Книги: "Limitation des mandats"

1

Miron, Jeffrey A. U.S. Fiscal Imbalance. Washington, D.C: Cato Institute Press, 2016.

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2

New Jersey. Legislature. Senate. Judiciary Committee. Public hearing before Senate Judiciary Committee: Senate bill No. 2627 (codifies the "discovery rule" for certain actions for asbestos or lead contamination for statute of limitations purposes) : October 4, 1990, room 424, State House Annex, Trenton, New Jersey. Trenton, N.J: The Committee, 1990.

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3

Government, New Jersey Legislature General Assembly Committee on State. Public hearing before Assembly State Government Committee: ACR-97 (a proposed amendment to the State Constitution which would require the state government to pay for the costs of any new or expanded programs or services that it mandates upon counties and municipalities) : April 25, 1988, Room 368, State House Annex, Trenton, New Jersey. Trenton, N.J. (State House Annex, CN 068, Trenton 08625): The Unit, 1988.

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4

Committee, New Jersey Legislature Senate Judiciary. Public hearing before Senate Judiciary Committee: Review of racial profiling. Trenton, N.J. (State House Annex, PO BOX 068, Trenton 08625-0068): Senate Judiciary Committee, 2001.

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5

Committee, New Jersey Legislature Senate Judiciary. Public hearing before Senate Judiciary Committee: Senate concurrent resolution no. 48, Senate joint resolution no. 18, Assembly concurrent resolution no. 20, and the Committee also discussed prison overcrowding. Trenton, N.J: The Committee, 1992.

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6

Committee, New Jersey Legislature Senate Judiciary. Public hearing before Senate Judiciary Committee: Assembly concurrent resolution no. 2 (2R) : proposes constitutional amendment to prohibit state from requiring county or municipality to perform new or expanded program or service without full state funding. Trenton, N.J. (162 W. State St., CN 068, Trenton 08625-00): The Committee, 1993.

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7

Committee, New Jersey Legislature Senate Judiciary. Public hearing before Senate Judiciary Committee: Senate bill no. 2363 ("Uniform Interstate Family Support Act") and ("New Jersey Child Support Program Improvement Act"). Trenton, N.J: The Committee, 1998.

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8

Committee, New Jersey Legislature Senate Judiciary. Public hearing before Senate Judiciary Committee: Senate concurrent resolution no. 103 (proposes amendment to the Constitution to permit wagering in person at casinos on the results of professional sports events). Trenton, N.J: The Committee, 1993.

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9

Committee, New Jersey Legislature Senate Judiciary. Public hearing before Senate Judiciary Committee: Inquiries into circumstances surrounding the release of Robert "Mudman" Simon. Trenton, N.J. (State House Annex, CN 068, Trenton 08625 ): The Committee, 1995.

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10

Committee, New Jersey Legislature Senate Judiciary. Public hearing before Senate Judiciary Committee: Senate bill nos. 161, 351, 573, and 866 : issues dealing with public access to government records : [March 9, 2000, Trenton, New Jersey]. Trenton, N.J: Office of Legislative Services, Public Information Office, Hearing Unit, 2000.

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11

New Jersey. Legislature. Senate. Judiciary Committee. Public hearing before Senate Judiciary Committee: Proposed Native American operated casino in Wildwood : [September 6, 1995, Atlantic City, New Jersey]. Trenton, N.J: Office of Legislative Services, Public Information Office, Hearing Unit, 1995.

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12

New Jersey. Legislature. Senate. Judiciary Committee. Public hearing before Senate Judiciary Committee: New Jersey's campaign finance laws. Trenton, N.J: The Committee, 1997.

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13

New Jersey. Legislature. Senate. Judiciary Committee. Public hearing before Senate Judiciary Committee: Senate concurrent resolution no. 58 (1R), provides for the transfer of certain judicial and probation costs from the county to the state by July 1, 1997; and Senate concurrent resolution no. 50, proposes amendment to the Constitution to permit wagering in person at casinos on the results of sports events. Trenton, N.J: The Committee, 1992.

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14

New Jersey. Legislature. Senate. Judiciary Committee. Public hearing before Senate Judiciary Committee: Senate bill no. 276, Senate bill no. 480, Senate bill no. 2080, Senate bill no. 2101, Assembly bill no. 2716, Senate bill no. 2748, Assembly bill no. 2772, Assembly bill no. 2521 (bills concerning parole eligibility for convicted murderers) : January 12, 1989, Room 424, State House Annex, Trenton, New Jersey. Trenton, N.J: The Committee, 1989.

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15

New Jersey. Legislature. Senate. Judiciary Committee. Public hearing before Senate Judiciary Committee: Senate bill no. 1585, proposes several changes to the laws governing prostitution, and discussion on the topic of compulsive gambling. Trenton, N.J. (State House Annex, CN 068, Trenton 08625): Office of Legislative Services, Public Information Office, Hearing Unit, 1993.

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16

New Jersey. Legislature. Senate. Judiciary Committee. Public hearing before Senate Judiciary Committee: Senate bill no. 1751 (permits counties to seek reimbursements from inmates and health insurers for medical services provided in county jails) : hearing recorded and transcribed by the Office of Legislative Services, Public Information Office, Hearing Unit. Trenton, N.J: The Committee, 1995.

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17

New Jersey. Legislature. Senate. Judiciary Committee. Public hearing before Senate Judiciary Committee: Senate bill no. 2026 (transfers the Bureau of Parole in the Department of Corrections to the State Parole Board). Trenton, N.J. (State House Annex, Trenton 08625-0068): The Committee, 2001.

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18

New Jersey. Legislature. Senate. Judiciary Committee. Public hearing before Senate Judiciary Committee: Senate bill nos. 1116, 1231, 1232, 1233, 1400, and Assembly bill nos. 39, 41, 38, 42, 40, 1056 (legislation dealing with crimes relating to child pornography). Trenton, N.J: The Committee, 1994.

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19

New Jersey. Legislature. Senate. Judiciary Committee. Public hearing before Senate Judiciary Committee: To discuss the operations of municipal housing authorities in New Jersey. Trenton, N.J: The Committee, 1992.

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20

New Jersey. Legislature. Senate. Judiciary Committee. Public hearing before Senate Judiciary Committee: Initiative and referendum : Rutherford Borough Hall, Rutherford, New Jersey, March 23, 1993, 10:00 a.m. Trenton, N.J: The Hearing Unit, 1993.

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21

New Jersey. Legislature. Senate. Judiciary Committee. Public hearing before Senate Judiciary Committee: Implementation of Megan's Law. Trenton, N.J: The Committee, 1995.

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22

New Jersey. Legislature. Senate. Judiciary Committee. Public hearing before Senate Judiciary Committee: To review allegations of racial profiling by the New Jersey State Police. Trenton, N.J: The Committee, 1999.

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23

New Jersey. Legislature. Senate. Judiciary Committee. Public hearing before Senate Judiciary Committee: Juvenile auto theft. Trenton, N.J: The Committee, 1992.

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24

New Jersey. Legislature. Senate. Judiciary Committee. Public hearing before Senate Judiciary Committee: State and federal regulations affecting the Pinelands area. Trenton, N.J. (162 W. State St., CN 068, Trenton 08625-0068): Office of Legislative Services, Public Information Office, Hearing Unit, 1993.

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25

New Jersey. Legislature. Senate. Judiciary Committee. Public hearing before Senate Judiciary Committee: Testimony on New Jersey's parole system. Trenton, N.J: The Committee, 1995.

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26

New Jersey. Legislature. Senate. Judiciary Committee. Public hearing before Senate Judiciary Committee: The nomination interview of Christopher J. Daggett to be Commissioner of the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection : February 9, 1989, Room 424, State House Annex, Trenton, New Jersey. Trenton, N.J. (State House Annex, CN 068, Trenton 08625): The Committee, 1989.

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27

New Jersey. Legislature. Senate. Judiciary Committee. Public hearing before Senate Judiciary Committee: Testimony regarding the Seaman case and handling of sexual harassment complaints against judges. Trenton, N.J. (162 W. State St., CN 068, Trenton 08625-0068): The Committee, 1993.

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28

Demaye-Simoni, Patricia, ed. Le renforcement de la limitation du cumul des mandats et des fonctions. Artois Presses Université, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/books.apu.23715.

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29

Heiner, Bielefeldt, Ghanea Nazila, and Wiener Michael. Freedom of Religion or Belief. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198703983.001.0001.

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Violations of religious freedom and violence committed in the name of religion grab our attention on a daily basis. Freedom of religion or belief is a key human right: the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, numerous conventions, declarations, and soft law standards include specific provisions on freedom of religion or belief. The 1981 Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief has been interpreted since 1986 by the mandate of the UN Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief. Special Rapporteurs (for example those on racism, freedom of expression, minority issues, and cultural rights) and Treaty Bodies (for example the Human Rights Committee, Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, and the Committee on the Rights of the Child) have also elaborated on freedom of religion or belief in the context of their respective mandates. This Commentary looks at the international provisions for the protection of freedom of religion or belief, considering how they are interpreted by various United Nations Special Procedures and Treaty Bodies. Structured around the thematic categories of the United Nations Special Rapporteur’s framework for communications, the Commentary analyses, for example, the limitations on the wearing of religious symbols and the situations of women, detainees, refugees, children, minorities, and migrants, through a combination of scholarly expertise and practical experience.

30

Dame Rosalyn, DBE, QC, Higgins, Webb Philippa, Akande Dapo, Sivakumaran Sandesh, and Sloan James. Part 3 The United Nations: What it Does, 23 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198808312.003.0023.

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The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) was established by the General Assembly in 1950. UNHCR was initially created for a provisional period of three years, its being provided in the Statute that the arrangements for the Office were to be revisited at the eighth regular session of the General Assembly ‘with a view to determining whether the Office should be continued beyond 31 December 1953’. Between 1953 and 2003, the mandate of the UNHCR was extended periodically, for a period of five years at a time, making it more difficult for it to engage in long-term planning of its work. Only in 2004 did the General Assembly remove the temporal limitation attached to the UNHCR, authorizing the continuation of the Office ‘until the refugee problem is solved’. This chapter discusses the UNHCR’s position within the UN system, its structure, location, mandate, and role.

31

Burris, Scott, Micah L. Berman, Matthew Penn, and, and Tara Ramanathan Holiday. Choosing a Legal Approach. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190681050.003.0006.

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This chapter reviews legal approaches that can be used to promote public health and address specific health problems. Legal approaches include prohibiting or mandating conduct and creating and enforcing licensing and permitting schemes. The chapter also discusses increasing the costs of unhealthy conduct through taxes or litigation and incentivizing healthy conduct through loans, grants, and tax credits. Legal approaches to public health challenges can also be addressed by changing the informational environment with labeling requirements or reporting mandates or modifying the built environment through zoning or Complete Streets policies. The chapter also identifies potential constitutional and practical limitations to each approach.

32

Hardt, Heidi. Lessons in Failure. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190672171.003.0001.

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Chapter 1 introduces the subject of institutional memory of strategic errors, discusses why it matters for international organizations (IOs) that engage in crisis management and reviews the book’s argument, competing explanations and methodological approach. One strategic error in the mandate or planning of an operation can increase the likelihood of casualties on the battlefield. Knowledge of past errors can help prevent future ones. The chapter explores an empirical puzzle; there remain key differences between how one expects IOs to learn and observed behavior. Moreover, scholars have largely treated institutional memory as a given without explaining how it develops. From relevant scholarship, the chapter identifies limitations of three potential explanations. The chapter then introduces a new argument for how IOs develop institutional memory. Subsequent sections describe research design and explain why NATO is selected as the domain of study. Last, the chapter identifies major contributions to literature and describes the book’s structure.

33

Firestone, Bernard J. U Thant, 1961–1971. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198748915.003.0004.

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U Thant assumed the position of Acting Secretary-General with the office under assault from the Soviet Union, Cold War tensions escalating, and the UN mired in an inconclusive peacekeeping mission in the Congo. Ten years later, Thant retired from the Secretary-Generalship with the integrity of the office having been preserved but with the powers of the Secretary-General significantly reduced. Thant acknowledged the limitations of a Security Council divided by Cold War rivalries and subject to the veto of the permanent members, but he also subscribed to the view that the Charter granted him the authority to engage in diplomacy without a specific Security Council or General Assembly mandate. By examining the peacekeeping record of the UN during Thant’s ten years in office, this chapter will trace the evolution of a UN and Secretary-General significantly more modest in ambition and international profile than the UN of Thant’s predecessor. In the process, the chapter will explore aspects of Thant’s personality, world view, and conception of the office.

34

Smith, Holly M. Assessing the Hybrid Solution. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199560080.003.0013.

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Chapter 13 completes the development and assessment of the Hybrid approach. Final developments involve introducing the concept of an action’s being “decision-mandated,” redefining “subjective obligatoriness” using this concept, and requiring (in order to avoid reemergence of the moral laundry list) that rankings of the guides at all levels be modally robust relative to the governing Code C. Nonetheless some agents may experience forms of sophisticated uncertainty about which act should be chosen according to this Constrained Standards Hybrid approach. In such cases, hopefully rare, there is no subjectively obligatory act and there is no way for the agent to indirectly apply her moral theory. Even so, the Constrained Standards Hybrid approach appears to be the best solution to the problems of error and uncertainty despite the fact that it cannot wholly solve the epistemic limitations that agents may confront.

35

Joseph, Oliver. Independence in Electoral Management: Electoral Processes Primer 1. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2021.103.

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Elections are the cornerstone of democratic political processes, serving as a mechanism for political parties or candidates to compete for public office under equal conditions before the electorate. For an election to be credible, the competition must be fair, requiring impartial management of the process. As described in International IDEA’s Handbook on Electoral Management Design (Catt et al. 2014), electoral management bodies (EMBs) are the state institution or institutions established and mandated to organize or, in some instances, supervise the essential (or core) elements of this process. This Primer focuses on the establishment of EMBs as institutions normatively, structurally and functionally independent from government. It examines the benefits and limitations of the legal and institutional framework, governance structure, remit, autonomy over their resources, and contextual approaches that facilitate their functional independence, applicable to different legal and political contexts. The Primer discusses EMB independence and EMB relations with all stakeholders engaged in an electoral process at the national level.

36

Gellert, Raphaël. The Risk-Based Approach to Data Protection. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198837718.001.0001.

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The main goal of this book is to provide an understanding of what is commonly referred to as “the risk-based approach to data protection”. An expression that came to the fore during the overhaul process of the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)—even though it can also be found in other statutes under different acceptations. At its core it consists in endowing the regulated organisation that process personal data with increased responsibility for complying with data protection mandates. Such increased compliance duties are performed through risk management tools. It addresses this topic from various perspectives. In framing the risk-based approach as the latest model of a series of regulation models, the book provides an analysis of data protection law from the perspective of regulation theory as well as risk and risk management literatures, and their mutual interlinkages. Further, it provides an overview of the policy developments that led to the adoption of such an approach, which it discusses in the light of regulation theory. It also includes various discussions pertaining to the risk-based approach’s scope and meaning, to the way it has been uptaken in statutes including key provisions such as accountability and data protection impact assessments, or to its potential and limitations. Finally, it analyses how the risk-based approach can be implemented in practice by providing technical analyses of various data protection risk management methodologies.

37

Sandler, Willeke. Empire in the Heimat. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190697907.001.0001.

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With the end of the First World War, Germany became a “postcolonial” power. The Treaty of Versailles in 1919 transformed Germany’s overseas colonies in Africa and the Pacific into League of Nations Mandates, administered by other powers. Yet a number of Germans rejected this “postcolonial” status, arguing instead that Germany was simply an interrupted colonial power and would soon reclaim these territories. With the Nazi seizure of power in 1933, irredentism seemed once again on the agenda, and these colonialist advocates actively and loudly promoted their colonial cause in the Third Reich. Examining the domestic activities of these colonialist lobbying organizations, Empire in the Heimat demonstrates the continued place of overseas colonialism in shaping German national identity after the end of formal empire. In the Third Reich, the Deutsche Kolonialgesellschaft and the Reichskolonialbund framed Germans as having a particular aptitude for colonialism and the overseas territories as a German Heimat. As such, they sought to give overseas colonialism renewed meaning for both the present and the future of Nazi Germany. They brought this message to the German public through countless publications, exhibitions, rallies, lectures, photographs, and posters. Their public activities were met with a mix of occasional support, ambivalence, or even outright opposition from some Nazi officials, who privileged the Nazi regime’s European territorial goals over colonialists’ overseas goals. Colonialists’ ability to navigate this obstruction and intervention reveals both the limitations and the spaces available in the public sphere under Nazism for such “special interest” discourses.

38

Link, Kurt. The Vaccine Controversy. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216031611.

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While millions of Americans receive vaccinations each year, a vocal segment of the population is opposed to all immunizations—some even refusing to get mandated vaccinations for their children. In The Vaccine Controversy, Dr. Kurt Link—a specialist in internal medicine—explores that paradox and provides a history of vaccine development, including such possible future vaccines as those being developed in the hope of immunizing against HIV. A strong supporter of vaccination programs, Link explains the immune system and how it works, as well as outlining the various types of vaccines (including the efficacy and potential toxicity of each). Appendices spell out current medical recommendations for vaccines, describe the legal issues involved in decisions to vaccinate or not, and explain the workings of clinical trials where work is done to determine if a vaccine is effective or not, or has any remarkable side effects. Millions of Americans are vaccinated each year, whether they are elders looking to avoid bouts of influenza or children whose parents want to protect them from potentially deadly childhood diseases. Still, there remains a vocal segment of the population in opposition to all immunization, some even refusing to get mandated vaccinations for their children. Here, a specialist of internal medicine explores that paradox. Dr. Link explains the immune system and how it works, as well as the history of vaccine development, and the various types of vaccines including the efficacy and potential toxicity of each. A physician for more than 35 years, Link also spotlights possible future vaccines, such as those being developed in the hope of immunizing against HIV. Appendices to this work spell out current medical recommendations for vaccines, describe the legal issues involved in decisions to vaccinate or not, and explain the workings of clinical trials where work is done to determine if a vaccine is effective or not, or has any remarkable side effects. A strong supporter of vaccination programs, Link says that all people should understand the powers, limitations and risk of immunization.

39

Anderson, Greg. The Realness of Things Past. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190886646.001.0001.

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The book proposes a new paradigm of historical practice. It questions the way we conventionally historicize the experiences of non-modern peoples, western and non-western, and makes a case for an alternative. It shows how our standard analytical devices impose modern, dualist metaphysical conditions upon all non-modern realities, thereby authorizing us to align those realities with our own modern ontological commitments, fundamentally altering their contents in the process. The net result is a practice that homogenizes the past’s many different ways of being human. To produce histories that are more ethically defensible, more philosophically robust, and more historically meaningful, we need to take an ontological turn in our practice. We need to cultivate a non-dualist historicism that will allow us to analyse each past reality on its own ontological terms, as a more or less autonomous world unto itself. The work is divided into three parts. To highlight the limitations of conventional historicist analysis and the need for an alternative, Part One (chapters 1-5) critically scrutinizes our standard modern accounts of the politeia (“way of life”) of classical Athens, the book’s primary case study. Part Two (chapters 6-9) draws on a wide range of historical, ethnographic, and theoretical literatures to frame ethical and philosophical mandates for the proposed ontological turn. To illustrate the historical benefits of this alternative paradigm, Part Three (chapters 10-16) then shows how it allows us to produce an entirely new and more meaningful account of the Athenian politeia. The book is expressly written to be accessible to a non-specialist, cross-disciplinary readership.

Книги з теми "Limitation des mandats"

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