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Статті в журналах з теми "Limite KPg":
1
KULA, Semiha, and Esra BUKOVA GÜZEL. "Reflections of Mathematics Student Teachers’ Knowledge Related to the Purposes of the Curriculum on Their Limit Teaching." Kuramsal Eğitimbilim 8, no. 1 (March 9, 2015): 28–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5578/keg.8758.
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MILLER, Richard W., Robert R. EADY, Carol GORMAL, Shirley A. FAIRHURST, and Barry E. SMITH. "Covalent modification of nitrogenase MoFe protein by ADP." Biochemical Journal 322, no. 3 (March 15, 1997): 737–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3220737.
Анотація:
MgADP- reacted with the nitrogenase molybdenum–iron (MoFe) protein of Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp1) over a period of 2 h to yield a stable, catalytically active conjugate. The isolated protein exhibited a new, broad 31P NMR resonance at -1 p.p.m. lacking phosphorus J coupling. The adenine ring of [8-14C]ADP remained associated with the conjugate. A covalently bound nucleotide was identified as AMP by NMR and TLC. Extended dialysis of Kp1 against MgADP- resulted in further AMP binding at the protein surface. ADP was initially bound tightly to Kp1 at a site distinct from the AMP sites. ATP did not replace ADP. The time course of the formation of the Kp1-AMP was altered by the nitrogenase iron protein (Kp2) and was dependent on redox potential. Kp1-AMP was stable to concentration and oxidation with ferricyanide ion at -350 mV. Slow hydrolysis of Kp1-AMP over a period of 6 h yielded AMP and unaltered Kp1. The adenine ring of ADP exchanged with adenine of MgATP2- during reductant-limited turnover of nitrogenase under N2, indicating reversibility of ATP hydrolysis at 15 °C. [32P]Pi exchanged with the terminal phosphate group of both ADP and ATP on incubation with Kp1. 32P exchange and the catalytic activity of Kp1 were inhibited by a 20-fold molar excess of the lysine-modifying reagent, o-phthalaldehyde (OPT). Preincubation with MgADP- protected against OPT inactivation. Two potentially reactive lysine residues on the α chain of the MoFe protein near a putative hydrophobic docking site for the nitrogenase Fe protein are proposed as sites of OPT and nucleotide binding. Azotobacter vinelandiiMoFe protein (Av1) also formed an AMP adduct but Kp2 did not. Catalase did not interact with ADP. The reactions of the nitrogenase MoFe protein with adenine nucleotides have no counterpart in known protein–nucleotide interactions.
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Polyakov, Maxim, Igor Khanin, Gennadiy Shevchenko, and Vladimir Bilozubenko. "Data mining as a cognitive tool: Capabilities and limits." Knowledge and Performance Management 5, no. 1 (July 8, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/kpm.05(1).2021.01.
Анотація:
Due to the large volumes of empirical digitized data, a critical challenge is to identify their hidden and unobvious patterns, enabling to gain new knowledge. To make efficient use of data mining (DM) methods, it is required to know its capabilities and limits of application as a cognitive tool. The paper aims to specify the capabilities and limits of DM methods within the methodology of scientific cognition. This will enhance the efficiency of these DM methods for experts in this field as well as for professionals in other fields who analyze empirical data. It was proposed to supplement the existing classification of cognitive levels by the level of empirical regularity (ER) or provisional hypothesis. If ER is generated using DM software algorithm, it can be called the man-machine hypothesis. Thereby, the place of DM in the classification of the levels of empirical cognition was determined. The paper drawn up the scheme illustrating the relationship between the cognitive levels, which supplements the well-known schemes of their classification, demonstrates maximum capabilities of DM methods, and also shows the possibility of a transition from practice to the scientific method through the generation of ER, and further from ER to hypotheses, and from hypotheses to the scientific method. In terms of the methodology of scientific cognition, the most critical fact was established – the limitation of any DM methods is the level of ER. As a result of applying any software developed based on DM methods, the level of cognition achieved represents the ER level.
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Gran, Christopher D., and Randolph M. Beaudry. "DETERMINATION OF LOW OXYGEN TOLERANCE LIMITS FOR SEVERAL APPLE CULTIVARS." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 592g—593. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.592g.
Анотація:
The oxygen partial pressure associated with the respiratory quotient (RQ) breakpoint (ie., lower oxygen limit) was determined for fruits of several apple cultivars stored at 0°C. Fruits were sealed in low density polyethylene pouches of various thicknesses and known permeability to determine O2 uptake, CO2 production, and respiratory quotients (RQ) at various O2 partial pressures. There were differences in the shape of O2 uptake versus steady state O2 curves between cultivars. While some cultivars showed steady declines in respiration rate from 8 kPa O2 to < 1 kPa, other cultivars showed no decline in respiration until O2 levels fell below 3 to 4 kPa. Fruits having elevated RQ values had greater levels of headspace ethanol in the polyethylene pouches, which confirmed anaerobic respiration. The lower oxygen limit ranged from a low of approximately 0.75 kPa for cultivars Northern Spy and Law Rome to high of 1.5 kPa for McIntosh.
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LaPorte, Norman H. "‘Stalinization’ and its Limits in the Saxon KPD, 1925–28." European History Quarterly 31, no. 4 (October 2001): 549–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026569140103100403.
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Ding, Chao, Cornelis van ’t Veer, Joris J. T. H. Roelofs, Meenal Shukla, Keith R. McCrae, Alexey S. Revenko, Jeff Crosby, and Tom van der Poll. "Limited role of kininogen in the host response during gram-negative pneumonia-derived sepsis." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 314, no. 3 (March 1, 2018): L397—L405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00288.2017.
Анотація:
High-molecular-weight kininogen (HK), together with factor XI, factor XII and prekallikrein, is part of the contact system that has proinflammatory, prothrombotic, and vasoactive properties. We hypothesized that HK plays a role in the host response during pneumonia-derived sepsis. To this end mice were depleted of kininogen (KNG) to plasma HK levels of 28% of normal by repeated treatment with a specific antisense oligonucleotide (KNG ASO) for 3 wk before infection with the common human sepsis pathogen Klebsiella pneumoniae via the airways. Whereas plasma HK levels increased during infection in mice treated with a scrambled control ASO (Ctrl ASO), HK level in the KNG ASO-treated group remained reduced to 25–30% of that in the corresponding Ctrl ASO group both before and after infection. KNG depletion did not influence bacterial growth in lungs or dissemination to distant body sites. KNG depletion was associated with lower lung CXC chemokine and myeloperoxidase levels but did not impact neutrophil influx, lung pathology, activation of the vascular endothelium, activation of the coagulation system, or the extent of distant organ injury. These results were corroborated by studies in mice with a genetic deficiency of KNG, which were indistinguishable from wild-type mice during Klebsiella-induced sepsis. Both KNG depletion and KNG deficiency were associated with strongly reduced plasma prekallikrein levels, indicating the carrier function of HK for this zymogen. This study suggests that KNG does not significantly contribute to the host defense during gram-negative pneumonia-derived sepsis.
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Kotorov, Radoslav P. "Virtual organization: conceptual analysis of the limits of its decentralization." Knowledge and Process Management 8, no. 1 (January 2001): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/kpm.93.
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Jeong, Yong Geun, Tae Hyo Kim, Chang Min Lee, Ki Shik Shim, In Kyu Moon, Sang-Il Lee, Woon Tae Jung, and Ok Jae Lee. "A Case of Limited Wegener's Granulomatosis with Gastroenteritis and Mesenteric Lymphadenopathy." Korean Journal of Gastroenterology 55, no. 5 (2010): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.4166/kjg.2010.55.5.331.
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Smith, A. "Cephalopod sucker design and the physical limits to negative pressure." Journal of Experimental Biology 199, no. 4 (April 1, 1996): 949–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.199.4.949.
Анотація:
Two factors determine the strength of pressure-based adhesive mechanisms such as suction: the magnitude of the pressure differential that their musculature and mechanics can produce and the pressure differential that water can sustain. This paper compares the adhesive strength of the primary cephalopod sucker types: the stalked suckers of decapods (cuttlefish and squid) and the unstalked suckers of octopods. These results are compared with the physical limits imposed by cavitation, the failure of water under negative pressure. The maximum pressure differentials that suckers can produce were measured using a wettable pressure transducer or by measuring their force of attachment on a wettable surface and dividing by the area exposed to reduced pressure. The maximum pressure differentials that water can sustain on a typical marine surface were measured in a Z-tube. Fifteen cephalopod species representing three orders were studied. At sea level, cavitation limits all suckers to the same range of pressure differentials (100-200 kPa), regardless of their morphology. As ambient pressure increases with depth, cavitation ceases to be limiting. In this case, stalked decapod suckers produce greater pressure differentials than unstalked octopod suckers. In addition, small suckers produce greater pressure differentials than large suckers. Suckers larger than 7.5 mm2, both decapod and octopod, typically achieve pressure differentials of 100 kPa. As their size decreases below 7.5 mm2, octopod suckers get slightly stronger, sometimes producing pressure differentials of 250-300 kPa, while decapod suckers get exponentially stronger, sometimes producing pressure differentials near 800 kPa. There were no differences in sucker strength among the four octopod species, but seven of the ten decapod species differed from the overall decapod regression curve. The strongest suckers belonged to the fast-swimming, open-water species in the decapod sub-order Oegopsida.
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Nicholson, Wayne L., Patricia Fajardo-Cavazos, Jeffrey Fedenko, José L. Ortíz-Lugo, Andrea Rivas-Castillo, Samantha M. Waters, and Andrew C. Schuerger. "Exploring the Low-Pressure Growth Limit: Evolution of Bacillus subtilis in the Laboratory to Enhanced Growth at 5 Kilopascals." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 22 (October 1, 2010): 7559–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01126-10.
Анотація:
ABSTRACT Growth of Bacillus subtilis cells, normally adapted at Earth-normal atmospheric pressure (∼101.3 kPa), was progressively inhibited by lowering of pressure in liquid LB medium until growth essentially ceased at 2.5 kPa. Growth inhibition was immediately reversible upon return to 101.3 kPa, albeit at a slower rate. A population of B. subtilis cells was cultivated at the near-inhibitory pressure of 5 kPa for 1,000 generations, where a stepwise increase in growth was observed, as measured by the turbidity of 24-h cultures. An isolate from the 1,000-generation population was obtained that showed an increase in fitness at 5 kPa when compared to the ancestral strain or a strain obtained from a parallel population that evolved for 1,000 generations at 101.3 kPa. The results from this preliminary study have implications for understanding the ability of terrestrial microbes to grow in low-pressure environments such as Mars.
Дисертації з теми "Limite KPg":
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Cosco, Clément. "Polymères dirigés et équation KPZ." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019USPCC037.
Анотація:
Cette thèse est consacrée à l’étude des liens entre les polymères dirigés en milieu aléatoire,l’équation de la chaleur stochastique avec bruit multiplicatif (SHE) et l’équation Kardar-Parisi-Zhang (KPZ), en différentes dimensions d’espace. En dimension d = 1, l’équation KPZ et l’équation SHE font partie d’une classe de modèle possédant des coefficients d’échelle et des limites d’échelle non-standards, appelée la classe d’universalité KPZ. Il est possible de montrer que certains modèles particuliers de polymères, dits exactement solubles, font partie de la même classe, mais un des problèmes ouverts du domaine est de montrer l’universalité de ce résultat pour des modèles généraux de polymères dirigés. Toutefois, sous un changement d’échelle diffusif, on peut montrer que la fonction de partition point-à-point des polymères généraux converge vers la solution de l’équation de la chaleur stochastique, montrant un résultat d’universalité KPZ faible des modèles de polymères. En dimension supérieure, il n’est pas encore certain que les équations KPZ et SHE soient bien posées. Pour étudier ces équations en dimension supérieure, l’approche que l’on considérera consiste à régulariser les équations KPZ et SHE avec un bruit moyenné en espace, puis à regarder la limite des solutions lorsque la régularisation est dissipée. Il se trouve que dans un certain régime de paramètres, les solutions de ces équations régularisées sont reliées aux fonctions de partition d’un modèle de polymère dirigé, et l’on peut mettre à profit les techniques et résultats de la littérature des polymères pour les étudierThis thesis is dedicated to the study of the links between directed polymers in random environment, the stochastic heat equation with multiplicative noise (SHE) and the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang equation (KPZ), under different space dimensions. In dimension d= 1, the KPZ equation and the SHE equation belong to a particular class of models which feature non-standard scaling coefficients and non-standard scaling limits. This class is called the KPZ universality class. It is possible to prove that some specific polymer models, which are called exactly solvable models, belong to this class, but one of the open problems in this field is to show that this result should be universal, that is that polymer models should belong to the KPZ universality class for very general types of environment. Nevertheless, one can prove that under a scaling limit, the point-to-point partition function of general polymer models converges towards the solution of the SHE equation, which can be seen as a weak universality result for the polymer models. In higher space dimension, it is not clear whether the KPZ and SHE equations should be well-posed. In order to study these equations in higher dimension, we will consider them with a noise that is be regularized in space (in this case, the solutions of the equations are well-defined) and try to look at the limiting behaviour of the solutions when the regularization is removed. It turns out that for a certain choice of parameters, the solutions of the regularized equations are linked to the partition functions of a directed polymer model, and one can use standard polymer techniques to study the asymptotic behaviour of the solutions
2
Louf, Baptiste. "Cartes de grand genre : de la hiérarchie KP aux limites probabilistes." Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UNIP7020.
Анотація:
Cette thèse s’intéresse aux cartes combinatoires, qui sont définies comme des plongements de graphes sur des surfaces, ou de manière équivalente comme des recollements de polygones. Le genre g de la carte est défini comme le nombre d’anses que possède la surface sur laquelle elle est plongée.En plus d’être des objets combinatoires, les cartes peuvent être représentées comme des factorisations de permutations, ce qui en fait également des objets algébriques, qu’on peut notamment étudier grâce à la théorie des représentations du groupe symétrique. En particulier, ces propriétés algébriques des cartes font que leur série génératrice satisfait la hiérarchie KP (et sa généralisation, la hiérarchie 2-Toda). La hiérarchie KP est un ensemble infini d’équations aux dérivées partielles en une infinité de variables. Les équations aux dérivées partielles de la hiérarchie KP se traduisent ensuite en formules de récurence qui permettent d’énumérer les cartes en tout genre.D’autre part, il est intéressant d’étudier les propriétés géométriques des cartes, et en particulier des très grandes cartes aléatoires. De nombreux travaux ont permis d’étudier les propriétés géométriques des cartes planaires, c’est à dire de genre 0. Dans cette thèse, on étudie les cartes de grand genre, c’est à dire dont le genre tend vers l’infini en même temps que la taille de la carte. Ce qui nous intéressera particulièrement est la notion de limite locale, qui décrit la loi du voisinage d’un point particulier (la racine) des grandes cartes aléatoires uniformes.La première partie de cette thèse (Chapitres 1 à 3) est une introduction à toutes les notions nécessaires : les cartes, bien entendu, mais également la hiérarchie KP et les limites locales. Dans un deuxième temps (Chapitres 4 et 5), on cherchera à approfondir la relation entre cartes et hiérarchie KP, soit en expliquant des formules existantes par des constructions combinatoires, soit en découvrant de nouvelles formules. La troisième partie (Chapitres 6 et 7) se concentre sur l’étude des limites locales des cartes de grand genre, en s’aidant notamment de résultats obtenus grâce à la hiérarchie KP. Enfin le manuscrit se conclut par quelques problèmes ouverts (Chapitre 8)This thesis focuses on combinatorial maps, which are defined as embeddings of graphs on surfaces, or equivalently as gluing of polygons. The genus g of the map is defined as the number of handles of the surface on which it is embedded.In addition to being combinatorial objects, the maps can be represented as factorizations of permutations, which also makes them algebraic objects, which one can study in particular thanks to the representation theory of the symmetric group. In particular, these algebraic properties of maps mean that their generating series satisfies the KP hierarchy (and its generalization, the 2-Toda hierarchy). The KP hierarchy is an infinite set of partial differential equations in an infinity of variables. The partial differential equations of the KP hierarchy are then translated into recurrence formulas which make it possible to enumerate maps of any genus.On the other hand, it is interesting to study the geometric properties of maps, and in particular very large random maps. Many works have focused on the geometrical properties of planar maps, ie of genus 0. In this thesis, we study maps of large genus, that is to say whose genus tends towards infinity at the same time as the size of the map. What will particularly interest us is the notion of local limit, which describes the law of the neighborhood of a particular point (the root) of large uniform random maps.The first part of this thesis (Chapters 1 to 3) is an introduction to all the necessary concepts: maps, of course, but also the KP hierarchy and local limits. In a second part (Chapters 4 and 5), we will seek to deepen the relationship between maps and KP hierarchy, either by explaining existing formulas by combinatorial constructions, or by discovering new formulas. The third part (Chapters 6 and 7) focuses on the study of the local limits of large maps, using in particular the results obtained from the KP hier-archy. Finally the manuscript ends with some open problems (Chapter 8)
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Worms, Sonja. "Insolvenzverschleppung bei der "deutschen" Limited der grenzüberschreitende Umzug von Kapitalgesellschaften nach Umsetzung des MoMiG." Baden-Baden Nomos, 2008. http://d-nb.info/995765987/04.
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Klawitter, Uta Karen. "Die GmbH & Co. KG im US-amerikanischen Recht : (limited partnership with a corporate general partner) /." Berlin : Duncker und Humblot, 1997. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/272102156.pdf.
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Höhne, Thorsten [Verfasser]. "Die Ltd. & Co. KG. : Gesellschaftsrechtliche und kollisionsrechtliche Aspekte der Beteiligung einer englischen Limited als Komplementärin einer deutschen Kommanditgesellschaft. / Thorsten Höhne." Berlin : Duncker & Humblot, 2011. http://d-nb.info/123842421X/34.
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Guineret-Brobbel, Dorsman Anne. "La GmbH et Co. KG allemande et la SARL en commandite française : une illustration de la liberté contractuelle en droit des sociétés ?" Paris 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA010303.
Анотація:
"GMBH & co. KG" est le sigle communément employé en Allemagne pour désigner une société en commandité simple dont l'unique commandite est une SARL. La GMBH & co. KG apparait donc comme une société hybride. Malgré son indéniable originalité, cette nouvelle structure sociale n'est pas une simple curiosité juridique : bon nombre d'entrepreneurs allemands ont adopté cette forme particulière. Cette popularité prouve à elle seule le caractère séducteur de la GMBH & co. KG. Mais, aussi séduisante soit-elle et même si elle a fait l'objet d'une reconnaissance légale (après plus de 50 ans de réticence législative), la GMBH & co. KG n'est pas sans poser problème : fruit de la vaste liberté contractuelle laisse aux fondateurs de sociétés de personnes, la GMBH & co. KG n'a-t-elle pas forcé les limites de cette liberté ? Que sont devenues, dans la GMBH & co. , les règles impératives de la commandite par intérêt ? L'étude présente se voulant comparative, ces questions doivent être résolues en droit allemand, comme en droit français. Nous nous devions donc de définir avec précision la liberté contractuelle dans nos deux droits, pour pouvoir examiner en toute connaissance de cause la constitution et le fonctionnement de la SARL en commandité.
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Carreón, Fernando. "Singular limits of reaction diffusion equations of KPP type in an infinite cylinder." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/3204.
Анотація:
In this thesis, we establish the asymptotic analysis of the singularly perturbed reaction diffusion equation [cataloger unable to transcribe mathematical equations].... Our results establish the specific dependency on the coefficients of this equation and the size of the parameter [delta] with respect to [epsilon]. The analyses include equation subject to Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions. In both cases, the solutions u[superscript epsilon] converge locally uniformally to the equilibria of the reaction term f. We characterize the limiting behavior of the solutions through the viscosity solution of a variational inequality. To construct the coefficients defining the variational inequality, we apply concepts developed for the homogenization of elliptic operators. In chapter two, we derive the convergence results in the Neumann case. The third chapter is dedicated to the analysis of the Dirichlet case.text
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Lin, Yier. "Large deviations of the KPZ equation, Markov duality and SPDE limits of the vertex models." Thesis, 2021. https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-q300-qe66.
Анотація:
The Kardar-Parisi-Zhang (KPZ) equation is a stochastic PDE describing various objects in statistical mechanics such as random interface growth, directed polymers, interacting particle systems. We study large deviations of the KPZ equation, both in the short time and long time regime. We prove the first short time large deviations for the KPZ equation and detects a Gaussian - 5/2 power law crossover in the lower tail rate function. In the long-time regime, we study the upper tail large deviations of the KPZ equation starting from a wide range of initial data and explore how the rate function depends on the initial data.
The KPZ equation plays a role as the weak scaling limit of various models in the KPZ universality class. We show the stochastic higher spin six vertex model, a class of models which sit on top of the KPZ integrable systems, converges weakly to the KPZ equation under certain scaling. This extends the weak universality of the KPZ equation. On the other hand, we show that under a different scaling, the stochastic higher spin six vertex model converges to a hyperbolic stochastic PDE called stochastic telegraph equation. One key tool behind the proof of these two stochastic PDE limits is a property called Markov duality.
Книги з теми "Limite KPg":
1
Britain, Great. The Public Telecommunication System Designation (Kpn Telecom UK Limited) Order 1998 (Statutory Instruments: 1998: 3007). Stationery Office Books, 1998.
2
Kalss, Susanne, and Ulrich Torggler, eds. Reform des Gesellschaftsrechts. MANZ'sche Verlags- und Universitätsbuchhandlung GmbH, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783214164928.
Анотація:
Das Regierungsprogramm 2020–2024 sieht unter anderem die Schaffung einer neuen Gesellschaftsform für Start-ups („Austrian Limited“) vor. Dieses und weitere Reformprojekte wurden beim neunten Wiener Unternehmensrechtstag am 17.6.2021 vorgestellt und diskutiert. Neben konkreten Reformvorschlägen im GmbH- und Aktienrecht sowie Analysen der aktuellen Reformpläne werden die Schaffung einer Kommanditgesellschaft mbH diskutiert und Gesellschaftsformen anderer Staaten vorgestellt. Die Beiträge: Reform des Gesellschaftsrechts (Hon.-Prof. Dr. Sonja Bydlinski) Rechtsvergleichende Anmerkungen zur Austrian Limited (Univ.-Prof. Dr. Chris Thomale, LL.M.) KG mbH statt GmbH & Co KG (Univ.-Prof. Dr. Ulrich Torggler, LL.M.) Vorschläge für eine Reform des Aktienrechts (Univ.-Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Susanne Kalss, LL.M. und Dr. Julia Nicolussi) Flexible Kapitalgesellschaft und GmbH-Novelle (Univ.-Prof. Dr. Friedrich Rüffler, LL.M.) Reform der Kapitalaufbringung und -erhaltung (Univ.-Prof. Dr. Martin Winner)
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Eldar, Shai Meron, and Ofer Eldar. Complications and Challenges of Bariatric Surgery in Super-Obese Patients. Edited by Tomasz Rogula, Philip Schauer, and Tammy Fouse. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190608347.003.0017.
Анотація:
While the lower weight limits for bariatric surgery are already strictly set, the upper weight limits are still undetermined. The extremely obese patient deserves special consideration: significant comorbidities, technical difficulties, and increased postoperative morbidity and mortality are all expected in this patient population.In view of these factors, how should super-obese patients (BMI > 50 kg/m2) be approached, and is there any preferred procedure? Is there a point where operative risk outweighs surgical benefits? Bariatric surgery for super-obese and super-super-obese patients, including the operative complications and the associated morbidity and mortality, as well as the way they influence the approach to this subgroup of patients, are the subjects of this chapter.
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Carrero, Juan Jesús, Hong Xu, and Bengt Lindholm. Diet and the progression of chronic kidney disease. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0101.
Анотація:
The dietary management of non-dialysed CKD patients has focused on limiting the intake of substances which lead to accumulation of urea, potassium, phosphorus, and sodium. Recent advances in nutritional epidemiology have given us the opportunity to examine the relationships between diet and CKD. This chapter focuses on evidence relating to retarding progression of renal impairment in the early to mid stages of CKD. Limits may need to change if GFR falls. The hypothesis that a high dietary protein intake leads to progressive CKD through a mechanism of glomerular hyperfiltration has been taught for decades, and it appears effective in animals. However, the evidence that low-protein diets (LPDs) halt CKD progression in patients is weak. Their management is of course likely to include other interventions such as blood pressure control. There is risk to low-protein diets. There is some evidence that high protein intakes are harmful. We therefore recommend moderate protein intake (not low; not high – no protein supplements; around 1g/kg/day). Salt handling is impaired in most patients with CKD, probably even early stages, and hypertension is an early feature, except in salt-losing patients, to whom different rules apply. Salt intake tends to raise blood pressure, worsen proteinuria, and reduce the effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors on blood pressure and proteinuria. Very low salt intakes are difficult to comply with and limit diet. In early stages of CKD we therefore recommend restriction to moderately low levels (below 6g/day of salt; 100 mmol of sodium). Lower levels may have additional benefits, and these limits may need to be reduced as GFR declines. Potassium is associated with healthy, desirable foods such as fruit and vegetables. It should only be restricted if high serum values make this necessary.
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Borodin, Alexei, and Leonid Petrov. Integrable probability: stochastic vertex models and symmetric functions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797319.003.0002.
Анотація:
This chapter presents the study of a homogeneous stochastic higher spin six-vertex model in a quadrant. For this model concise integral representations for multipoint q-moments of the height function and for the q-correlation functions are derived. At least in the case of the step initial condition, these formulas degenerate in appropriate limits to many known formulas of such type for integrable probabilistic systems in the (1+1)d KPZ universality class, including the stochastic six-vertex model, ASEP, various q-TASEPs, and associated zero-range processes. The arguments are largely based on properties of a family of symmetric rational functions that can be defined as partition functions of the higher spin six-vertex model for suitable domains; they generalize classical Hall–Littlewood and Schur polynomials. A key role is played by Cauchy-like summation identities for these functions, which are obtained as a direct corollary of the Yang–Baxter equation for the higher spin six-vertex model.
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Ferro, Charles J., and Khai Ping Ng. Recommendations for management of high renal risk chronic kidney disease. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0099.
Анотація:
Poorer renal function is associated with increasing morbidity and mortality. In the wider population this is mainly as a consequence of cardiovascular disease. Renal patients are more likely to progress to end-stage renal disease, but also have high cardiovascular risk. Aiming to reduce both progression of renal impairment and cardiovascular disease are not contradictory. Focusing on the management of high-risk patients with proteinuria and reduced glomerular filtration rates, it is recommended that blood pressure should be kept below 140/90, or 130/80 if proteinuria is > 1 g/24 h (protein:creatinine ratio (PCR) >100 mg/mmol or 0.9 g/g). These targets may be modified according to age and other factors. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin receptor antagonists should form part of the therapy for patients with proteinuria > 0.5 g/24 h (PCR > 50 mg/mmol or 0.45 g/g). Use of ACEIs or angiotensin receptor blockers in patients with lower levels of proteinuria may be indicated in some patient groups even in the absence of hypertension, notably in diabetic nephropathy. Evidence that other agents that reduce proteinuria bring additional benefits is weak at present. The best studies of ‘dual-blockade’ with various combinations of ACEIs, ARBs, and renin inhibitors have shown additional hazard with little evidence of additional benefit. Hyperlipidaemia—regardless of lipid levels, statin therapy is indicated in secondary cardiovascular prevention, and in primary prevention where cardiovascular risk is high, noting that current risk estimation tools do not adequately account for the increased risk of patients with CKD. There is not substantial evidence that lipid lowering therapy impacts on average rates of loss of GFR in progressive CKD. Non-drug lifestyle interventions to reduce cardiovascular risk, including stopping smoking, are important for all. Acidosis—in more advanced CKD it is justified to treat acidosis with oral sodium bicarbonate. Diet—sodium restriction to < 100 mmol/day (6 g/day) and avoidance of excessive dietary protein are justified in early to moderate CKD. Recommendations to limit levels of protein to 0.8 g/kg body weight are suggested by some, but additional protective effects of this are likely to be slight in patients who are otherwise well managed. Low-protein diets may carry some risk. Lower-protein diets may however be used to prevent symptoms in advanced CKD not treated by dialysis.
7
Zydroń, Tymoteusz. Wpływ systemów korzeniowych wybranych gatunków drzew na przyrost wytrzymałości gruntu na ścinanie. Publishing House of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/978-83-66602-46-5.
Анотація:
The aim of the paper was to determine the influence of root systems of chosen tree species found in the Polish Flysch Carpathians on the increase of soil shear strength (root cohesion) in terms of slope stability. The paper's goal was achieved through comprehensive tests on root systems of eight relatively common in the Polish Flysch Carpathians tree species. The tests that were carried out included field work, laboratory work and analytical calculations. As part of the field work, the root area ratio (A IA) of the roots was determined using the method of profiling the walls of the trench at a distance of about 1.0 m from the tree trunk. The width of the. trenches was about 1.0 m, and their depth depended on the ground conditions and ranged from 0.6 to 1.0 m below the ground level. After preparing the walls of the trench, the profile was divided into vertical layers with a height of 0.1 m, within which root diameters were measured. Roots with diameters from 1 to 10 mm were taken into consideration in root area ratio calculations in accordance with the generally accepted methodology for this type of tests. These measurements were made in Biegnik (silver fir), Ropica Polska (silver birch, black locust) and Szymbark (silver birch, European beech, European hornbeam, silver fir, sycamore maple, Scots pine, European spruce) located near Gorlice (The Low Beskids) in areas with unplanned forest management. In case of each tested tree species the samples of roots were taken, transported to the laboratory and then saturated with water for at least one day. Before testing the samples were obtained from the water and stretched in a. tensile testing machine in order to determine their tensile strength and flexibility. In general, over 2200 root samples were tested. The results of tests on root area ratio of root systems and their tensile strength were used to determine the value of increase in shear strength of the soils, called root cohesion. To this purpose a classic Wu-Waldron calculation model was used as well as two types of bundle models, the so called static model (Fiber Bundle Model — FIRM, FBM2, FBM3) and the deformation model (Root Bundle Model— RBM1, RBM2, mRBM1) that differ in terms of the assumptions concerning the way the tensile force is distributed to the roots as well as the range of parameters taken into account during calculations. The stability analysis of 8 landslides in forest areas of Cicikowicleie and Wignickie Foothills was a form of verification of relevance of the obtained calculation results. The results of tests on root area ratio in the profile showed that, as expected, the number of roots in the soil profile and their ApIA values are very variable. It was shown that the values of the root area ratio of the tested tree species with a diameter 1-10 ram are a maximum of 0.8% close to the surface of the ground and they decrease along with the depth reaching the values at least one order of magnitude lower than close to the surface at the depth 0.5-1.0 m below the ground level. Average values of the root area ratio within the soil profile were from 0.05 to 0.13% adequately for Scots pine and European beech. The measured values of the root area ratio are relatively low in relation to the values of this parameter given in literature, which is probably connected with great cohesiveness of the soils and the fact that there were a lot of rock fragments in the soil, where the tests were carried out. Calculation results of the Gale-Grigal function indicate that a distribution of roots in the soil profile is similar for the tested species, apart from the silver fir from Bie§nik and European hornbeam. Considering the number of roots, their distribution in the soil profile and the root area ratio it appears that — considering slope stability — the root systems of European beech and black locust are the most optimal, which coincides with tests results given in literature. The results of tensile strength tests showed that the roots of the tested tree species have different tensile strength. The roots of European beech and European hornbeam had high tensile strength, whereas the roots of conifers and silver birch in deciduous trees — low. The analysis of test results also showed that the roots of the studied tree species are characterized by high variability of mechanical properties. The values Of shear strength increase are mainly related to the number and size (diameter) of the roots in the soil profile as well as their tensile strength and pullout resistance, although they can also result from the used calculation method (calculation model). The tests showed that the distribution of roots in the soil and their tensile strength are characterized by large variability, which allows the conclusion that using typical geotechnical calculations, which take into consideration the role of root systems is exposed to a high risk of overestimating their influence on the soil reinforcement. hence, while determining or assuming the increase in shear strength of soil reinforced with roots (root cohesion) for design calculations, a conservative (careful) approach that includes the most unfavourable values of this parameter should be used. Tests showed that the values of shear strength increase of the soil reinforced with roots calculated using Wu-Waldron model in extreme cases are three times higher than the values calculated using bundle models. In general, the most conservative calculation results of the shear strength increase were obtained using deformation bundle models: RBM2 (RBMw) or mRBM1. RBM2 model considers the variability of strength characteristics of soils described by Weibull survival function and in most cases gives the lowest values of the shear strength increase, which usually constitute 50% of the values of shear strength increase determined using classic Wu-Waldron model. Whereas the second model (mRBM1.) considers averaged values of roots strength parameters as well as the possibility that two main mechanism of destruction of a root bundle - rupture and pulling out - can occur at the same. time. The values of shear strength increase calculated using this model were the lowest in case of beech and hornbeam roots, which had high tensile strength. It indicates that in the surface part of the profile (down to 0.2 m below the ground level), primarily in case of deciduous trees, the main mechanism of failure of the root bundle will be pulling out. However, this model requires the knowledge of a much greater number of geometrical parameters of roots and geotechnical parameters of soil, and additionally it is very sensitive to input data. Therefore, it seems practical to use the RBM2 model to assess the influence of roots on the soil shear strength increase, and in order to obtain safe results of calculations in the surface part of the profile, the Weibull shape coefficient equal to 1.0 can be assumed. On the other hand, the Wu-Waldron model can be used for the initial assessment of the shear strength increase of soil reinforced with roots in the situation, where the deformation properties of the root system and its interaction with the soil are not considered, although the values of the shear strength increase calculated using this model should be corrected and reduced by half. Test results indicate that in terms of slope stability the root systems of beech and hornbeam have the most favourable properties - their maximum effect of soil reinforcement in the profile to the depth of 0.5 m does not usually exceed 30 kPa, and to the depth of 1 m - 20 kPa. The root systems of conifers have the least impact on the slope reinforcement, usually increasing the soil shear strength by less than 5 kPa. These values coincide to a large extent with the range of shear strength increase obtained from the direct shear test as well as results of stability analysis given in literature and carried out as part of this work. The analysis of the literature indicates that the methods of measuring tree's root systems as well as their interpretation are very different, which often limits the possibilities of comparing test results. This indicates the need to systematize this type of tests and for this purpose a root distribution model (RDM) can be used, which can be integrated with any deformation bundle model (RBM). A combination of these two calculation models allows the range of soil reinforcement around trees to be determined and this information might be used in practice, while planning bioengineering procedures in areas exposed to surface mass movements. The functionality of this solution can be increased by considering the dynamics of plant develop¬ment in the calculations. This, however, requires conducting this type of research in order to obtain more data.
Частини книг з теми "Limite KPg":
1
Woyczyński, Wojbor A. "Hyperbolic approximation and inviscid limit." In Burgers-KPZ Turbulence, 97–133. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0093112.
2
Woyczyński, Wojbor A. "Hydrodynamic limits, nonlinear diffusions, and propagation of chaos." In Burgers-KPZ Turbulence, 13–24. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0093109.
3
Schrijvers, Erik, Corien Prins, and Reijer Passchier. "Conclusions and Recommendations." In Research for Policy, 59–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77838-5_5.
Анотація:
AbstractOn 24 June 2019, an hour-long outage hit the Dutch emergency number 112 and 0900–8844, the national police telephone line. It was also impossible to contact hospitals, municipalities, and companies for some time. The primary system of KPN – the telecom provider – was out of action while three back-up systems failed. The incident, which according to KPN was probably due to software error, once again revealed the vulnerability of facilities in the physical world to digital failures. It also underlined the report’s central message: the need to be better prepared for incidents involving a digital dimension. These incidents are all the more critical when they are not limited to the digital domain, but have potentially disruptive consequences in the physical world and for confidence in the core institutions of society.
4
Ozmen, Suleyman, and Bulent Topcuoglu. "Determination of natural radioactivity levels of sludges collected from wastewater treatment plants of Antalya/Türkiye." In Ninth International Symposium “Monitoring of Mediterranean Coastal Areas: Problems and Measurement Techniques”, 545–50. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0030-1.50.
Анотація:
226Ra (10.8), 232Th (13.4) and 40K (135.7) and 137Cs (3.2) concentration levels (Bq kg-1) of the wastewater treatment plant sludges in Antalya were assessed and were found to be consistent with the literature. The absorbed gamma dose rate (D: 3.1-17.5 nGyh-1), radium equivalent activity (Raeq: 6.4-37.7 Bq kg-1), annual equivalent dose (AED: 3.8–21.4 µSv h-1), internal (Hin<1.0) and external (Hex<1.0) hazard indices were in the permissible limits published by IAEA. It was observed that the use of wastewater treatment sludge in agricultural areas would not create any risk in radiological terms.
5
Yoshii, Takahiro, Yoshihiro Furui, Tairo Oshima, and Noboru Manabe. "Verification of Effects on Crops and Surrounding Environment in Agriculture Using Radioactively Contaminated Grass Silage Compost Made by Aerobic Ultrahigh Temperature Fermentation." In Agricultural Implications of Fukushima Nuclear Accident (IV), 79–84. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9361-9_9.
Анотація:
AbstractThe Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (Tokyo Electric Power Co. Ltd.) accident caused by the Great East Japan Earthquake (11 March 2011) contaminated farmland, grassland, and grass silage in the Tohoku region of Japan with radioactive cesium. In previous studies, we have converted contaminated pasture grasses to compost by employing aerobic ultrahigh temperature fermentation and this showed below acceptable levels of radioactivity. In the present study, we verified whether the decontaminated compost could be safely applied to grassland. A 1200 m2 pastureland (average 320 Bq/kg) in Kurihara-city, Miyagi-prefecture, Japan, was divided into 6 plots, of which 4 plots were treated with 2, 5, 10, and 30 kg of grass silage compost (297 Bq/kg) per m2. In the control plot, chemical fertilizers or nonradioactive cattle manure were applied. After those plots were plowed, orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata) was sown and grown for about 2 months. No significant changes in soil radiocesium concentrations or air dose rates were observed in the pastures during and after the cultivation period. The water quality of the river in the vicinity of the pasture was also not affected. The radiocesium levels in the grass harvested from all plots, including the test plot with 30 kg per m2 of application, were below the detection limit (below 20 Bq/kg), less than one-fifth of the provisional value (100 Bq/kg) for forage. These results demonstrate that radioactive contaminated grass silage compost can be safely applied to actual pastures.
6
Zhao, Xiang, Weixin Zeng, and Jiuyang Tang. "Weakly Supervised Entity Alignment." In Entity Alignment, 185–206. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-4250-3_7.
Анотація:
AbstractThe majority of state-of-the-art entity alignment solutions heavily rely on the labeled data, which are difficult to obtain in practice. Therefore, it calls for the study of EA with scarce supervision. To resolve this issue, we put forward a reinforced active entity alignment framework to select the entities to be manually labeled with the aim of enhancing alignment performance with minimal labeling efforts. Under this framework, we further devise an unsupervised contrastive loss to contrast different views of entity representations and augment the limited supervision signals by exploiting the vast unlabeled data. We empirically evaluate our proposal on eight popular KG pairs, and the results demonstrate that our proposed model and its components consistently boost the alignment performance under scarce supervision.
7
Zou, Chunyan, Chenggang Yu, Jun Zhou, Shuning Chen, Jianhui Wu, Yang Zou, Xiangzhou Cai, and Jingen Chen. "Minor Actinides Transmutation in Thermal, Epithermal and Fast Molten Salt Reactors with Very Deep Burnup." In Springer Proceedings in Physics, 656–72. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1023-6_57.
Анотація:
AbstractDeep burnup and high minor actinides (MA) loading are two alluring features for molten salt reactors (MSR) to incinerate the nuclear wastes. The transmutation capability of minor actinides in MSR is tightly related with the neutron spectrum, the loading of MA and the carrier salt compositions. In this work, three MSR core designs (thermal, epithermal and fast) and two types of salt compositions (Flibe and Flinak) with different solubility limits of transuranic elements are chosen for analyzing the transmutation capability of MA. With a significant mole fraction of MA loading (4% in the Flibe salt and 10% in the Flinak salt) and the continuous MA refueling, MSR acquires an excellent transmutation rate. The specific incineration rates of MA in the thermal, epithermal and fast MSR cores with the Flibe salt are about 167, 185 and 206 kg/GWth/y, respectively. With a larger loading of MA in the Flinak salt, a higher annual incineration rate of MA can be obtained, which are about 170, 206 and 247 kg/GWth/y in thermal, epithermal and fast MSRs, respectively. On the other hand, since there is a preferred neutron economy for the Flibe salt, a higher MA incineration ratio is achieved than that for the Flinak salt. When the neutron spectrum varies from the thermal to fast region, the MA incineration ratio ranges from 0.79 to 0.82 for the Flibe salt and it ranges from 0.75 to 0.81 for the Flinak salt. The transmutation capability of MA in MSR is much higher than that in solid-fueled reactors (~20 kg/GW.y in a PWR), which can provide a feasible way for reducing the current nuclear wastes.
8
Zhao, Xiang, Weixin Zeng, and Jiuyang Tang. "Long-Tail Entity Alignment." In Entity Alignment, 161–84. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-4250-3_6.
Анотація:
AbstractMost entity alignment solutions currently rely on structural information, specifically KG embedding, to align entities. However, in real-life KGs, the majority of entities have a sparse neighborhood structure, while only a few entities are densely connected to others. These less-connected entities are referred to as long-tail entities, and this phenomenon limits the effectiveness of using structural information for entity alignment.To address this issue, we propose an approach that incorporates entity name information, which is often overlooked but readily available. We amplify the weak structural information of long-tail entities with concatenated power mean word embeddings of their names during pre-alignment. To align entities, we introduce a novel complementary framework that combines both structural and name signals. It uses the entity’s degree as a guide to fuse the two sources of information effectively and proposes a degree-aware co-attention network that dynamically adjusts the significance of features in a degree-aware manner. Finally, we propose using confident entity alignment results as anchors to complement original KGs with facts from their counterparts via iterative training during post-alignment. Experimental evaluations show the effectiveness of the proposed techniques.
9
Kuria, Peter, Josiah Gitari, Saidi Mkomwa, and Peter Waweru. "Effect of conservation agriculture on soil properties and maize grain yield in the semi-arid Laikipia county, Kenya." In Conservation agriculture in Africa: climate smart agricultural development, 256–69. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245745.0015.
Анотація:
Abstract Low and unreliable rainfall, along with poor soil health, is a main constraint to maize production in the semi-arid parts of Kenya that account for over 79% of the country's land area. In the vast county of Laikipia, farmers continue to plant maize despite the predominantly low quantities of precipitation. Participatory farmer experimentation with Conservation Agriculture (CA) was undertaken for six consecutive growing seasons between July 2013 and December 2016 to determine the effectiveness of CA as a method of improving soil properties and enhancing maize yields with the limited rainfall quantities received in these parts of Kenya. The main CA practices tested include chisel tine furrow opening (ripping) and live legume (Lablab purpureus) cover crop, as well as maize stover mulches, all implemented under varying inorganic fertilizer rates. The research was done across 12 administrative locations of Laikipia County where soils are mainly Phaeozems and Vertisols with a clay-loam texture. The research design used was researcher-designed and farmer-managed. In each of the 12 trial sites, participatory farmers' assessments and field days were carried out as a way of outreach to the bigger farming communities around the trial sites. The research findings obtained demonstrated that the use of CA impacts positively on soil properties and is a viable practice for enhancing maize yields in these moisture deficit-prone parts of the country. Soil chemical analysis assessment results showed that CA impacted positively on a number of soil mineral components including organic carbon, total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and pH. Midseason chlorophyll content assessment of the maize crop showed that there was good response to fertilizer application, as well as to mulching with crop residues for soil cover. Maize grain yield data also showed that the use of a CA package comprising chisel tine ripping combined with mulching by plant residues and use of mineral fertilizer resulted in a two- to threefold increase in grain yields above the farmer practice control. Mean maize grain yield in farmer practice plots was 1067 kg ha-1 compared with the CA-treated plot with mineral fertilization that yielded 2192 kg ha-1.
10
Salhotra, Ripenmeet, Adrian Wong, and Manu L. N. G. Malbrain. "The Place for Starches and Other Colloids." In Rational Use of Intravenous Fluids in Critically Ill Patients, 243–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-42205-8_11.
Анотація:
AbstractThis chapter provides a comprehensive review of synthetic colloids, specifically hydroxyethyl starch (HES) solutions, and their role in resuscitation of critically ill, perioperative, and trauma patients. This chapter addresses various questions, including the crystalloid versus colloid debate, the strengths and weaknesses of different fluid trials and meta-analyses, and the specific situations or patient groups where colloids may have an advantage. This chapter focuses on the results of five major trials that compare the use of crystalloids versus colloids in critically ill patients. The 6S study and the CHEST trial confirmed the suspicion of renal damage associated with HES solutions, and the European Medicines Agency’s (EMA) safety committee prohibited the use of HES solutions in critically ill, septic, and burn patients, or those with kidney injury in 2013. However, many questions and controversies remained thereafter and more recently the European Commission has suspended the marketing authorizations of HES solutions for infusion. The use of HES and other synthetic colloids should be restricted to resuscitation in the perioperative setting or in limited volumes with extreme caution in trauma settings outside of the EU. The take-home messages include the availability of natural and synthetic colloids, the lack of outcome benefit in clinical trials, the association of HES with renal failure and increased use of renal replacement therapy, and the unsafe use of synthetic colloids in perioperative patients. This chapter recommends limiting the dose of synthetic colloids to 30ml/kg when given in the peri- and postoperative phase.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Limite KPg":
1
Pechagina, Daria S., Sergei N. Dudnik, and Kirill A. Kuzmin. "DETERMINATION OF STABLE TEMPERATURE TRANSITION DATES THROUGH THE CLIMATIC LIMITS IN THE UVAROVSKY DISTRICT." In Климатические изменения и сезонная динамика ландшафтов. Екатеринбург: [б.и.], 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26170/kfg-2021-12.
2
TONINELLI, FABIO. "(2 + 1)-DIMENSIONAL INTERFACE DYNAMICS: MIXING TIME, HYDRODYNAMIC LIMIT AND ANISOTROPIC KPZ GROWTH." In International Congress of Mathematicians 2018. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789813272880_0158.
3
Botros, Kamal K., Andrew Hawryluk, and Dmitry Ryapolov. "Advances and Challenges in Purging Pipeline Sections: Field Measurements vs. 1D Purging Model." In 2020 13th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2020-9226.
Анотація:
Abstract Effective purging of air out of a pipeline section before commissioning by direct displacement with natural gas has been safely practiced for decades with the recognition that flammable interfacial mixing zone between the driving gas (behind) and the air (ahead) is inevitable. In cases when the purge velocity is below a threshold dictated by the gravity current velocity (defined in AGA Purging Principles and Practices, 2001), natural gas being lighter than air can in fact ride over air being the heavier gas and short circuit the flow path to the vent at the other end of the pipe section, thus trapping behind pockets of air that could potentially introduce risk of internal explosion with subsequent damage to the pipe section and pose a safety issue to field personnel. Therefore, maintaining the purge velocity above this threshold by a good margin has been a common practice in the purging procedure to-date. In fact, maintaining the purge velocity above the threshold can be controlled by the injection press or flow, where tools and dynamic purging models have been successfully developed and proven to be useful. However, AGA recommends that the drive purge gas pressure be limited to 689 kPag (100 psig) in the inlet purge line to the pipe section to avoid the risk of detonation. In some cases when the inlet purge line is relatively small compared to the main pipe section, this limit on the purge pressure would result in gas/air interfacial velocity much lower than the threshold velocity, hence stratification will occur. This paper provides insight into the possibility of increasing the purge pressure above AGA limit to avoid stratification, while conforming to the safety aspects related to detonation. A purge model is developed to overcome the shortcoming in AGA purge software that limits the purge pressure to maximum of 689 kPag (100 psig). Field trial was conducted to validate the model which demonstrated, as a proof of concept, a successful purge procedure with purge pressure = 5517 kPag (800 psig) in NPS 1.5 purge line to purge nitrogen out of NPS 42, 5.8 km section of a pipeline.
4
Al Humeid, Mohammed Mustafa Ali, Abdullah Khalfan Salim Al Musalhi, Salim Hamed Thunaiyan Al Mawali, Vinay Kumar Sharma, Khalid Mohammed Sulaiman Al Jahdhami, and Ahmed Abdullah Nasib Al Hamer. "PDO's First Advanced Process Control Technology Optimizing Condensate & LPG Production." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211251-ms.
Анотація:
Abstract Condensate production needs to be stabilized before exporting it. True Vapor Pressure (TVP) is the standard measure for condensate volatility and is used for Condensate product specification. Petroleum Development Oman (PDO) exports condensate with a TVP limit below 100 kPa. Whenever the limit is violated, Condensate production is automatically diverted to an off-spec tank for re-processing to bring the TVP below the limit before exporting it. Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) is also produced from the volatile condensate with C3 mol% and C5+ mole% specification limits below 18% and 2% respectively. Optimum operation is a point where condensate production is maximized up to the TVP specification limit at the expense of LPG production, and LPG production is maximized up to the specification limits at the expense of flash gas production. The higher the TVP the higher the condensate production, and the higher the C3% the higher the LPG production. However, due to complex process dynamics (excessive time delays between causes and effects) and limitations of the base-layer control systems (the standard setup used in PDO) in dealing with such dynamics, it is practically impossible to continuously perform corrective setpoint changes by the operator. Therefore, the margin between the TVP maximum operating limit and the actual operating point was maintained conservatively at 80 kPa to absorb the variations in TVP without violating the limit and initiating offspec mode. Advanced Process Control (APC) is an established digital technology that has been deployed successfully in the process industry for decades to handle such scenarios and maximize the output of similar processes without violating any limits. The technology employs a predictive model of the process dynamics to anticipate changes before they happen and apply corrective actions proactively to maintain a steady and optimal operation. The feasibility study to implement APC for the condensate Stabilization System was concluded in December 2020 and showed that APC will yield an economic value. The APC application was then designed and commissioned in October 2021 with 100% in-house capabilities and have resulted in benefits in line with the estimations of the feasibility study. The success of APC implementation in PDO opens up the door to upstream specific applications to solve optimization challenges that were not possible to solve using existing standard control system (DCS). Figure 1 demonstrates the benefits gained from deploying APC for the Condensate Stabilization System. Figure 1 Demonstration of APC Benefits
5
Wohlers, Benedict, Jan Strüwer, Felix Schreckenberg, Felix Barczewicz, and Stefan Dziwok. "A Domain-independent Model for KPI-based Process Management." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001621.
Анотація:
Monitoring, assessing, and improving company processes is one of the most important and challenging tasks of management. Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) are a well-established means of assessing and managing company processes and performance. In previous publications, we transferred the concept of KPIs to mechatronic products. Here KPIs are calculated based on data generated within the production process. Thus, the KPIs provide information about the current condition of the production process and produced products and enable efficient product and process control. The basis of this approach is a KPI model, which enables the specification of company-specific products, product-specific KPIs, and limits. By structuring the KPIs as a hierarchical system, company goals can be expressed at different levels of abstraction through the KPIs and their limits. Thus, goals are assessable for stakeholders at all management levels, which eases communication and reporting. Furthermore, the hierarchical approach allows for a high degree of transparency regarding the monitored processes and potential bottlenecks. Underperforming KPIs can be explained in more detail by diving into subordinated KPIs, utilizing the provided hierarchy. In this paper, we present a revised, domain-independent version of our KPI model. The revised model allows the definition of company-specific processes, products, and data sources that can be linked to the KPIs. In addition, mechanisms have been implemented to add additional parallel or hierarchical company-related levels, such as teams or company sites. To illustrate this, we show the application of the model in two different domains: Supply chain management and software development. For supply chain management, we consider the supply of parts in the material procurement of a manufacturing company. To ensure smooth production, it is essential that the right components are available and, thus, the so-called Seven-Rights of logistics are guaranteed. At the same time, high availability with other target variables is tangential to high logistical efficiency in a company's procurement and production. In this paper, the component availability is considered as top-level KPI, which consists of subordinated KPIs such as the delivery quantity reliability or the delivery time announced by the supplier. Thus, increased component availability can be achieved and further information, such as supplier quality, can be derived and utilized.For software development, we utilize the KPI model to assess and guide a company's DevOps transformation. DevOps was inspired by agile approaches to manage and improve production processes, such as Lean or the Toyota Way. The DevOps transformation is difficult for most companies, as each company may have different reasons and goals associated with it. Some companies aim to increase their software deployment rate, while others focus on software stability and quality. To support companies with this complex task of changing their development process, as well as parts of their organization's culture, a flexible and unique model is needed. In our example, a DevOps maturity index, based on performance, quality, and organizational KPIs is introduced using our KPI model. Based on this index, the status of the DevOps transformation is monitored and the next steps for the transformation can be derived.
6
Akram, M. Zuhaib, Muhammad Aziz, Fanhua Ma, Yangbo Deng, M. Waqar Akram, and Ali Akhtar. "Combustion Characteristics of Iso-Octane/Hydrogen Flames under T and P Effects up to near Flammability Limits." In WCX SAE World Congress Experience. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-01-0333.
Анотація:
<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Lean combustion is an approach to achieving higher thermal efficiency for spark ignition engines. However, it faces low burning velocity and unstable combustion problems near the lean flammability limits region. The current work is attempting to investigate the combustion characteristics of iso-octane flame with 0% and 30% H<sub>2</sub> up to near lean limits (λ = 1.7) at 100-300 kPa and 393-453 K. The flame appeared spherically by 37 mJ spark energy at λ = 0.8-1.2, whereas the ultra-lean mixtures, λ ≥ 1.3, ignited at 3000 mJ under wrinkles and buoyancy effects. The impact of initial pressure and temperature on the lean mixture was stronger than the stoichiometric mixture regarding flame radius and diffusional-thermal instability. The buoyancy appeared at the highest burning velocity of 27.41 cm/s. The buoyancy region extended from λ = 1.5 to λ = 1.3 at 393 K, λ = 1.6 to λ= 1.4 at 423 K and λ = 1.7 to λ = 1.5 at 453 K with an increase in initial pressure (higher pressure, more λ under buoyancy effect), but initial temperature decreased the region from λ= 1.5 to λ = 1.7 at 100 kPa, λ = 1.4 to λ = 1.6 at 200 kPa and λ = 1.3 to λ = 1.5 at 300 kPa. OH mole fraction <7.6642×10<sup>-3</sup> for H<sub>2</sub> = 0% and <7.7765×10<sup>-3</sup> for H<sub>2</sub> = 30% required 3000 mJ for ignition at 393 K and 100 kPa, and buoyancy appeared at ≤4.8788×10<sup>-3</sup> for H<sub>2</sub> = 0% and ≤4.9547×10<sup>-3</sup> for H<sub>2</sub> = 30%.</div></div>
7
Ahmadian, Mehdi, and Anant Mohan. "Semiactive Control of Hunting Stability in Rail Vehicles." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-82617.
Анотація:
This paper discusses a methodology for improving hunting behavior in rail vehicles by semiactive control of suspension elements. This methodology focuses on increasing the critical velocity of hunting beyond the operational speed range. Earlier studies have shown that the critical velocity is most sensitive to the primary longitudinal stiffness, KPX. A higher primary longitudinal stiffness can significantly increase the critical hunting velocity of the rail vehicle. But, having high values of KPX is largely undesirable, since that would make the wheelset suspension very rigid. Any disturbance to the wheels due to imperfections in the rails will result in a forcing function in the equations of motion, thereby facilitating the transfer of the recurrent wheelset oscillations to the car body, leading to a poorer ride quality. As an alternative to using sustained high values of KPX throughout the ride, a semiactive approach has been attempted, whereby, a nominal value of KPX was assumed for the majority of the simulation time. On a need basis, this value was made to increase for limited portions of the oscillatory cycle. As an initial approach, the value of KPX was made to be a function of the wheelset lateral excursion. A moderate value of KPX was assumed for the duration of time that the wheelset lateral excursions were below a preset threshold value. Whenever the lateral displacement exceeded this threshold limit, the value of KPX was increased to 10 times the original value. It was thought that this approach would raise the critical hunting velocity, and drive the oscillations down towards the center. But simulation showed that this strategy barely improved the critical velocity. A subsequent approach was to make the value of KPX a function of the wheelset yaw displacement instead. This approach yielded a significant improvement in the critical velocity.
8
Palenčárová, Jana, Lasha Abuladze, and Jana Blštáková. "Goal Setting and KPI Measurement As Tools for Broader Use of Online Gamification." In EDAMBA 2021 : 24th International Scientific Conference for Doctoral Students and Post-Doctoral Scholars. University of Economics in Bratislava, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53465/edamba.2021.9788022549301.369-382.
Анотація:
Gamification is used in various HR areas since the 90s. With technologically savvy generations coming to workplace gamification importance as learning, motivation and communication tools shall be growing. However, its spread across industries and its intensity of use is limited so far. The lack of measurement, publication and comparison of gamification outcomes and effectiveness in reaching its goals may be burden for management in gamification implementation. In the article, we describe situation, when gamification is used to present new employers value proposition (EVP) to potential candidates as a HR tool. Using goals and KPIs in measuring impact of the gamification helps to evaluate impact of the tool and may help HR to justify its use in front of the company management in future as well. To conduct the research, we chose management best practice in goals setting and KPI measurement. Further, on case study “Online EVP gamification of New Generation Hospital” we prove that using gamification goals and KPIs gives management answers regarding its effectiveness. The conclusions expand the knowledge about measuring the effectiveness of online gamification.
9
Fekpe, Edward S. K., and Moustafa El-Gindy. "Influence of Trailer Tandem-Axle Versus Tridem-Axle on Pavement Damage and Dynamic Performance." In ASME 1996 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1996-0327.
Анотація:
Abstract This paper reports a study on the effect of a semitrailer’s axle arrangements, tandem-axle versus tridem-axle, on dynamic performance and pavement damage potential of tractor semitrailers. Generally, dynamic performance properties of both tandem and tridem axles tend to deteriorate with increasing axle spread and maximum axle weight limit. Friction demand in particular is sensitive to tridem axle spread. There are maximum spreads and weight limits for both tridem and tandem axles to satisfy the dynamic performance measures. Tridem axle spreads between 2.4m and 3.6m and weight limits less than or equal to 27000kg satisfy the current dynamic performance criteria. Tandem axle spread less than 2.4m and weight less than 20000kg exhibit adequate dynamic performance properties. In the transportation of dense commodities, it is operationally more efficient to use semitrailers with a tridem axle than one with a tandem axle for gross vehicle weights less than 48,000 kg (i.e. tridem axle spread around 3.6m and maximum weight of about 25000 kg). Relative to the tandem axle, operational performance is greatly improved with the tridem trailer axle.
10
Adera, Solomon, Rishi Raj, and Evelyn N. Wang. "Capillary-Limited Evaporation From Well-Defined Microstructured Surfaces." In ASME 2013 4th International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnhmt2013-22120.
Анотація:
Thermal management is increasingly becoming a bottleneck for a variety of high power density applications such as integrated circuits, solar cells, microprocessors, and energy conversion devices. The performance and reliability of these devices are usually limited by the rate at which heat can be removed from the device footprint, which averages well above 100 W/cm2 (locally this heat flux can exceed 1000 W/cm2). State-of-the-art air cooling strategies which utilize the sensible heat are insufficient at these large heat fluxes. As a result, novel thermal management solutions such as via thin-film evaporation that utilize the latent heat of vaporization of a fluid are needed. The high latent heat of vaporization associated with typical liquid-vapor phase change phenomena allows significant heat transfer with small temperature rise. In this work, we demonstrate a promising thermal management approach where square arrays of cylindrical micropillar arrays are used for thin-film evaporation. The microstructures control the liquid film thickness and the associated thermal resistance in addition to maintaining a continuous liquid supply via the capillary pumping mechanism. When the capillary-induced liquid supply mechanism cannot deliver sufficient liquid for phase change heat transfer, the critical heat flux is reached and dryout occurs. This capillary limitation on thin-film evaporation was experimentally investigated by fabricating well-defined silicon micropillar arrays using standard contact photolithography and deep reactive ion etching. A thin film resistive heater and thermal sensors were integrated on the back side of the test sample using e-beam evaporation and acetone lift-off. The experiments were carried out in a controlled environmental chamber maintained at the water saturation pressure of ≈3.5 kPa and ≈25 °C. We demonstrated significantly higher heat dissipation capability in excess of 100 W/cm2. These preliminary results suggest the potential of thin-film evaporation from microstructured surfaces for advanced thermal management applications.
Звіти організацій з теми "Limite KPg":
1
Szydagis, Matthew Mark. Dark matter limits froma 15 kg windowless bubble chamber. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1007269.
2
Sharon, Amir, and Maor Bar-Peled. Identification of new glycan metabolic pathways in the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea and their role in fungus-plant interactions. United States Department of Agriculture, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597916.bard.
Анотація:
The involvement of glycans in microbial adherence, recognition and signaling is often a critical determinant of pathogenesis. Although the major glycan components of fungal cell walls have been identified there is limited information available on its ‘minor sugar components’ and how these change during different stages of fungal development. Our aim was to define the role of Rhacontaining-glycans in the gray mold disease caused by the necrotrophic fungus B. cinerea. The research was built on the discovery of two genes, Bcdhand bcer, that are involved in formation of UDP-KDG and UDP-Rha, two UDP- sugars that may serve as donors for the synthesis of cell surface glycans. Objectives of the proposed research included: 1) To determine the function of B. cinereaBcDh and BcEr in glycan biosynthesis and in pathogenesis, 2) To determine the expression pattern of BcDH and BcERand cellular localization of their encoded proteins, 3) Characterize the structure and distribution of Rha- containing glycans, 4) Characterization of the UDP-sugar enzymes and potential of GTs involved in glycanrhamnosylation. To address these objectives we generated a series of B. cinereamutants with modifications in the bchdhand bcergenes and the phenotype and sugar metabolism in the resulting strains were characterized. Analysis of sugar metabolites showed that changes in the genes caused changes in primary and secondary sugars, including abolishment of rhamnose, however abolishment of rhamnose synthesis did not cause changes in the fungal phenotype. In contrast, we found that deletion of the second gene, bcer, leads to accumulation of the intermediate sugar – UDP- KDG, and that such mutants suffer from a range of defects including reduced virulence. Further analyses confirmed that UDP-KDG is toxic to the fungus. Studies on mode of action suggested that UDP-KDG might affect integrity of the fungal cell wall, possibly by inhibiting UDP-sugars metabolic enzymes. Our results confirm that bcdhand bcerrepresent a single pathway of rhamnose synthesis in B. cinerea, that rhamnose does not affect in vitro development or virulence of the fungus. We also concluded that UDP-KDG is toxic to B. cinereaand hence UDP-KDG or compounds that inhibit Er enzymes and lead to accumulation of UDP-KDG might have antifungal activity. This toxicity is likely the case with other fungi, this became apparent in a collaborative work with Prof. Bart Thomma of Wageningen University, NETHERLANDS . We have shown the deletion of ER mutant in Verticillium dahlia gave plants resistance to the fungal infection.
3
Mintz, K. J. The explosibility of three canadian coal dusts. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331786.
Анотація:
Explosibility measurements on coal dusts from the Cape Breton Development Corporation's Lingan Mine, TransAlta's Highvale Mine and the Quintette Mine in B.C. have been carried out along with some tests on Pittsburgh Standard coal dust. The Quintette coal dust would not explode in the classical Hartmann apparatus, but did explode in the new 20-L vessel using a more powerful ignition source. The minimum explosible concentrations of the Lingan, Highvale and Pittsburgh coal dusts were all about the same (40 - 45 mg/L), that of the Quintette was higher (140 mg/L). The difference may be attributed to the much greater mean particle size of the Quintette dust. The explosion pressures (in kPa) were: Highvale, 600, Pittsburgh, 520, Lingan, 510, and Quintette, 440. The minimum oxygen concentrations required for explosions were (in % oxygen): Highvale 10.4, Lingan 10.5, and Quintette 14. The minimum ignition temperatures of dust clouds were (in °C): Highvale 510, Lingan 600, Quintette 620 and Pittsburgh 620. Further work is required to reconcile limit values.
4
Maycock, Barry, Cath Mulholland, Emma French, and Joseph Shavila. Rapid Risk Assessment: What is the risk from microcystins in the edible flesh of fish caught from Lough Neagh? Food Standards Agency, March 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.slz868.
Анотація:
During the Summer and Autumn of 2023, Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland was affected by a cyanobacterial bloom. Testing of water from within the bloom reported high concentrations of one type of cyanobacterial toxin, microcystins. Samples were taken from the Lough of eels, roach, perch, pollan and bream and tested for a range of cyanobacterial toxins, including microcystins, nodularins, anatoxin, cylindrospermopsin and saxitoxin. Each sample comprised 10 fish, and five samples were taken of each species, except for bream for which a single sample was collected. The fish were dissected and the edible flesh, intestine, liver, roe, gonad and/or gills analysed separately. Microcystins were detected at a range of concentrations in the various parts of the fish that were sampled - intestine, liver, roe and/or gills, but were not detected in the edible flesh of any of the fish samples. Averaged across the samples, the highest concentrations of microcystins were quantified in the intestine samples, followed by the liver samples, with low concentrations were detected in the gills and a small number of the samples of gonads and roe. None of the other toxins were detected in any fish sample. The initial analysis for microcystins was of free toxins only. However, there is evidence that microcystins which are covalently bound to proteins are also bioavailable and therefore 22 fish tissue samples, including nine fish flesh samples, were also sent to another laboratory where they were analysed by a method which measures the total concentrations of microcystins, free and protein-bound. The viscera tissue samples chosen for the further analysis were those with the highest concentrations of the free toxins, while the fish flesh samples included 2-3 samples each of eels, roach, pollan and perch. The concentrations of total microcystins found in viscera samples were around one order of magnitude higher than the concentrations of free microcystins that had been measured. However, microcystins were still not detected in the edible fish flesh samples. It is possible that microcystins were not present at any level in any of the fish flesh samples. However, the presence of microcystins in the edible flesh of fish has been reported in the scientific literature, albeit at lower levels than those in the gastrointestinal tract or other parts of the viscera such as liver (Testai et al., 2016). Since microcystins were detected in other parts of the fish sampled from Lough Neagh it is also possible that they were also present in the fish flesh but at levels below the limits of detection of the analytical methods. The limit of detection of the analytical method for total (free + bound) microcystins was 10 µg/kg wet weight. An upper bound dietary exposure assessment was conducted. While a lower bound exposure assessment would assume the microcystins were not present in the edible flesh, i.e. a concentration of 0 µg/kg, the upper bound approach assumed they were present at the limit of detection of 10 µg/kg. The true concentrations may be between these levels. The exposure assessments consider high consumers of fish (97.5th percentile). For eels, consumption data were used from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS). For roach, perch, pollan and bream. No consumption data were available from the NDNS and consumption data for trout were used instead as a proxy. The main target organ for toxicity of the microcystins is the liver, though other organs may also be affected. The microcystin most studied toxicologically is microcystin-LR, which is one of the most common microcystins. A WHO review established a provisional tolerable daily intake (TDI) for microcystin-LR of 0.04 µg per kg bodyweight (bw). WHO recommended that exposures to total microcystins should be compared to this provisional TDI, though there is uncertainty with this as individual microcystins are likely to differ significantly in their toxic potencies. Estimated dietary exposures of total microcystins were all within the provisional TDI, indicating no health concern from consuming the edible flesh of these species. Since fish may be caught and prepared for consumption not only by food business operators but by recreational anglers, concern has been raised that evisceration may be incomplete or the edible flesh may become contaminated in the process, and therefore this was also considered in the risk assessment. This was based on the sample of fish which contained the highest concentration of total microcystins in a viscera component, which was a sample of roach with a particularly high concentration of microcystins in intestine. It was assumed that 10% of the relative proportion of intestine to flesh in the fish would be inadvertently consumed with the flesh. In this scenario, dietary exposures would be within the provisional TDI in most age groups or would marginally exceed the TDI, but this would not be toxicologically significant. In addition, since this exposure scenario used an upper bound approach to the concentration in flesh, and used the highest concentration in any viscera sample, it is not clear that there would be any exceedance of the provisional TDI in practice. Overall, it appears unlikely that consumers will substantially exceed the provisional TDI on a long-term basis due to incomplete evisceration of fish. Overall, exposure to microcystins from eating the edible flesh of the tested fish species would not be expected to cause adverse effects in consumers, including if the fish is inadequately eviscerated. Therefore, we consider the frequency of adverse reactions in the general population to be negligible, so rare that it does not merit to be included. Based on the possible levels of exposure to microcystins from fish from Lough Neagh, it is considered that any liver injury, were it to occur in consumers of fish, would result from long term exposure and be mild. Overall, we consider the severity of illness that could potentially occur as a result of exposure to microcystins from consuming edible fish flesh from Lough Neagh to be medium (i.e. moderate illness, incapacitating but not usually life-threatening and of moderate duration). We consider the level of uncertainty to be medium (i.e. there are some but no complete data available), but that this does not affect the conclusion of the risk assessment since many of the key uncertainties are addressed within the risk assessment. However, future monitoring would be useful to assess whether microcystin concentrations in the fish change over time.
5
Avis, William. Drivers, Barriers and Opportunities of E-waste Management in Africa. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.016.
Анотація:
Population growth, increasing prosperity and changing consumer habits globally are increasing demand for consumer electronics. Further to this, rapid changes in technology, falling prices and consumer appetite for better products have exacerbated e-waste management challenges and seen millions of tons of electronic devices become obsolete. This rapid literature review collates evidence from academic, policy focussed and grey literature on e-waste management in Africa. This report provides an overview of constitutes e-waste, the environmental and health impacts of e-waste, of the barriers to effective e-waste management, the opportunities associated with effective e-waste management and of the limited literature available that estimate future volumes of e-waste. Africa generated a total of 2.9 million Mt of e-waste, or 2.5 kg per capita, the lowest regional rate in the world. Africa’s e-waste is the product of Local and imported Sources of Used Electronic and Electrical Equipment (UEEE). Challenges in e-waste management in Africa are exacerbated by a lack of awareness, environmental legislation and limited financial resources. Proper disposal of e-waste requires training and investment in recycling and management technology as improper processing can have severe environmental and health effects. In Africa, thirteen countries have been identified as having a national e-waste legislation/policy.. The main barriers to effective e-waste management include: Insufficient legislative frameworks and government agencies’ lack of capacity to enforce regulations, Infrastructure, Operating standards and transparency, illegal imports, Security, Data gaps, Trust, Informality and Costs. Aspirations associated with energy transition and net zero are laudable, products associated with these goals can become major contributors to the e-waste challenge. The necessary wind turbines, solar panels, electric car batteries, and other "green" technologies require vast amounts of resources. Further to this, at the end of their lifetime, they can pose environmental hazards. An example of e-waste associated with energy transitions can be gleaned from the solar power sector. Different types of solar power cells need to undergo different treatments (mechanical, thermal, chemical) depending on type to recover the valuable metals contained. Similar issues apply to waste associated with other energy transition technologies. Although e-waste contains toxic and hazardous metals such as barium and mercury among others, it also contains non-ferrous metals such as copper, aluminium and precious metals such as gold and copper, which if recycled could have a value exceeding 55 billion euros. There thus exists an opportunity to convert existing e-waste challenges into an economic opportunity.
6
Dubcovsky, Jorge, Tzion Fahima, and Ann Blechl. Positional cloning of a gene responsible for high grain protein content in tetraploid wheat. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7695875.bard.
Анотація:
High Grain Protein Content (GPC) is a desirable trait in breadmaking and pasta wheat varieties because of its positive effects on quality and nutritional value. However, selection for GPC is limited by our poor understanding of the genes involved in the accumulation of protein in the grain. The long-term goal of this project is to provide a better understanding of the genes controlling GPC in wheat. The specific objectives of this project were: a) to develop a high-density genetic map of the GPC gene in tetraploid wheat, b) to construct a T. turgidum Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library, c) to construct a physical map of the GPC gene and identify a candidate for the GPC gene. A gene with a large effect on GPC was detected in Triticum turgidum var. dicoccoides and was previously mapped in the short arm of chromosome 6B. To define better the position of the Gpc-B1 locus we developed homozygous recombinant lines with recombination events within the QTL region. Except for the 30-cM region of the QTL these RSLs were isogenic for the rest of the genome minimizing the genetic variability. To minimize the environmental variability the RSLs were characterized using 10 replications in field experiments organized in a Randomized Complete Block Design, which were repeated three times. Using this strategy, we were able to map this QTL as a single Mendelian locus (Gpc-B1) on a 2.6-cM region flanked by RFLP markers Xcdo365 and Xucw67. All three experiments showed that the lines carrying the DIC allele had an average absolute increase in GPC of 14 g/kg. Using the RFLP flanking markers, we established the microcolinearity between a 2.l-cM region including the Gpc-B1 gene in wheat chromosome 6BS and a 350-kb region on rice chromosome 2. Rice genes from this region were used to screen the Triticeae EST collection, and these ESTs were used to saturate the Gpc-B1 region with molecular markers. With these new markers we were able to map the Gpc-B1 locus within a 0.3-cM region flanked by PCR markers Xucw83 and Xucw71. These flanking markers defined a 36-kb colinear region with rice, including one gene that is a potential candidate for the Gpc-B1 gene. To develop a physical map of the Gpc-B1 region in wheat we first constructed a BAC library of tetraploid wheat, from RSL#65 including the high Gpc-B1 allele. We generated half- million clones with an average size of l3l-kb (5.1 X genome equivalents for each of the two genomes). This coverage provides a 99.4% probability of recovering any gene from durum wheat. We used the Gpc-BI flanking markers to screen this BAC library and then completed the physical map by chromosome walking. The physical map included two overlapping BACs covering a region of approximately 250-kb, including two flanking markers and the Gpc-B1 gene. Efforts are underway to sequence these two BACs to determine if additional wheat genes are present in this region. Weare also developing new RSLs to further dissect this region. We developed PCR markers for flanking loci Xucw79andXucw71 to facilitate the introgression of this gene in commercial varieties by marker assisted selection (httQ://maswheat.ucdavis.edu/ orotocols/HGPC/index.hlm). Using these markers we introgressed the Gpc-B1 gene in numerous pasta and common wheat breeding lines.