that were verified experimentally in field measurements conducted during the Mount Washington Icing Sensors Project (MWISP). A selectable-dual-polarization Ka-band (8.66-mm wavelength) radar was used. A wide variety of hydrometeor types was sampled. Clear differentiation among planar crystals, columnar crystals, and drizzle droplets was achieved. Also, differentiation among crystals of fundamentally different shapes (aspect ratios) within each of the planar and columnar families was found possible. These distinctions matched calculations of DR, usually to within 1 or 2 dB. The results from MWISP and from previous experiments with other polarizations have demonstrated that the agreement between theory and measurements by this method is repeatable. Additionally, although less rigorously predicted by theory, the field measurements demonstrated substantial differentiation among the more irregular and more spherical ice particles, including aggregates, elongated aggregates, heavily rimed dendrites, and graupel. Measurable separation between these various irregular ice particle types and drizzle droplets was also verified.

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Lv, Ying, Yuanming Chu, Pengcheng Zhou, Jun Mei, and Jing Xie. "Effects of Different Freezing Methods on Water Distribution, Microstructure and Protein Properties of Cuttlefish during the Frozen Storage." Applied Sciences 11, no. 15 (July 26, 2021): 6866. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11156866.

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To study the effect of different freezing methods on the quality changes of cuttlefish during the frozen storage of cuttlefish, fresh cuttlefish was treated with six freezing methods (refrigerator direct-freezing, saline solution impregnation freezing, flat freezing, tunnel type continuous freezing, air-blast freezing and liquid nitrogen freezing) and then stored at −18 °C for 90 days. The time to pass the maximum ice crystal generation zone for the above six freezing methods in this experiment was 165.5, 67.5, 34.5, 21.8, 20.4 and 1.5 min, respectively. In this study, water retention (thawing loss rate, centrifugal loss rate, and cooking loss), pH, malondialdehyde content, TVB-N value, and sulfhydryl content were measured to evaluate the quality after thawing. Protein secondary structure was measured by attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), water migration was determined by low-field NMR, and muscle microstructure was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that among the six freezing methods, liquid nitrogen freezing took the shortest time to pass through the maximum ice crystal generation zone. And it had the highest water retention, the lowest TVB-N content, the highest sulfhydryl content and the least irregular curling of protein secondary structure after 90 days of frozen storage. However, liquid nitrogen freezing can cause cracks and breakage in cuttlefish due to cryogenic fracture caused by ultra-low temperature, which affects its sensory evaluation. Although the freezing speed of flat freezing is faster than refrigerator direct-freezing and saline solution impregnation freezing, the muscle is extruded and deformed during the freezing process, and the damage is more serious, and the frozen storage quality is the worst. The comprehensive analysis results showed that the freezing speed of air- blast freezing was faster and the quality of cuttlefish in the freezing process was better, which was the more recommended freezing method, and this study provided some theoretical basis for the selection of freezing method in the actual production of cuttlefish.

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Suhartinah, Rima, and Wildian Wildian. "Rancang Bangun Sistem Berbasis Sensor Passive Infrared untuk Mendeteksi Manusia yang Terkubur di Bawah Reruntuhan Pasca Gempabumi." Jurnal Fisika Unand 9, no. 1 (February 11, 2020): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jfu.9.1.45-52.2020.

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Telah dirancang suatu alat pendeteksi keberadaan manusia dalam reruntuhan bangunan akibat gempabumi dengan menggunakan sensor Passive Infrared (PIR) HC-SR501. Sistem bekerja berdasarkan prinsip penginderaan radiasi infrared yang dipancarkan objek. Radiasi infrared yang dindera sensor PIR HC-SR501 diubah menjadi sinyal listrik. Sinyal kemudian diolah mikrokontroler yang ada di modul Arduino Uno R3 dengan bahasa pemrograman IDE Arduino. Hasilnya berupa pengaktifan buzzer sebagai alarm dan peringatan berupa tulisan “Infrared detected Any Human” pada LCD (liquid crystal display) ketika ada manusia dideteksi. Alat berupa tongkat akan dimasukkan pada celah-celah bangunan yang runtuh untuk mengetahui posisi korban dalam reruntuhan. Hal ini dapat mengurangi risiko korban meninggal akibat evakuasi korban dengan alat berat. Berdasarkan pengujian terhadap alat yang telah dilakukan, dapat disimpulkan bahwa alat dapat mendeteksi korban yang bergerak dengan rentang jarak manusia ke sensor adalah 1 m hingga 7 m. Pendeteksi manusia yang tidak bergerak hanya bisa sejauh 30 cm, besar sudut deteksinya 60°, lebar celah minimum yang dapat dideteksi adalah 1,5 cm. Sensor juga tidak dapat mendeteksi manusia apabila ada material yang menghalangi sensor, hal ini dipengaruhi oleh ketebalan dan jenis penghalang. Selain itu, sensor juga dapat mendeteksi objek selain manusia tapi dalam jangkauan jarak yang lebih pendek. It has been designed a detection tool of human existence in ruins of building due to earthquake by using sensor PIR (Passive Infrared) HC-SR501. The system works based on the principle of sensing infrared radiation emitted by the object. The infrared radiation of the HC-SR501 PIR sensor is converted into an electrical signal. The signal is processed by the microcontroller in the Arduino Uno R3 module with the Arduino IDE programming language. The result is the activation of the buzzer as an alarm and notifying by writing “Infrared Detected Any Human” on LCD (liquid crystal Display) when human detected by sensor. The form of a stick, it will be inserted in the gaps of the collapsed building to determine the victim's position in the ruins. This is hopefully be able redusing the risk of death victims due to victim evacuation with heavy equipment. Based on the testing of the equipment, it can be concluded that the tool can detect a moving victim with a human distance range to the sensor is 1 m to 7 m.Detecting a man who does not move is only 30 cm, the large of detection angle is 600, the minimum slit width that can be detected is 1.5 cm. It can’t detect human when sensor is cover by thing, it is influenced by thickness and type of barrier. It can also detect other object than human but within a shorter range of distances.

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Bocharov, Yu V., I. N. Gurova, O. A. Kapustina, E. I. Remizova, and V. N. Reshetov. "Nematic Liquid Crystal Sensors." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 209, no. 1 (December 1991): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00268949108036176.

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Sipani, Jay P., Riki H. Patel, Trushit Upadhyahya, and Arpan Desai. "Wireless Sensor Network for Monitoring & Control of Environmental Factors using Arduino." International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM) 12, no. 2 (March 29, 2018): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v12i2.7415.

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Today there is demand to monitor environmental factors almost in all research institutes and industries and even for domestic uses. The analog data measurement requires manual effort to note readings and there may be a possibility of human error. Such type of systems fail to provide and store precise values of parameters with high accuracy. Analog systems are having drawback of storage/memory. Therefore, there is a requirement of a smart system which is fully automated, accurate and capable enough to monitor all the environmental parameters with utmost possible accuracy. Besides, it should be cost-effective as well as portable too. This paper represents the Wireless Sensor(WS) data communication using DHT11, Arduino, SIM900A GSM module, a mobile device and Liquid Crystal Display(LCD). Experimental setup includes the heating arrangement of DHT11 and transmission of its data using Arduino and SIM900A GSM shield. The mobile device receives the data using Arduino, GSM shield and displays it on LCD too. Heating arrangement is used to heat and cool the temperature sensor to study its characteristics.

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Ristiawan, Masde, and Eko Ariyanto. "OTOMATISASI PENGATUR SUHU DAN WAKTU PADA PENYANGRAI KOPI ( ROASTER COFFEE ) BERBASIS ATMEGA 16 PADA TAMPILAN LCD ( LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY )." Gema Teknologi 19, no. 1 (October 31, 2016): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/gt.v19i1.21949.

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Masde Ristiawan, Eko Ariyanto Roasting is one of the most important processes in processing coffee beans. So it takes an automatic coffee roaster machine that can support the home roasting process. Basically, this coffee roaster is a heating device, the temperature is regulated following the input setpoint. The heating process is produced by electric heating elements which are controlled by the relay. The temperature sensor used is K type MAXX 6675 Thermocouple. The minimum system of ATmega 16 is used as the overall system control, Users can monitor temperature values and timers, which are displayed via the LCD display. In roasting coffee, roasting weight and temperature are very influential in the length of roasting time. Maximum capacity of 350 gram coffee roasters. To roast coffee with a weight of 100 grams at a temperature of 100 ° C it takes 34 minutes for light maturity and a temperature of 130 ° C with the same weight takes 18 minutes. Keywords : Thermocouple, Relay, Temperature, Sistem Minimum ATmega 16, LCD, Roaster Coffee.ReferencesSutanto, N. (2012). Rancang Bangun Coffee Producting Machine. Surabaya: Universitas Wijaya Putra.Wijaya, A. (2011). Rancang Bangun Alat Pemanas dan Pengaduk Terintergrasi dengan Temperatur dan Kecepatan Terkendali Berbasis Mikrokontroler. Depok : Universitas Indonesia.Perdana, Y. (2012). Rancang Bangun Alat Penyangrai Kacang Tanah dengan Penggerak Motor DC Berbasis Mikrokontroler AT89s51. Jakarta: Universitas Negeri Jakarta.Kurniawan, R. (2014). Sistem Pengendalian Suhu Menggunakan Metode Fuzzy Logic Pada Tungku Mesin Penyangrai Kopi. Jember : Universitas Jember.Amiq, B. (2015). Rancang Bangun Alat Penyangrai Kopi Semi Otomatis dengan Kapasitas 5Kg. Surabaya: Universitas Negeri Surabaya.Hartanto, S. (2012). Prototipe Pintu Bendungan Otomatis Berbasis Mikrokontroler ATmega 16. Yogyakarta: Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta.Kholatingulloh, T. (2015). Otomatisasi Pengatur Suhu dan Waktu Pada Oven Listrik Berbasis arduino yang ditampilkan pada LCD. Semarang: Universitas Diponegoro.

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Miftachul Ulum, Mutiara Hikmah, Achmad Fiqhi Ibaidillah, and Kunto Aji Wibisono. "Rancang Bangun Sepeda Listrik 250 Watt Dengan Mengukur Kecepatan Dan Daya Baterai." Jurnal JEETech 2, no. 1 (May 27, 2021): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.48056/jeetech.v2i1.150.

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Electric bicycles are one of many vehicles with alternative fuels. This electric bike uses electric power as its power source. Whose electrical energy is converted into motion energy. To convert that electrical energy into motion energy is needed which is called an electric dynamo. The electric dynamo here becomes an engine core on an electric bike. The performance of electric bicycles is measured based on high power efficiency, low energy consumption levels and stable electric bicycle components in their use. To monitor the performance, a speed and battery power scrolling system was designed on a 250W electric bike. An electric motorcycle is a type of vehicle consisting of brushless direct current (BLDC) to move the wheel, controller as energy flow regulator on BLDC, and battery as a power source. The main parts of this monitoring system include two 12 volt batteries in the series, controller, BLDC, throttle, proximity sensor, liquid crystal display (LCD). Throttle works as a BLDC speed controller. DC power meter as a measuring detector for the amount of electric current, electrical voltage, electrical energy, and electrical power displayed on the LCD.

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Wolfe, Jonathan P., and Jefferson R. Snider. "A Relationship between Reflectivity and Snow Rate for a High-Altitude S-Band Radar." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 51, no. 6 (June 2012): 1111–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-11-0112.1.

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AbstractAn important application of radar reflectivity measurements is their interpretation as precipitation intensity. Empirical relationships exist for converting microwave backscatter retrieved from precipitation particles (represented by an equivalent reflectivity factor Ze) to precipitation intensity. The reflectivity–snow-rate relationship has the form Ze = αSβ, where S is a liquid-equivalent snow rate and α and β are fitted coefficients. Substantial uncertainty exists in radar-derived values of snow rate because the reflectivity and intensity associated with snow tend to be smaller than those for rain and because of snow-particle drift between radar and surface detection. Uncertainty in radar-derived snow rate is especially evident at the few available high-altitude sites for which a relationship between reflectivity and snow rate has been developed. Using a new type of precipitation sensor and a National Weather Service radar, this work investigates the Ze–S relationship at a high-altitude site (Cheyenne, Wyoming). The S measurements were made 25 km northwest of the radar on the eastern flank of the Rocky Mountains; vertical separation between the radar range gate and the ground was less than 700 m. A meteorological feature of the snowstorms was northeasterly upslope flow of humid air at low levels. The Ze–S data pairs were fitted with β = 2. The finding of this study for Cheyenne, α = 110 mm4 h2 m−3, is bounded by previous determinations made at other high-altitude National Weather Service sites. Also investigated was the temperature dependence of α. A positive α–T relationship is evident and is hypothesized to result from ice crystals produced by heterogeneous ice nucleation, at cloud top, followed by diffusional crystal growth during sedimentation.

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Idesawa, Masanori. "Acquisition of 3-D Optical Information." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 1, no. 4 (December 20, 1989): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.1989.p0255.

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In order for a machine to have the capacity to operate flexibly in a 3-D environment, it is indispensable for it to be equipped with space information acquisition capability, and tools for distance measurement are in turn indispensable for obtaining space information. Indeed distance measurement is basic and important not only for a robot, but also for science and technology in general. Many methods have been proposed for obtaining distance information, ranging from the mechanical contact type through optical and acoustic to electric and magnetic methods, and many are in practical use. Among them the optical method permits measurement of distance without contact and from a remote position, advantages which have led to it being widely applied. One of the most important principles for measuring distance is the triangulation principle. This permits determination of the position of an object from the distance between two observation points together with the angles in the triangle formed by these two points and a target point on the object. Based on this principle, the detection of one specific point in each of the two images obtained from two sets of image input equipment installed at two observation points permits determination of coordinate values in 3-D space. However, this extraction of the point in the second image corresponding to a specified point in the first image is a very difficult subject of study, and no universal method has been developed. To cope with this, active methods, which evade the problem by applying projection of laser light on the surface of an object to identify a bright point or bright line, are widely used. The special feature articles on obtaining 3-D optical information in this issue present some principles and new trial applications of distance acquisition methods for 3-D information, the optical method in particular. There are three reports on active method optical systems developed for robots. These include (1) a high speed measurement method applying space encoding which employs a liquid crystal lattice to project light in changing lattice patterns onto an object dynamically; (2) realization of high speed measurement through projecting and processing multiple light spots; (3) development of a visual sensor for disaster prevention use which can detect objects in flames and smoke utilizing projection of a CO2 gas laser. These are nearly at the level of operational use and are expected to become visual sensors for robots.

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Jasek, K., M. Pasternak, T. Ganicz, and W. A. Stańczyk. "Liquid crystal coating for SAW sensors." European Physical Journal Special Topics 154, no. 1 (February 2008): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjst/e2008-00525-2.

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Bocharov, Yu V., I. N. Gurova, O. A. Kapustina, E. I. Remizova, V. N. Reshetov, S. A. Grigoriev, M. V. Demianovich, and V. N. Novikov. "Liquid crystal sensors of physical signals." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 28, no. 3 (August 1991): 179–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-4247(91)85004-8.

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Sato, Susumu, and Masahito Kushima. "Liquid-Crystal Electric and Magnetic Field Sensors†." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 141, no. 3-4 (December 1986): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00268948608079611.

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Honma, Michinori, Tatsuya Miura, and Toshiaki Nose. "Liquid-crystal-grating-based optical displacement sensors." Applied Optics 55, no. 35 (December 9, 2016): 10045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.55.010045.

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Popov, Nicolai, Lawrence W. Honaker, Maia Popova, Nadezhda Usol’tseva, Elizabeth K. Mann, Antal Jákli, and Piotr Popov. "Thermotropic Liquid Crystal-Assisted Chemical and Biological Sensors." Materials 11, no. 1 (December 23, 2017): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11010020.

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Cao, Yankai, Huaizhe Yu, Nicholas L. Abbott, and Victor M. Zavala. "Machine Learning Algorithms for Liquid Crystal-Based Sensors." ACS Sensors 3, no. 11 (October 5, 2018): 2237–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.8b00100.

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47

Wang, Junren, Antal Jákli, Yu Guan, Shaohai Fu, and John West. "Developing Liquid-Crystal Functionalized Fabrics for Wearable Sensors." Information Display 33, no. 4 (July 2017): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2637-496x.2017.tb01010.x.

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48

Manna, Uttam, Yashira M. Zayas-Gonzalez, Rebecca J. Carlton, Frank Caruso, Nicholas L. Abbott, and David M. Lynn. "Liquid Crystal Chemical Sensors That Cells Can Wear." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 52, no. 52 (November 29, 2013): 14011–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201306630.

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49

Manna, Uttam, Yashira M. Zayas-Gonzalez, Rebecca J. Carlton, Frank Caruso, Nicholas L. Abbott, and David M. Lynn. "Liquid Crystal Chemical Sensors That Cells Can Wear." Angewandte Chemie 125, no. 52 (November 29, 2013): 14261–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.201306630.

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50

Sushynskyi, Orest, Roman Petrina, Zaoriana Gubriy, Semen Khomyak, Zinoviy Mykytyuk, and Volodymyr Novikov. "OPTICAL SENSOR OF FLAVONOIDS BASED ON LIQUID CRYSTAL." Informatyka Automatyka Pomiary w Gospodarce i Ochronie Środowiska 9, no. 1 (March 3, 2019): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.0934.

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Анотація:

In order to solve the problems associated with the express registration of the presence of biologically active substances in callus biomass, we propose the use of cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) with a spiral structure as a material of a sensitive element of optical sensor of flavonoids. Cholesteric liquid crystal BLO62 is proposed to use as a sensitive element. Spectral characteristics of alcohol solutions of flavonoids (20%, 40%, 70% and 90%) were obtained. The interaction of CLC with quercetin was analyzed. The scheme of the primary information signal converter is developed in which the current from the photodetector is transmitted to the developed signal converter. The device is implemented with the common use Atmega 328 microcontroller manufactured by Atmel. Speciality of this structural scheme is its flexibility and versatility, which makes it easy to reconfigure the parameters of the firmware for the registration of various types of investigated mediums.

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