Книги: "LIM Protein"

1

Nikolaevich, Avdeev Boris, та Avdeeva Aleksandra Ivanovna, ред. Lik voĭny: Molodezhʹ v russkoĭ kontrrevoli͡u︡t͡s︡ii. Moskva: "Evrazii͡a︡ +", 2002.

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2

Khalīfah, ʻAbd al-Raʼūf. al-ʻĀlam al-sirrī lil-ḥarakāt al-iḥtijājīyah: Ruʼyah lil-wāqiʻ, Miṣr 2005-2013. al-Qāhirah: Samā lil-Nashr wa-al-Tawzīʻ, 2021.

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3

Sheng wu ji suan: Sheng wu xu lie de fen xi fang fa yu ying yong. Beijing: Ke xue chu ban she, 2010.

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4

al-Rabīʻ al-ʻArabī-- ilá ayna?: Ufuq jadīd lil-taghyīr al-dīmuqrāṭī. Bayrūt: Markaz Dirāsāt al-Waḥdah al-ʻArabīyah, 2011.

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5

Darwīsh, Marwān Muḥammad. al-Iḥtijāj al-Shīʻī fī Filasṭīn: Al-mustaqbal al-majhūl lil-muqāwamah ghayr al-musallaḥah. Bayrūt: Muʼassasat al-Dirāsāt al-Filasṭīnīyah, 2018.

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6

Rabīʻ al-mughaffalīn: Al-nihāyah al-mumanhajah lil-ʻArab fī (jiyū-stirātījīyah) ḥukūmat al-ʻālam al-jadīd. al-Qāhirah: Shams lil-Nashr wa-al-Tawzīʻ, 2014.

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7

al-Manẓūmah al-siyāsīyah lil-dawlah al-waṭanīyah wa-al-iḥtijājāt al-shaʻbīyah. al-Qāhirah: Dār al-Ḥikmah Ṭibaʻah wa-al-Nashr wa-al-Tawzīʻ, 2014.

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8

al-Thawarāt al-ʻArabīyah lam taktamil--: Masārāt wa-istiʻṣāʼāt. al-Qāhirah: Dār al-Thaqāfah al-Jadīdah, 2015.

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9

DNA he dan bai zhi xu lie shu ju fen xi gong ju: Tools for analysis of DNA and protein sequence data. 2nd ed. Beijing: Ke xue chu ban she, 2010.

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10

Venkatasubramanian, Lalanti. Topographical Projections of Limb-Innervating Motor Neurons in Drosophila melanogaster Specified by Morphological Transcription Factors and Downstream Cell Surface Proteins. [New York, N.Y.?]: [publisher not identified], 2019.

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11

Jāmiʻah al-Urdunīyah. Markaz al-Dirāsāt al-Istirātījīyah. Waḥdat Istiṭlāʻ al-Raʼy al-Āmm. Istiṭlāʻ lil-raʼy al-ʻāmm: Ittijāhāt al-raʼy al-ʻāmm naḥwa al-azmah al-Sūrīyah : al-natāʼij al-awwalīyah. [Amman]: Markaz al-Dirāsāt al-Istirātījīyah, al-Jāmiʻah al-Urdunīyah, 2012.

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12

Schechter, Melvin. When doctors lie: Why deception is accepted medical practice and how you can protect yourself from dishonest doctors. Clearwater, FL: Kunati, 2009.

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13

Schechter, Melvin. When doctors lie: Why deception is accepted medical practice and how you can protect yourself from dishonest doctors. Clearwater, FL: Kunati, 2009.

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14

Majīdī, Amīn Muḥammad ʻAbd al-Raḥmān, ред. al-Sayṭarah al-nāʻimah wa-istirātījīyat al-Jumhūrīyah al-thālithah: Smooth control and the 3rd republic strategy : dirāsah qānūnīyah lil-ḥālah al-intiqālīyah fī al-Yaman. Ṣanʻāʼ: Muʼassasat Abrār Nāshirūn wa-Muwazziʻūn, 2012.

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15

al-Mafāhīm al-aydiyūlūjīyah fī majrá ḥirāk al-thawarāt al-ʻArabīyah: Muqaddimāt fī istiʼnāf al-mashrūʻ al-naqdī lil-aydiyūlūjiyā al-ʻArabīyah al-muʻaāṣirah. al-Dawḥah: al-Markaz al-ʻArabī lil-Abḥāth wa-Dirāsat al-Siyāsāt, 2014.

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16

Zhiwei, Yu, ed. Lie huo hei chao: Cheng shi zhan di li de Xianggang ren = Fiery tides : the Hong Kong anti-extradition movement and its impacts. Xinbei Shi: Zuo an wen hua, 2020.

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17

Praag, Philip, ed. Political Science and Changing Politics. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462987487.

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Politics is about conflict, struggle, decision-making, power and influence. But not every conflict and not every situation in which power is exercised is widely regarded as politics. A football coach who decides to leave a player on the bench because he has given him a bit of lip, is exerting power, and there is conflict here, too. However, few people would consider this a political issue. The same applies to a mother who quarrels with her adolescent daughter about going to a house party, a schoolteacher who gives a student detention, and so on. But if we were to limit our understanding of politics to official decisions that are taken by governments, in parliaments or on municipal councils, we would fail to recognise the political meaning of trade unions, lobbyists, protest groups, corporations and other more-or-less organised groups that influence collective decision-making.

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18

Benincasa, Fabrizio, ed. Seventh International Symposium "Monitoring of Mediterranean Coastal Areas. Problems and Measurement Techniques". Florence: Firenze University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-811-2.

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The Seventh International Symposium Monitoring of Mediterranean Coastal Areas. Problems and Measurement Techniques (Livorno, Italy June 19-20-21, 2018) was organized by the CNR-IBIMET in collaboration with the City of Livorno, the LEM Foundation, the FCS Foundation and the Compagnia dei Portuali di Livorno, with the patronage by Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Accademia dei Georgofili, The University of Florence, the Tuscany Region and the North Tyrrhenian Sea Port System Authority. The Symposium, in which scholars from all over the Mediterranean basin participated, was an opportunity to illustrate new proposals and to promote actions to protect the Mediterranean coastal marine environment. In particular, the event was characterized by the search for technical and instrumental solutions to problems related to: energy production in the coastal area, morphology and evolution of coastlines, flora and fauna of the littoral system, management and integrated coastal protection, coastline geography, human influence on coastal landscape.

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19

Kāris, Hāydī ʻIṣmat. al-Mustamirr wa-al-mutaghayyir fī al-siyāsah al-khārijīyah lil-Ittiḥād al-Ūrūbbī tujāha Janūb al-Mutawassiṭ fī aʻqāb al-thawrāt al-ʻArabīyah. Miṣr al-Jadīdah, al-Qāhirah: al-Maktab al-ʻArabī lil-Maʻārif, 2016.

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20

United, States Congress House Committee on the Judiciary Subcommittee on Crime Terrorism and Homeland Security. Implementation of the USA PATRIOT Act: Section 212, emergency disclosure of electronic communications to protect life and limb : hearing before the Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, and Homeland Security of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, One Hundred Ninth Congress, first session, May 5, 2005. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2005.

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21

Wang, Min. A functional study of the LIM homeodomain protein isl-1. 1995.

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22

Lane, John, and Rhenna Morgan. Claim & Protect Lib/E. Carina Press, 2017.

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23

Yang, Chih-Chin. Identification and characterization of proteins that interact with myocyte enhancer factor 2, E12, and smooth muscle LIM proteins. 2000.

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24

Heidet, Laurence, and Marie Claire Gubler. Nail patella syndrome. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0326_update_001.

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Nail patella syndrome can be recognized by its characteristic nail dystrophy and symmetrical skeletal abnormalities. Proteinuric renal disease is a variable part of the syndrome, usually mild but causing end-stage renal failure in up to 10%. An association with glaucoma has been recognized and this should be screened for. Underlying gene mutations are in a LIM homeodomain-containing transcription factor LMX1B, which seems to influence production of basement membrane proteins and other podocyte gene products.

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25

Jackson, Linda. Lie That Binds: How Far Would You Go To Protect A Friend? Tandem Library, 2002.

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26

The Lie That Binds: How Far Would You Go To Protect A Friend? Jackson Publishing, 2002.

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27

Walters, Stan B. Truth about Lying: How to Spot a Lie and Protect Yourself from Deception. Sourcebooks, Incorporated, 2000.

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28

Walters, Stan B. The Truth About Lying: How to Spot a Lie and Protect Yourself from Deception. Sourcebooks, 2000.

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29

How to Create a Trade Mark, Protect It and Build Your Brand: Liam Birkett. Smashwords, 2014.

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30

Wolf, Farrah J., and Jason Iannuccilli. Percutaneous Thermal Ablation: Hydrodissection and Balloon Displacement to Protect Adjacent Non-Target Critical Structures. Edited by S. Lowell Kahn, Bulent Arslan, and Abdulrahman Masrani. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199986071.003.0071.

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This chapter describes techniques that may be utilized to protect soft tissue structures and vessels that lie less than 1 cm from the planned ablation zone from thermal injury. Hydrodissection with dextrose 5% in water combined with non-ionic contrast material may be used as a means of providing mechanical displacement. Alternatively, an angioplasty balloon inflated with air may be used to provide both physical displacement and thermal insulation. This chapter provides an overview of the percutaneous image-guided thermal ablation technique as well as clinical examples, including microwave ablation of a renal cell carcinoma and radiofrequency ablation of a hepatocellular carcinoma, utilizing hydrodissection and balloon displacement techniques.

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31

Jian guo lu shang si yu sheng: Taiwan ren min shou ci shi yong di kang quan ji shi (Taiwan feng yun xi lie). Qian wei chu ban she, 1992.

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32

MD, David Perlmutter. Brain Maker Lib/E: The Power of Gut Microbes to Heal and Protect Your Brainfor Life. Blackstone Pub, 2015.

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33

Fitzgerald, Randall. The Hundred-Year Lie: How to Protect Yourself from the Chemicals That Are Destroying Your Health. Plume, 2007.

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34

Patterson, Marc C. Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0066.

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Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) comprise a family of multisystem diseases in which N- and O-linked glycosylation and glypiation of a variety of proteins and lipids is deficient. The hypoglycosylation of multiple glycoconjugates impairs normal development of the brain (and other organs), and is associated with both episodic and chronic organ dysfunction. Developmental disorders; seizures; strokelike episodes (and stroke); hearing and visual loss; peripheral neuropathy; coagulopathy; and immune, liver, endocrine, cardiac, and cutaneous manifestations may occur in varying combinations. Specific therapy is available for MPI-CDG and SLC35C2-CDG. Most forms of O-linked CDG affect muscle; these include congenital muscular dystrophies and limb girdle dystrophies.

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35

Committee on the Judiciary (house), United States House of Representatives, and United States United States Congress. Implementation of the USA PATRIOT Act: Section 212, Emergency Disclosure of Electronic Communications to Protect Life and Limb. Independently Published, 2019.

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36

Song, Weijie. The Aesthetic versus the Political. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190200671.003.0004.

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This chapter addresses how Lin Huiyin, a female poet and architect, carries out modernist, impressionist, and urbanist mappings of Beijing’s everyday objects, imperial relics, and socialist sites from the post-Warlord Era to the high Cold War years. In her literary writings of the 1930s and her failed project of urban planning of the socialist capital in the 1950s (against Maoist and Stalinist propaganda), Lin deliberately juxtaposes the pastoral and the counterpastoral, the threatening and disturbing images of modern industrial civilization and the lyrical and aesthetic items in everyday life. Imperial palaces and other grand buildings still dominate the urban landscape of Beijing. However, in Lin’s poetics and politics of daily objects, the sensuous, superfluous, and aestheticized things constitute the cultural texture and material basis of the city, which outlive historical transformations and political turbulence and protect Beijing from the “gust and dust” of modern times.

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37

Carnes, Matthew E., and Isabela Mares. The Welfare State in Global Perspective. Edited by Carles Boix and Susan C. Stokes. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199566020.003.0035.

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This article studies the welfare state in a global perspective. It argues that the most exciting research opportunities in the study of welfare lie in examining the variation in the politics of social protection in developing economies. It identifies the levels of industrialization and economic openness and views the power resource perspective. Cross-class alliances and state-centered approaches are examined. This article shows that existing literature has given important insights for an understanding of a very consequential political outcome, which are the measures to protect workers and disadvantaged members of society through permanent or temporary economic difficulties.

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38

Wagner, Carsten A., and Olivier Devuyst. Renal acid–base homeostasis. Edited by Robert Unwin. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0024.

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The kidney is central to acid–base homeostasis. Major processes are reabsorption of filtered bicarbonate, de novo synthesis of bicarbonate from ammoniagenesis, and net excretion of protons. The latter requires buffers such as ammonium, phosphate, citrate and other bases binding protons (so-called titratable acids). The proximal tubule is the major site of bicarbonate reabsorption and only site of ammoniagenesis. The thick ascending limb and the distal convoluted tubule handle ammonia/ammonium and complete bicarbonate reabsorption. The collecting duct system excretes protons and ammonium, but may switch to net bicarbonate secretion. The kidney displays a great plasticity to adapt acid or bicarbonate excretion. Angiotensin II, aldosterone and endothelin are involved in regulating these processes, and they induce morphological changes along the nephron. Inborn and acquired disorders of renal acid–base handling are caused by mutations in acid–base transport proteins or by dysregulation of adaptive mechanisms.

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39

Pitt, Matthew. Pathophysiological associations in paediatric neuromuscular junction disorders. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198754596.003.0010.

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Myasthenia can be caused by acquired or autoimmune conditions and other conditions resulting from genetic abnormalities of the proteins in the neuromuscular junction. The clinical clues to diagnosis in the paediatric population are highlighted in this chapter. Among these are sudden death, episodic apnoea, stridor, association with myopathy, and limb-girdle weakness presentation. Acquired disorders of the neuromuscular junction occur, such as infantile botulism, tick paralysis, and persistence of neuromuscular blocking agents. Some patterns of abnormality are seen in the neurophysiological findings, the most notable of which is a repetitive compound muscle action potential at low rates of stimulation. Decrement only seen after long-duration, high-frequency repetitive nerve stimulation is described in choline acetyltransferase (CHAT) abnormalities. DOK7 myasthenia may demonstrate patchy abnormalities of jitter and this is described along with the profound increment of the high-frequency repetitive nerve stimulation in Lambert–Eaton syndrome.

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40

Jeswald W, Salacuse. 3 The Foundations of International Investment Law. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198703976.003.0003.

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This chapter examines the state of customary international law governing international investments, that is, the law that exists in the absence of an applicable treaty. Following World War II, such law for most investors was incomplete, vague, contested, and without an effective enforcement mechanism, meaning that investors and their home governments needed to find another way to protect investments of their nationals. This would lie in negotiating investment treaties. Topics covered include state and investor interests shaping international investment law; the sources of international law; customary international law and general principles of law governing international investment; customary international law on expropriation and breach of state contracts; challenges to Western views on international investment law; and deficiencies of customary international law on investment.

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41

Implementation of the USA Patriot ACT: Section 212, Emergency Disclosure of Electronic Communications to Protect Life and Limb: Hearing Before the Sub. Not Avail, 2005.

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42

Lagerkvist, Johan. Curtailing China’s Rise before the Real Takeoff? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190675387.003.0010.

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Could the trajectory of economic modernization that has expanded China’s global profile over the last three decades run off the rails due to internal conflict? This chapter analyzes an important link in the censorship chain: social media companies that must monitor citizens’ communication, thus assisting in keeping a lid on social activism, its organization, and mobilization. The chapter then analyzes the well-known 2011 social protest that occurred in the village of Wukan. The findings point to “thin” loyalty to government rules and institutions inside the system of censorship and at the lowest level of the polity. The chapter argues if a profound economic or political crisis in which “thin” loyalty and weak legitimacy at both the top of the censorship system and at the bottom of society would have serious implications, then China’s system of censorship could crumble. This scenario would destabilize domestic rule and China’s rise to global preeminence.

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43

Hintz, Lisel. Stuck Inside. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190655976.003.0005.

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This chapter analyzes the powerful function in practice of the institutions whose origin and nature are explored in the previous chapter. It conceptualizes institutions that are founded to protect principles related to identity, such as secularism, as institutional obstacles to challenges from supporters of competing identity proposals. The chapter examines the attempts of the explicitly Islamist Welfare Party (RP) to spread Ottoman Islamism in Turkey’s public sphere and to shift the country’s foreign policy toward the Middle East. The chapter then demonstrates how military, judicial, and educational institutions infused with Republican Nationalism functioned to crush the RP’s efforts. It focuses on the experiences of the RP, which was pushed out of power by Turkey’s National Security Council and closed by the Constitutional Court during the February 28 process. These served as lessons from whcih the AKP, whose roots lie in the RP, would learn to circumvent such domestic obstacles and contest Republican Nationalism abroad.

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44

Lewis, James R., and Huang Chao, eds. Enlightened Martyrdom: The Hidden Side of Falun Gong. Equinox Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/isbn.9781781794982.

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When it became evident that the People’s Republic of China (PRC) was on the verge of banning the Falun Gong movement, Li Hongzhi, the movement’s founder, and his family escaped China, relocating permanently in the United States. Subsequently, the dramatic crackdown on Falun Gong in 1999 made international headlines. From the safety of his new home, Master Li encouraged his followers left behind in the PRC to vigorously demonstrate against the Chinese government, even if it meant imprisonment or even death. Further, Master Li actively discourages his followers from telling outsiders about his esoteric teachings; rather, he explicitly directs them to say that Falun Gong is just a peaceful spiritual exercise group being persecuted by the PRC. Not only has Falun Gong succeeded in propagating their side of the story in the media but the group will vigorously protest any news story that disagrees with their point of view. In more recent years, Falun Gong has attempted to silence critical scholars, including two of the contributors to the present volume. Enlightened Martyrdom: The Hidden Side of Falun Gong provides a comprehensive overview of Falun Gong: the movement’s background, history, beliefs and practices. But whereas prior treatments have generally tended to downplay Falun Gong’s ‘dark side,’ in Enlightened Martyrdom, we have made an effort to include treatments of the less palatable aspects of this movement.

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45

Ellison, David H., and Arohan R. Subramanya. Clinical use of diuretics. Edited by Robert Unwin. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0033.

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Diuretics are widely employed to treat extracellular fluid volume expansion caused by heart failure, cirrhosis of the liver, nephrotic syndrome, and chronic kidney disease. Major classes of diuretic inhibit sodium reabsorption along the proximal tubule, the loop of Henle, the distal convoluted tubule, and the connecting and collecting tubules. Loop diuretics have the highest ceiling of action and often form the cornerstones of diuretic treatment of oedema. Members of this class are short-acting drugs, with different bioavailabilities, the specifics of which contribute importantly to a rational and effective approach to their use. They are not filtered substantially because they are all protein bound. They enter tubules by secretion along the proximal tubule, thereby gaining access to the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter of the thick ascending limb. Their dose–response curves are sigmoidal and altered by several disease processes. Chronic administration can elicit adaptive processes along the nephron that limit their efficacy. Distal convoluted tubule diuretics, such as the thiazides, inhibit NaCl absorption along the distal convoluted tubule. While used predominantly to treat hypertension, they are also useful to treat oedema, especially when combined with loop diuretics. Drugs acting along the connecting tubule and collecting duct either inhibit Na+ channels directly or block mineralocorticoid receptors. These drugs are effective in states of very high aldosterone secretion, and can also be used to reduce the hypokalaemia caused by other classes of diuretics. An evidence-based approach to treating the oedematous patient is described.

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46

Clarke, Andrew. Temperature, growth and size. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199551668.003.0013.

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Growth involves two flows of energy. The first is chemical potential energy in the monomers used to construct the proteins, lipids, polysaccharides and nucleic acids forming the new tissue. The second is the metabolic energy (ATP or GTP) used to construct the new tissue; this is the metabolic cost of growth and can be expressed as a dimensionless fraction of the energy retained in the new tissue. Its value is ~0.33. Typical temperature sensitivities for growth in the wild lie in the range Q10 1.5 – 3. Within species there may be evolutionary adjustments to growth rate to offset the effects of temperature, though these involve trade-offs with other physiological factors affecting fitness. Outside the tropics, many mammals and birds exhibit a cline in size, with larger species at higher latitudes (Bergmann’s rule). Carl Bergmann predicted such a cline from biophysical arguments based on endotherm thermoregulatory costs; Bergmann’s rule thus applies only to mammals and birds. Many ectotherms grow more slowly but attain a larger adult size when grown at lower temperatures (the temperature-size rule). The large size of some aquatic invertebrates at lower temperatures (notably in the polar regions and the deep sea) is associated with a higher oxygen content of the water.

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47

Reddy, Ugan, and Nicholas Hirsch. Diagnosis, assessment, and management of myasthenia gravis and paramyasthenic syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0244.

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Diseases that affect the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) interfere with normal nerve transmission and cause weakness of voluntary muscles. The two most commonly encountered are acquired myasthenia gravis (MG) and the Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS). Acquired MG is an autoimmune disease in which antibodies are directed towards receptors at the NMJ. In 85% of patients, IgG antibodies against the postsynaptic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) are found (seropositive MG). The thymus gland appears to be involved in the production of these which cause an increase rate of degradation of AChR resulting in a decreased receptor density resulting in a reduced postsynaptic end-plate potential following motor nerve stimulation and leading to muscle weakness. Although all voluntary muscles can be affected, ocular, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb weakness predominates. In the majority of seronegative patients, an antibody directed towards a NMJ protein called muscle specific tyrosine kinase (MUSK) is found. Anti-MUSK MG is characterized by severe bulbar and respiratory muscle weakness. Diagnosis of MG requires a high degree of clinical suspicion coupled with pharmacological and electrophysiological testing, and detection of the various causative antibodies. Treatment of MG involves enhancing neuromuscular transmission with long-acting anticholinesterase agents and immunosuppression. Acute exacerbations are treated with either plasma exchange or intravenous immunoglobulin. Myasthenic crisis is associated with severe muscle weakness that necessitates tracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation. LEMS is an autoimmune disease in which IgG antibodies are directed towards the pre-synaptic voltage-gated calcium channels at the NMJ. It is often associated with malignant disease (usually small cell carcinoma of the lung). Autonomic dysfunction is prominent and patients show abnormal responses to neuromuscular blocking drugs.

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48

Heber, Caroline. Enhanced Cooperation and European Tax Law. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898272.001.0001.

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The enhanced cooperation mechanism allows at least nine Member States to introduce secondary EU law which is only binding among these Member States. From an internal market perspective, enhanced cooperation laws are unique as they lie somewhere between unilateral Member State laws and uniform EU law. The law creates harmonisation and coordination between the participating Member States, but it may introduce trade obstacles in relation to non-participating Member States. This book reveals that the enhanced cooperation mechanism allows Member States to protect their harmonised values and coordination endeavours against market efficiency. Values which may not be able to justify single Member State’s trade obstacles may outweigh pure internal market needs if an entire group of Member States finds these value worthy of protection. However, protection of the harmonised values can never go as far as shielding participating Member States from the negative effects of enhanced cooperation laws. The hybrid nature of enhanced cooperation laws—their nexus between the law of a single Member State and secondary EU law—also demands that these laws comply with state aid law. This book shows how the European state aid law provisions should be applied to enhanced cooperation laws. Furthermore, the book also develops a sophisticated approach to the limits non-participating Member States face in ensuring that their actions do not impede the implementation of enhanced cooperation between the participating Member States.

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49

Foster, Caroline E. Global Regulatory Standards in Environmental and Health Disputes. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810551.001.0001.

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Potentially global regulatory standards are emerging from the environmental and health jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice, the World Trade Organization, under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, and investor-state dispute settlement. Most prominent are the three standards of regulatory coherence, due regard for the rights of others, and due diligence in the prevention of harm. These global regulatory standards are a phenomenon of our times, representing a new contribution to the ordering of the relationship between domestic and international law, and inferring a revised conception of sovereignty in an increasingly pluralistic global legal era. However, considered with regard to jurisprudential theory on relative authority, the legitimacy of the resulting ‘standards-enriched’ international law remains open to question. Procedurally, although they are well-placed to provide valuable input, international courts and tribunals should not be the only fora in which these standards are elaborated. Substantively, challenges and opportunities lie ahead in the ongoing development of global regulatory standards. Debate over whether regulatory coherence should go beyond reasonableness and rationality requirements and require proportionality in the relationship between regulatory measures and their objectives is central. Due regard, the most novel of the emerging standards, may help protect international law’s legitimacy claims in the interim. Meanwhile, all actors should attend to the integration rather than the fragmentation of international law, and to changes in the status of private actors.

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50

Chhibber, Pradeep K., and Rahul Verma. Ideology and Identity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190623876.001.0001.

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This book challenges the view that party politics and elections in India are far removed from ideas. It claims that a dominant intellectual paradigm of what constitutes an ideology is not entirely applicable to many multiethnic countries in the twentieth century. In these more diverse states, the most important ideological debates center on statism—the extent to which the state should dominate society, regulate social norms, and redistribute private property, and on recognition—whether and how the state should accommodate the needs of various marginalized groups and protect minority rights from assertive majoritarian tendencies. Using survey data from the Indian National Election Studies (NES) and survey experiments from smaller but more focused studies, and evidence drawn from the Constituent Assembly debates, it shows that Indian electoral politics, as represented by political parties, their members, and their voters, is in fact marked by deep ideological cleavages, with parties, party members, and voters taking distinct positions on statism and recognition. This ideological divide can account for the replacement of the one-party-dominant system by a party system in which regional parties have become far more important and a right-wing Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) had spectacular success in the 2014 national elections. The focus on ideology also explains why leadership is so important in contemporary Indian politics as well as the limited influence of patronage politics. The book shows how education, the media, and religious practice transmit the competing ideas that lie at the heart of the ideological debates in India.

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