Дисертації з теми "Linguistic ontology"

Little-known lexicographic resources can be of tremendous value to users once digitised. By extending the digitisation efforts for a lexicographic resource, converting the human readable digital object to a state that is also machine-readable, structured data can be created that is semantically interoperable, thereby enabling the lexicographic resource to access, and be accessed by, other semantically interoperable resources. The purpose of this study is to formulate a process when converting a lexicographic resource in print form to a machine-readable bilingual lexicographic resource applying linguistic linked data principles, using the English-Xhosa Dictionary for Nurses as a case study. This is accomplished by creating a linked data framework, in which data are expressed in the form of RDF triples and URIs, in a manner which allows for extensibility to a multilingual resource. Click languages with characters not typically represented by the Roman alphabet are also considered. The purpose of this linked data framework is to define each lexical entry as “historically dynamic”, instead of “ontologically static” (Rafferty, 2016:5). For a framework which has instances in constant evolution, focus is thus given to the management of provenance and linked data generation thereof. The output is an implementation framework which provides methodological guidelines for similar language resources in the interdisciplinary field of Library and Information Science.

The thesis of this dissertation can be summed up in a nutshell: Death forces language into being. When faced with the possibility of non-existence, humans are confronted with the reality of nothingness and respond (with speech) by filling the fathomless emptiness of the abyss with permanent meaning.
Chapter I outlines this thesis in detail as grounded in Heidegger's existential analytic and provides examples of some of its manifold applications in both everyday life and literary experience.
The thesis is supported in three main steps. In Part A I explore the problem of human subjectivity in terms of Heidegger's existential ontology in particular with respect to the question of language and death. I show that the process of language evolution can be understood as an ongoing conflict resolution between the two fundamental modes of human selfhood. The gap between authenticity and inauthenticity is resolved in the dialogue of language. Death, which is nothing other than the nothingness of this yawning gap where one can easily lose oneself, thus appears to be a main factor of language origination, and, paradoxically, at the same time it finds its supersession in language.
In Part B I demonstrate that Heidegger has an answer to the question of language origins, and what his answer is. Both the "That" and the "What" lead to the further question of why language "exists" at all. The answer is simple. If Heidegger's phenomenological ontology can be understood as a linguistic ontology, as argued in Chapter I, the relationship between death and language follows. Death motivates the emergence of language, because it is the "existence" of language that can counteract the facticity of death.
In Part C I derive support for such a position from Hegel and Benjamin in order to demonstrate that the position is tenable also for other thinkers. In the concluding chapter on Parmenides I show that, with Heidegger, it is possible to see in Parmenides the originator of the thought that the "divine" ontological status of language constitutes, in its persistent thinking of being, a continued existence that defies the facticity of death.

Electronic mailing lists and discussion groups are normally used by programmers to discuss and improve tasks to be performed during software projects development. Open Source Software (OSS) projects use this lists as the primary tool for collaboration and cooperation. In project like that, normally, the developers are around the world. Thus, means of interaction and communication are needed to ensure collaboration between them, as well as efficiency in the construction and maintenance of projects this size. Mailing lists can be an important data source to discovery information useful about patterns of behavior of developer aimed at project manager. The Neurominer is a text mining tool that determines the Preferred Representational System (PRS) of software developers in a specific context. The tool has a new approach which is a combination between the Neuro-Linguistic Programming NLP theory, text mining and statistic technique. In this context, we propose the extension of this tool by applying of techniques of ontology to dictionary, allowing the combination of sensory predicates with software engineering terms, providing a greater power in the context of the dictionary. This way, the text mining matched with NLP theory and ontology appears as natural candidate that consists a solution that aiming to improve the mining of textual information through mailing lists, in order to support software project managers in making decision. This matching showed significant outcomes, proposing a efficient and effective solution.
Listas de e-mails e grupos de discussão são normalmente usados por programadores para discutir e aperfeiçoar tarefas a serem executadas durante as fases de desenvolvimento de projetos de software. Projetos de softwares Open Source utilizam essas listas como uma ferramenta primária para a colaboração e cooperação. Em projetos dessa natureza, normalmente, os desenvolvedores estão em todas as partes do mundo. Desta forma, meios de interação e comunicação são necessários para garantir a colaboração entre os mesmos, bem como a eficácia no processo de construção e manutenção de projetos desse porte. Listas de e-mails podem ser uma importante fonte de dados para a descoberta de informações úteis acerca de padrões de comportamento de desenvolvedores para gerentes de projetos. O Neurominer é uma ferramenta de mineração de texto que determina o Sistema de Representação Preferencial de desenvolvedores de software em um contexto específico. A ferramenta apresenta como inovação a utilização da teoria da Programação Neurolinguística - PNL combinada com técnicas de mineração e estatística. Nesse contexto, é proposta a extensão dessa ferramenta através da aplicação de técnicas de ontologia ao seu dicionário, permitindo a combinação de predicados sensoriais a termos da engenharia de software, proporcionando um poder maior de contextualização ao seu dicionário. Sob esse prisma, a mineração de texto combinada com técnicas de PNL e ontologia surge como candidata natural para compor uma solução que objetiva melhorar a garimpagem de informações textuais, através de listas de discussões, com o propósito de apoiar gerentes de projetos de softwares na tomada de decisão. Essa combinação conduziu a resultados bastante significativos, propondo uma solução eficiente e eficaz.

Investiga a interface teórico-prática entre terminologia, ontologia filosófica, ontologia computacional e linguística documentária e os subsídios que oferecem para a construção de informações documentárias. Foram estabelecidos como objetivos específicos, a análise das condições de produção, desenvolvimento, implementação, uso e integração de ontologias com base no referencial teórico da ciência da informação; a investigação sobre a contribuição das ontologias para o desenvolvimento de tesauros e vice-versa; a discussão acerca do fundamento filosófico da aplicação de ontologias com base no estudo das categorias ontológicas presentes na filosofia clássica e nas propostas contemporâneas. Defende que a compreensão das ontologias por meio da teoria comunicativa da terminologia colabora para a organização de um acesso menos quantitativo (sintático) e mais qualitativo (semântico) à informação. Observa que, conquanto compartilhem alguns objetivos comuns, ainda há pouco diálogo entre a ciência da informação (e, no seu interior, a linguística documentária) e a ciência da computação. Defende que as ontologias concretas e as ontologias filosóficas não são eventos completamente independentes que guardam entre si apenas a similaridade de denominação e constata que a discussão sobre categorias e categorização na ciência da computação, nem sempre possui a ênfase que recebe na ciência da informação no âmbito dos estudos sobre representação do conhecimento. A abordagem do rizoma, de Deleuze e Guattari, foi tratada como provocadora de reflexões sobre a validade do modelo hierárquico arborescente e sobre as possibilidades de sua ampliação. Conclui que a construção de ontologias não pode prescindir do tratamento terminológico-conceitual, como compreendido pela terminologia e pela ciência da informação, acumulado nos referenciais teóricos e nas metodologias para construção de linguagens documentárias e que, por outro lado, a construção de linguagens documentárias mais flexíveis não pode ignorar o modelo de representação das ontologias, com mais predisposição para a formalização e para a interoperabilidade.
Investigates theoretical and practical interfaces between terminology, philosophical ontology, computational ontology and documentary linguistics and the subsidies that they offer for the construction of documentary information. It was established as specific objectives, the analysis of the production, development, implementation and use of ontologies based on the information science theories, the research on the contribution of ontologies for the development of thesauri and vice versa and the discussion of the philosophical foundation of the application of ontologies based on the study of ontological categories present in classical philosophy and in the contemporary proposals. It argues that the understanding of ontologies through the communicative theory of terminology contributes to the organization of a less quantitative access (syntactic) and more qualitative (semantic) of information. Notes that, in spite of sharing some common goals, there is little dialogue between the information science (and, inside it, the documentary linguistics) and computer science. It argues that the computational and philosophical ontologies are not completely independent events, which have among themselves only the similarity of name, and notes that the discussion of categories and categorization in computer science, does not always have the emphasis it receives in information science in studies on knowledge representation. The approach of Deleuze and Guattari\'s rhizome, was treated as instigator of reflections on the validity of the hierarchical tree model structure and the possibilities of its expansion. It concludes that the construction of ontologies can not ignore the terminological and conceptual analysis, as it\'s understood by the terminology and by the information science accumulated in the theoretical and methodological basis for the construction of indexing languages and, on the other hand, the construction of flexible indexing languages can not ignore the representational model of ontologies which are more capable for formalization and interoperability.

The development of standard models for describing general lexical resources has led to the emergence of numerous lexical datasets of various languages in the Semantic Web. However, there are no models that describe the domain of Morphology in a similar manner. As a result, there are hardly any language resources of morphemic data available in RDF to date. This paper presents the creation of the Hebrew Morpheme Inventory from a manually compiled tabular dataset comprising around 52.000 entries. It is an ongoing effort of representing the lexemes, word-forms and morphologigal patterns together with their underlying relations based on the newly created Multilingual Morpheme Ontology (MMoOn). It will be shown how segmented Hebrew language data can be granularly described in a Linked Data format, thus, serving as an exemplary case for creating morpheme inventories of any inflectional language with MMoOn. The resulting dataset is described a) according to the structure of the underlying data format, b) with respect to the Hebrew language characteristic of building word-forms directly from roots, c) by exemplifying how inflectional information is realized and d) with regard to its enrichment with external links to sense resources.

Le domaine médical dispose aujourd'hui d'un très grand volume de documents électroniques permettant ainsi la recherche d'une information médicale quelconque. Cependant, l'exploitation de cette grande quantité de données rend la recherche d'une information précise complexe et coûteuse en termes de temps. Cette difficulté a motivé le développement de nouveaux outils de recherche adaptés, comme les systèmes de question-réponse. En effet, ce type de système permet à un utilisateur de poser une question en langage naturel et de retourner une réponse précise à sa requête au lieu d'un ensemble de documents jugés pertinents, comme c'est le cas des moteurs de recherche. Les questions soumises à un système de question-réponse portent généralement sur un type d'objet ou sur une relation entre objets. Dans le cas d'une question telle que " Qui a découvert l'Amérique ? " par exemple, l'objet de la question est une personne. Dans des domaines plus spécifiques, tel que le domaine médical, les types rencontrés sont eux-mêmes plus spécifiques. La question " Comment rechercher l'hématurie ? " appelle ainsi une réponse de type examen médical. L'objectif de ce travail est de mettre en place un système de question-réponse pour des médecins généralistes portant sur les bonnes pratiques médicales. Ce système permettra au médecin de consulter une base de connaissances lorsqu'il se trouve en consultation avec un patient. Ainsi, dans ce travail, nous présentons une stratégie de recherche adaptée au domaine médical. Plus précisément, nous exposerons une méthode pour l'analyse des questions médicales et l'approche adoptée pour trouver une réponse à une question posée. Cette approche consiste à rechercher en premier lieu une réponse dans une ontologie médicale construite à partir de essources sémantiques disponibles pour la spécialité. Si la réponse n'est pas trouvée, le système applique des patrons linguistiques appris automatiquement pour repérer la réponse recherchée dans une collection de documents candidats. L'intérêt de notre approche a été illustré au travers du système de question-réponse " Esculape " qui a fait l'objet d'une évaluation montrant que la prise en compte explicite de connaissances médicales permet d'améliorer les résultats des différents modules du processus de traitement

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, 1991.
Vita.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 195-197).
by Richard Gustave Heck, Jr.
Ph.D.

The current research presents an ontology for linguistics useful for an implementation on the Semantic Web. By adhering to this model, it is shown that data of the kind routinely collected by field linguists may be represented so as to facilitate automatic analysis and semantic search. The literature concerning typological databases, knowledge engineering, and the Semantic Web is reviewed. It is argued that the time is right for the integration of these three areas of research. Linguistic knowledge is discussed in the overall context of common-sense knowledge representation. A three-layer approach to meaning is assumed, one that includes conceptual, semantic, and linguistic levels of knowledge. In particular the level of semantics is shown to be crucial for a notional account of grammatical categories such as tense, aspect, and case. The level of semantic is viewed as an encoding of common-sense reality. To develop the ontology an upper model based on the Suggested Upper Merged Ontology (SUMO) is adopted, though elements from other ontologies are utilized as well. A brief comparison of available upper models is presented. It is argued that any ontology for linguistics should provide an account of at least (1) linguistic expressions, (2) mental linguistic units, (3) linguistic categories, and (4) discrete semantic units. The concepts and relations concerning these four domains are motivated as part of the ontology. Finally, an implementation for the Semantic Web is given by discussing the various data constructs necessary for markup (interlinear text, lexicons, paradigms, grammatical descriptions). It is argued that a characterization of the data constructs should not be included in the general ontology, but should be left up to the individual data provider to implement in XML Schema. A search scenario for linguistic data is discussed. It is shown that an ontology for linguistics provides the machinery for pure semantic search, that is, an advanced search framework whereby the user may use linguistic concepts, not just simple strings, as the search query.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, 1999.
Includes bibliographical references.
"Ontology and the Foundations of Mathematics" consists of three papers concerned with ontological issues in the foundations of mathematics. Chapter 1, "Numbers and Persons," confronts the problem of the inscrutability of numerical reference and argues that, even if inscrutable, the reference of the numerals, as we ordinarily use them, is determined much more, precisely than up to isomorphism. We argue that the truth conditions of a variety of numerical modal and counterfactual sentences (whose acceptance plays a crucial role in applications) place serious constraints on the sorts of items to which numerals, as we ordinarily use them, can be taken to refer: Numerals cannot be taken to refer to objects that exist contingently such as people, mountains, or rivers, but rather must be taken to refer to objects that exist necessarily such as abstracta. Chapter 2, "Modern Set Theory and Replacement," takes up a challenge to explain the reasons one should accept the axiom of replacement of Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory, when its applications within ordinary mathematics and the rest of science are often described as rare and recondite. We argue that this is not a question one should be interested in; replacement is required to ensure that the element-set relation is well-founded as well as to ensure that the cumulation of sets described by set theory reaches and proceeds beyond the level w of the cumulative hierarchy. A more interesting question is whether we should accept instances of replacement on uncountable sets, for these are indeed rarely used outside higher set theory. We argue that the best case for (uncountable) replacement comes not from direct, intuitive considerations, but from the role replacement plays in the formulation of transfinite recursion and the theory of ordinals, and from the fact that it permits us to express and assert the (first-order) content of the modern cumulative view of the set theoretic universe as arrayed in a cumulative hierarchy of levels. Chapter 3, "A No-Class Theory of Classes," makes use of the apparatus of plural quantification to construe talk of classes as plural talk about sets, and thus provide an interpretation of both one- and two-sorted versions of first-order Morse-Kelley set theory, an impredicative theory of classes. We argue that the plural interpretation of impredicative theories of classes has a number of advantages over more traditional interpretations of the language of classes as involving singular reference to gigantic set-like entities, only too encompassing to be sets, the most important of these being perhaps that it makes the machinery of classes available for the formalization of much recent and very interesting work in set theory without threatening the universality of the theory as the most comprehensive theory of collections, when these are understood as objects.
by Gabriel Uzquiano.
Ph.D.

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.13.06 – інформаційні технології. – Національний технічний університет "Харківський технічний інститут", Харків, 2015. Дисертаційна робота присвячена вирішенню науково-прикладної задачі підвищення ефективності розроблення програмного забезпечення шляхом синтезу формальних моделей і методів інформаційної технології формування нормативного профілю вимог до програмного забезпечення. Розроблено модель текстів стандартів, яка, на відміну від відомих моделей, ґрунтується на онтологічному поданні їх лінгвістичних об'єктів, що забезпечує адекватність нормативного профілю. Удосконалено модель ядра семантичної цілісності мови стандартів, шляхом подання у формі онтології, що забезпечує повноту семантичного аналізу. Удосконалено метод розроблення лінгвістичних моделей стандартів шляхом урахування композиційної структури стандарту, що забезпечує структурованість процесу інформаційного пошуку в текстах стандартів. Дістав подальшого розвитку метод синтезу онтологічної системи шляхом її реалізації у вигляді діалогової системи підтримки прийняття рішень аудитора сертифікаційного центру. Практичне значення отриманих результатів полягає у створенні науково-методичної основи у вигляді конкретних інженерних методик, методів і програмних засобів для підтримки прийняття рішень при сертифікації програмного забезпечення.
The thesis on competition of an academic degree of Candidate of Technical Sciences in the specialty 05.13.06 – information technologies. – National Polytechnical University "Kharkiv Technical Institute", Kharkiv, 2015. Dissertation work is devoted to efficiency improvement of software development by means of automation of normative profile forming of requirements to software. It is developed formal model of standard, which, in contrast to the known models, is based on ontology representation of linguistic objects that provides the sufficiency of the normative profile. It is improved the model of semantic integrity core for language of standards by giving it in the form ontology that ensure the fulfillment of semantic analysis. It is improved the method of development of linguistic models by taking into accout the compositional structure of standards that provides the structured process of information retrieval in texts of standards. It is further developed of a method of forming an ontological system by its implementation as an intellectual core in the dialogue decision-making support system for auditor of certification centre. The practical significance of the obtained results is in the creation of scientific-methodical bases in the form of specific engineering techniques, methods and software tools for decision support in the certification of critical systems applications.

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.13.06 – інформаційні технології. – Національний технічний університет "Харківський технічний інститут", Харків, 2015. Дисертаційна робота присвячена вирішенню науково-прикладної задачі підвищення ефективності розроблення програмного забезпечення шляхом синтезу формальних моделей і методів інформаційної технології формування нормативного профілю вимог до програмного забезпечення. Розроблено модель текстів стандартів, яка, на відміну від відомих моделей, ґрунтується на онтологічному поданні їх лінгвістичних об'єктів, що забезпечує адекватність нормативного профілю. Удосконалено модель ядра семантичної цілісності мови стандартів, шляхом подання у формі онтології, що забезпечує повноту семантичного аналізу. Удосконалено метод розроблення лінгвістичних моделей стандартів шляхом урахування композиційної структури стандарту, що забезпечує структурованість процесу інформаційного пошуку в текстах стандартів. Дістав подальшого розвитку метод синтезу онтологічної системи шляхом її реалізації у вигляді діалогової системи підтримки прийняття рішень аудитора сертифікаційного центру. Практичне значення отриманих результатів полягає у створенні науково-методичної основи у вигляді конкретних інженерних методик, методів і програмних засобів для підтримки прийняття рішень при сертифікації програмного забезпечення.
The thesis on competition of an academic degree of Candidate of Technical Sciences in the specialty 05.13.06 – information technologies. – National Polytechnical University "Kharkiv Technical Institute", Kharkiv, 2015. Dissertation work is devoted to efficiency improvement of software development by means of automation of normative profile forming of requirements to software. It is developed formal model of standard, which, in contrast to the known models, is based on ontology representation of linguistic objects that provides the sufficiency of the normative profile. It is improved the model of semantic integrity core for language of standards by giving it in the form ontology that ensure the fulfillment of semantic analysis. It is improved the method of development of linguistic models by taking into accout the compositional structure of standards that provides the structured process of information retrieval in texts of standards. It is further developed of a method of forming an ontological system by its implementation as an intellectual core in the dialogue decision-making support system for auditor of certification centre. The practical significance of the obtained results is in the creation of scientific-methodical bases in the form of specific engineering techniques, methods and software tools for decision support in the certification of critical systems applications.

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O objetivo desta pesquisa, que se desenvolveu nas dimensões linguística, linguísticocomputacional e computacional dos estudos do processamento automático de língua natural, foi explorar a construção e a codificação no editor de ontologias Protégé- Frames do ontoglossário para uma parcela das unidades léxicas (ULs) do inglês e das suas correspondentes do português que expressam um subconjunto de conceitos do domínio léxico-conceitual dos relacionamentos amorosos, que denominamos love life, rotulado LOVE LIFE, abreviadamente referido por LL. Esse constructo organiza computacionalmente uma parcela das ULs das duas línguas que simbolizam conceitos do domínio LL indexados às classes da ontologia Suggested Upper Merged Ontology (SUMO), daí a denominação de ontoglossário. Linguisticamente, fundamenta-se em redes semânticas e frames semânticos, além de se beneficiar também, no processo do seu desenvolvimento, de informações lexicograficamente já sistematizadas em dicionários do inglês e do português. O corpus de onde se extraem e se investigam as ULs e se inferem os conceitos do domínio LL é composto pelas legendas em inglês dos episódios inicial e final de cada uma das seis temporadas da série de televisão norte-americana Sex and the City
The aim of this research, which was developed within the linguistic, computational-linguistic, and computational dimensions of natural language processing studies, was the construction and coding, in the Protégé-Frames ontology editor, of the ontoglossary for a group of lexical units (LUs) of English and their counterparts in Portuguese that express a subgroup of the love relationship conceptual domain named “love life”, labelled LOVE LIFE, LL for short. This construct organizes part of the LUs of the two languages that symbolize the concepts of the LL domain anchored to classes of the Suggested Upper Merged Ontology (SUMO), thus the name ontoglossary. Its theoretical linguistic foundations are semantic networks and semantic frames, as well as the lexicographic information mined from English and Portuguese dictionaries. The corpus from which the LUs are extracted and analyzed, and the concepts of the LL domain are inferred, are the English subtitles of the first and the last episodes of each of the six seasons of the American television series Sex and the City

Orientador: Bento Carlos Dias da Silva
Banca: Patrícia Tosqui Lucks
Banca: Paula Tavares Pinto Paiva
Banca: Stella Esther Ortweiler Tagnin
Banca: Waldenor Barros Moraes Filho
Resumo: O objetivo desta pesquisa, que se desenvolveu nas dimensões linguística, linguísticocomputacional e computacional dos estudos do processamento automático de língua natural, foi explorar a construção e a codificação no editor de ontologias Protégé- Frames do ontoglossário para uma parcela das unidades léxicas (ULs) do inglês e das suas correspondentes do português que expressam um subconjunto de conceitos do domínio léxico-conceitual dos relacionamentos amorosos, que denominamos love life, rotulado LOVE LIFE, abreviadamente referido por LL. Esse constructo organiza computacionalmente uma parcela das ULs das duas línguas que simbolizam conceitos do domínio LL indexados às classes da ontologia Suggested Upper Merged Ontology (SUMO), daí a denominação de ontoglossário. Linguisticamente, fundamenta-se em redes semânticas e frames semânticos, além de se beneficiar também, no processo do seu desenvolvimento, de informações lexicograficamente já sistematizadas em dicionários do inglês e do português. O corpus de onde se extraem e se investigam as ULs e se inferem os conceitos do domínio LL é composto pelas legendas em inglês dos episódios inicial e final de cada uma das seis temporadas da série de televisão norte-americana Sex and the City
Abstract: The aim of this research, which was developed within the linguistic, computational-linguistic, and computational dimensions of natural language processing studies, was the construction and coding, in the Protégé-Frames ontology editor, of the ontoglossary for a group of lexical units (LUs) of English and their counterparts in Portuguese that express a subgroup of the love relationship conceptual domain named "love life", labelled LOVE LIFE, LL for short. This construct organizes part of the LUs of the two languages that symbolize the concepts of the LL domain anchored to classes of the Suggested Upper Merged Ontology (SUMO), thus the name ontoglossary. Its theoretical linguistic foundations are semantic networks and semantic frames, as well as the lexicographic information mined from English and Portuguese dictionaries. The corpus from which the LUs are extracted and analyzed, and the concepts of the LL domain are inferred, are the English subtitles of the first and the last episodes of each of the six seasons of the American television series Sex and the City
Doutor

An ontology is a knowledge-representation structure, where words, terms or concepts are defined by their mutual hierarchical relations. Ontologies are becoming ever more prevalent in the world of natural language processing, where we currently see a tendency towards using semantics for solving a variety of tasks, particularly tasks related to information access. Ontologies, taxonomies and thesauri (all related notions) are also used in various variants by humans, to standardize business transactions or for finding conceptual relations between terms in, e.g., the medical domain. The acquisition of machine-readable, domain-specific semantic knowledge is time consuming and prone to inconsistencies. The field of ontology learning therefore provides tools for automating the construction of domain ontologies (ontologies describing the entities and relations within a particular field of interest), by analyzing large quantities of domain-specific texts. This thesis studies three main topics within the field of ontology learning. First, we examine which sources of information are useful within an ontology learning system and how the information sources can be combined effectively. Secondly, we do this with a special focus on cross-language text collections, to see if we can learn more from studying several languages at once, than we can from a single-language text collection. Finally, we investigate new approaches to formal and automatic evaluation of the quality of a learned ontology. We demonstrate how to combine information sources from different languages and use them to train automatic classifiers to recognize lexico-semantic relations. The cross-language data is shown to have a positive effect on the quality of the learned ontologies. We also give theoretical and experimental results, showing that our ontology evaluation method is a good complement to and in some aspects improves on the evaluation measures in use today.
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This thesis is a linguistic/ontological inquiry into narrative dynamics. Particular attention is drawn to elucidating the mechanism for recognising story events as one reads narrative discourse. The overall discussion is a criticism of formal approaches to narrative dynamics which tend to make observations on the assumption that there is a fixed relation between language form and meaning (e.g. the distinction between events and non-events in narrative circumstances). As two possible factors responsible for preventing formal analysts from taking an elastic view of story-event structure in narrative, I point out overly metalinguistic and metatemporal attitudes held by many narrative poeiticians, grammarians and formal semanticists. The recognition of narrative dynamics is primarily concerned with our concept of time, so that this thesis focuses a good deal of attention on explicating how time can be conceptualised in narrative. The basic component of the argument, therefore, is made up of ontological observations concerning time, event, and change, which are mainly made in Chapters 3 and 5. This thesis concludes that overly metalinguistic and metatemporal approaches to narrative dynamics tend to be fallacious, and that it is the commonsensical view that counts in the recognition of the event structure in narrative discourse. A hypothetical stance I adopt in constructing a narrative theory is the viewpoint of the ordinary reader of narrative fiction who is not formally trained, and therefore, does not necessarily respond to narrative texts in a highly metalinguistic or metatemporal way. The importance of assuming the ordinary reader's viewpoint for the proper recognition of the story-event structure of narrative is referred to in many different respects throughout the thesis.

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Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
This work aimed at developing an ontology of the football domain based on the model of classes of objects proposed by Gaston Gross (1994). The construction of an ontology in general follows a methodology based on the semantic tradition through which conceptual classes are established according to the conceiver‟s judgment. The proposal of this study was to arrive at semantic classes through the application of syntactic criteria which may be reproduced by other researchers. In order to do that, we use the theory proposed on Harris (1976), who considers the sentence as the minimal unit of meaning and a grammar of operators and arguments. The classes of objects are semantic classes selected from the argumental restrictions of each predicate.
Este trabalho tem como objetivo aplicar o modelo de classes de objeto de Gaston Gross (1994) à construção de ontologias de domínio, no caso uma ontologia do domínio do futebol. As classes de objetos são classes semânticas selecionadas a partir das restrições argumentais de cada predicado. A construção de ontologias, de modo geral, segue uma metodologia baseada na tradição semântica, pela qual são estabelecidas classes conceituais a partir do julgamento do criador. A proposta deste estudo foi chegar às classes semânticas por meio da aplicação de critérios sintáticos que possam ser reproduzidos por outros pesquisadores. Para isso, utilizamos uma gramática de operadores e argumentos, tendo, como unidade mínima de significação, a frase. Assim, cada item lexical deve ser analisado em função do ambiente sintático em que se encontra, pois as relações de co-ocorrência das palavras determinam seu significado.

Este trabajo de tesis doctoral se centra en el uso de ontologías de dominio y su refinamiento enfocado a la recuperación de la información. El dominio seleccionado ha sido el de la Biomedicina, que dispone de una extensa colección de resúmenes en la base de datos Medline y recursos que facilitan la creación de ontologías muy extensas, tales como MeSH o UMLS. En este trabajo se ha desarrollado también un modelo de formulación de consulta que permite relacionar un modelo de documento con una ontología dentro de los modelos de lenguaje. Además hemos desarrollado un algoritmo que permite mejorar la ontología para la tarea de recuperación de la información a partir de recursos no estructurados. Los resultados muestran que el refinamiento de las ontologías aplicado a la recuperación de la información mejora el rendimiento, identificando automáticamente información no presente en la ontología. Además hemos comprobado que el tipo de contenido relevante para las consultas depende de propiedades relacionadas con el tipo de consulta y la colección de documentos. Los resultados están acordes con resultados existentes en el campo de la recuperación de la información.

La présente thèse recherche une approche sémantique pour l'extraction et l'analyse du discours idéologique au sein de documents textuels sous forme électronique. Cette approche intègre une méthode qualitative d'analyse de textes issue des sciences sociales (analyse critique du discours) avec une méthode quantitative de raisonnement et extraction d'information à base d'ontologies de domaine et de traitement semi-automatique du langage naturel. L'application centrale du projet de thèse vise à étudier le discours marxiste comme représenté par la collection thématique Archive Internet des Marxistes (http://www.marxists.org) contenant près de 15000 textes. L'objectif de l'application est l'acquisition de schémas émergents, qui pourront contribuer à la classification par point de vue idéologique de textes inconnus
This thesis outlines a semantic approach to the mining and analysis of ideological discourse from electronic texts. This approach integrates a qualitative social scientific method of textual analysis (Critical Discourse Analysis) with a quantitative ontology-based reasoning and information retrieval method using semi-automatic natural language processing techniques. It is applied to the analysis of Marxist discourse, as represented in the Marxists Internet Archive (http://www.marxists.org) thematic collection, containing nearly 15,000 texts. The application focuses on the acquisition of emerging schemas, which can contribute to the classification of unknown texts by ideological perspective

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão, Programa de Pós-graduação em Estudos da Tradução, Florianópolis, 2009
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A tradução dos textos pertencentes à filosofia antiga em língua grega suscita uma problemática concernente em primeiro lugar aos fundamentos da possibilidade da sua compreensão por leitores do século XXI e, em segundo lugar, aos métodos que podem ser empregados na sua prática. Este trabalho consiste em um experimento tradutório teorizante que se fundamenta, enquanto arte da compreensão de textos, no método de F. Schleiermacher; enquanto descrição dos procedimentos lingüísticos necessários à prática tradutória, na teoria lingüística de J.C. Catford; e enquanto poética, nas reflexões de H. Meschonnic.
La traduction des textes appartenant à la philosophie ancienne en langue grecque suscite une problématique qui concerne, en premier lieu, les fondements de la possibilité de leur compréhension par des lecteurs du XXIème siècle et, en deuxième lieu, les méthodes qui peuvent être employées dans sa pratique. Ce travail consiste dans une expérimentation de traduction théorisante qui se fonde, en tant qu'art de la compréhension de textes, sur la méthode de F. Schleiermacher ; en tant que description des procédures linguistiques nécessaires à la pratique de la traduction, sur la théorie linguistique de J.C. Catford ; et en tant que poétique, sur les réflexions de H. Meschonnic.

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O presente trabalho, no escopo da Linguística Cognitiva, buscou os elementos-chave para a compreensão do fenômeno da significação e a proposição da formalização em um modelo conceitual ontológico, que subsidiasse processos de inferência na interpretação por máquinas da relação partitiva. O objetivo principal foi estudar a relação semântica partitiva tal como manifestada na semântica das línguas humanas e para isso, avança o estudo da relação a partir da perspectiva clássica lexical, limitada às expressões “é parte de” ou “tem parte” presentes em sentenças criadas, como “a asa é parte da xícara” ou “xícara tem parte asa”, para ocorrências reais extraídas de corpus, como na sentença: “a asa da xícara quebrou”. Na perspectiva da Semântica de Frames, para entender um item linguístico, é necessário entender o frame que ele evoca e as relações deste frame com outros frames. Além da descrição da relação partitiva no escopo da Semântica de Frames, o objetivo foi formalizar a relação partitiva entre frames em um modelo ontológico, apresentando a proposta de uma ferramenta para o reconhecimento da relação partitiva em sentenças. Para isso, combinamos a notação descritiva, representada na FrameNet, com informações provenientes da WordNet e da ontologia SIMPLE, recursos lexicais que assumem a Teoria do Léxico Gerativo (Pustejovsky, 1996). A criação de uma base de dados ontológica (das entidades e suas partes), como resultado do esforço de anotação de frames de uma língua, auxiliou o reconhecimento da relação partitiva em sentenças diversas e a promoveu sua legibilidade por máquinas, através da explicitação dos tipos semânticos dos elementos vinculados partitivamente.
In the scope of Cognitive Linguistics, the present work sought the key elements for the understanding of the phenomenon of signification and the proposition of formalization in an ontological conceptual model, which subsidized processes of inference in the machine interpretation of the partitive relation. The main objective was to study the partitive semantic relation as manifested in the semantics of human languages and, for this purpose, the study advances from the classical lexical perspective, limited to the expressions “is part of” or “has part” from created sentences, as “the handle is part of the cup” or “cup has the handle as part”, for real occurrences extracted from corpus, as in the sentence: “a asa da xícara quebrou” [the cup handle broke]. In the Frame Semantics approach, in order to understand a linguistic item, it is necessary to understand the frame that it evokes and the relations of this frame with other frames. In addition to the description of the partitive relation in the scope of Frame Semantics, the objective was to formalize the partitive relation between frames in an ontological model, presenting the proposal of a tool for the recognition of the partitive relation in sentences. For this purpose, we combine the descriptive notation, represented in FrameNet, with information from WordNet and the SIMPLE ontology, which are lexical resources that assume the Generative Lexicon Theory (PUSTEJOVSKY, 1996). The creation of an ontological database (of the entities and their parts), as a result of the effort of annotation of frames of a language, helped the recognition of the partitive relation in various sentences and promoted its readability by machines, through the explicitness of the semantic types of the elements linked by partitive relation.

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The present work has as its main objective to confront two lexical semantic theories, namely, the decompositionalist Generative Lexicon Theory, by James Pustejovsky, and the atomist Mental Representation Theory, by Jerry Fodor. Our proposal is to present a brief history of lexical semantics in order to bring the reader closer to our subject. We will also present the above-mentioned theories, so we can, in the final chapter, compare them. This comparison will be guided by the Interface Theory, by Jorge Campos da Costa.
O presente trabalho tem por objetivo confrontar duas teorias semânticas lexicais concorrentes, a saber, a teoria do léxico gerativo, de James Pustejovsky, decomposicionalista, e a teoria das representações mentais de Jerry Fodor, atomista. Nossa proposta é apresentar um breve histórico da semântica lexical através dos tempos, apresentando os momentos mais importantes dessa área, a fim de situar o leitor quanto ao tema. Apresentaremos também as mencionadas teorias, em capítulos próprios, e por fim proporcionaremos um “debate teórico” entre elas. O debate será avaliado à luz da Teoria das Interfaces, tal como delineada por Jorge Campos da Costa.

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Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
Nowadays we have been observing the expansion of knowledge mainly caused by continuous changes in science and its techniques. Terminology, as an academic subject concerned with the so-called specialized languages, play an important role in this process. The relevance of this research can be justified by the lack of systematic terminological repertoire for a strategic sector of the Brazilian economy, as biofuels/biodiesel. In this sense, our goals are: i) systematize the terminology of biodiesel in Portuguese in order to promote more efficient communication, allowing both scientific and technological information exchange among users and researchers of this area, as well as, generate resources for the subsequent creation of the first dictionary of this knowledge domain; ii) investigate biodiesel terminology from a semantic perspective, choosing the Qualia Structure, model of semantic structure which integrates Pustejovsky s Generative Lexicon Theory (1995) as a theoretical frame. In order to develop this research, the methodology used was based on the one elaborated and improved by GETerm, adopting descriptive terminology of linguistic base, specifically the postulates of the Communicative Theory of Terminology (CTT) (CABRÉ, 1999, 2003). As results of this investigation, we attained: a biodiesel corpus with approximately 1.5 million words, an ontology containing 280 terms and a repertoire of 50 definitions. At the end, we concluded that the application of Qualia Structure in terminological work may support the terminographic activity.
Na contemporaneidade, presenciamos a expansão do conhecimento propiciada, fundamentalmente, pelas mudanças contínuas emanadas das ciências e das técnicas. A Terminologia, na qualidade de disciplina que estuda as chamadas linguagens de especialidade, desempenha um papel primordial nesse processo. A relevância desta pesquisa se justifica pela ausência de qualquer repertório terminológico sistematizado para um setor estratégico da economia brasileira, qual seja, os biocombustíveis/ biodiesel. Nesse sentido, temos como objetivos: i) sistematizar a terminologia do biodiesel em Língua Portuguesa, com vistas a promover uma comunicação mais eficiente, permitindo a troca de informações científicas e tecnológicas entre usuários e pesquisadores desta área, bem como gerar subsídios para a criação, a posteriori, do primeiro dicionário desse domínio do conhecimento; ii) investigar a terminologia do biodiesel a partir de um enfoque semântico, elegendo como quadro teórico a Estrutura Qualia, modelo de estruturação semântica que integra a Teoria do Léxico Gerativo de Pustejovsky (1995). Para a realização deste trabalho, pautamo-nos na metodologia desenvolvida e aperfeiçoada no âmbito do Geterm, sob o viés de uma Terminologia descritiva de base linguística, mais especificamente os postulados da Teoria Comunicativa da Terminologia (TCT) (CABRÉ, 1999, 2003). Como resultados desta pesquisa, obtivemos: o corpus do biodiesel com cerca de 1,5 milhão de palavras, a ontologia contendo 280 termos e um repertório de 50 definições. Por fim, concluímos que a aplicação da Estrutura Qualia em trabalhos terminológicos auxilia na atividade terminográfica.

This dissertation describes WikiRank, an unsupervised method of assigning relative values to elements of a broad coverage encyclopedic information source in order to identify those entries that may be relevant to a given piece of text. The valuation given to an entry is based not on textual similarity but instead on the links that associate entries, and an estimation of the expected frequency of visitation that would be given to each entry based on those associations in context. This estimation of relative frequency of visitation is embodied in modifications to the random walk interpretation of the PageRank algorithm. WikiRank is an effective algorithm to support natural language processing applications. It is shown to exceed the performance of previous machine learning algorithms for the task of automatic topic identification, providing results comparable to that of human annotators. Second, WikiRank is found useful for the task of recognizing text-based paraphrases on a semantic level, by comparing the distribution of attention generated by two pieces of text using the encyclopedic resource as a common reference. Finally, WikiRank is shown to have the ability to use its base of encyclopedic knowledge to recognize terms from different ontologies as describing the same thing, and thus allowing for the automatic generation of mapping links between ontologies. The conclusion of this thesis is that the "knowledge access heuristic" is valuable and that a ranking process based on a large encyclopedic resource can form the basis for an extendable general purpose mechanism capable of identifying relevant concepts by association, which in turn can be effectively utilized for enumeration and comparison at a semantic level.

У лінгвістиці останніх років інтенсивно дискутуються питання мовленнєвих кодів, одиниць і категорій мови в їх психо-когнітивному вимірі «тут і тепер» - живої комунікації. Домінантними на часі є метазнаки: дискурс, текст, комунікація, вербальні та невербальні засоби спілкування. Значущим є осмислення номінативних одиниць (НО) на векторі адресант-адресат, вивчення їх системно-функціонального буття.

Des ressources telles que les terminologies ou les ontologies sont utilisées dans différentes applications, notamment dans la description documentaire et la recherche d'information. Différentes méthodologies ont été proposées pour construire ce type de ressources, que ce soit à partir d'entrevues avec des experts du domaine ou à partir de corpus textuels. Nous nous intéressons dans ce mémoire à l'utilisation de méthodologies existantes dans le domaine du Traitement Automatique des Langues, destinées à la construction d'ontologies à partir de corpus textuels, pour la construction d'un type de ressource particulier : des ontologies différentielles. Ces ontologies sont structurées selon un système d'identité et de différence sémantique entre leurs constituants : les termes du domaine et des catégories dites "de haut niveau". Nous présentons différentes expérimentations qui ont été menées pour éliciter, structurer, définir et interdéfinir les éléments terminologiques pertinents à la réalisation d'une tâche particulière. Notre premier contexte applicatif a été le projet OPALES, et nous devions fournir à des nthropologue le vocabulaire conceptuel destiné à annoter des documents audiovisuels traitant de la petite enfance. Nous nous sommes servie du corpus constitué à cette occasion pour tester les méthodologies et outils linguistiques proposés pour l'aide à la construction d'ontologie, et avons défini notre propre chaîne de traitement. Celle-ci, appellée SODA, est basée sur l'extraction et l'exploitation d'énoncés définitoires en corpus pour repérer des éléments terminologiques, les structurer et donner des éléments de communauté sémantique permettant de les comparer.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq
This dissertation aims to discuss current Kratzerian approaches on modality and a few of its related features while contextualizing them ontologically as well as illustrating them with the analysis of Brazilian Portuguese epistemic indicative conditionals. This work consists of three chapters arranged interdependently. The first chapter provides ontological foundations concerning language and its connections with thought, mind, evolution and the world. Possible worlds theory, as well as knowledge and belief are also adressed in this chapter. Modality is approached as a phenomenon of the mind that is expressed in natural language in many ways, one of them, conditionals, is the focus of the analysis of this work. Chapter two concerns the formal approaches to the semantic analysis of modality in natural language, following the framework proposed by Kratzer (1977, 1979, 1981, 1986, 1991, 2012) with added discussions concerning evidentiality, epistemic modals, context and temporal and aspectual relations. Chapter three discusses the notions adressed in the previous chapter concerning their application in the analysis of Brazilian Portuguese epistemic indicative conditionals. This work seeks to provide theoretical improvements to the analysis of modality in natural language, as well as to expand the formal linguistic analysis of modality in Brazilian Portuguese.
Esta disserta??o busca discutir abordagens Kratzerianas atuais da modalidade e algumas de suas caracter?sticas relacionadas enquanto contextualizando-as ontologicamente, bem como ilustrando-as com a an?lise dos condicionais indicativos epist?micos do portugu?s brasileiro. Este trabalho consiste em tr?s cap?tulos organizados de forma interdependente. O primeiro cap?tulo fornece as funda??es ontol?gicas a respeito da linguagem e as suas conex?es com o pensamento, a mente, evolu??o e o mundo. A teoria de mundos poss?veis, bem como conhecimento e cren?a s?o abordados nesse cap?tulo. Modalidade ? tratada como um fen?meno da mente que ? expresso em linguagem natural de v?rias formas, uma delas, condicionais, ? o foco da an?lise nesse trabalho. O cap?tulo dois trata das abordagens formais ? sem?ntica da modalidade em linguagem natural, seguindo o arcabou?o proposto por Kratzer (1977, 1979, 1981, 1986, 1991, 2012) acrescido de discuss?es acerca da evidencialidade, modais epist?micos, contexto e rela??es temporais e aspectuais. O cap?tulo tr?s discute as no??es abordadas no cap?tulo anterior em rela??o as suas aplica??es na an?lise dos condicionais indicativos epist?micos em portugu?s brasileiro. Esse trabalho busca fornecer melhorias te?ricas ? an?lise da modalidade em linguagem natural, bem como expandir a an?lise lingu?stica formal da modalidade em portugu?s brasileiro.

Terminological dissonance is created by the inherent ambiguity of natural language and compounded by ontological specialization efforts within fields. Terminological dissonance creates high-risk miscommunications in two key areas: within Information Technology as a singular domain, and also between IT and other fields in interdisciplinary projects. A comprehensive literature review revealed a lack of previous effort to acknowledge or solve problems of terminological dissonance within Information Technology. This research provides a comprehensive overview and definition of the terminology mediation space as it relates to Information Technology and adjacent fields. An analysis and verification of the contents and implementation of the terminology mediation tool Termediator has also been created as part of this research. The Termediator tool's conceptual model is further validated through the analysis of its synonymous and polysemous clustering methods and results.

Cette thèse présente Adetoa, système dédié au repérage et à l'annotation sémantique automatique d'expressions temporelles dans des pages Web pour une application de e-tourisme. Une étude linguistique détaillée a permis de mettre en avant les caractéristiques et la complexité de l'expression de la temporalité dans les pages Web touristiques. Une étude sémiotique de ce type de pages a montré que les données y étaient organisées de manière fort variée, ne présentant aucune régularité, ce qui rend difficile voire parfois impossible l'automatisation de leur analyse. Ces analyses ont mené à l'élaboration d'un ensemble important de transducteurs (avec Unitex) pour les tâches de repérage et d'annotation des expressions temporelles, ce qui constitue une ressource pouvant être généralisée. De plus, d'autres informations du domaine touristique sont repérées : les objets du tourisme et les adresses. Des transducteurs de liage permettent de grouper toutes les informations concernant une même offre touristique. Pour l'annotation et l'intégration d'Adetoa à la chaîne de traitement du projet Eiffel, un schéma d'annotation et des règles de transformations ont été mis au point. Sans en être un calque direct, le schéma d'annotation suit une ontologie du tourisme. Il permet ainsi de rester au plus près des expressions linguistiques de manière à les caractériser finement. L'ontologie a ensuite pu être adaptée en conséquence, pour un meilleur stockage des données dans la base de connaissance qui lui correspond. L'évaluation d'Adetoa, présentée dans cette thèse, a montré des résultats satisfaisants aussi bien d'un point de vue théorique que pour cette application industrielle.

A documentação clínica requer a representação de situações complexas como pareceres clínicos, imagens e resultados de exames, planos de tratamento, dentre outras. Entre os profissionais da área de saúde, a linguagem natural é o meio principal de documentação. Neste tipo de linguagem, caracterizada por uma elevada flexibilidade sintática e léxica, é comum a prevalência de ambigüidades em sentenças e termos. O objetivo do presente trabalho consiste em mapear informações codificadas em narrativas clínicas para uma ontologia de domínio (SNOMED CT). Para sua consecução, aplicaram-se ferramentas processamento de linguagem natural (PLN), assim como adotaram-se heurísticas para o mapeamento de textos para ontologias. Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa, uma amostra de sumários de alta foi obtida junto ao Hospital das Clínicas de Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. Parte dos sumários foi manualmente anotada, com a aplicação da estratégia de Active Learning, visando a preparação de um corpus para o treinamento de ferramentas de PLN. Paralelamente, foram desenvolvidos algoritmos para o pré-processamento dos textos ‘sujos’ (com grande quantidade de erros, acrônimos, abreviações, etc). Com a identificação das frases nominais, resultado do processamento das ferramentas de PLN, diversas heurísticas (identificação de acrônimos, correção ortográfica, supressão de valores numéricos e distância conceitual) para o mapeamento para a SNOMED CT foram aplicadas. A versão atual da SNOMED CT não está disponível em português, demandando o uso de ferramentas para processamento multi-lingual. Para tanto, o pesquisa atual é parte da iniciativa do projeto MorphoSaurus, por meio do qual desenvolve-se e disponibiliza-se um thesaurus multi-língue (português, alemão, inglês, espanhol, sueco, francês), bem como componentes de software que permitem o processamento inter-lingual. Para realização da pesquisa, 80% da base de sumários foi analisada e manualmente anotada, resultando em um corpus de domínio (textos médicos e em português) que permitiu a especialização do software OpenNLP (baseado no modelo estatístico para o PLN e selecionado após a avaliação de outras soluções disponíveis). A precisão do etiquetador atingiu 93.67%. O thesaurus multi-língue do MorphoSaurus foi estendido, reestruturado e avaliado (automaticamente com a comparação por meio de textos comparáveis – ‘traduções de um mesmo texto para diferentes idiomas’) e sofreu intervenções objetivando a correção de imperfeições existentes, resultando na melhoria da cobertura lingüística, no caso do português, em 2%; e 50% para o caso do espanhol, medidas obtidas por meio do levantamento das curvas de precisão e revocação para a base do OHSUMED. Por fim, a codificação de informações de narrativas clínicas para uma ontologia de domínio é uma área de elevado interesse científico e clínico, visto que grande parte dos dados produzidos quando do atendimento médico é armazenado em texto livre e não em campos estruturados. Para o alcance deste fim, adotou-se a SNOMED CT. A viabilidade da metodologia de mapeamento foi demonstrada com a avaliação dos resultados do mapeamento automático contra um padrão ouro, manualmente desenvolvido, indicando precisão de 83,9%.
Clinical documentation requires the representation of fine-grained descriptions of patients' history, evolution, and treatment. These descriptions are materialized in findings reports, medical orders, as well as in evolution and discharge summaries. In most clinical environments natural language is the main carrier of documentation. Written clinical jargon is commonly characterized by idiosyncratic terminology, a high frequency of highly context-dependent ambiguous expressions (especially acronyms and abbreviations). Violations of spelling and grammar rules are common. The purpose of this work is to map free text from clinical narratives to a domain ontology (SNOMED CT). To this end, natural language processing (NLP) tools will be combined with a heuristic of semantic mapping. The study uses discharge summaries from the Hospital das Clínicas de Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Parts of these texts are used for creating a training corpus, using manual annotation supported by active learning technology, used for the training of NLP tools that are used for the identification of parts of speech, the cleansing of "dirty" text passages. Thus it was possible to obtain relatively well-formed and unambiguous noun phrases, heuristics was implemented to semantic mapping between these noun phrases (in Portuguese) and the terms describing the SNOMED CT concepts (English and Spanish) uses the technology of morphosemantic indexing, using a multilingual subword thesaurus, provided by the MorphoSaurus system, the resolution of acronyms, and the identification of named entities (e.g. numbers). In this study, 80 per cent of the summaries are analyzed and manually annotated, resulting in a domain corpus that supports the specialization of the OpenNLP system, mainly following the paradigm of statistical natural language processing (the accuracy of the tagger obtained was 93.67%). Simultaneously, several techniques have been used for validating and improving the subword thesaurus. To this end, the semantic representations of comparable test corpora from the medical domain in English, Spanish, and Portuguese were compared with regard to the relative frequency of semantic identifiers, improving the corpus coverage (2% to Portuguese, and 50% to Spanish). The result was used as an input by a team of lexicon curators, which continuously fix errors and fill gaps in the trilingual thesaurus underlying the MorphoSaurus system. The progress of this work could be objectified using OHSUMED, a standard medical information retrieval benchmark. The mapping of text-encoded clinical information to a domain ontology constitutes an area of high scientific and practical interest due to the need for the analysis of structured data, whereas the clinical information is routinely recorded in a largely unstructured way. In this work the ontology used was SNOMED CT. The evaluation of mapping methodology indicates accuracy of 83.9%.

This thesis is a compendium of scientific works and engineering specifications that have been contributed to a large community of stakeholders to be copied, adapted, mixed, built upon and exploited in any way possible to achieve a common goal: Integrating Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Language Resources Using Linked Data The explosion of information technology in the last two decades has led to a substantial growth in quantity, diversity and complexity of web-accessible linguistic data. These resources become even more useful when linked with each other and the last few years have seen the emergence of numerous approaches in various disciplines concerned with linguistic resources and NLP tools. It is the challenge of our time to store, interlink and exploit this wealth of data accumulated in more than half a century of computational linguistics, of empirical, corpus-based study of language, and of computational lexicography in all its heterogeneity. The vision of the Giant Global Graph (GGG) was conceived by Tim Berners-Lee aiming at connecting all data on the Web and allowing to discover new relations between this openly-accessible data. This vision has been pursued by the Linked Open Data (LOD) community, where the cloud of published datasets comprises 295 data repositories and more than 30 billion RDF triples (as of September 2011). RDF is based on globally unique and accessible URIs and it was specifically designed to establish links between such URIs (or resources). This is captured in the Linked Data paradigm that postulates four rules: (1) Referred entities should be designated by URIs, (2) these URIs should be resolvable over HTTP, (3) data should be represented by means of standards such as RDF, (4) and a resource should include links to other resources. Although it is difficult to precisely identify the reasons for the success of the LOD effort, advocates generally argue that open licenses as well as open access are key enablers for the growth of such a network as they provide a strong incentive for collaboration and contribution by third parties. In his keynote at BNCOD 2011, Chris Bizer argued that with RDF the overall data integration effort can be “split between data publishers, third parties, and the data consumer”, a claim that can be substantiated by observing the evolution of many large data sets constituting the LOD cloud. As written in the acknowledgement section, parts of this thesis has received numerous feedback from other scientists, practitioners and industry in many different ways. The main contributions of this thesis are summarized here: Part I – Introduction and Background. During his keynote at the Language Resource and Evaluation Conference in 2012, Sören Auer stressed the decentralized, collaborative, interlinked and interoperable nature of the Web of Data. The keynote provides strong evidence that Semantic Web technologies such as Linked Data are on its way to become main stream for the representation of language resources. The jointly written companion publication for the keynote was later extended as a book chapter in The People’s Web Meets NLP and serves as the basis for “Introduction” and “Background”, outlining some stages of the Linked Data publication and refinement chain. Both chapters stress the importance of open licenses and open access as an enabler for collaboration, the ability to interlink data on the Web as a key feature of RDF as well as provide a discussion about scalability issues and decentralization. Furthermore, we elaborate on how conceptual interoperability can be achieved by (1) re-using vocabularies, (2) agile ontology development, (3) meetings to refine and adapt ontologies and (4) tool support to enrich ontologies and match schemata. Part II - Language Resources as Linked Data. “Linked Data in Linguistics” and “NLP & DBpedia, an Upward Knowledge Acquisition Spiral” summarize the results of the Linked Data in Linguistics (LDL) Workshop in 2012 and the NLP & DBpedia Workshop in 2013 and give a preview of the MLOD special issue. In total, five proceedings – three published at CEUR (OKCon 2011, WoLE 2012, NLP & DBpedia 2013), one Springer book (Linked Data in Linguistics, LDL 2012) and one journal special issue (Multilingual Linked Open Data, MLOD to appear) – have been (co-)edited to create incentives for scientists to convert and publish Linked Data and thus to contribute open and/or linguistic data to the LOD cloud. Based on the disseminated call for papers, 152 authors contributed one or more accepted submissions to our venues and 120 reviewers were involved in peer-reviewing. “DBpedia as a Multilingual Language Resource” and “Leveraging the Crowdsourcing of Lexical Resources for Bootstrapping a Linguistic Linked Data Cloud” contain this thesis’ contribution to the DBpedia Project in order to further increase the size and inter-linkage of the LOD Cloud with lexical-semantic resources. Our contribution comprises extracted data from Wiktionary (an online, collaborative dictionary similar to Wikipedia) in more than four languages (now six) as well as language-specific versions of DBpedia, including a quality assessment of inter-language links between Wikipedia editions and internationalized content negotiation rules for Linked Data. In particular the work described in created the foundation for a DBpedia Internationalisation Committee with members from over 15 different languages with the common goal to push DBpedia as a free and open multilingual language resource. Part III - The NLP Interchange Format (NIF). “NIF 2.0 Core Specification”, “NIF 2.0 Resources and Architecture” and “Evaluation and Related Work” constitute one of the main contribution of this thesis. The NLP Interchange Format (NIF) is an RDF/OWL-based format that aims to achieve interoperability between Natural Language Processing (NLP) tools, language resources and annotations. The core specification is included in and describes which URI schemes and RDF vocabularies must be used for (parts of) natural language texts and annotations in order to create an RDF/OWL-based interoperability layer with NIF built upon Unicode Code Points in Normal Form C. In , classes and properties of the NIF Core Ontology are described to formally define the relations between text, substrings and their URI schemes. contains the evaluation of NIF. In a questionnaire, we asked questions to 13 developers using NIF. UIMA, GATE and Stanbol are extensible NLP frameworks and NIF was not yet able to provide off-the-shelf NLP domain ontologies for all possible domains, but only for the plugins used in this study. After inspecting the software, the developers agreed however that NIF is adequate enough to provide a generic RDF output based on NIF using literal objects for annotations. All developers were able to map the internal data structure to NIF URIs to serialize RDF output (Adequacy). The development effort in hours (ranging between 3 and 40 hours) as well as the number of code lines (ranging between 110 and 445) suggest, that the implementation of NIF wrappers is easy and fast for an average developer. Furthermore the evaluation contains a comparison to other formats and an evaluation of the available URI schemes for web annotation. In order to collect input from the wide group of stakeholders, a total of 16 presentations were given with extensive discussions and feedback, which has lead to a constant improvement of NIF from 2010 until 2013. After the release of NIF (Version 1.0) in November 2011, a total of 32 vocabulary employments and implementations for different NLP tools and converters were reported (8 by the (co-)authors, including Wiki-link corpus, 13 by people participating in our survey and 11 more, of which we have heard). Several roll-out meetings and tutorials were held (e.g. in Leipzig and Prague in 2013) and are planned (e.g. at LREC 2014). Part IV - The NLP Interchange Format in Use. “Use Cases and Applications for NIF” and “Publication of Corpora using NIF” describe 8 concrete instances where NIF has been successfully used. One major contribution in is the usage of NIF as the recommended RDF mapping in the Internationalization Tag Set (ITS) 2.0 W3C standard and the conversion algorithms from ITS to NIF and back. One outcome of the discussions in the standardization meetings and telephone conferences for ITS 2.0 resulted in the conclusion there was no alternative RDF format or vocabulary other than NIF with the required features to fulfill the working group charter. Five further uses of NIF are described for the Ontology of Linguistic Annotations (OLiA), the RDFaCE tool, the Tiger Corpus Navigator, the OntosFeeder and visualisations of NIF using the RelFinder tool. These 8 instances provide an implemented proof-of-concept of the features of NIF. starts with describing the conversion and hosting of the huge Google Wikilinks corpus with 40 million annotations for 3 million web sites. The resulting RDF dump contains 477 million triples in a 5.6 GB compressed dump file in turtle syntax. describes how NIF can be used to publish extracted facts from news feeds in the RDFLiveNews tool as Linked Data. Part V - Conclusions. provides lessons learned for NIF, conclusions and an outlook on future work. Most of the contributions are already summarized above. One particular aspect worth mentioning is the increasing number of NIF-formated corpora for Named Entity Recognition (NER) that have come into existence after the publication of the main NIF paper Integrating NLP using Linked Data at ISWC 2013. These include the corpora converted by Steinmetz, Knuth and Sack for the NLP & DBpedia workshop and an OpenNLP-based CoNLL converter by Brümmer. Furthermore, we are aware of three LREC 2014 submissions that leverage NIF: NIF4OGGD - NLP Interchange Format for Open German Governmental Data, N^3 – A Collection of Datasets for Named Entity Recognition and Disambiguation in the NLP Interchange Format and Global Intelligent Content: Active Curation of Language Resources using Linked Data as well as an early implementation of a GATE-based NER/NEL evaluation framework by Dojchinovski and Kliegr. Further funding for the maintenance, interlinking and publication of Linguistic Linked Data as well as support and improvements of NIF is available via the expiring LOD2 EU project, as well as the CSA EU project called LIDER, which started in November 2013. Based on the evidence of successful adoption presented in this thesis, we can expect a decent to high chance of reaching critical mass of Linked Data technology as well as the NIF standard in the field of Natural Language Processing and Language Resources.

Cette monographie propose une description des noms discrets collectifs et tente d'en dresser une typologie, à partir d'une définition de la notion sémantique de collectif. Les exemples examinés sont tous tirés de corpus. Les noms discrets collectifs peuvent alors être interprétés comme des touts intégrés formant une unité de rang supérieur qui rassemble des unités de rang inférieur, elles aussi tout intégrés et parties de l'unité collective. Ils sont analysés en fonction de divers paramètres tels que, outre leurscaractéristiques ontologiques et méronymiques, la discernabilité des occurrences et le degré de connexité du tout collectif, ainsi que, par exemple et dans certains cas, le mouvement de l'unité collective, le nombre de dimensions spatiales pris en compte, la variété des occurrences... Dans une deuxième partie, est évalué le rôle du modèle du tout intégré dans la linguistique des noms collectifs et, plus particulièrement, des noms discrets collectifs, dont le prototype est donné par le nom body. La dimension cognitive du tout intégré est double et concerne les constructions linguistiques référentielles et les constructions métalinguistiques. Les noms discrets collectifs sont analysés comme des noms discrets collectifs non prototypiques, ce qui rend compte du fait qu'un certain nombre d'entre eux, tels que line, readership, list, range ou network, ne soient pratiquement jamais mentionnés comme tels dans les ouvrages de linguistique ou de grammaire.

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After having analyzed Mario Quintana s Complete Poetry (2005), we selected a significant number of poems of metaphysical and ontological tenor in order to present the poet s questioning of God s existence and the meaning of world, life and death. Our goal was to include him in the Brazilian group of artists of the twentieth century who dealt equally with transcendental issues. We also tried to demonstrate that Quintana s refection doesn t derive only from his symbolist inheritance but also from all his philosophical, religious and literary readings, and mainly from his human curiosity in the contemplation of existential issues. In these texts, the mode of expression of the gaucho author reveals peculiar traits of his personality like irony and humor, fundamental tools to express the anxieties resulting from the lack of answers to the world s enigmas.
A partir da Poesia completa (2005) de Mario Quintana, reuniu-se um significativo n?mero de poemas de teor metaf?sico e ontol?gico com o objetivo de apresentar as indaga??es do poeta acerca da exist?ncia de Deus e do sentido do mundo, da vida e da morte, com o intuito de inclu?-lo no grupo de artistas brasileiros do s?culo XX, igualmente ocupados com os temas transcendentais. Buscou-se demonstrar que essa reflex?o de Quintana n?o decorre unicamente da sua forma??o simbolista, mas de todas as suas leituras filos?ficas, religiosas e liter?rias e, sobretudo, da sua curiosidade humana na contempla??o das quest?es existenciais. O modo de express?o do autor ga?cho, nesses textos, traz ? tona tra?os peculiares da sua personalidade, como a ironia e o humor, ferramentas fundamentais para exprimir as ang?stias resultantes da impossibilidade de respostas para os enigmas do mundo.

La polysémie systématique, qui occupe une place grandissante dans les débats de sémantique lexicale depuis les années 1990, semble remettre à l'ordre du jour la question fondamentale du rapport entre les mots et les choses. Partant du constat que ces phénomènes de multi-sens n'impliquent pas de réel changement de référence, mais semblent au contraire mettre en jeu différentes parties ou aspects d'un même référent, ce travail propose une relecture métaphysique de deux modèles typés de la polysémie systématique (le Generative Lexicon de Pustejovsky et la Type Composition Logic de Asher), visant à clarifier les notions d'aspect/partie/constituant d'un objet, mobilisées dans la formulation des règles compositionnelles de génération des significations contextuelles.

En 1977, Freeman formalisait les premières mesures génériques d'Analyse de Réseaux Sociaux (ARS). Puis, les réseaux sociaux du Web " 2.0 " sont devenus planétaires (e.g., FaceBook, MSN). Cette thèse définit un modèle sémantique, non probabiliste et prédictif, pour l'analyse décisionnelle de réseaux sociaux professionnels et institutionnels. Ce modèle, en parallèle à la sociophysique de Galam, intègre des méthodes de traitement sémantique du langage naturel et d'ingénierie des connaissances, des mesures de sociologie statistique et des lois électrodynamiques, appliquées à l'optimisation de la performance économique et du climat social. Il a été développé et expérimenté dans le cadre du projet Socioprise, financé par le Secrétariat d'Etat à la prospective et au développement de l'économie numérique.

Cette thèse aborde la problématique de l'accès à l'information scientifique et technique véhiculée par de grands ensembles documentaires. Pour permettre à l'utilisateur de trouver l'information qui lui est pertinente, nous avons oeuvré à la définition d'un modèle répondant à l'exigence de souplesse de notre contexte applicatif industriel ; nous postulons pour cela la nécessité de segmenter l'information tirée des documents en plans ontologiques. Le modèle résultant permet une immersion documentaire, et ce grâce à trois types de processus complémentaires : des processus endogènes (exploitant le corpus pour analyser le corpus), exogènes (faisant appel à des ressources externes) et anthropogènes (dans lesquels les compétences de l'utilisateur sont considérées comme ressource) sont combinés. Tous concourent à l'attribution d'une place centrale à l'utilisateur dans le système, en tant qu'agent interprétant de l'information et concepteur de ses connaissances, dès lors qu'il est placé dans un contexte industriel ou spécialisé.

碩士
大葉大學
資訊管理學系碩士班
96
Web 2.0 prevalent in the current era of the Internet, RSS has been adopted as subscription news site with the release of an important media, who can build websites through RSS to publish information to the user, the user can also pick he'd like to receive the RSS categories, such knowledge-sharing and user interaction design is consistent with the spirit of Web2.0. As each day on the Internet by the dissemination of information over once more when users subscribe to the RSS, as long as the RSS file updated each, will be the influx of large numbers of information. With the longer time off, the more astonishing amount of information, how many users of information, the filter system and find their desired information, or would like to extend to read the information in the action, To understand the events before and after, or even from the search in the process of discovery of new knowledge. This study to the Web search interface to the existing network news categories to create a body of knowledge, based on users enter a search string RSS file with the significance of the title of a column vague language intended to do the analysis and correlation, and then under Semantic ambiguity to the establishment of the results of the analysis done in the body of knowledge and mapping, finally emerged with the most similar meaning users of information emerged. The research results include: the first part is to establish a body of knowledge-based news, the second part of the theory and the use of vague language intended to construct network search platform, is the third part of the search platform and complete body of knowledge interface.

More and more institutes and health agencies choose knowledge graphs over traditional relational databases to store semantic data. The knowledge graphs, using some form of ontology as a framework, can store domain-specific information and derive new knowledge using a reasoner. However, much of the data that must be moved to the graphs is either inside a relational database, or inside a semi-structured report. While there has been much progress in developing tools that export data from relational databases to graphs, there is a lack of progress in semantic extraction from domain-specific unstructured texts. In this thesis, a system architecture is proposed for semantic extraction from semi-structured legacy surveillance reports of infectious diseases in animals and humans in Sweden. The results were mostly positive since the system could identify 17 out of the 20 different types of relations.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Alberta, 2009.
Title from PDF file main screen (viewed on Oct. 20, 2009). "A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta." Includes bibliographical references.

Ontologies are foundational to, and upper ontologies provide semantic integration across, the Semantic Web. Multilingualism has been shown to be a key challenge to the development of the Semantic Web, and is a particular challenge to the universality requirement of upper ontologies. Universality implies a qualitative mapping from lexical ontologies, like WordNet, to an upper ontology, such as SUMO. Are a given natural language family's core concepts currently included in an existing, accepted upper ontology? Does SUMO preserve an ontological non-bias with respect to the multilingual challenge, particularly in the context of the African languages? The approach to developing WordNets mapped to shared core concepts in the non-Indo-European language families has highlighted these challenges and this is examined in a unique new context: the Southern African languages. This is achieved through a new mapping from African language core concepts to SUMO. It is shown that SUMO has no signi ficant natural language ontology bias.
Computing
M. Sc. (Computer Science)

Cette recherche porte sur la lexicologie, la lexicographie et l’enseignement/apprentissage du lexique. Elle s’inscrit dans le cadre du projet Modélisation ontologique des savoirs lexicographiques en vue de leur application en linguistique appliquée, surnommé Lexitation, qui est, à notre connaissance, la première tentative d’extraction des savoirs lexicographiques — i.e. connaissances déclaratives et procédurales utilisées par des lexicographes — utilisant une méthode expérimentale. Le projet repose sur le constat que les savoirs lexicographiques ont un rôle crucial à jouer en lexicologie, mais aussi en enseignement/apprentissage du lexique. Dans ce mémoire, nous décrirons les méthodes et les résultats de nos premières expérimentations, effectuées à l’aide du Think Aloud Protocol (Ericsson et Simon, 1993). Nous expliquerons l’organisation générale des expérimentations et comment les savoirs lexicographiques extraits sont modélisés pour former une ontologie. Finalement, nous discuterons des applications possibles de nos travaux en enseignement du lexique, plus particulièrement pour la formation des maîtres.
This research is about lexicology, lexicography and vocabulary teaching/learning. It is part of a project called Ontologization of lexicographic abilites for use in the fields of applied linguistics, nicknamed Lexitation, which is, to our knowledge, the first attempt at extracting lexicographic abilities using experimental techniques. The project relies on the assumption that lexicographic abilities play a role in teaching and acquisition of lexical knowledge, and not only in lexicography per se. We will describe the methods and results of our initial set of experiments, that are based on the use of so-called Think Aloud Protocol (Ericsson et Simon, 1993). We will explain how experiments have been set up and how we are currently proceeding with the extraction and modeling of various types of knowledge and strategies used by lexicographers while performing lexicographic tasks. Finally, we will present possible applications of our work in the field of language teaching, more specifically, teachers’ training.

Text in German, summaries in German and English
Diese Masterarbeit handelt von Transzendenzmomenten angesichts des Anderen und nimmt damit Bezug auf einen der einflussreichsten Philosophen der Gegenwart, Emmanuel Levinas. Philosophiegeschichtlich bildet der linguistic turn den Kontext dieses Diskurses. So wird der Wandel im Denken, der mit dem linguistic turn einhergeht, anhand verschiedener philosophischer und theologischer Essays reflektiert und auf das Problem der Gewalt im Prozess des Erkennens hin zugespitzt. In Diskussion mit den Schriften Dietrich Bonhoeffers leistet diese Arbeit hinfort einen Beitrag zum systematisch-theologischen Diskurs über Gottesoffenbarung in zwischenmenschlichen Beziehungen und über Ethik. In Auseinandersetzung mit Levinas und Bonhoeffer baut diese Arbeit eine Brücke zwischen postmodernem, dekonstruktivistischem Denken und der fortwährenden theologischen Aufgabe, Gottes Sein mittels menschlicher Sprache Ausdruck zu verleihen.
This master thesis is about moments of transcendence in face of the other by means of one of the most important philosophers in our days, Emmanuel Levinas. The philosophically based historical context is represented by the term linguistic turn which marks a change of thinking within the 20th century. To outline this change the thesis brings several philosophical and theological essays up for discussion which leads to the problem of power in the process of recognition. Bringing up Dietrich Bonhoeffer’s writings, this research will make a contribution to the systematic-theological discourse about God revealing himself within relationships and about ethics. Furthermore it builds a bridge between postmodern anti-constructivist thinking and the continual theological task of using human language to explore God’s being.
Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology
M. Th. (Systematic Theology)