Статті в журналах: "Limnospira"

1

Misztak, Agnieszka E., Malgorzata Waleron, Magda Furmaniak, Michal M. Waleron, Olga Bazhenova, Maurycy Daroch, and Krzysztof F. Waleron. "Comparative Genomics and Physiological Investigation of a New Arthrospira/Limnospira Strain O9.13F Isolated from an Alkaline, Winter Freezing, Siberian Lake." Cells 10, no. 12 (December 3, 2021): 3411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10123411.

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Cyanobacteria from the genus Arthrospira/Limnospira are considered haloalkalotolerant organisms with optimal growth temperatures around 35 °C. They are most abundant in soda lakes in tropical and subtropical regions. Here, we report the comprehensive genome-based characterisation and physiological investigation of the new strain O9.13F that was isolated in a temperate climate zone from the winter freezing Solenoye Lake in Western Siberia. Based on genomic analyses, the Siberian strain belongs to the Arthrospira/Limnospira genus. The described strain O9.13F showed the highest relative growth index upon cultivation at 20 °C, lower than the temperature 35 °C reported as optimal for the Arthrospira/Limnospira strains. We assessed the composition of fatty acids, proteins and photosynthetic pigments in the biomass of strain O9.13F grown at different temperatures, showing its potential suitability for cultivation in a temperate climate zone. We observed a decrease of gamma-linolenic acid favouring palmitic acid in the case of strain O9.13F compared to tropical strains. Comparative genomics showed no unique genes had been found for the Siberian strain related to its tolerance to low temperatures. In addition, this strain does not possess a different set of genes associated with the salinity stress response from those typically found in tropical strains. We confirmed the absence of plasmids and functional prophage sequences. The genome consists of a 4.94 Mbp with a GC% of 44.47% and 5355 encoded proteins. The Arthrospira/Limnospira strain O9.13F presented in this work is the first representative of a new clade III based on the 16S rRNA gene, for which a genomic sequence is available in public databases (PKGD00000000).

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2

Moliboga, Elena, and Olga Bazhenova. "Cultivating Limnospira fusiformis from Lake Solenoye, Omsk." Food Processing: Techniques and Technology 53, no. 4 (December 30, 2023): 689–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2074-9414-2023-4-2469.

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Global food shortages make it necessary to look for alternative renewable bioresources. In the south of Western Siberia, the filamentous cyanoprokaryote Limnospira fusiformis triggers seasonal algae bloom in hypergaline alkaline Lake Solenoye. The species has valuable nutritional properties, and its phytomass is a potential source of proteins and biologically active substances. The O9.13F strain of L. fusiformis has a good potential as a bioadditive in animal feeding. The article offers a technology for cultivating O9.13F of L. fusiformis, isolated from Lake Solenoye. The research objectives were to establish the optimal cultivation conditions, medium, and periodicity. The study featured strain O9.13F of filamentous cyanoprokaryote L. fusiformis. The micropipette method made it possible to isolate pure culture from water samples taken from Lake Solenoye, Omsk, Russia, at the end of algae bloom. The cultivation involved a UT-6070 climatic chamber under uniform illumination with light intensity 10–30 μmol photons/m2s and 12-h light-dark circle at 20 ± 2°C on various media: natural habitat – water from the Solenoye Lake; mineral medium – liquid Zarrouk’s medium; agarized Zarrouk’s medium; composite variants, where the ratio of mineral medium vs. water varied from 1:9 to 9:1. Lake water inhibited the culture growth: the trichomes died and sank on day 10–15. Zarrouk’s agarized medium stopped the culture growth as early as on day 2. The most intensive growth and development of the culture was observed in the samples with Zarrouk’s mineral liquid medium and a composite mix of Zarrouk’s medium and sterilized water at a ratio of 5:5. Without stirring, full-fledged trichomes had no time to develop, and the increase in phytomass volume slowed down. O9.13F showed the highest rate of phytomass growth at a cultivation temperature of 20 ± 2°C and a light intensity of 10–30 μmol photons/m2s. The recommended light-dark circle was12:12 h. Zarrouk’s mineral liquid medium and a composite medium of Zarrouk’s medium and sterilized water proved to be optimal in a UT-6070 environmental chamber. Europolitext KV-06 or mechanical mixing could prevent sedimentation of phosphates after 20 days of cultivation. The optimal recultivation frequency was once every 5–7 days. The new cultivation technology made it possible to obtain a significant volume of L. fusiformis phytomass in a short time and with low financial expenses.

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3

McDonnell, Brian, Elvina Parlindungan, Erika Vasiliauskaite, Francesca Bottacini, Keith Coughlan, Lakshmi Priyadarshini Krishnaswami, Tom Sassen, et al. "Viromic and Metagenomic Analyses of Commercial Spirulina Fermentations Reveal Remarkable Microbial Diversity." Viruses 16, no. 7 (June 27, 2024): 1039. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v16071039.

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Commercially produced cyanobacteria preparations sold under the name spirulina are widely consumed, due to their traditional use as a nutrient-rich foodstuff and subsequent marketing as a superfood. Despite their popularity, the microbial composition of ponds used to cultivate these bacteria is understudied. A total of 19 pond samples were obtained from small-scale spirulina farms and subjected to metagenome and/or virome sequencing, and the results were analysed. A remarkable level of prokaryotic and viral diversity was found to be present in the ponds, with Limnospira sp. and Arthrospira sp. sometimes being notably scarce. A detailed breakdown of prokaryotic and viral components of 15 samples is presented. Twenty putative Limnospira sp.-infecting bacteriophage contigs were identified, though no correlation between the performance of these cultures and the presence of phages was found. The high diversity of these samples prevented the identification of clear trends in sample performance over time, between ponds or when comparing successful and failed fermentations.

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4

Sinetova, Maria A., Elena V. Kupriyanova, and Dmitry A. Los. "Spirulina/Arthrospira/Limnospira—Three Names of the Single Organism." Foods 13, no. 17 (August 30, 2024): 2762. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods13172762.

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Recent advances in research techniques have enabled rapid progress in the study of spirulina, an ancient edible cyanobacteria. Nowadays, spirulina species are classified into three genera: Spirulina, Arthrospira, and Limnospira. The latter now refers to industrially manufactured spirulina strains. Whole-genome sequencing revealed gene clusters involved in metabolite production, and the physiology of spirulina. Omics technologies demonstrated the absence of hazardous compounds in spirulina cells, confirming the safety of this biomass as a food product. Spirulina is a good source of different chemicals used in food manufacturing, food supplements, and pharmaceuticals. Spirulina’s enrichment with inherent biologically active substances makes it a potential supplier of natural products for dietary and pharmaceutical applications. Spirulina is also a prospective component of both terrestrial and space-based life support systems. Here, we review current breakthroughs in spirulina research and clarify fallacies that can be found in both professional literature and public media.

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5

kareem, Haider, and Haider Alghanmi. "EFFECTS OF VARIOUS LIGHT INTENSITIES ON PHYCOCYANIN COMPOSITION OF CYANOBACTERIUM LIMNOSPIRA FUSIFORMIS (VORONICHIN) NOWICKA-KRAWCZYK, MÜHLSTEINOVÁ & HAUER." Malaysian Journal of Science 42, no. 1 (February 28, 2023): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/mjs.vol42no1.1.

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Phycocyanin denotes a photosynthetic pigment discovered in Rhodophyta and cyanobacteria, which has been used in medical, industrial, and agricultural applications. In general, phycocyanin production by cyanobacteria depends on many environmental conditions, mainly light during the cultivation period. The goal of this research was to see how various light intensities of 47, 52, as well as 60 µmol m-2 s-1, affected the Phycocyanin production of cyanobacterium Limnospira fusiformis cultured in Zarrouk medium with a maximum temperature of 28°C. The outcomes revealed that with mild light intensity (52 µmol m-2 s-1), increased phycocyanin production of 11.94 ng/mg took place. With regard to greater light intensity (60 µmol m-2 s-1), the lesser phycocyanin production of 0.57 ng/mg took place. These results give a good impression that moderate lighting increases phycocyanin production, but high light intensity inhibits it. The statistical analysis results also showed that there are significant differences between the light intensities used in the study at a level of p<0.05. Therefore, this study concluded that phycocyanin was affected by light intensity. Light regime optimization gives a good yield of this pigment. In this study, high phycocyanin production by cyanobacterium Limnospira fusiformis occurred in mild light intensity (52 µmol m-2 s-1).

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6

Gavilan-Figari, Isabel Milagros, Graciela Vanessa Peña-Urdániga, Angelica Naka, and Miguel Angel Castro-Rosas. "¿Espirulina una planta marina? Una respuesta a Ochoa y Moyano. Aplicaciones de la espirulina - planta marina: revisión panorámica." Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología 4 (May 17, 2024): 860. http://dx.doi.org/10.56294/saludcyt2024860.

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En respuesta al artículo “Aplicaciones de la espirulina - planta marina: revisión panorámica” de Ochoa y Moyano (2022), quisiéramos señalar que la palabra “planta” en el título del artículo (pues se trata de una cianobacteria o, en términos más generales, un alga), podría no ser adecuada. Además nos gustaría sugerir algunas observaciones de formato en la nomenclatura (no se usa cursiva) y una actualización sobre el nombre científico de la espirulina (género Limnospira).

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7

Schagerl, Michael, Alexander Kaptejna, Fabian Polz, Sameh S. Ali, Shuhao Huo, Joana Seneca, Petra Pjevac, and Vera Hechtl. "Testing the Purity of Limnospira fusiformis Cultures After Axenicity Treatments." Cells 14, no. 2 (January 17, 2025): 136. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14020136.

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Contaminations are challenging for monocultures, as they impact the culture conditions and thus influence the growth of the target organism and the overall biomass composition. In phycology, axenic cultures comprising a single living species are commonly strived for both basic research and industrial applications, because contaminants reduce significance for analytic purposes and interfere with the safety and quality of commercial products. We aimed to establish axenic cultures of Limnospira fusiformis, known as the food additive “Spirulina”. Axenicity is strived because it ensures that pathogens or harmful microorganisms are absent and that the harvested biomass is consistent in terms of quality and composition. For the axenic treatment, we applied sterile filtration, ultrasonication, pH treatment, repeated centrifugation, and administration of antibiotics. For testing axenicity, we considered the most common verification method plate tests with Lysogeny Broth (LB) medium, which indicated axenicity after treatments were performed. In addition, we included plate tests with Reasoner’s 2A (R2A) agar and modified Zarrouk+ medium, the latter comparable to the biochemical properties of L. fusiformis’ cultivation medium. In contrast to LB plates, the other media, particularly Zarrouk+, indicated bacterial contamination. We conclude that LB-agar plates are inappropriate for contamination screening of extremophiles. Contamination was also verified by cultivation-independent methods like flow cytometry and 16S rRNA genome amplicon sequencing. We detected taxa of the phyla Proteobacteria, Bacteriodota, Firmicutes and to a lesser extent Verrucomicrobiota. Contaminants are robust taxa, as they survived aggressive treatments. Sequencing data suggest that some of them are promising candidates for in-depth studies to commercially exploit them.

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8

Pineda-Rodriguez, Yirlis Yadeth, Marcelo F. Pompelli, Alfredo Jarma-Orozco, Novisel Veitía Rodríguez, and Luis Alfonso Rodriguez-Paez. "A New and Profitable Protocol to DNA Extraction in Limnospira maxima." Methods and Protocols 6, no. 4 (July 1, 2023): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mps6040062.

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Limnospira maxima is a remarkable organism showing great potential as a versatile and sustainable food source, offering a powerful solution to address the pressing issues of malnutrition and undernourishment worldwide. L. maxima contains high amounts of proteins, vitamins, minerals, and essential fatty acids. It can be grown in both bioreactors and open systems; however, before considering industrial production, optimization studies of the cultivation must be conducted to obtain knowledge about the ideal environmental conditions. Additionally, for the molecular typing of L. maxima strains and their industrial scaling, high-quality and large quantity DNA extraction is required. Notwithstanding, DNA extraction from L. maxima can be challenging due to the low amount of DNA in cells and the presence of difficult-to-remove substances such as polysaccharides and polyphenols. In this study, the quality and quantity of DNA extracted from two types of L. maxima samples (Limnospira maxima strain SISCA accession GenBank: OR195505.1) were evaluated using three commercially available DNA extraction kits and two types of input biological material. The results showed that Pbact-P kit had the highest quantity and quality of DNA, while CTAB-P allowed for a higher quantity and quality of RNA, making them optimal protocols for nucleic acid extraction to improve PCR, rt-PCR, and genome sequencing of L. maxima compared with other extraction methods.

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9

Pineda-Rodríguez, Yirlis Yadeth, Diana Sofia Herazo-Cárdenas, Adriana Vallejo-Isaza, Marcelo F. Pompelli, Alfredo Jarma-Orozco, Juan de Dios Jaraba-Navas, Jhony David Cordero-Ocampo, et al. "Optimal Laboratory Cultivation Conditions of Limnospira maxima for Large-Scale Production." Biology 12, no. 12 (November 24, 2023): 1462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology12121462.

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Cultivating Limnospira maxima, renowned for its abundant proteins and valuable pigments, faces substantial challenges rooted in the limited understanding of its optimal growth parameters, associated high costs, and constraints in the procurement of traditional nitrogen sources, particularly NaNO3. To overcome these challenges, we conducted a comprehensive 4 × 3 factorial design study. Factors considered included white, red, blue, and yellow light spectra, along with nitrogen sources NaNO3 and KNO3, as well as a nitrogen-free control, for large-scale implementation. Optimal growth, measured by Optical Density, occurred with white and yellow light combined with KNO3 as the nitrogen source. These conditions also increased dry weight and Chl-a content. Cultures with nitrogen deprivation exhibited high values for these variables, attributed to carbon accumulation in response to nitrogen scarcity. Phycocyanin, a crucial pigment for nutrition and industry, reached its highest levels in cultures exposed to white light and supplemented with KNO3, with an impressive content of 384.11 g kg−1 of dry weight. These results highlight the efficacy and cost-efficiency of using a combination of white light and KNO3 for large-scale L. maxima cultivation. This strategy offers promising opportunities to address global food security challenges and enhance the production of industrially relevant pigments.

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10

Spínola, Maria P., Ana R. Mendes, and José A. M. Prates. "Innovations in Limnospira platensis Fermentation: From Process Enhancements to Biotechnological Applications." Fermentation 10, no. 12 (December 11, 2024): 633. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation10120633.

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The cyanobacterium Limnospira platensis, vulgarly Spirulina, has gained significant attention due to its high protein content, rich bioactive compounds, and health benefits, making it a valuable resource in biotechnology, nutraceuticals, food supplements, biopharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Recent advancements in fermentation technology have considerably improved the efficiency, scalability, and cost-effectiveness of L. platensis production while addressing environmental sustainability and enhancing product quality. Based on well-recognized databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science), this review explores the latest developments in L. platensis fermentation, emphasizing strain improvement, bioprocess engineering, and optimization of fermentation parameters. It also examines key factors such as bioreactor design, downstream processing, and innovative monitoring technologies aimed at maximizing biomass yield and bioactive compound production. Additionally, emerging applications of fermented L. platensis in various industries and future perspectives, including large-scale production, regulatory barriers, and biosafety considerations, are discussed. These insights provide a comprehensive outlook on the future of L. platensis fermentation in biotechnological applications.

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11

Castillo, María, Govinda Guevara, Sara Baldanta, Patricia Suárez Rodríguez, Lucía Agudo, Juan Nogales, Asunción Díaz Carrasco, et al. "Characterization of Limnospira platensis PCC 9108 R-M and CRISPR-Cas systems." Microbiological Research 279 (February 2024): 127572. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2023.127572.

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12

Bai, Renao, Peng Su, Zhen Guo, Trung T. Nguyen, Yong Diao, Kirsten Heimann, and Wei Zhang. "An efficient protein isolation process for use in Limnospira maxima: A biorefinery approach." Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 104 (December 2021): 104173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104173.

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13

Segers, Charlotte, Mohamed Mysara, Amelie Coolkens, Sarah Baatout, Natalie Leys, Sarah Lebeer, Mieke Verslegers, and Felice Mastroleo. "Limnospira indica PCC 8005 or Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG Dietary Supplementation Modulate the Gut Microbiome in Mice." Applied Microbiology 2, no. 3 (August 31, 2022): 636–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/applmicrobiol2030049.

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While dietary supplements can have beneficial effects on the health of the intestine, these effects can come with unresolved issues in terms of therapeutic efficacy and mechanisms of action. In this study, the model probiotic Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG ATCC 53103 and the anciently used dietary supplement Limnospira indica strain PCC 8005 were compared for their effects on murine intestinal ecology. Healthy male mice received either saline or suspensions of living cells of L. indica PCC 8005 or L. rhamnosus GG daily along a two-week intervention period, followed by a two-week washout period. Both bacteria-based solutions appeared able to transiently shift the microbial community, which were characterized by a higher relative abundance of members of the butyrate producing Lachnospiraceae and Porphyromonadaceae families.

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14

Pinchart, Pierre-Etienne, Amandine Leruste, Vanina Pasqualini, and Felice Mastroleo. "Microcystins and Cyanobacterial Contaminants in the French Small-Scale Productions of Spirulina (Limnospira sp.)." Toxins 15, no. 6 (May 24, 2023): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins15060354.

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Spirulina is consumed worldwide, in the form of food or dietary supplements, for its nutritional value and health potential. However, these products may contain cyanotoxins, including hepatotoxic microcystins (MCs), produced by cyanobacterial contaminants. The French spirulina market has the particularity of being supplied half-locally by approximately 180 small-scale spirulina production farms. Data about this particular production and possible contaminations with other cyanobacteria and MCs are scarce. Thus, we collected the results of MC analyses and total cyanobacteria counts, carried out between 2013 and 2021, from 95 French spirulina producers who agreed to share their data. These data consisted of MC concentrations determined with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using 623 dry spirulina samples and 105 samples of spirulina cultures. In addition, potentially unsafe samples of dry spirulina were further investigated through mass spectrometry, as duplicate analysis. We confirmed that the situation of the French spirulina production stayed within the safe regulatory level in terms of MC levels. On the other hand, the inventory of cyanobacterial contaminants, based on 539 count results, included 14 taxa. We present their prevalence, interannual evolution and geographical distribution. We also suggested improvements in cultivation practices to limit their propagation.

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15

Spínola, Maria P., Ana R. Mendes, and José A. M. Prates. "Chemical Composition, Bioactivities, and Applications of Spirulina (Limnospira platensis) in Food, Feed, and Medicine." Foods 13, no. 22 (November 17, 2024): 3656. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods13223656.

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Spirulina (Limnospira platensis) is a microalga recognised for its rich nutritional composition and diverse bioactive compounds, making it a valuable functional food, feed, and therapeutic agent. This review examines spirulina’s chemical composition, including its high levels of protein, essential fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds, such as the phycocyanin pigment, polysaccharides, and carotenoids, in food, feed, and medicine. These compounds exhibit various biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antiviral, anticancer, antidiabetic and lipid-lowering effects. Spirulina’s potential to mitigate oxidative stress, enhance immune function, and inhibit tumour growth positions it as a promising candidate for preventing chronic diseases. Additionally, spirulina is gaining interest in the animal feed sector as a promotor of growth performance, improving immune responses and increasing resistance to diseases in livestock, poultry, and aquaculture. Despite its well-documented health benefits, future research is needed to optimize production/cultivation methods, improve its bioavailability, and validate its efficacy (dose–effect relationship) and safety through clinical trials and large-scale human trials. This review underscores the potential of spirulina to address global health and nutrition challenges, supporting its continued application in food, feed, and medicine.

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Schagerl, M., R. Angel, U. Donabaum, A. M. Gschwandner, and D. Woebken. "Limnospira fusiformis harbors dinitrogenase reductase (nifH)-like genes, but does not show N2 fixation activity." Algal Research 66 (July 2022): 102771. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2022.102771.

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Deamici, Kricelle Mosquera, Michele Greque de Morais, Lucielen Oliveira dos Santos, Fabrice Gros, Jorge Alberto Vieira Costa, and Céline Laroche. "Magnetic Field Action on Limnospira indica PCC8005 Cultures: Enhancement of Biomass Yield and Protein Content." Applied Sciences 12, no. 3 (January 31, 2022): 1533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12031533.

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The effects of a magnetic field (MF) on the cyanobacteria Limnospira indica PCC 8005 growth rate and biomass composition were investigated. A device to apply the MF during the cultivation was built and the cyanobacteria were exposed to a steady 11 mT transverse MF. The growth increased with MF application, and when it was applied for 1 h per day, 123% more biomass was produced than in the control group. The protein content in the biomass cultured under this condition increased, achieving 60.4 w/w, while the Chl-a increased by 326%. The MF application for 1 h per day was found to be more efficient than when applied continuously for 24 h per day, in addition to being more economical and sustainable. This study showed an inexpensive and non-toxic way to enhance biomass concentration, leading to amounts more than 100% higher than those obtained in the control group. Furthermore, the high protein content in the biomass gave us several possibilities to increase the nutritional value of food.

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Poughon, Laurent, Céline Laroche, Catherine Creuly, Claude-Gilles Dussap, Christel Paille, Christophe Lasseur, Pieter Monsieurs, et al. "Limnospira indica PCC8005 growth in photobioreactor: model and simulation of the ISS and ground experiments." Life Sciences in Space Research 25 (May 2020): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lssr.2020.03.002.

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Pelagatti, Matilde, Giovanna Mori, Sara Falsini, Raffaello Ballini, Luigi Lazzara, and Alessio Papini. "Blue and Yellow Light Induce Changes in Biochemical Composition and Ultrastructure of Limnospira fusiformis (Cyanoprokaryota)." Microorganisms 11, no. 5 (May 8, 2023): 1236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11051236.

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Limnospira fusiformis (also known as Spirulina) is a cyanobacterium that is widely cultivated due to its economic importance. It has specific pigments such as phycocyanin that allow it to grow at different light wavelengths compared to other cultivated algae. Our study investigated the effect of yellow (590 nm) and blue (460 nm) light fields on various biochemical features, including the pigment concentration, protein content, dry weight, and cell ultrastructure of L. fusiformis. Our findings revealed that biomass growth was faster in yellow light compared to blue light, with a higher relative amount of proteins even after one day of exposure. However, after eight days, the relative protein content in yellow versus blue light was not statistically different. Furthermore, in yellow light, we observed a decrease in chlorophyll a, an increase in cyanophycin granules, and an increase in the amount of dilated thylakoids. On the other hand, in blue light, there was an increase in phycocyanin after one day, along with an increase in electron-dense bodies, which are attributable to carboxysomes. However, after eight days, the differences in pigment content compared to the control were not statistically significant. Our study showed that using specific wavelengths during the harvesting phase of spirulina growth can enhance phycocyanin content with blue light (after one day) and biomass, growth rates, and protein content with yellow light after six days. This highlights the biotechnological potential of this approach.

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Woldie, Ayirkm Adugna, Anupreet Kaur Chowdhary, Mutsumi Sekine, Mankul Beshi Zegeye, Masatoshi Kishi, and Tatsuki Toda. "Growth and biochemical composition of Limnospira fusiformis cultivated under simulated outdoor light intensity in photobioreactors." Biochemical Engineering Journal 211 (November 2024): 109482. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2024.109482.

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21

Moliboga, E. A., O. P. Bazhenova, and M. V. Urman. "Antioxidant activity of Limnospira fusiformis (Voronichin) Nowicka-Krawczyk, Mühlsteinová et Hauer phytomass from Solenoye Lake (Omsk)." Vestnik of Orenburg State Pedagogical University. Electronic Scientific Journal, no. 51 (2024): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32516/2303-9922.2024.51.3.

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22

Segers, Charlotte, Mohamed Mysara, Amelie Coolkens, Shari Wouters, Sarah Baatout, Natalie Leys, Sarah Lebeer, Mieke Verslegers, and Felice Mastroleo. "Limnospira indica PCC 8005 Supplementation Prevents Pelvic Irradiation-Induced Dysbiosis but Not Acute Inflammation in Mice." Antioxidants 12, no. 3 (February 24, 2023): 572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox12030572.

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Pelvic irradiation-induced mucositis secondarily leads to dysbiosis, which seriously affects patients’ quality of life after treatment. No safe and effective radioprotector or mitigator has yet been approved for clinical therapy. Here, we investigated the potential protective effects of fresh biomass of Limnospira indica PCC 8005 against ionizing irradiation-induced mucositis and dysbiosis in respect to benchmark probiotic Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG ATCC 53103. For this, mice were supplemented daily before and after 12 Gy X-irradiation of the pelvis. Upon sacrifice, food supplements’ efficacy was assessed for intestinal barrier protection, immunomodulation and changes in the microbiota composition. While both could not confer barrier protection or significant immunomodulatory effects, 16S microbial profiling revealed that L. indica PCC 8005 and L. rhamnosus GG could prevent pelvic irradiation-induced dysbiosis. Altogether, our data show that—besides benchmarked L. rhamnosus GG—L. indica PCC 8005 is an interesting candidate to further explore as a radiomitigator counteracting pelvic irradiation-induced dysbiosis in the presented in vivo irradiation–gut–microbiota platform.

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Yadav, Anu, Laurens Maertens, Tim Meese, Filip Van Nieuwerburgh, Mohamed Mysara, Natalie Leys, Ann Cuypers та Paul Jaak Janssen. "Genetic Responses of Metabolically Active Limnospira indica Strain PCC 8005 Exposed to γ-Radiation during Its Lifecycle". Microorganisms 9, № 8 (30 липня 2021): 1626. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081626.

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Two morphotypes of the cyanobacterial Limnospira indica (formerly Arthrospira sp.) strain PCC 8005, denoted as P2 (straight trichomes) and P6 (helical trichomes), were subjected to chronic gamma radiation from spent nuclear fuel (SNF) rods at a dose rate of ca. 80 Gy·h−1 for one mass doubling period (approximately 3 days) under continuous light with photoautotrophic metabolism fully active. Samples were taken for post-irradiation growth recovery and RNA-Seq transcriptional analysis at time intervals of 15, 40, and 71.5 h corresponding to cumulative doses of ca. 1450, 3200, and 5700 Gy, respectively. Both morphotypes, which were previously reported by us to display different antioxidant capacities and differ at the genomic level in 168 SNPs, 48 indels and 4 large insertions, recovered equally well from 1450 and 3200 Gy. However, while the P2 straight type recovered from 5700 Gy by regaining normal growth within 6 days, the P6 helical type took about 13 days to recover from this dose, indicating differences in their radiation tolerance and response. To investigate these differences, P2 and P6 cells exposed to the intermediate dose of gamma radiation (3200 Gy) were analyzed for differential gene expression by RNA-Seq analysis. Prior to batch normalization, a total of 1553 genes (887 and 666 of P2 and P6, respectively, with 352 genes in common) were selected based on a two-fold change in expression and a false discovery rate FDR smaller or equal to 0.05. About 85% of these 1553 genes encoded products of yet unknown function. Of the 229 remaining genes, 171 had a defined function while 58 genes were transcribed into non-coding RNA including 21 tRNAs (all downregulated). Batch normalization resulted in 660 differentially expressed genes with 98 having a function and 32 encoding RNA. From PCC 8005-P2 and PCC 8005-P6 expression patterns, it emerges that although the cellular routes used by the two substrains to cope with ionizing radiation do overlap to a large extent, both strains displayed a distinct preference of priorities.

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Gholam, Sarah-Renée, Charlotte Segers, Mohamed Mysara, Amelie Coolkens, Sarah Baatout, Natalie Leys, and Felice Mastroleo. "Limnospira indica PCC8005 and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG Mixed Dietary Combination Reduces Pelvic Irradiation-Induced Symptoms in Mice." Applied Microbiology 3, no. 2 (May 11, 2023): 448–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/applmicrobiol3020031.

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Throughout their cancer treatments, around half of all patients will undergo irradiation that is accompanied by several side effects reducing their quality of life and leading to the interruption or extension of their treatment course. Pelvic irradiation leads to the triggering of mucositis and dysbiosis, further impairing the daily life of the patients. In this work, we address the ability of Limnospira indica strain PCC 8005 and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG ATCC 53103 in alleviating the above-mentioned side effects triggered by the local pelvic irradiation of 12 Gy in a mouse model. We found that the combinatorial administration of these food supplements was able to confer partial tight junction protection while the bacterial translocation towards the mesenteric lymph nodes was found to be identical between the saline sham-irradiated and supplemented irradiated group. Furthermore, the supplemented group did not present a significant shift in microbial composition following pelvic irradiation, indicating that the bacterial formulation was able to mitigate the dysbiosis induced by the latter treatment, as observed in the saline irradiated group. These very promising results will be further completed by investigating the mode of action and/or active molecules mediating the beneficial effects of both L. indica PCC 8005 and L. rhamnosus GG.

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Woldie, Ayirkm Adugna, Anupreet Kaur Chowdhary, Mutsumi Sekine, Masatoshi Kishi, Mankul Beshi Zegeye, Norio Kurosawa, and Tatsuki Toda. "Growth characteristics and molecular identification of indigenous Limnospira strains from Ethiopian soda lakes as a protein source." Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology 60 (September 2024): 103336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2024.103336.

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Ariza González, Anthony Ricardo, Alfredo de Jesus Jarma Orozco, Ana Isabel Pico Gonzalez, Juan de Dios Jaraba Navas, Yirlis Yadeth Pineda Rodriguez, Adriana Vallejo Isaza, Daniela Vegliante Arrieta, and Diana Sofia Herazo Cárdenas. "Efecto del extracto de Limnospira maxima sobre parámetros fisiológicos de Stevia Stevia rebaudiana Bert. y berenjena Solanum melongena L. bajo condiciones controladas." Temas Agrarios 28, no. 2 (December 23, 2023): 178–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21897/qcvsnn05.

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A strategy that could partially or totally reduce the use of chemical synthesis fertilizers is the application of cyanobacteria with agricultural potential that promote plant growth, which powers them in the conception of a sustainable agriculture. The study evaluated the effect of four concentrations of an extract of Limnospira maxima (0, 4, 8, and 12 mg mL-1), on some physiological aspects of Stevia rebaudiana and Solanum melongena in house vegetation. Treatments were arranged under a complete random design and parameters of gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence, biometric characteristics and biomass distribution were measured. The most important results indicated that in Stevia rebaudiana and Solanum melongena the rates of net photosynthesis increased respectively by 40,03% and 22,45% when cyanobacteria was applied. On the other hand, plants of both species that were inoculated required less electrons to maximize their photosynthesis rates, increased leaf area, plant height and biomass distribution in roots and leaves. The most important physiological indicator was net photosynthesis and this was positively correlated with almost all the parameters studied. The results suggest that the use extracts of L. maxima may be a biotechnological alternative of organic fertilization useful for the development of sustainable agriculture.

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Ariza-González, Anthony Ricardo, Alfredo Jarma-Orozco, Juan de Dios Jaraba-Navas, Ana Isabel Pico-González, Diana Sofia Herazo-Cárdenas, Daniela Vegliante Arrieta, Adriana Vallejo-Isaza, Yirlis Yadeth Pineda-Rodriguez, Luis Alfonso Rodriguez-Paez, and Marcelo F. Pompelli. "Net Photosynthesis and Biomass Production in Stevia, Eggplant, and Cowpea Can Be Improved by Fertilization with Cyanobacteria (Limnospira maxima)." Horticulturae 9, no. 12 (December 6, 2023): 1309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9121309.

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Conventional fertilizers often result in the accumulation of chemical residues in the environment with a significant threat to ecosystems, with leaching to the groundwater disrupting the delicate balance of ecosystems. To mitigate the adverse effects of chemical residues, we need new methods and the use of eco-friendly alternatives. Cyanobacteria could play a crucial role in sustainable agriculture by reducing the partial/complete use of synthetic fertilizers. This study assessed the impacts of different concentrations of Limnospira maxima extract on the physiological aspects of Vigna unguiculata, Stevia rebaudiana, and Solanum melongena. The gas exchange parameters, chlorophyll a fluorescence, and phenotypic characteristics were measured. The net photosynthesis (AN) of V. unguiculata, S. rebaudiana, and S. melongena increased by 23%, 40%, and 44%, respectively, upon the application of cyanobacteria extracts. Furthermore, the quantum yield of photosystem II showed that the extract application enhanced this response in the three species by 8.7%, 4.8%, and 11.3%, respectively. Similar results were found in the total plant biomass production with significant increases of 17%, 130%, and 80% with respect to the control. Moreover, a positive correlation was observed between AN and the majority of the evaluated parameters, which could illuminate the plant’s responses to the studied treatments. The promising potential of this cyanobacteria as a biofertilizer was accentuated.

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Samylina, Olga S. "Phototrophic communities of Kulunda Steppe soda lakes (Altai Region): history of algological studies and modern data." Issues of modern algology (Вопросы современной альгологии), no. 2(26) (2021): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.33624/2311-0147-2021-2(26)-53-62.

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The Kulunda Steppe soda lakes are the only occurrence of hypersaline soda lakes in Russia. They are characterized by a variable hydrological regime with cyclic high-amplitude fluctuations of temperature and brine concentration. The algae of the Kulunda Steppe soda lakes were first studied by Soviet phycologists headed by N.N. Voronikhin in 1927–1932 and new taxa were described: algal genus Lochmiopsis Woronich. et Popova (later revised to Ctenocladus circinnatus Borzì) and cyanobacterial species Aphanocapsa salina Woronich., Synechocystis crassa Woronich., Trichormus (Anabaena) pseudovariabilis (Woronich.) Komárek et Anagnostidis, Anabaenopsis issatschenkoi Woronich., Anabaenopsis milleri Woronich., Anabaenopsis nadsonii Woronich., Oscillatoria deflexa var. crassa Woronich., Limnospira (Arthrospira, Spirulina) fusiformis (Woronich.) Komárek et Lund. Later (since 2007) studies were continued by the microbiologists from the Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology RAS. In this work, a comparison of the algological diversity found in the soda lakes of the Kulunda Steppe during periods 1929–1932 and 2007–2020 is made, and a brief overview of taxonomic problems of selected eukaryotic algae and cyanobacteria is given. In total, 33 morphotypes of cyanobacteria were identified. Most species of algae and cyanobacteria were described based on the exclusively morphological criteria. Thus, their phylogenetic position remains unclear and requires careful analysis using a modern polyphasic approach.

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Sánchez-Parra, Elisabet, Soumia Boutarfa, and Marina Aboal. "Are Cyanotoxins the Only Toxic Compound Potentially Present in Microalgae Supplements? Results from a Study of Ecological and Non-Ecological Products." Toxins 12, no. 9 (August 28, 2020): 552. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12090552.

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Food supplements with microalgae are becoming increasingly abundant and can be easily found anywhere. The most popular products are based on cyanophytes, such as Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, Arthrospira platensis and Limnospira maxima, or on chlorophytes, such as Chlorella or Haematoccus. Although they are all advertised as being very beneficial for health, these products might be harmful because they may contain cyanotoxins and other contaminants, and no information on production methods or strain origins is usually provided. While legislation on the presence of microcystins in waters for different uses is clear, toxicological analyses are not compulsory for food supplements, nor for analyzing anatoxins. Given the potential risk of eating contaminated food, cyanotoxins, heavy metals and the presence of other contaminant organisms were analyzed in 10 microalgae food supplements. Microcystin-LR and anatoxin-a were detected in three analyzed products, and in both cyanophyte- and chlorophyte-based products. The light microscope study revealed the presence of different potentially harmful microbial contaminants. The ICP (OES) analyses detected high concentrations of some heavy metals, especially Pb. The results emphasize the need to promote the better control of food products containing microalgae, and to develop standard methodologies to analyze cyanotoxins and potential toxic compounds to protect consumer health.

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Spínola, Maria P., Mónica M. Costa, and José A. M. Prates. "Analysing the Impact of Spirulina Intake Levels on Performance Parameters, Blood Health Markers and Carcass Traits of Broiler Chickens." Animals 14, no. 13 (July 2, 2024): 1964. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani14131964.

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This systematic review examines the impact of varying Spirulina (Limnospira platensis) intake levels on broiler chickens, focusing on growth performance, blood health markers and carcass traits. The data revealed cumulative Spirulina intakes from 3.13 g to 521 g per bird (total feed consumed multiplied by its proportion in the diet) establish a cubic relationship between dosage and growth outcomes. Initial benefits peak and diminish with increased intake, with the optimal threshold for growth performance identified at 45 g per bird. Lower intakes between 14 g and 29 g per bird enhance blood health markers, improving lipid profiles and antioxidant capacity. Similarly, cumulative intakes of 14 g to 37 g per bird optimise meat quality, resulting in better dressing percentages, breast and thigh yields and meat tenderness while minimizing undesirable traits like abdominal fat and cooking loss. These findings underscore the importance of precisely calibrated Spirulina supplementation strategies to maximise growth, health and meat quality benefits while avoiding adverse effects at higher doses. Future research should focus on identifying optimal dosage and duration, assessing long-term implications, elucidating mechanisms of action and ensuring safety and regulatory compliance. Comparative studies with other feed additives could further establish Spirulina’s effectiveness and economic viability in poultry production.

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Pokorny, Leo, Bela Hausmann, Petra Pjevac, and Michael Schagerl. "How to Verify Non-Presence—The Challenge of Axenic Algae Cultivation." Cells 11, no. 16 (August 20, 2022): 2594. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11162594.

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Many phycological applications require the growth and maintenance of pure algae cultures. In some research areas, such as biochemistry and physiology, axenic growth is essential to avoid misinterpretations caused by contaminants. Nonetheless, axenicity—defined as the state of only a single strain being present, free of any other organism—needs to be verified. We compare the available methods to assess axenicity. We first purified unialgal Limnospira fusiformis cultures with an established series of axenicity treatments, and by including two additional treatment steps. The presumable axenic cultures were then tested for their axenic state by applying conventional tests on LB (lysogeny broth) agar-plates, 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, flow-cytometry and epifluorescence microscopy. Only the plate tests indicated axenic conditions. We found a linear relationship between total cell counts of contaminants achieved by flow cytometry and epifluorescence microscopy, with flow cytometry counts being consistently higher. In addition, 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing demonstrated its superiority by not only being an efficient tool for axenicity testing, but also for identification of persistent contaminants. Although classic plate tests are still commonly used to verify axenicity, we found the LB-agar-plate technique to be inappropriate. Cultivation-independent methods are highly recommended to test for axenic conditions. A combination of flow-cytometry and 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing complement each other and will yield the most reliable result.

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Silkina, Alla, Mohamed A. Emran, Simon Turner, and Kam W. Tang. "Using Microalgae to Convert Brewery Carbon Gas Emissions into Valuable Bioproducts." Energies 17, no. 23 (December 5, 2024): 6125. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17236125.

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The brewing industry is a major part of the agri-food sector, but its fermentation processes contribute significantly to global CO2 emissions, exacerbating the greenhouse gas crisis. Achieving net-zero emissions requires innovative solutions, and this study explored one such solution by using microalgae to capture CO2 from a brewery while simultaneously generating valuable bioproducts. Two microalgae species, Tetradesmus obliquus and Limnospira maxima, were cultivated in a 1000 L raceway and a 400 L tubular photobioreactor, both powered by the brewery’s CO2 waste gas. The specific growth rates reached 0.3 in the raceway and 0.4–0.5 in the photobioreactor for both species. Notably, L. maxima showed higher productivity, achieving up to 0.80 g L−1 day−1 in the photobioreactor and 0.5 g L−1 day−1 in the raceway. Operating across 300 brewing days per year, a single module (1400 L) of this system could reduce a brewery’s CO2 emissions by 29%. These low-maintenance systems are modular, allowing for easy scaling and operation. The harvested biomass was nutritionally valuable; L. maxima contained up to 55% protein and 3% phycocyanin, while T. obliquus was rich in carbohydrates (36%) and lipids (12%), levels suitable for feeds and fertilizers. A cost-benefit analysis suggests that coupling CO2 removal with bioproduct generation supports a sustainable circular economy while offering financial returns.

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González-Portela, Ricardo E., Gabriel I. Romero-Villegas, Rahul V. Kapoore, Zain M. Alammari, Raghdah A. Malibari, Ali Al Shaikhi, Yousef Al Hafedh, et al. "Cultivation of Limnospira maxima under extreme environmental conditions in Saudi Arabia: Salinity adaptation and scaling-up from laboratory culture to large-scale production." Bioresource Technology 406 (August 2024): 131089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2024.131089.

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Pistocchi, Rossella, Franca Guerrini, Silvana Vanucci, Lorenzo Montalbetti, Mara Simonazzi, Matilde Mazzotti, Federica Abbondanzi, Guido Emiliani, and Laura Pezzolesi. "Good practices for the industrial cultivation of the cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis under a greenhouse in a temperate zone (northern Italy)." Italian Botanist 18 (December 18, 2024): 193–214. https://doi.org/10.3897/italianbotanist.18.143333.

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Arthrospira, Spirulina, and Limnospira are cyanobacteria widely known as food supplements or additives and cultivated worldwide under the commercial name of spirulina. Many studies have been focused on the improvement of operational conditions for optimizing cell growth and harvesting. At present, greater attention is paid to obtaining a good-quality, possibly food-grade, product that can be added to different food formulations and to reducing the environmental impact by saving water and avoiding or minimizing the release of mineral salts in the environment. A few studies have addressed these aspects although, in most cases, through laboratory experiments or pilot plants. This study focused on the effects of medium recycling, monitored at each harvesting step, and nutrient replenishment on Arthrospira platensis growth, biomass, biochemical composition, and extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) production, in a production plant located in a temperate zone (northeastern Italy). Four out of the seven largest ponds (11,000 L each) of the plant were followed for a three-month semi-continuous cultivation, which included the period with the highest biomass productivity. Recycling the culture medium after biomass harvest effectively allowed the best nutritional status of the cells. Biomass productivity increased from June to August 2023 (mean values: 0.029 and 0.038 g L-1 d-1 at 25–26 °C and 27–29 °C, respectively). Protein, polysaccharides, and C-phycocyanin contents were 62, 22, and 12%, respectively, while EPS was < 7 mg L-1. The biochemical composition did not vary during the cultivation period, differently from previous studies performed with small culture volumes and for a short time.

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Roussel, Théotime, Sébastien Halary, Charlotte Duval, Bérénice Piquet, Jean-Paul Cadoret, Léa Vernès, Cécile Bernard, and Benjamin Marie. "Monospecific renaming within the cyanobacterial genus Limnospira (Spirulina) and consequences for food authorization." Journal of Applied Microbiology, August 9, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jambio/lxad159.

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Abstract Aims The cyanobacterial genus, Limnospira (anc. Arthrospira Stizenberger ex Gomont 1892), commonly called ‘Spirulina’, is widely used for commercial purposes because of its high protein content and beneficial probiotic metabolites. Thus, the taxonomy of this genus is important because of its consequences for food applications. Methods and results We constructed a database with formation on all Limnospira strains plus new ones from 72 new French isolates. We used a polyphasic approach (phylogenetic, phylogenomic, presence or absence of coding DNA sequences, morphological and ultrastructure analyses) to confirm that the species Arthrospira platensis belonged to the genus Limnospira (L. platensis Gomont comb. nov. Basionym. A. platensis Gomont 1892) and that the genus Limnospira was monospecific, only represented by Limnospira platensis. Conclusions This study highlighted the large intra-specific diversity of Limnospira platensis, independent of the affiliations of the phylogenetic clades or geographical location of the habitats and the subsequent physiological and metabolic plasticity.

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Roussel, Théotime, Cédric Hubas, Sébastien Halary, Mathias Chynel, Charlotte Duval, Jean-Paul Cadoret, Tarik Meziane, et al. "Limnospira (Cyanobacteria) chemical fingerprint reveals local molecular adaptation." Microbiology Spectrum, January 8, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.01901-24.

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ABSTRACT Limnospira can colonize a wide variety of environments (e.g., freshwater, brackish, alkaline, or alkaline-saline water) and develop dominant and even permanent blooms that overshadow and limit the diversity of adjacent phototrophs, especially in alkaline and saline environments. Previous phylogenomic analysis of Limnospira allowed us to distinguish two major phylogenetic clades (I and II) but failed to clearly segregate strains according to their respective habitats in terms of salinity or biogeography. In the present work, we attempted to determine whether Limnospira displays metabolic signatures specific to its different habitats, particularly brackish and alkaline-saline ecosystems. The impact of accessory gene repertoires on respective chemical adaptations was also determined. In complement of our previous phylogenomic investigation of Limnospira (Roussel et al., 2023), we develop a specific analysis of the metabolomic diversity of 93 strains of Limnospira , grown under standardized lab culture conditions. Overall, this original work showed distinct chemical fingerprints that were correlated with the respective biogeographic origins of the strains. The molecules that most distinguished the different Limnospira geographic groups were sugars, lipids, peptides, photosynthetic pigments, and antioxidants. Interestingly, these molecular enrichments might represent consequent adaptations to conditions of salinity, light, and oxidative stress in their respective sampling environments. Although the genes specifically involved in the production of these components remain unknown, we hypothesized that within extreme environments, such as those colonized by Limnospira , a large set of flexible genes could support the production of peculiar metabolite sets providing remarkable adaptations to specific local environmental conditions. IMPORTANCE Limnospira are ubiquitous cyanobacteria with remarkable adaptive strategies allowing them to colonize and dominate a wide range of alkaline-saline environments worldwide. Phylogenomic analysis of Limnospira revealed two distinct major phylogenetic clades but failed to clearly segregate strains according to their habitats in terms of salinity or biogeography. We hypothesized that the genes found within this variable portion of the genome of these clades could be involved in the adaptation of Limnospira to local environmental conditions. In the present paper, we attempted to determine whether Limnospira displayed metabolic signatures specific to its different habitats. We also sought to understand the impact of the accessory gene repertoire on respective chemical adaptations.

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Sachdeva, Neha, Laurent Poughon, Olivier Gerbi, Claude-Gilles Dussap, Christophe Lasseur, Baptiste Leroy, and Ruddy Wattiez. "Ground Demonstration of the Use of Limnospira indica for Air Revitalization in a Bioregenerative Life-Support System Setup: Effect of Non-Nitrified Urine–Derived Nitrogen Sources." Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences 8 (August 9, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2021.700270.

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Long-duration human space missions require considerable amounts of water, oxygen, and nutritious biomass. Additionally, the space vehicles must be well equipped to deal with metabolic human waste. It is therefore important to develop life-support systems which make these missions self-sufficient in terms of water, food, and oxygen production as well as waste management. One such solution is the employment of regenerative life-support systems that use biological and chemical/physical processes to recycle crew waste, revitalize air, and produce water and food. Photosynthetic cyanobacteria Limnospira could play a significant role in meeting these objectives. Limnospira can metabolize CO2 and nitrogen-rich human waste to produce oxygen and edible biomass. So far, life-support system studies have mainly focused on using chemical/physical methods to recycle water, degrade human waste, and recycle CO2 into oxygen. Nowadays, additional microbial processes are considered, such as nitrification of urea–ammonium–rich human waste and then using the nitrate for cyanobacterial cultivation and air vitalization. This cascade of multiple processes tends to increase the complexity of the life-support systems. The possibility of using non-nitrified urine for Limnospira cultivation can partially solve these issues. Our previous studies have shown that it is possible to cultivate Limnospira with urea and ammonium, the prominent nitrogen forms present in non-nitrified urine. In this study, we investigated the possibility of cultivating Limnospira with the different nitrogen forms present in non-nitrified urine and also evaluated their effect on the oxygen production capacity of Limnospira. For this 35-day-long study, we worked on a simplified version of the European Space Agency’s MELiSSA. During this ground demonstration study, we monitored the effect of urea and ammonium (vs. nitrate) on the oxygen production capacity of Limnospira. A deterministic control law, developed and validated on the basis of a stochastic light-transfer model, modulated (increase/decrease) the incident light on the photobioreactor (with Limnospira) to control oxygen levels in the closed loop. The CO2 from the mouse compartment was recycled as a carbon source for Limnospira. We observed that while the system could meet the desired oxygen levels of 20.3% under the nitrate and urea regime, it could only reach a maximum O2 level of 19.5% under the ammonium regime.

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Thajuddin, Fayaazuddin, Chandru Ashok, Shakena Fathima Thajuddin, Thajuddin Nooruddin, Dhanasekaran Dharumadurai, and Olubukola Oluranti Babalola. "Whole-genome sequence of Limnospira fusiformis NRMCF6962, isolated from lake water." Microbiology Resource Announcements, October 14, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mra.00855-24.

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ABSTRACT The economically important Cyanobacterial genus Limnospira is commercially utilized as a dietary supplement and nutraceutical agent. We present the whole-genome sequence of Limnospira fusiformis NRMCF6962 and was isolated from Kondakarla Ava Lake of Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India.

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Hicks, McKenna, Thuy-Khanh Tran-Dao, Logan Mulroney, and David L. Bernick. "De-novo Assembly of Limnospira fusiformis Using Ultra-Long Reads." Frontiers in Microbiology 12 (April 16, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.657995.

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The Limnospira genus is a recently established clade that is economically important due to its worldwide use in biotechnology and agriculture. This genus includes organisms that were reclassified from Arthrospira, which are commercially marketed as “Spirulina.” Limnospira are photoautotrophic organisms that are widely used for research in nutrition, medicine, bioremediation, and biomanufacturing. Despite its widespread use, there is no closed genome for the Limnospira genus, and no reference genome for the type strain, Limnospira fusiformis. In this work, the L. fusiformis genome was sequenced using Oxford Nanopore Technologies MinION and assembled using only ultra-long reads (>35 kb). This assembly was polished with Illumina MiSeq reads sourced from an axenic L. fusiformis culture; axenicity was verified via microscopy and rDNA analysis. Ultra-long read sequencing resulted in a 6.42 Mb closed genome assembled as a single contig with no plasmid. Phylogenetic analysis placed L. fusiformis in the Limnospira clade; some Arthrospira were also placed in this clade, suggesting a misclassification of these strains. This work provides a fully closed and accurate reference genome for the economically important type strain, L. fusiformis. We also present a rapid axenicity method to isolate L. fusiformis. These contributions enable future biotechnological development of L. fusiformis by way of genetic engineering.

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Maghembe, Reuben, Angelina Michael, Ajith Harish, Stephen S. Nyandoro, Sylvester L. Lyantagaye, and Rajni Hati-Kaul. "Draft Genome Sequence of Limnospira sp. Strain BM01, Isolated from a Hypersaline Lake of the Momela Ecosystem in Tanzania." Microbiology Resource Announcements 10, no. 16 (April 22, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mra.00132-21.

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ABSTRACT The genus Limnospira includes cyanobacterial species used for industrial production of dietary supplements and nutraceutical agents. The metagenome-assembled genome of Limnospira sp. strain BM01 from Big Momela Lake, Tanzania, was 6,228,312 bp long with a GC content of 44.8% and carried 4,921 proteins and 52 RNA genes, including 6 rRNA genes.

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Brown, Katelyn M., Christopher S. Ward, and George S. Bullerjahn. "Metagenome-assembled genome sequences of two cyanobacterial cultures from Homa Bay County, Kenya." Microbiology Resource Announcements, February 20, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mra.01205-23.

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ABSTRACT Metagenome-assembled genomes were generated for two xenic cyanobacterial strains collected from aquatic sources in Kenya and sequenced by NovaSeq S4. Here, we report the classification and genome statistics of Microcystis panniformis WG22 and Limnospira fusiformis LS22.

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Huh, Jungmoo, Jin Zhang, Radka Hauerová, Joseph Lee, Saqlain Haider, Mei Wang, Tomáš Hauer, Ikhlas A. Khan, Amar G. Chittiboyina, and Nirmal D. Pugh. "Utility of fatty acid profile and in vitro immune cell activation for chemical and biological standardization of Arthrospira/Limnospira." Scientific Reports 12, no. 1 (September 19, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-19590-x.

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AbstractCommercially cultivated Limnospira (species formerly classified to genus Arthrospira) is a popular food/supplement consumed by millions of people worldwide for health benefits. The objective of the current research was to advance the standardization technology for Limnospira. Quantitative methods were established to detect fatty acids as potential chemical markers and immune-enhancing activity. Analysis of 20 different batches of biomass obtained from one commercial grower demonstrated that there was a statistically significant relationship between the sum of two fatty acids (linoleic and γ-linolenic) and Toll-like receptor (TLR)2/TLR1-dependent activation (R2 = 0.48, p = 0.0007). Investigation of 12 biomass samples sourced from growers in 10 different countries demonstrated that fatty acid content was again significantly correlated with biological activity (R2 = 0.72, p = 0.0005) and the content of fatty acids varied by twofold and activity by 12.5-fold. This large variation between different samples confirms the need to use the present standardization methods to ensure consistent and properly characterized biomass for consumers and for future scientific research.

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Ryzhkov, Nikolay, Nora Colson, Essraa Ahmed, Paulius Pobedinskas, Ken Haenen, Paul J. Janssen, and Artur Braun. "Fluorescence and electron transfer of Limnospira indica functionalized biophotoelectrodes." Photosynthesis Research, August 21, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11120-024-01114-5.

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AbstractCyanobacteria play a crucial role in global carbon and nitrogen cycles through photosynthesis, making them valuable subjects for understanding the factors influencing their light utilization efficiency. Photosynthetic microorganisms offer a promising avenue for sustainable energy conversion in the field of photovoltaics. It was demonstrated before that application of an external electric field to the microbial biofilm or cell improves electron transfer kinetics and, consequently, efficiency of power generation. We have integrated live cyanobacterial cultures into photovoltaic devices by embedding Limnospira indica PCC 8005 cyanobacteria in agar and PEDOT:PSS matrices on the surface of boron-doped diamond electrodes. We have subjected them to varying external polarizations while simultaneously measuring current response and photosynthetic performance. For the latter, we employed Pulse-Amplitude-Modulation (PAM) fluorometry as a non-invasive and real-time monitoring tool. Our study demonstrates an improved light utilization efficiency for L. indica PCC 8005 when immobilized in a conductive matrix, particularly so for low-intensity light. Simultaneously, the impact of electrical polarization as an environmental factor influencing the photosynthetic apparatus diminishes as matrix conductivity increases. This results in only a slight decrease in light utilization efficiency for the illuminated sample compared to the dark-adapted state.

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Zekri, Maryam Alsadat, Michael Schagerl, Johannes Schweichhart, and Ingeborg Lang. "Confocal microscopy reveals alterations of thylakoids in Limnospira fusiformis during prophage induction." Protoplasma, May 2, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00709-021-01656-8.

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AbstractThe alkaliphilic cyanobacterium Limnospira fusiformis is an integral part in food webs of tropical soda lakes. Recently, sudden breakdowns of Limnospira sp. blooms in their natural environment have been linked to cyanophage infections. We studied ultrastructural details and prophage components in the laboratory by means of confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). For a comparison at the subcellular level, we included transmission electron microscopy (TEM) material of infected cells collected during a field survey. Compared to TEM, CLSM has the advantage to rapidly providing results for whole, intact cells. Moreover, many cells can be studied at once. We chemically induced lysogenic cyanophages by means of mitomycin C (MMC) treatments and studied the ultrastructural alterations of host cells. In parallel, the number of cyanophages was obtained by flow cytometry. After treatment of the culture with MMC, flow cytometry showed a strong increase in viral counts, i.e., prophage induction. CLSM reflected the re-organization of L. fusiformis with remarkable alterations of thylakoid arrangements after prophage induction. Our study provides a first step towards 3D visualization of ultrastructure of cyanobacteria and showed the high potential of CLSM to investigate viral-mediated modifications in these groups.

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Santos, Kleber Renan de Souza, Guilherme Scotta Hentschke, Graciela Ferrari, Ana Paula Dini Andreote, Marli de Fátima Fiore, Vitor Vasconcelos, and Célia Leite Sant’Anna. "Molecular, morphological and ecological studies of Limnospira platensis (Cyanobacteria), from saline and alkaline lakes, Pantanal Biome, Brazil." Frontiers in Environmental Science 11 (September 25, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2023.1204787.

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We studied nineteen populations of A. platensis (Microcoleaceae, Cyanobacteria), from Pantanal (Brazil) shallow, saline and alkaline lakes. The lakes are connected to the Paraná and Paraguay Rivers Basins, and during wet seasons, the waters flow towards La Plata River estuary. Morphology of natural populations and cultures were analyzed using optical microscope, and 16S rDNA sequences were used for the BI and ML phylogenetic analysis. The morphological analysis shows that our populations fit in the original description of A. platensis, but with additional aerotopes. Also, it is evident that these structures are facultative and the species is planktonic, rather than benthic without aerotopes, as originally described. The phylogenetic analysis shows our strains in the monophyletic Limnospira clade. Considering that, in this paper we transfer the species A. platensis to the genus Limnospira, based on phylogenetic and morphological data. This new taxonomical combination is supported also by ecological data, and indicates that the species is more related and abundant in Pantanal, than in La Plata Basin, region from where it was originally described. According to our results, L. platensis is planktonic or benthic and typical from saline, alkaline and warm waters.

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46

Pálmai, Tamás, Beáta Szabó, Edina Lengyel, Kiplagat Kotut, Lothar Krienitz, and Judit Padisák. "Growth response of the picoplanktic Picocystis salinarum and the microplanktic Limnospira (Arthrospira) fusiformis strains from Lake Nakuru (Kenya) to rapidly changing environmental conditions." Hydrobiologia, November 7, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-023-05397-y.

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AbstractThe East African soda lakes are known worldwide for their huge populations of lesser flamingos. Their phytoplankton community is often dominated by the cyanobacterium Limnospira fusiformis, the main food of lesser flamingos. In the early 2010s, the population of the cyanobacterium collapsed and the picoplanktic green alga Picocystis salinarum became dominant in Lake Nakuru. Consequently, lesser flamingos had to migrate to other lakes in search of food. To establish the reasons for the success of P. salinarum, photosynthesis measurements have been performed on monoalgal cultures of both species. The examined environmental variables (temperature, light intensity) were not responsible for the dominance of P. salinarum either alone or in their any combination. Moreover, photosynthetic activity of the cyanobacterium was higher by an order of magnitude during all light and temperature treatments. Co-cultivation of L. fusiformis and P. salinarum in a chemostat revealed that a possible reason for the Limnospira replacement can be a rapid and remarkable increase of conductivity, as P. salinarum showed higher level of tolerance to this rapid change. Shortly after returning to the initial conductivity levels, the population of L. fusiformis recovered quickly.

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Moliboga, Elena, and Viktoriya Leushkina. "Limnospira fusiformis from Lake Solenoe, Omsk: Rationalizing Marketing and Research." Food Processing: Techniques and Technology, December 24, 2024, 872–83. https://doi.org/10.21603/2074-9414-2024-4-2545.

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A diverse food product range makes the consumer more demanding and pickier in terms of choice, safety, and price. As a result, food producers turn to alternative protein sources, such as microalgae. Microalgae are rich in protein (60%), unsaturated fatty acids, and other nutrients. The article describes the consumer preferences and patterns in the city of Omsk, Russia, regarding spirulina-containing products. The research objective was to determine the marketing and research prospects for Limnospira fusiformis phytomass. The authors used both experimental and marketing methods to study the range of spirulina-containing products on the food market of Omsk and its surroundings. The marketing survey involved 1000 Omsk residents. According to the survey, 19.2% bought spirulina-containing products regularly; 20.8% bought them at least once a week; 79.2% consumed spirulina as dietary supplements. The respondents explained their choice by the composition and certification data (58.4%), as well as by health care reasons (75.3%); 48.1% preferred online platforms; 42.9% studied the pricing policy before purchasing. The survey revealed two distinct profiles of an average spirulina consumer. The resulting roadmap for spirulina marketing in the Omsk Region included the following steps: promotion; scientific and technical documentation; technical and economic production indicators; pricing; technological optimization. The marketing research revealed a number of socio-economic effects of introducing spirulina products to the local food market, which included economic, social, environmental, scientific, resource, and budgetary consequences. The two profiles of an average spirulina consumer from the Omsk Region made it possible to develop some recommendations for local spirulina producers and businesses.

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Lounici, Safia, Lynda Boutekrabt, Amel Doumandji, Selma Salhi, Rob Van Houdt, and Natalie Leys. "Physiological and genomic analysis of Limnospira sp. AlgLouSa11 isolated from Tamanrasset, Algeria." Algal Research, June 2024, 103569. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2024.103569.

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R., Sathya, MubarakAli D., Mehboob Nousheen M.G., Vasimalai N., Thajuddin N., and Jung-Wan Kim. "An Investigation of Pepsin Hydrolysate of Short Antibacterial Peptides Derived from Limnospira Sp." Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, July 6, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12010-022-04023-2.

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50

Garcia‐Gragera, David, Enrique Peiro, Carolina Arnau, Jean‐François Cornet, Claude‐Gilles Dussap, and Francesc Godia. "Dynamics of long‐term continuous culture of Limnospira indica in an air‐lift photobioreactor." Microbial Biotechnology, August 2, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.13882.

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