Статті в журналах: "Liquefied petroleum gas Fluid dynamics"

1

Yi, Hang, Yu Feng, and Qingsheng Wang. "Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study of heat radiation from large liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) pool fires." Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 61 (September 2019): 262–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2019.06.015.

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Davidy, Alon. "CFD Simulation and Mitigation with Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion (BLEVE) Caused by Jet Fire." ChemEngineering 3, no. 1 (December 24, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering3010001.

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Different kinds of explosions are driven by the internal energy accumulated in compressed gas or superheated liquid. A well-known example of such an explosion is the burst of a vessel with pressure-liquefied substance, known as Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion (BLEVE). Hot BLEVE accident is caused mainly by direct heating (pool fire or jet fire) of the steel casing at the vapor side of the tank to temperatures in excess of 400 °C. Thermal insulation around the tank can significantly reduce and retard the excessive heating of the tank casings in a fire. This will allow fire fighters enough time to reach the accident location and to cool the LPG (Liquid Petroleum Gas) tank to avoid the BLEVE, to extinguish the fire or to evacuate the people in the vicinity of the accident. The proposed algorithm addresses several aspects of the BLEVE accident and its mitigation: Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) Simulation of jet fire by using fire dynamics simulator (FDS) software by using large eddy simulation (LES); calculation of the convective and radiative heat fluxes by using the impinging jet fire theory; performing thermochemical and heat transfer analysis on the glass-woven vinyl ester coating of the vessel by using FDS software (version 5); and COMSOL Multiphysics (version 4.3b) during the heating phase of composite and calculation of the time period required to evaporate the liquefied propane by using the first and second laws of thermodynamics.

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3

Zhou, Chilou, Haojun Lin, Guohua Chen, Peng Yang, Yiran Zheng, Xingquan Qiu, Xiangyue Li, and Yuhang Yang. "Experimental and numerical investigation on temperature uniformity of LPG cylinder in incineration test." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2022): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci220418127z.

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The liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) cylinder incineration test is an important part of the cylinder periodic inspection to clean up the residual gas and ensure the safety of subsequent inspection items. However, the cylinder needs to be incinerated several times due to the uneven temperature distribution of the cylinder, leading to low incineration efficiency and waste of energy. In this study, a cylinder incineration test is experimentally investigated and a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is established to analyze the influence of incinerator structure parameters and cylinder types on the temperature uniformity of the cylinder. The results show that the temperature distribution of the middle surface of the cylinder is most uneven. With the increase of the burner nozzle diameter and the incinerator diameter, the standard deviation of temperature decreases at first and then increases, and the minimum is reached at 150 mm and 530 mm, respectively. The optimized design is found to have a better temperature uniformity of the cylinder with the burner nozzle angle of 0?. The optimal incinerator diameter for different types of LPG cylinders is different and decreases as the cylinder diameter decreases.

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4

Niazi, Usama Muhammad, Mohammad Shakir Nasif, Masdi Bin Muhammad, and Muhammad Imran. "Integrated Consequence Modelling for Fire Radiation and Combustion Product Toxicity in offshore Petroleum Platform using Risk Based Approach." MATEC Web of Conferences 225 (2018): 06013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822506013.

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The processing area of offshore platform has high probability of leakage of hydrocarbons. Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is one of the most common hydrocarbon produced in offshore platforms. Leakage of LNG can cause pool fire, jet fire, flash fire or fire ball. Thermal radiations due to fire is the major source of damage to workers on board. But due to fire, various combustion product toxic gases are also produced that have both acute and chronic health effects. These toxic gases can cause incapacitation, increased heart rate, vomiting and even death. Predicting the human injury due to thermal radiations and concentration of toxic gases are the key issues. A risk based approach takes in to consideration the duration a worker spent on different location of offshore platform and also it has the additive ability to evaluate overall risk due to fire radiation and toxic gases. Grid based approach helps in better visualization of risk posed by fire radiation and combustion product toxic gases at different locations of platform. The current study proposed an integrated consequence modelling approach for fire and combustion product toxic gases using risk based and grid based approaches. The integrated accident is modelled using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS). The results showed that risk posed by thermal radiation is confined on sub cellar deck (lower deck) but estimated risk due to combustion product gas (carbon monoxide) on cellar deck (upper deck) has significant value that needs to be considered. The current approach would be useful for emergency preparedness plans and safety measures designs for offshore platforms.

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5

Jung, Hyuk, Bohyun Moon, and Gwang Goo Lee. "Development of Experimental Apparatus for Fire Resistance Test of Rechargeable Energy Storage System in xEV." Energies 13, no. 2 (January 17, 2020): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13020465.

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To secure the safety of xEV (all types of electrical vehicles), the United Nations released Global Technical Regulation No. 20, “Global Technical Regulations on the EVS (Electric Vehicle Safety)” in March 2018. The fire resistance test of the rechargeable energy storage system (REESS) describes an experimental procedure to evaluate the safety performance—specifically, whether passengers would have sufficient time to escape from the xEV before the explosion of the battery in a fire. There are two options for component-based REESS fire resistance tests: a gasoline pool fire and a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) burner. This study describes the process for optimizing the specifications of the fire resistance test apparatus for xEV batteries using an LPG burner, which was first proposed by the Republic of Korea. Based on the results of the measurement and a computational fluid dynamics analysis of the prototype test apparatus, new equipment designs were proposed by determining the nozzle spacing and number, fuel flow rate, and experimental conditions. To cover a wide range of xEV battery sizes, a final test apparatus consisting of 625 burners was selected. For three different battery sizes, it was possible to satisfy the temperature requirements, ranging from 800 to 1000 °C, of the GTR fire resistance test. The final apparatus design developed in the present study has been included in GTR No. 20 for EVS since March 2018.

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6

To, Chi Wing, Wan Ki Chow, and Fang Ming Cheng. "Simulation of Possible Fire and Explosion Hazards of Clean Fuel Vehicles in Garages." Sustainability 13, no. 22 (November 12, 2021): 12537. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132212537.

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Clean fuel is advocated to be used for sustainability. The number of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and hydrogen vehicles is increasing globally. Explosion hazard is a threat. On the other hand, the use of hydrogen is under consideration in Hong Kong. Explosion hazards of these clean fuel (LPG and hydrogen) vehicles were studied and are compared in this paper. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software Flame Acceleration Simulator (FLACS) was used. A car garage with a rolling shutter as its entrance was selected for study. Dispersion of LPG from the leakage source with ignition at a higher position was studied. The same garage was used with a typical hydrogen vehicle leaking 3.4 pounds (1.5 kg) of hydrogen in 100 s, the mass flow rate being equal to 0.015 kgs−1. The hydrogen vehicle used in the simulation has two hydrogen tanks with a combined capacity of 5 kg. The entire tank would be completely vented out in about 333 s. Two scenarios of CFD simulation were carried out. In the first scenario, the rolling shutter was completely closed and the leaked LPG or hydrogen was ignited at 300 s after leakage. The second scenario was conducted with a gap height of 0.3 m under the rolling shutter. Predicted results of explosion pressure and temperature show that appropriate active fire engineering systems are required when servicing these clean fuel vehicles in garages. An appropriate vent in an enclosed space such as the garage is important in reducing explosion hazards.

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7

Chen, Pengfei, Honggang Chang, Gang Xiong, Yan Zhang, and Xueqin Zheng. "Synthesis of phosphates for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) fracturing fluid." Applied Petrochemical Research 9, no. 3-4 (October 29, 2019): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13203-019-00236-5.

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Abstract Herein, a study of phosphate synthesis reactions with triethyl phosphate, phosphorous pentoxide and mixed alcohols is described. The synthesized phosphates are used as gelling agents in LPG fracturing fluids. By this study, a phosphate product with good performance has been obtain by screening different combination of alcohols and various reaction conditions including the ratios of reactants, reaction temperatures and reaction times. The LPG fracturing fluid prepared with the phosphate product we optimized maintains a viscosity of 200 mPa s for 1.5 h at 90 °C and 170 s−1 shear rate.

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8

Захаров, E. Zakharov, Гаврилов, D. Gavrilov, Алимов, V. Alimov, Федянов, and E. Fedyanov. "Method activation end date in the past. direction:re." Alternative energy sources in the transport-technological complex: problems and prospects of rational use of 2, no. 2 (December 17, 2015): 352–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/17138.

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The results of experimental studies of the effect of the addition of synthesis gas in the dynamics of the process of combustion of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and environmental parameters of the engine VAZ 11194 are presented

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9

Hubert, Antoine, Siaka Dembele, Petr Denissenko, and Jennifer Wen. "Predicting Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) rollovers using Computational Fluid Dynamics." Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 62 (November 2019): 103922. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2019.103922.

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10

Mockus, Saulius, Jonas Sapragonas, Agnius Stonys, and Saugirdas Pukalskas. "ANALYSIS OF EXHAUST GAS COMPOSITION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES USING LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS." JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT 14, no. 1 (March 31, 2006): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2006.9636874.

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The problems of implementation of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) supply systems are related with the fact that they are alternative systems used in engines constructed and optimized for work with other kinds of fuel. So assemblers of the systems have to evaluate power losses and at the same time ecological requirements. The experiment is devoted to the analysis of gas composition of engines working at different modes in order to specify the particularity of LPG system tuning and to obtain data for the evaluation of environmental pollution by numerical car dynamics models. It is estimated that the algorithms of current LPG systems balance between ecological requirements and optimization of external characteristics of engines, and the gas systems are characterized by a great inertia. Also, it is determined that more precise tuning algorithms must be constructed, and more tuning points and tuning, when an engine works in standard modes, must be foreseen.

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11

Mensah, Justice Tei. "Modelling demand for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) in Ghana: current dynamics and forecast." OPEC Energy Review 38, no. 4 (December 2014): 398–423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/opec.12032.

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12

Adaniya Higa, Beatriz Juana. "Soft system dynamics methodology applied to the supply of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)." Project, Design and Management 1, no. 2 (November 18, 2019): 41–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.35992/pdm.v1i2.244.

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Thisarticle contributessearchingfor a sustainable solution tothe supply of LPG. A little research has been done in Peru regarding the supply of LPG; it is focusedon the analysis of the energy matrix,LPG distribution for vehicles, Government pricing policy orsupply sources. The lack of studies that carry out an analysis of the causes or the interrelation between different factors can affect the normal supply of this fuel. An analysis of the problematic situation following the soft system dynamics methodology allows an adequate definition of the problem and events generating of risks that are presented in the LPG Supply. As a result of its application, defining the unstructured problematic situation has included the situation description where events and circumstances are observed without having any kind of structure, arising as the occurrence of the LPG shortage without having a clearidea of the real factors that cause it. On the other hand, defining the structured problematic situation has involved concatenating all the elements that integrate the situation describing and analyzing the whole system, considering historical records of past situations and collecting needs, aspirations and expectations of the different stakeholders, contributing to form an image of the situation that shows the structure, processes, relevant events and interrelations between all the elements involved.Thus, it is observed how the variables in the phases of the value chain of the LPG are related and interact affecting their supply.

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13

Stoyanov, Stoyan Nedelchev, Veselin Mihaylov, Zdravko Ivanov, and Radostin Radev. "System for studying the parameters of gas solenoid valves." ANNUAL JOURNAL OF TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF VARNA, BULGARIA 5, no. 2 (December 30, 2021): 112–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.29114/ajtuv.vol5.iss2.259.

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The aim of the present work is to construct a test stand for determining the characteristics of different fourth generation gas injectors working under various conditions as close as possible to the actual operating ones. For this purpose, the standard fourth generation gas system and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) as a working fluid were used for the stand. A system has been developed to maintain the gas leakage pressure equal in value to the pressure in the intake manifold of a Spark Ignition (SI) engine. Used LPG is compressed and liquefied for reuse. Additionally, safety measures are taken. The stand provides the right conditions for determining the influence of the nozzle diameter, the length of the connecting pipe between the injector and the intake manifold, the differential pressure upstream and downstream of the injector and other factors that affect these characteristics, which may be different when installing LPG system to an internal combustion engine.

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14

Amori, Dr Karima E. Amori, Dr Mohammad N. Hussain Hussain, and Hadeel B. Hilal Hilal. "Experimental Investigation of Pipeline In-Service Welding Process." Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies 8, no. 1 (May 6, 2021): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v8i1.216.

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Welding of pipeline in active operation (called in-service welding) is an advancedtechnique employed to repair pipelines to safe transmission of petroleum or gas. A thermalexperimental study is accomplished on welding process of gas pipeline in this work. Anexperimental setup had been designed, manufactured and instrumented to estimate the methodfor repairing locally pipelines defects (such as cracks and holes wall surface) under the influenceof internal pressure. Also the thermal history of welding process was investigated experimentallyto three cases which are : traditional welding process with no fluid flows inside the test pipe, anin-service welding process considering air as the flowing fluid inside test pipe, and an in-servicewelding process considering the liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) as flowing fluid inside test pipe.Results show that direct deposition of welding metal on a through hole under the influence ofinternal pressure succeeded for flow rate less than (12lpm) and failed for flow equal or higherthan (12lpm) in which a sleeve repair is considered. The calculations are followed by a separatethermal stress analysis based on the thermal history.

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15

Medvedeva, Oksana, and Nadezhda Bessonova. "The Optimization of Parameters of a Technological Tank Battery for Liquefied Petroleum Gas." Key Engineering Materials 743 (July 2017): 468–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.743.468.

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Fuel-power supply systems are priority areas of engineering services. They account for large capital investments and costs of energy resources. An energy supply system based on LPG provides a high level of diversification and autonomy. This article presents recommendations for determining the basic technological parameters of liquefied petroleum gas tanks. The recommendation are intended to improve the efficiency of the tanks. The economic-mathematical model of optimizing underground tanks considers own evaporative capacity of tanks, their mutual thermal effect, as well as the temporal dynamics and unstable cost factors. The model allows for revealing the optimum technological parameters of installations: a single tank volume, the number of tanks in a group installation, the calculated level of gas tanks fill up before next refueling, depending on the volume of gas consumption.

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16

Luketa-Hanlin, Anay, Ronald P. Koopman, and Donald L. Ermak. "On the application of computational fluid dynamics codes for liquefied natural gas dispersion." Journal of Hazardous Materials 140, no. 3 (February 2007): 504–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.10.023.

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17

Sun, Biao, Ranjeet P. Utikar, Vishnu K. Pareek, and Kaihua Guo. "Computational fluid dynamics analysis of liquefied natural gas dispersion for risk assessment strategies." Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 26, no. 1 (January 2013): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2012.10.002.

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18

Kozielski, Michał, Joanna Henzel, Łukasz Wróbel, Zbigniew Łaskarzewski, and Marek Sikora. "A Sensor Data-Driven Decision Support System for Liquefied Petroleum Gas Suppliers." Applied Sciences 11, no. 8 (April 13, 2021): 3474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11083474.

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Currently, efficiency in the supply domain and the ability to make quick and accurate decisions and to assess risk properly play a crucial role. The role of a decision support system (DSS) is to support the decision-making process in the enterprise, and for this, it is yet not enough to have up-to-date data; reliable predictions are necessary. Each application area has its own specificity, and so far, no dedicated DSS for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) supply has been presented. This study presents a decision support system dedicated to support the LPG supply process from the perspective of gas demand analysis. This perspective includes a short- and medium-term gas demand prediction, as well as the definition and monitoring of key performance indicators. The analysis performed within the system is based exclusively on the collected sensory data; no data from any external enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems are used. Examples of forecasts and KPIs presented in the study show what kind of analysis can be implemented in the proposed system and prove its usefulness. This study, showing the overall workflow and the results for the use cases, which outperform the typical trivial approaches, could be a valuable direction for future works in the field of LPG and other fuel supply.

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19

Zhang, Xiaobin, Jingfeng Li, Jiakai Zhu, and Limin Qiu. "Computational fluid dynamics study on liquefied natural gas dispersion with phase change of water." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 91 (December 2015): 347–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2015.07.117.

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20

Lertsatitthanakorn, Charoenporn, Pawatwong Bamroongkhan, Kitti Sathapornprasath, and Somchart Soponronnarit. "Experimental Performance and Economic Evaluation of a Thermoelectric Liquefied Petroleum Gas (TE-LPG) Cook Stove." International Journal of Heat and Technology 37, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 575–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijht.370227.

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21

Alves, Carlos Alberto, and Michele Tiergarten. "Relations between retail market and distribution in LPG range: analyzing the cooperation and alliances." Revista Ibero-Americana de Estratégia 7, no. 2 (May 26, 2009): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5585/ijsm.v7i2.977.

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This work aims to proceed with the evaluation of relationship between retail market and distribution in liquefied petroleum gas range (LPG), according to Network Theory. This is an exploratory research, with qualitative characteristic, about the dynamics of cooperation relations. The results, although could not be considered as conclusive, by reason of the study of only one case, shows that an alliance with relationship problems and competition, between point-of-sale and resale, probably will be dissolved as soon as the retailer become a reseller.

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22

Khuramshina, R. A., and A. I. Yamalov. "THE IMPACT OF LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS COMPOSITION AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STARTING STORAGE OF THE EQUIPMENT AT THE TIME OF OCCURRENCE OF THE PHENOMENON OF ROLLOVER." Herald of Dagestan State Technical University. Technical Sciences 46, no. 1 (July 16, 2019): 66–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21822/2073-6185-2019-46-1-66-78.

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Objectives. Ways to prevent the onset of rollover in the liquefied natural gas storage.Method. The article deals with modern methods of mathematical modeling and software when solving problems in a nonlinear formulation. A regulatory analysis of existing methods of LNG transportation has been carried out.Result. Using the mathematical program ANSYS, the rollover process in the liquefied natural gas storage was modeled. In the ANSYS software package, 3d modeling of the process of heat and mass transfer of the stratified liquid in the liquefied natural gas storage was performed. When simulating a rollover phenomenon, the time to its occurrence was 30 minutes, which differs from the experimental value by 1.7%. Based on the results of the calculations, it can be determined that the time to the onset of rollover depends on the concentration of the component layers, on the filling and geometry of the reservoir. These factors lead to an increase in evaporation of liquefied natural gas of 0.04%.Conclusion. The method of numerical experiment allows to determine the distribution of pressure, temperature, density, concentration in the object under study, without resorting to real experiments. The use of the ANSYS software package of computational fluid dynamics in the process of heat and mass transfer of the stratified liquid in the liquefied natural gas storage is necessary when calculating the increased accuracy.

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Sinaga, Luhut Tumpal Parulian. "MODEL ANALITIK SLOSHING TANGKI- MUAT PADA OLAH GERAK KAPAL FLOATING LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (FLNG) = ANALITICAL MODEL OF SLOSHING IN STORAGE TANK ON FLOATING LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (FLNG) SHIP MOTION." Majalah Ilmiah Pengkajian Industri 9, no. 1 (June 16, 2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/mipi.v9i1.90.

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Studies on the effect of sloshing motion and heave coupling picth after receiving an external force wage varying wave energy and angular variation headings. This study will conduct a study of physical model testing with mooring configuration and MAT-LAB program of mathematical models free floating barge matika mechanism through numerical simulations and computational fluid dynamic (CFD). This riset aims to observe and explain the effect of sloshing on ship motions and the interaction with the research methodology systematically carried through the calculation/numerical simulations (Mathematics and Computational Fluid Dynamics Laboratory), and the physical scale model testing (at Maneuvering and Ocean Engineering Basin).The results of the study through experiments and numerical phenomenon suggests that the effect of sloshing on the effect of ship motion can be well understood. Pressure due to the wave heading angle of 90 degrees gives a higher impact pressure. Style sloshing is not directly proportional to the amplitude of excitation.Â AbstrakKajian pengaruh dari sloshing terhadap gerakan kopel heave dan picth setelah menerima gaya external berupa energi gelombang yang bervariasi dan variasi sudut heading. Kajian ini akan melakukan kajian pengujian model fisik dengan konfigurasi tambat yang dan program matematik MAT-LAB dari model matematika free floating barge mechanism serta melalui simulasi numerik computational fluid dynamic (CFD).Penelitian bertujuan mengamati dan menjelaskan pengaruh sloshing terhadap gerakan kapal dan interaksi tersebut secara sistimatis dengan metodologi penelitian yang dilakukan melalui perhitungan/ simulasi numerik (mathematics laboratory dan computational fluid dynamics), dan pengujian model skala fisik (di maneuvering and ocean engineering basin). Konfigurasi geometri model yang disimulasikan dan diuji adalah tipe FLNG dengan tangki berisi muatan cair yang memungkinkan terdapat permukaan bebas.Hasil kajian melalui eksperimen dan numerik menunjukkan bahwa efek fenomena sloshing terhadap pengaruh gerakan kapal dapat diketahui dengan baik. Pada sudut heading 900 terdapat gerakan yang tidak jelas sehingga perlu adanya investigasi lebih lanjut. Persamaan nonlinier aliran sloshing sangat diperlukan untuk dapat menghitung besaran gerakan kapal. Tekanan akibat gelombang pada sudut heading 900 memberikan dampak tekanan yang lebih tinggi. Gaya sloshing tidak berbanding lurus dengan amplitudo eksitasi. Oleh karena itu, gerakan kapal ditambah dengan sloshing tidak bervariasi secara linier terhadap amplitudo gelombang.Â

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24

Williams, Kendra N., Josiah L. Kephart, Magdalena Fandiño-Del-Rio, Leonora Condori, Kirsten Koehler, Lawrence H. Moulton, William Checkley, and Steven A. Harvey. "Beyond cost: Exploring fuel choices and the socio-cultural dynamics of liquefied petroleum gas stove adoption in Peru." Energy Research & Social Science 66 (August 2020): 101591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101591.

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Gros, Jonas, Scott A. Socolofsky, Anusha L. Dissanayake, Inok Jun, Lin Zhao, Michel C. Boufadel, Christopher M. Reddy, and J. Samuel Arey. "Petroleum dynamics in the sea and influence of subsea dispersant injection duringDeepwater Horizon." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 38 (August 28, 2017): 10065–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1612518114.

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During theDeepwater Horizondisaster, a substantial fraction of the 600,000–900,000 tons of released petroleum liquid and natural gas became entrapped below the sea surface, but the quantity entrapped and the sequestration mechanisms have remained unclear. We modeled the buoyant jet of petroleum liquid droplets, gas bubbles, and entrained seawater, using 279 simulated chemical components, for a representative day (June 8, 2010) of the period after the sunken platform’s riser pipe was pared at the wellhead (June 4–July 15). The model predicts that 27% of the released mass of petroleum fluids dissolved into the sea during ascent from the pared wellhead (1,505 m depth) to the sea surface, thereby matching observed volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions to the atmosphere. Based on combined results from model simulation and water column measurements, 24% of released petroleum fluid mass became channeled into a stable deep-water intrusion at 900- to 1,300-m depth, as aqueously dissolved compounds (∼23%) and suspended petroleum liquid microdroplets (∼0.8%). Dispersant injection at the wellhead decreased the median initial diameters of simulated petroleum liquid droplets and gas bubbles by 3.2-fold and 3.4-fold, respectively, which increased dissolution of ascending petroleum fluids by 25%. Faster dissolution increased the simulated flows of water-soluble compounds into biologically sparse deep water by 55%, while decreasing the flows of several harmful compounds into biologically rich surface water. Dispersant injection also decreased the simulated emissions of VOCs to the atmosphere by 28%, including a 2,000-fold decrease in emissions of benzene, which lowered health risks for response workers.

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Frank, Michael, Robin Kamenicky, Dimitris Drikakis, Lee Thomas, Hans Ledin, and Terry Wood. "Multiphase Flow Effects in a Horizontal Oil and Gas Separator." Energies 12, no. 11 (June 3, 2019): 2116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12112116.

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An oil and gas separator is a device used in the petroleum industry to separate a fluid mixture into its gaseous and liquid phases. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study aiming to identify key design features for optimising the performance of the device, is presented. A multiphase turbulent model is employed to simulate the flow through the separator and identify flow patterns that can impinge on or improve its performance. To verify our assumptions, we consider three different geometries. Recommendations for the design of more cost- and energy-effective separators, are provided. The results are also relevant to broader oil and gas industry applications, as well as applications involving stratified flows through channels.

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Kim, Dae Yun, Chan Ho Jeong, Beom Jin Park, Min Suk Ki, Myung-Soo Shin, and Seong Hyuk Lee. "Numerical Study on Gaseous CO2 Leakage and Thermal Characteristics of Containers in a Transport Ship." Applied Sciences 9, no. 12 (June 21, 2019): 2536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9122536.

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This study investigates numerically gaseous CO2 leakage characteristics inside the containers of a transport ship and examines thermal effects on the structural damage that might happen in the containers. First, with consideration of the phase change, the ejected mass flow rate was estimated using the commercial code of DNV PHAST. Based on this estimated mass flow rate, we introduced an effective area model for accounting for the fast evaporation of liquefied CO2 occurring in the vicinity of a crack hole. Using this leakage modeling, along with a concept of the effective area, the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations for analyzing transient three-dimensional characteristics of gas propagation in a confined space with nine containers, as well as the thermal effect on the walls on which the leaking gas impinges, were conducted. The commercial code, ANSYS FLUENT V. 17.0, was used for all CFD simulations. It was found that there are substantial changes in the pressure and temperature of the gas mixture for different crack sizes. The CO2 concentration at human nasal height, a measure of clear height for safety, was also estimated to be higher than the safety threshold of 10% within 200 s. Moreover, very cold gas created by the evaporation of liquefied CO2 can cool the cargo walls rapidly, which might cause thermal damage.

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Rhee, Shin Hyung. "Unstructured Grid Based Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes Method for Liquid Tank Sloshing." Journal of Fluids Engineering 127, no. 3 (February 15, 2005): 572–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1906267.

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The present study is concerned with liquid tank sloshing at low filling level conditions. The volume of fluid method implemented in a Navier–Stokes computational fluid dynamics code is employed to handle the free-surface flow of liquid sloshing. The geometric reconstruction scheme for the interface representation is employed to ensure sharpness at the free surface. The governing equations are discretized by second order accurate schemes on unstructured grids. Several different computational approaches are verified and numerical uncertainties are assessed. The computational results are validated against existing experimental data, showing good agreement. The capability is demonstrated for a generic membrane-type liquefied natural gas carrier tank with a simplified pump tower inside. The validation results suggest that the present computational approach is both easy to apply and accurate enough for more realistic problems.

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29

Johnson, Engr Nnadikwe, Ikputu Woyengikuro Hilary, Okiki Esther E, and Ibe Raymond Obinna. "Design and CFD Application Value Series from Raw Natural Gas Processing to Automated Utilization Need." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 3 (March 31, 2022): 2150–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41029.

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Abstract: Fluid flow systems are common in the energy value chain and are typically complex. To assure the system's performance, understanding and control are essential. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a one-of-a-kind tool that predicts fluid flow events using numerical methods. It allows you to study fluid flow patterns and access non-measurable variables. Because of the rapid advancement of computer science, CFD can currently be used to handle the bulk of industrial operations that require fluid flows. The application's scope is extensive, and the problems it can solve are diverse, spanning from process design validation and optimization to operating condition management and troubleshooting. A few experiments done by Imo State University Petroleum and Gas Lab on upstream natural gas treatment systems to downstream industrial end-use for combined heat and power plants and petrochemical furnaces will demonstrate the application of CFD in troubleshooting. Keywords: CFD, Utilization, Automated, Natural Gas

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30

Celuppi, Rafael, Jaqueline Scapinello, Felipe G. D. Andrade, Jaime H. P. Revello, and Jacir Dal Magro. "Solar energy use for water pre-heating in boilers of agro-industries." Engenharia Agrícola 34, no. 3 (June 2014): 451–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-69162014000300009.

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Energy consumption in the world has been growing every year. The industrial sector represents 27.32% of the world energy demand. Heating systems that use solar energy may contribute with a percentage of the total energy required by industries. This work aimed to study the use of vacuum solar collectors for water pre-heating in boilers. We used four collectors installed according to NBR 15,569; water flow through the tubes was 0.058 L/s, and temperature in the inlet and outlet pipes was measured. Results showed that instantaneous radiation, and inlet fluid and room temperatures are variables that influence the process, reaching water maximum temperature in the solar collector outlet of 97.9 °C, and efficiency of approximately 65% for most experiments. For the financial viability evaluation, the payback study was applied, which resulted in 4; 7 and 5 years, for the respective sources: firewood, LPG (liquefied petroleum gas), and electricity. Regarding the calculation of the annual contribution to the reduction of greenhouse gases, it was, respectively, 2.162 and 356 kg of CO2 per m² of collector tubes, in comparison with firewood and LPG.

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31

Borg, Mitchell G., Claire DeMarco Muscat-Fenech, Tahsin Tezdogan, Tonio Sant, Simon Mizzi, and Yigit Kemal Demirel. "A Numerical Analysis of Dynamic Slosh Dampening Utilising Perforated Partitions in Partially-Filled Rectangular Tanks." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 2 (February 13, 2022): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10020254.

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Conventional liquefied natural gas (LNG) cargo vessels are imposed with tank-fill limitations as precautions to prevent structural damage and stability-loss due to high-impact sloshing, enforcing cargo volume-fills to be lower than 10% or higher than 70% of the tank height. The restrictions, however, limit commercial operations, specifically when handling spot trades and offshore loading/unloading at multiple ports along a shipping route. The study puts forward a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) sloshing analysis of partially-filled chamfered rectangular tanks undergoing sinusoidal oscillatory kinetics with the use of the explicit volume-of-fluid and non-iterative time-advancement schemes. Establishing a 20% to 60% fill-range, the sloshing dynamics were acknowledged within an open-bore, partitioned, and perforated-partitioned tank when oscillating at frequencies of 0.5 Hz and 1 Hz. The overall torque and static pressure induced on the tank walls were investigated. High-impact slamming at the tank roof occurred at 40% and 60% fills, however, the implementation of the partition and perforated-partition barriers successfully reduced the impact due to suppression and dissipation of the wave dynamics.

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32

Guo, Bingang, Jianfeng Gao, Bin Hao, Bingjian Ai, Bingyuan Hong, and Xinsheng Jiang. "Experimental and Numerical Study on the Explosion Dynamics of the Non-Uniform Liquefied Petroleum Gas and Air Mixture in a Channel with Mixed Obstacles." Energies 15, no. 21 (October 27, 2022): 7999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15217999.

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Mixed obstacles have a great influence on the deflagration process of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)-air premixed combustible gas with concentration gradient. The arrangement of mixed obstacles may further stimulate overpressure and flame propagation. In this work, based on experimental and numerical simulations, this paper analyzes the flame and overpressure, and mainly studies the coupling relationship among the explosion overpressure characteristics, the structure of flame and the speed of flame propagation. The result shows that when the rectangular obstacle is 100 mm away from the ignition source, not only the speed of flame is the fastest, but also the time required to reach the maximum over-pressure is the shortest. In this configuration, an elongated flame is formed between a rectangular obstacle and a flat obstacle, and an obvious backflow structure appears. In addition, the average growth rate of overpressure has a minimum value, reaching at −35 MPa/s. The existence of rectangular obstacles further stimulates the overpressure. When the rectangular obstacle is 400 mm away from the ignition source, the maximum overpressure value is the highest among the four configurations. Besides, the time when the maximum area of flame appears in the simulation is almost the same as the time when the maximum overpressure is obtained. In addition, the average growth rate of overpressure increases significantly after touching the rectangular obstacle, which coincides with the mutation time of the front tip of the flame, overpressure and area of flame after the flame encounters the rectangular obstacle. This research has an important theoretical guiding significance for preventing LPG leakage and explosion accidents in a long and narrow space.

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33

Higdon, J. J. L. "Multiphase flow in porous media." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 730 (July 30, 2013): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2013.296.

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AbstractMultiphase flows in porous media represent fluid dynamics problems of great complexity involving a wide range of physical phenomena. These flows have attracted the attention of an impressive group of renowned researchers and have spawned a number of classic problems in fluid dynamics. These multiphase flows are perhaps best known for their importance in oil recovery from petroleum reservoirs, but they also find application in novel areas such as hydrofracturing for natural gas recovery. In a recent article, Zinchenko & Davis (J. Fluid Mech. 2013, vol. 725, pp. 611–663) present computational simulations that break new ground in the study of emulsions flowing through porous media. These simulations provide sufficient scale to capture the disordered motion and complex break-up patterns of individual droplets while providing sufficient statistical samples for estimating meaningful macroscopic properties of technical interest.

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34

Ali, Asad, Jianping Yuan, Fanjie Deng, Biaobiao Wang, Liangliang Liu, Qiaorui Si, and Noman Ali Buttar. "Research Progress and Prospects of Multi-Stage Centrifugal Pump Capability for Handling Gas–Liquid Multiphase Flow: Comparison and Empirical Model Validation." Energies 14, no. 4 (February 9, 2021): 896. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14040896.

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The working capability of multi-stage pumps, such as electrical submersible pumps (ESPs) handling multiphase flow, has always been a big challenge for petroleum industries. The major problem is associated with the agglomeration of gas bubbles inside ESP-impellers, causing pump performance degradation ranging from mild to severe deterioration (surging/gas pockets). Previous literature showed that the two-phase performance of ESPs is greatly affected by gas involvement, rotational speed, bubble size, and fluid viscosity. Thus, it is necessary to understand which parameter is actually accountable for performance degradation and different flow patterns in ESP, and how it can be controlled. The present study is mainly focused on (1) the main parameters that impede two-phase performance of different ESPs; (2) comparison of existing empirical models (established for two-phase performance prediction and surging initiation) with our single-stage centrifugal pump results to determine their validity and working-range; (3) gas-handling techniques applied to enhance the multiphase performance of ESPs. Firstly, it aims at understanding the internal flow mechanism in different ESP designs, followed by test studies based on empirical models, visualization techniques, bubble-size measurements, and viscosity analysis. The CFD-based (computational fluid dynamics) numerical analysis concerning multiphase flow is described as well. Furthermore, gas-handling design methods are discussed that are helpful in developing the petroleum industry by enhancing the multiphase performance of ESPs.

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35

Cambaz, Alihan, Yasin Furkan Gorgulu, and Halit Arat. "Analysing fluid-structure interaction with CFD and FEA on a marine double-wall LNG piping system." Pomorstvo 36, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31217/p.36.1.6.

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In this study, the interaction of fluid-structure with Ansys Fluent and Structural was analysed on a double-wall LNG piping system in a marine ship. In terms of simulations, the inner tube of the double-walled tube on the TSR-18008 ship designed by SU Ar-Ge Dizayn ve Mühendislik A.Ş. is considered. Two different simulations were made; the first analysis was a computational fluid dynamics analysis and the results obtained from this were imported into the finite element analysis also known as structural analysis and the structural analysis was undertaken together using these data. The mesh used in the simulations has 2,985,116 elements and 2,135,093 nodes. The inlet velocity of the gas is 6.5 m/s and the temperature value is 108 K as boundary conditions. Seventeen cylindrical support elements are used to ensure the strength of the Liquefied Natural Gas pipe system. Three different pipe materials, which are structural steel, stainless steel, and aluminium alloy, have been considered for the numerical structural analysis. The highest stresses were observed at the elbows and results were given using various contours including stresses, strains, temperatures and streamlines in these elbows.

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36

Ban, Zhen Hong, Kok Keong Lau, and Mohd Sharif Azmi. "Bubble Nucleation and Growth of Dissolved Gas in Solution Flowing across a Cavitating Nozzle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 773-774 (July 2015): 304–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.773-774.304.

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Computational modelling of dissolved gas bubble formation and growth in supersaturated solution is essential for various engineering applications, including flash vaporisation of petroleum crude oil. The common mathematical modelling of bubbly flow only caters for single liquid and its vapour, which is known as cavitation. This work aims to simulate the bubble nucleation and growth of dissolved CO2 in water across a cavitating nozzle. The dynamics of bubble nucleation and growth phenomenon will be predicted based on the hydrodynamics in the computational domain. The complex interrelated bubble dynamics, mass transfer and hydrodynamics was coupled by using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and bubble nucleation and growth model. Generally, the bubbles nucleate at the throat of the nozzle and grow along with the flow. Therefore, only the region after the throat of the nozzle has bubbles. This approach is expected to be useful for various types of bubbly flow modelling in supersaturated condition.

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37

Ahumada, Luz Marlen, Antonio José Bula Silvera, Kevin Andres Melendez Valencia, and Julio Medina Suarez. "Comparison of an analytical and computational fluid-dynamics models of a commercial Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube operating with Air and Methane." CT&F - Ciencia, Tecnología y Futuro 9, no. 2 (November 11, 2019): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.29047/01225383.145.

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This paper presents a comparison between the behavior predicted by a computational fluid-dynamic model (CFD) and an analytical model for a commercial vortex tube using air and methane as working fluids, in addition to a three-dimensional mesh for this purpose. The numerical simulation of the turbulent, compressible and high vorticity flow was carried out using RANS equations, the Realizable k-e turbulence model and STAR-CCM+ as software for the equations solution. The variables measured in this work were temperature, pressure and velocity at the exit nozzles of the vortex generator and the tube discharges, resulting in errors of less than 16% between CFD and the analytical model. This numerical study represents a first approximation of the vorticityphenomenon and has been developed in order to establish a prototype simulation model that provides, under certain inlet conditions to the process, preliminary information on the vortex tube industrial implementation for obtaining liquefied natural gas.

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38

Ikealumba, Walter Chukwunonso, and Hongwei Wu. "Modeling of Liquefied Natural Gas Release and Dispersion: Incorporating a Direct Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation Method for LNG Spill and Pool Formation." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 55, no. 6 (February 4, 2016): 1778–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.5b04490.

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39

Tsao, Wen-Huai, Ying-Chuan Chen, Christopher E. Kees, and Lance Manuel. "The Effect of Porous Media on Wave-Induced Sloshing in a Floating Tank." Applied Sciences 12, no. 11 (May 31, 2022): 5587. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12115587.

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Placing porous media in a water tank can change the dynamic characteristics of the sloshing fluid. Its extra damping effect can mitigate sloshing and, thereby, protect the integrity of a liquefied natural gas tank. In addition, the out-of-phase sloshing force enables the water tank to serve as a dynamic vibration absorber for floating structures in the ocean environment. The influence of porous media on wave-induced sloshing fluid in a floating tank and the associated interaction with the substructure in the ambient wave field are the focus of this study. The numerical coupling algorithm includes the potential-based Eulerian–Lagrangian method for fluid simulation and the Newmark time-integration method for rigid-body dynamics. An equivalent mechanical model for the sloshing fluid in a rectangular tank subject to pitch motion is proposed and validated. In this approach, the degrees of freedom modeling of the sloshing fluid can be reduced so the numerical computation is fast and inexpensive. The results of the linear mechanical model and the nonlinear Eulerian–Lagrangian method are correlated. The dynamic interaction between the sloshing fluid and floating body is characterized. The effectiveness of the added porous media in controlling the vibration and mitigating the sloshing response is confirmed through frequency response analysis.

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40

Salamonowicz, Zdzislaw, Andrzej Krauze, Malgorzata Majder-Lopatka, Anna Dmochowska, Aleksandra Piechota-Polanczyk, and Andrzej Polanczyk. "Numerical Reconstruction of Hazardous Zones after the Release of Flammable Gases during Industrial Processes." Processes 9, no. 2 (February 6, 2021): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9020307.

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The storage of large numbers of batteries and accumulators is associated with an increased risk of their ignition, which results in the release of significant amounts of hydrogen into the environment. The aim of the study was to reconstruct hazardous zones after hydrogen and liquefied propane–butane (reference gas) release for different industrial processes with the use of numerical methods. Two numerical tools (Fire Dynamics Simulator and Ansys software) were applied for the three-dimensional reconstruction of flammable gas release. Propane–butane was produced from aerosol packages, and hydrogen was produced during battery charging. Emission was analyzed in an industrial building, and both emissions were independent processes. The obtained results indicated that the hazardous zones correspond to the lower explosive level concentrations for both analyzed gasses. Moreover, the high-resolution computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model for flammable gas emissions provided noninvasive and direct quantitative evidence that may influence the safety procedures prepared by regulatory agencies in refining the safety limits in the cost-effective and time-saving manners.

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41

Kong, Chunyan, Derong Zhang, Rong Cai, Shuangshuang Li, and Rongjun Zhu. "Numerical Simulation and Analysis of Diffusion Process for the Leakages of a Tunnel LNG Pipeline." Geofluids 2020 (November 17, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8894047.

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Taking a practical project as an example, based on the computational fluid dynamics (CFD), standard k-ε model and finite element method, a mathematical model for the diffusion due to liquefied natural gas (LNG) pipeline leakage in a tunnel was established, and the diffusion process was numerically simulated for three LNG leakage cases. From the simulation results, the variation of CH4 concentration field and explosive gas cloud with time within the tunnel, and the influence of leakage location on the diffusion was analyzed for the three cases. It was shown that the variation of CH4 concentration field had a similar trend for the three cases, but the CH4 explosive gas cloud length increased rapidly with the LNG leakage intensity so that dangerous situations would occur for the medium and large leakages, and a leak location closer to air inlet would lead to a more dangerous situation. When the amount of LNG leakage in the tunnel is large, the effect of mechanical ventilation is obviously weakened. Furthermore, a nitrogen seal precaution was proposed for the situations.

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42

Bao, Jianguo, Wenxiu Rao, Yi Zhou, Bin Wen, Bo Wang, Guocheng Lv, and Libing Liao. "Effect of the Microstructure of Support Materials on Cracking Catalyst Performance." Crystals 13, no. 1 (January 10, 2023): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst13010123.

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Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is a production process that converts petroleum into petroleum products in the presence of catalysts. The performance of an FCC catalyst plays a decisive role in petroleum refining. An FCC catalyst mainly comprises a molecular sieve (catalytic cracking active center), a carrier, and a binder. The carrier can enable the precracking of the heavy oil in its large pore, which can improve the overall activity of the catalyst and the conversion rate of heavy oil. The surface area and pore structure of carrier materials with different microscopic morphologies differ, which significantly affects the precracking of heavy oil molecules. Therefore, here, FCC catalysts were prepared using flake kaolinite, tubular halloysite, natural flake-tube-combined kaolinite, and mixed kaolinite as support materials, respectively. The FCC catalysts were used in FCC-heavy oil, and the influence of the carrier material morphology on the comprehensive performance of the catalysts was studied. The strength and cracking performance of the catalyst prepared using flake Maoming (M) were poor, whereas the catalyst prepared using tubular halloysite exhibited a good strength, high activity, and a good cracking ability for heavy oil. The catalyst prepared using natural flake-tube combined with Suzhou (S) exhibited a good strength and cracking performance, and it has been widely used in the industrial production of FCC catalysts. When 40% tube-like halloysite was mixed into M, the attrition of the prepared catalyst decreased by 0.5 units, the microreactivity increased by 1.4 units, the gasoline + liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) yield increased by 3.09 percentage points, and the gasoline research octane number (RON) increased by 0.6 units. The comprehensive performance of the catalyst can reach or exceed that of the natural-lamp-tube-based kaolin carrier. The results can not only provide guidance for the stable quality control of kaolin, but they can also significantly alleviate the resource restrictions for FCC catalyst production enterprises.

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43

Nubli, Haris, Jung-Min Sohn, and Dongho Jung. "Consequence Analysis of Accidental LNG Release on the Collided Structure of 500 cbm LNG Bunkering Ship." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 10 (September 26, 2022): 1378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10101378.

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The growing demand for liquefied natural gas (LNG)-fueled ships necessitates the establishment of an LNG bunkering facility. Ship-to-ship (STS) is one of the most practical forms of LNG bunkering systems. Although there are benefits to the LNG bunkering of ships, risk and safety issues are a concern due to the volatile cargo. Ship collision could result in accidental LNG release. The purpose of this study was to build LNG leakage scenarios, establish critical zones based on gas concentrations, and estimate the temperature reduction in a bunkering ship’s structure resulting from the use of cryogenic fluid. The condition of a target ship’s structure, both intact and when damaged due to collision, was considered. Leak size, leak direction, leak position, release rate, and reservoir pressure were included as leak parameters, and environmental parameters, such as the wind direction, wind speed, and ambient temperature, were also included. The release duration was set based on the shutdown duration of the emergency shutdown valve (ESD). A total of 72 leakage scenarios were generated for the main CFD analysis. Convergence tests were conducted to determine the appropriate grid and iteration numbers for a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. The gas dispersion characteristics and the cryogenic flow impact on the LNG bunkering ship’s structure are discussed through a parametric study.

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Ellethy, Ahmed M., Ahmed S. Shehata, Ali I. Shehata, and Ahmed Mehanna. "Modelling and Assessment of Accidental Gas Release from Damaged Subsea Pipelines." International Journal of Environmental Science and Development 12, no. 6 (2021): 162–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijesd.2021.12.6.1335.

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Due to the high demand on hydrocarbon exploration nowadays and in future overall the world, the risk potential of Subsea gas and oil leakage increases and can lead to a catastrophic incidents such as explosion, fire or loss stability of subsea constructions. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to assess and control the potential of hazards for the gas flows from subsea pipelines rupture to sea surface with varying of influence parameters on gas plume. 2D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations have been carried out. The influence parameters that contained in the present paper leakage hole sizes and water depths. The Rotvoll experiment data is used in order to validate numerical computational fluid dynamics model. The subsea gas diffusion behavior is investigated for the risk assessment aspect. The main parameters which included to assess the gas dispersion are rising time and fountain height. Observed from our sceneries results that the water depth has a major effect on gas rise time where the deeper water depth is about 3 times longer than the lower water depth to reach water surface whilst the hole size has a high effect on the fountain height where the larges hole size is approximately 2.1 times higher than the smaller hole size. So our objective is helping the petroleum companies to find a mitigation method by modelling and assessing the gas release in order to contain the subsea gas leakage.

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45

Italiano, Francesco, Andrzej Solecki, Giovanni Martinelli, Yunpeng Wang, and Guodong Zheng. "New Applications in Gas Geochemistry." Geofluids 2020 (July 2, 2020): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4976190.

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Gases present in the Earth crust are important in various branches of human activities. Hydrocarbons are a significant energy resource, helium is applied in many high-tech instruments, and studies of crustal gas dynamics provide insight in the geodynamic processes and help monitor seismic and volcanic hazards. Quantitative analysis of methane and CO2 migration is important for climate change studies. Some of them are toxic (H2S, CO2, CO); radon is responsible for the major part of human radiation dose. The development of analytical techniques in gas geochemistry creates opportunities of applying this science in numerous fields. Noble gases, hydrocarbons, CO2, N2, H2, CO, and Hg vapor are measured by advanced methods in various environments and matrices including fluid inclusions. Following the “Geochemical Applications of Noble Gases”(2009), “Frontiers in Gas Geochemistry” (2013), and “Progress in the Application of Gas Geochemistry to Geothermal, Tectonic and Magmatic Studies” (2017) published as special issues of Chemical Geology and “Gas geochemistry: From conventional to unconventional domains” (2018) published as a special issue of Marine and Petroleum Geology, this volume continues the tradition of publishing papers reflecting the diversity in scope and application of gas geochemistry.

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46

Brzezińska, Dorota. "LPG Cars in a Car Park Environment—How to Make It Safe." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 6 (March 24, 2019): 1062. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16061062.

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Alternative and innovative fuel types are being introduced to power cars. These include liquified petroleum gas (LPG) gas and hydrogen energy sources. However, they also introduce new hazards, requiring revised thinking with respect to safety within car parking environments. One of the most significant dangers is accidental gas release from a car’s system, especially in underground car parks. Jet fan systems are widely used for ventilation of such enclosures, but currently their design is most often based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) according to computer simulations that may not be relevant for such new fuels. This paper presents the results of full-scale tests which demonstrate the operational factors of jet fan ventilation systems, and assesses the conditions which can occur in a car park when a small volume of LPG is released. On the basis of measurements undertaken, Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) software was validated against the air velocity flows and LPG gas dispersion patterns. Finally, the simulations were used to demonstrate the effectiveness of systems in an actual car park, in the case of an accidental LPG car tank release.

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47

Lisowski, Filip, and Edward Lisowski. "Influence of Longitudinal Fin Tubes Arrangement in LNG Ambient Air Vaporizers on the Wind Load." Energies 15, no. 2 (January 6, 2022): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15020405.

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The article presents the results of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of the wind action on liquefied natural gas (LNG) ambient air vaporizers (AAVs). A study concerning AAV with a 6 × 6 tubes array is presented to demonstrate how the distribution of longitudinal finned tubes and wind direction affect the average load and wind pressure acting on the vaporizer structure. The main goal of the study is to estimate the wind load on the structure and wind pressure on individual tubes depending on the pitch of the tubes arrangement. The above parameters are crucial for the strength analysis of the vaporizer structure. The derived analysis results provide important data on the variation of pressure on individual tubes, wind velocity inside AVV structure and indicate a significant increase in the average wind load acting on the structure for a wind direction of 45 degrees compared to a perpendicular direction.

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48

Xing, J. T., Y. P. Xiong, and M. Tan. "Developments of a mixed finite element substructure—subdomain method for fluid—structure interaction dynamics with applications in maritime engineering." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment 223, no. 3 (June 19, 2009): 399–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/14750902jeme149.

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Theoretical development of a mixed finite element substructure—subdomain method for dynamic analysis of fluid—structure interaction systems (FSIS) with applications in maritime engineering is summarized in this paper. Governing equations for FSIS are presented. Boundary conditions for air—liquid interfaces are formulated to account for mass density discontinuity of different fluids. The frequency shift technique is demonstrated for FSIS, which establishes a basis for the design of an algorithm for the purpose of dynamic analysis of structure, fluids, and their interactions. A flow chart of the computer program is provided to better illustrate the implementation of the numerical method. Four problems in maritime engineering are simulated using the developed fluid—structure interaction analysis program (FSIAP). Problem 1 investigates the sloshing frequencies of a liquid tank and its dynamic responses to a sinusoidal base motion and El Centro earthquake excitation, respectively. Problem 2 analyses the transient response of a liquefied natural gas (LNG) tank—water system to an explosion wave in the water. Problem 3 studies a structure—acoustic—volume system subject to human footfall impacts, which may explain the ‘character’ of the footstep noise claimed by people, such as ‘thuds’, ‘thumps’, and ‘booming’. Problem 4 investigates the dynamic response of an onshore LNG storage tank subject to an impact load. The numerical results are analysed to provide the guidelines for design of maritime products involving FSIS.

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49

Kusumastuti, Dwi Listriana. "Penerapan Dinamika Fluida dalam Perhitungan Kecepatan Aliran dan Perolehan Minyak di Reservoir." ComTech: Computer, Mathematics and Engineering Applications 5, no. 2 (December 1, 2014): 707. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/comtech.v5i2.2232.

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Water, oil and gas inside the earth are stored in the pores of the reservoir rock. In the world of petroleum industry, calculation of volume of the oil that can be recovered from the reservoir is something important to do. This calculation involves the calculation of the velocity of fluid flow by utilizing the principles and formulas provided by the Fluid Dynamics. The formula is usually applied to the fluid flow passing through a well defined control volume, for example: cylinder, curved pipe, straight pipes with different diameters at the input and output, and so forth. However, because of reservoir rock, as the fluid flow medium, has a wide variety of possible forms of the control volumes, hence, calculation of the velocity of the fluid flow is becoming difficult as it would involve calculations of fluid flow velocity for each control volume. This difficulties is mainly caused by the fact that these control volumes, that existed in the rock, cannot be well defined. This paper will describe a method for calculating this fluid flow velocity of the control volume, which consists of a combination of laboratory measurements and the use of some theories in the Fluid Dynamics. This method has been proofed can be used for calculating fluid flow velocity as well as oil recovery in reservoir rocks, with fairly good accuration.

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Krakowska, Paulina, and Paweł Madejski. "Research on Fluid Flow and Permeability in Low Porous Rock Sample Using Laboratory and Computational Techniques." Energies 12, no. 24 (December 9, 2019): 4684. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12244684.

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The paper presents results of fluid flow simulation in tight rock being potentially gas-bearing formation. Core samples are under careful investigation because of the high cost of production from the well. Numerical simulations allow determining absolute permeability based on computed X-ray tomography images of the rock sample. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) give the opportunity to use the partial slip Maxwell model for permeability calculations. A detailed 3D geometrical model of the pore space was the input data. These 3D models of the pore space were extracted from the rock sample using highly specialized software poROSE (poROus materials examination SoftwarE, AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland), which is the product of close cooperation of petroleum science and industry. The changes in mass flow depended on the pressure difference, and the tangential momentum accommodation coefficient was delivered and used in further quantitative analysis. The results of fluid flow simulations were combined with laboratory measurement results using a gas permeameter. It appeared that for the established parameters and proper fluid flow model (partial slip model, Tangential Momentum Accommodation Coefficient (TMAC), volumetric flow rate values), the obtained absolute permeability was similar to the permeability from the core test analysis.

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