Статті в журналах: "Light olefin production"

1

Du, Lingyin, Yueyang Han, and Youhao Xu. "Effect of Molecular Structure of C10 Hydrocarbons on Production of Light Olefins in Catalytic Cracking." Catalysts 13, no. 6 (June 16, 2023): 1013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal13061013.

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The effect of the molecular structure of feedstock on the cracking reaction of C10 hydrocarbons to ethylene and propylene over H-ZSM-5 zeolite was investigated. To better compare the effect of decane on the production of light olefins, the thermal cracking and catalytic cracking performance of decane were first investigated. As a comparison, the thermal cracking and catalytic cracking of decane were studied by cracking over quartz sand and H-ZSM-5. Compared with the thermal cracking reaction over quartz sand, the catalytic cracking reaction of decane over H-ZSM-5 has a significantly higher conversion and light olefins selectivity, especially when the reaction temperature was lower than 600 °C. On this basis, the catalytic cracking reactions of decane and decene over H-ZSM-5 were further compared. It was found that decene with a double bond structure had high reactivity over H-ZSM-5 and was almost completely converted, and the product was mainly olefin. Compared with decane as feedstock, it has a lower methane yield and higher selectivity of light olefins. Therefore, decene was more suitable for the production of light olefins than decane. To this end, we designed a new light olefin production process. Through olefin cracking, the yield of light olefins in the product can be effectively improved, and the proportion of different light olefins such as ethylene, propylene and butene can be flexibly adjusted.

2

Pawelec, Barbara, Rut Guil-López, Noelia Mota, Jose Fierro, and Rufino Navarro Yerga. "Catalysts for the Conversion of CO2 to Low Molecular Weight Olefins—A Review." Materials 14, no. 22 (November 17, 2021): 6952. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14226952.

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There is a large worldwide demand for light olefins (C2=–C4=), which are needed for the production of high value-added chemicals and plastics. Light olefins can be produced by petroleum processing, direct/indirect conversion of synthesis gas (CO + H2) and hydrogenation of CO2. Among these methods, catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 is the most recently studied because it could contribute to alleviating CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. However, due to thermodynamic reasons, the design of catalysts for the selective production of light olefins from CO2 presents different challenges. In this regard, the recent progress in the synthesis of nanomaterials with well-controlled morphologies and active phase dispersion has opened new perspectives for the production of light olefins. In this review, recent advances in catalyst design are presented, with emphasis on catalysts operating through the modified Fischer–Tropsch pathway. The advantages and disadvantages of olefin production from CO2 via CO or methanol-mediated reaction routes were analyzed, as well as the prospects for the design of a single catalyst for direct olefin production. Conclusions were drawn on the prospect of a new catalyst design for the production of light olefins from CO2.

3

Gholami, Zahra, Fatemeh Gholami, Zdeněk Tišler, Martin Tomas, and Mohammadtaghi Vakili. "A Review on Production of Light Olefins via Fluid Catalytic Cracking." Energies 14, no. 4 (February 19, 2021): 1089. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14041089.

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The fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process is an alternative olefin production technology, with lower CO2 emission and higher energy-saving. This process is used for olefin production by almost 60% of the global feedstocks. Different parameters including the operating conditions, feedstock properties, and type of catalyst can strongly affect the catalytic activity and product distribution. FCC catalysts contain zeolite as an active component, and a matrix, a binder, and a filler to provide the physical strength of the catalyst. Along with the catalyst properties, the FCC unit’s performance also depends on the operating conditions, including the feed composition, hydrocarbon partial pressure, temperature, residence time, and the catalyst-to-oil ratio (CTO). This paper provides a summary of the light olefins production via the FCC process and reviews the influences of the catalyst composition and operating conditions on the yield of light olefins.

4

Natarajan, Palani, Deachen Chuskit, and Priya. "Readily available alkylbenzenes as precursors for the one-pot preparation of buta-1,3-dienes under DDQ visible-light photocatalysis in benzotrifluoride." Organic Chemistry Frontiers 9, no. 5 (2022): 1395–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1qo01869h.

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By using DDQ visible-light photocatalysis, an olefin-free method for the production of buta-1,3-dienes is disclosed. DDQ* converts alkylbenzenes to olefins and then olefins to buta-1,3-dienes in a consecutive manner.

5

Yahyazadeh, Arash, Ajay K. Dalai, Wenping Ma, and Lifeng Zhang. "Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis for Light Olefins from Syngas: A Review of Catalyst Development." Reactions 2, no. 3 (July 21, 2021): 227–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/reactions2030015.

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Light olefins as one the most important building blocks in chemical industry can be produced via Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) from syngas. FT synthesis conducted at high temperature would lead to light paraffins, carbon dioxide, methane, and C5+ longer chain hydrocarbons. The present work focuses on providing a critical review on the light olefin production using Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. The effects of metals, promoters and supports as the most influential parameters on the catalytic performance of catalysts are discussed meticulously. Fe and Co as the main active metals in FT catalysts are investigated in terms of pore size, crystal size, and crystal phase for obtaining desirable light olefin selectivity. Larger pore size of Fe-based catalysts is suggested to increase olefin selectivity via suppressing 1-olefin readsorption and secondary reactions. Iron carbide as the most probable phase of Fe-based catalysts is proposed for light olefin generation via FTS. Smaller crystal size of Co active metal leads to higher olefin selectivity. Hexagonal close-packed (HCP) structure of Co has higher FTS activity than face-centered cubic (FCC) structure. Transition from Co to Co3C is mainly proposed for formation of light olefins over Co-based catalysts. Moreover, various catalysts’ deactivation routes are reviewed. Additionally, techno-economic assessment of FTS plants in terms of different costs including capital expenditure and minimum fuel selling price are presented based on the most recent literature. Finally, the potential for global environmental impacts associated with FTS plants including atmospheric and toxicological impacts is considered via lifecycle assessment (LCA).

6

Kianfar, Ehsan. "Comparison and assessment of zeolite catalysts performance dimethyl ether and light olefins production through methanol: a review." Reviews in Inorganic Chemistry 39, no. 3 (August 27, 2019): 157–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revic-2019-0001.

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AbstractThe present review focuses on a comparison and assessment of zeolite catalyst performance of dimethyl ether and light olefin production through methanol. Dimethyl ether is a clean fuel which needs diverse processes to be produced. Methanol to dimethyl ether is a very novel process which offers considerable advantages versus additional processes for the production of dimethyl ether. The corresponding fixed-bed reactors compose the most important section of such a process. Production of dimethyl ether by the mentioned process is of high importance since it can be catalytically transferred to a substance with the value of propylene. Furthermore, in case of capability to transfer low-purity methanol into dimethyl ether, less expensive methanol can be consequently achieved with higher value added. In the petrochemical industry, light olefins, for example, ethylene and propylene, can be used as raw materials for the production of polyolefin. The present review aims to produce dimethyl ether in order to reach olefin substances, initially conducting a compressive assessment on production methods of olefin substances.

7

Zhang, Xiaoqiao, Jianhong Gong, Xiaoli Wei, and Lingtao Liu. "Increased Light Olefin Production by Sequential Dehydrogenation and Cracking Reactions." Catalysts 12, no. 11 (November 17, 2022): 1457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12111457.

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In this study, a sequential reaction using selected metal oxides, followed by ZSM-5-based catalysts, was employed to demonstrate a promising route for enhancing light olefin production in the catalytic cracking of naphtha. The rationale for the reaction is based on the induction of alkenes into hydrocarbon feeds prior to cracking. The optimum olefin induction was achieved by carefully optimizing the dehydrogenation active sites Mo/Al2O3 catalyst. The formed alkenes have a lower activation energy for C-H/C-C bond breaking compared to alkanes. This could accelerate the formation of carbenium ions, thus promoting the conversion of n-octane to produce light olefins. Detailed product distribution and DFT calculation indicated a remarkable increase in ethylene and propylene production in the final product through a modified reaction pathway. Compared with the common metal-promoted zeolite catalysts, the new route could avoid the block of zeolite channels and corresponding decreased catalytic cracking activity. The feasibility of the proposed route was confirmed with different ratios of dehydrogenation catalyst to the reactant. The highest yields of ethylene and propylene reached 13.22% and 33.12% with ratios of Mo/Al2O3 and ZSM-5-based catalyst to n-octane both 10:1 at 600 °C. Stability tests showed that the catalytic activity of the double-bed system was stable over 10 cycles.

8

Reinikainen, Matti, Aki Braunschweiler, Sampsa Korpilo, Pekka Simell, and Ville Alopaeus. "Two-Step Conversion of CO2 to Light Olefins: Laboratory-Scale Demonstration and Scale-Up Considerations." ChemEngineering 6, no. 6 (December 6, 2022): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering6060096.

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The highly selective production of light olefins from CO2 was demonstrated for the first time with a laboratory-scale process comprising consecutive reverse water gas shift (RWGS) and Fischer–Tropsch (FT) reactors. The RWGS reaction, catalyzed by rhodium washcoated catalyst at 850 °C yielded good quality syngas with conversion values close to the thermodynamic equilibrium and without experiencing catalyst deactivation from carbon formation or sintering. For the FT synthesis, a packed bed Fe-Na-S/α-Al2O3 catalyst was used. The highest light olefin selectivity observed for the FT-synthesis was 52% at 310 °C, GHSV of 2250 h−1 and H2/CO ratio of 1. However, the optimal conditions for the light olefin production were determined to be at 340 °C, a GHSV of 3400 h−1 and a H2/CO ratio of 2, as the CO conversion was markedly higher, while the light olefin selectivity remained at a suitably high level. In addition to the experimental results, considerations for the further optimization and development of the system are presented. The combined RWGS–FT process seems to work reasonably well, and initial data for basic process design and modeling were produced.

9

Salah Aldeen, Omer Dhia Aldeen, Mustafa Z. Mahmoud, Hasan Sh Majdi, Dhameer A. Mutlak, Khusniddin Fakhriddinovich Uktamov, and Ehsan kianfar. "Investigation of Effective Parameters Ce and Zr in the Synthesis of H-ZSM-5 and SAPO-34 on the Production of Light Olefins from Naphtha." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (February 24, 2022): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6165180.

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In this paper, Ce and Zr modified commercial SAPO-34 and H-ZSM-5 catalysts were synthesized via a wet impregnation method and used as catalysts for the production of light olefins from naphtha. The synthesized catalysts were characterized using SEM, TGA, XRD, BET, and NH3-TPD. Thermal catalytic cracking of parent catalysts (SAPO-34 and H-ZSM-5) and modified catalysts with Ce and Zr on the production of light olefins from naphtha has been studied. The effects of different loading of Ce (2–8 wt.%), Zr (2–5 wt.%), and different temperatures on the yield of ethylene and propylene were also investigated. The yield of ethylene and propylene improved by 21.78 wt% and 23.8 wt%, respectively, over 2% Ce and 2% Zr on SAPO-34 catalyst. This is due to the higher acid sites on the surface of modified catalysts. It was found that H-ZSM-5 with 2% Zr loading has the highest yield of light olefins (40.4%) at 650°C in comparison with unmodified parent catalysts, while Ce loading has less effect on the olefin yield compared to Zr loading. Finally, simultaneous loading of Ce and Zr showed no effect on the light olefin yield owing to the significant decline of acid sites.

10

Liu, Fei, Ting Li, Peng Long Ye, Xiao Dan Wang, Jian Xin Cao, and Duan Hua Guo. "Effect of Fe Loading Content on Catalytic Performance of ZSM-5 for the IMTO Process." Advanced Materials Research 648 (January 2013): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.648.135.

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Among the processes for production of olefins, methanol converted to light olefins with methyl iodide as intermediate is a potential and an alternative route, which can be realized under mild condition. ZSM-5 catalyst is considered to be an effective catalyst for methanol to light olefins, better performances for olefins can be obtained by modifying. In this paper, the methanol to olefin with iodide reaction (IMTO) has been studied in a small scale fixed bed reactor over Fe modified ZSM-5 catalyst. It is indicated that ZSM-5 zeolites were modified with Fe loadings successfully, as a result the pore sizes reduced availably comparing with ZSM-5, the conversion of methanol and selectivity of light olefins got 98.8% and 89.5% respectively when modified with 9% Fe loadings.

11

Gholami, Zahra, Fatemeh Gholami, Zdeněk Tišler, and Mohammadtaghi Vakili. "A Review on the Production of Light Olefins Using Steam Cracking of Hydrocarbons." Energies 14, no. 23 (December 6, 2021): 8190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14238190.

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Light olefins are the main building blocks used in the petrochemical and chemical industries for the production of different components such as polymers, synthetic fibers, rubbers, and plastic materials. Currently, steam cracking of hydrocarbons is the main technology for the production of light olefins. In steam cracking, the pyrolysis of feedstocks occurs in the cracking furnace, where hydrocarbon feed and steam are first mixed and preheated in the convection section and then enter the furnace radiation section to crack to the desired products. This paper summarizes olefin production via the steam cracking process; and the reaction mechanism and cracking furnace are also discussed. The effect of different operating parameters, including temperature, residence time, feedstock composition, and the steam-to-hydrocarbon ratio, are also reviewed.

12

Weber, Daniel, Tina He, Matthew Wong, Christian Moon, Axel Zhang, Nicole Foley, Nicholas J. Ramer, and Cheng Zhang. "Recent Advances in the Mitigation of the Catalyst Deactivation of CO2 Hydrogenation to Light Olefins." Catalysts 11, no. 12 (November 28, 2021): 1447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11121447.

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The catalytic conversion of CO2 to value-added chemicals and fuels has been long regarded as a promising approach to the mitigation of CO2 emissions if green hydrogen is used. Light olefins, particularly ethylene and propylene, as building blocks for polymers and plastics, are currently produced primarily from CO2-generating fossil resources. The identification of highly efficient catalysts with selective pathways for light olefin production from CO2 is a high-reward goal, but it has serious technical challenges, such as low selectivity and catalyst deactivation. In this review, we first provide a brief summary of the two dominant reaction pathways (CO2-Fischer-Tropsch and MeOH-mediated pathways), mechanistic insights, and catalytic materials for CO2 hydrogenation to light olefins. Then, we list the main deactivation mechanisms caused by carbon deposition, water formation, phase transformation and metal sintering/agglomeration. Finally, we detail the recent progress on catalyst development for enhanced olefin yields and catalyst stability by the following catalyst functionalities: (1) the promoter effect, (2) the support effect, (3) the bifunctional composite catalyst effect, and (4) the structure effect. The main focus of this review is to provide a useful resource for researchers to correlate catalyst deactivation and the recent research effort on catalyst development for enhanced olefin yields and catalyst stability.

13

Dugkhuntod, Pannida, and Chularat Wattanakit. "A Comprehensive Review of the Applications of Hierarchical Zeolite Nanosheets and Nanoparticle Assemblies in Light Olefin Production." Catalysts 10, no. 2 (February 18, 2020): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10020245.

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Light olefins including ethylene, propylene and butylene are important building blocks in petrochemical industries to produce various chemicals such as polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene oxide and cumene. Traditionally, light olefins are produced via a steam cracking process operated at an extremely high temperature. The catalytic conversion, in which zeolites have been widely used, is an alternative pathway using a lower temperature. However, conventional zeolites, composed of a pure microporous structure, restrict the diffusion of large molecules into the framework, resulting in coke formation and further side reactions. To overcome these problems, hierarchical zeolites composed of additional mesoporous and/or macroporous structures have been widely researched over the past decade. In this review, the recent development of hierarchical zeolite nanosheets and nanoparticle assemblies together with opening up their applications in various light olefin productions such as catalytic cracking, ethanol dehydration to ethylene, methanol to olefins (MTO) and other reactions will be presented.

14

Gholami, Zahra, Fatemeh Gholami, Zdeněk Tišler, Jan Hubáček, Martin Tomas, Miroslav Bačiak, and Mohammadtaghi Vakili. "Production of Light Olefins via Fischer-Tropsch Process Using Iron-Based Catalysts: A Review." Catalysts 12, no. 2 (January 28, 2022): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12020174.

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The production of light olefins, as the critical components in chemical industries, is possible via different technologies. The Fischer–Tropsch to olefin (FTO) process aims to convert syngas to light olefins with high selectivity over a proper catalyst, reduce methane formation, and avoid the production of excess CO2. This review describes the production of light olefins through the FTO process using both unsupported and supported iron-based catalysts. The catalytic properties and performances of both the promoted and bimetallic unsupported catalysts are reviewed. The effect of support and its physico-chemical properties on the catalyst activity are also described. The proper catalyst should have high stability to provide long-term performance without reducing the activity and selectivity towards the desired product. The good dispersion of active metals on the surface, proper porosity, optimized metal-support interaction, a high degree of reducibility, and providing a sufficient active phase for the reaction are important parameters affecting the reaction. The selection of the suitable catalyst with enhanced activity and the optimum process conditions can increase the possibility of the FTO reaction for light-olefins production. The production of light olefins via the FTO process over iron-based catalysts is a promising method, as iron is cheap, shows higher resistance to sulfur, and has a higher WGS activity which can be helpful for the feed gas with a low H2/CO ratio, and also has higher selectivity towards light olefins.

15

Lee, Joongwon, Seungwon Park, Ung Gi Hong, Jin Oh Jun, and In Kyu Song. "Production of Light Olefins Through Catalytic Cracking of C5 Raffinate Over Surface-Modified ZSM-5 Catalyst." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 15, no. 10 (October 1, 2015): 8311–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2015.11242.

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Surface modification of phosphorous-containing porous ZSM-5 catalyst (P/C-ZSM5-Sil.(X)) was carried out by a chemical liquid deposition (CLD) method using tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as a silylation agent. Different amount of TEOS (X = 5, 10, 20, and 30 wt%) was introduced into P/C-ZSM5il.(X) catalysts for surface modification. The catalysts were used for the production of light olefins (ethylene and propylene) through catalytic cracking of C5 raffinate. It was found that external surface acidity of P/C-ZSM5-Sil.(X) catalysts significantly decreased with increasing TEOS content. In the catalytic reaction, both conversion of C5 raffinate and yield for light olefins showed volcano-shaped curves with respect to TEOS content. Among the catalysts tested, P/C-ZSM5- Sil.(20) catalyst exhibited the best catalytic performance in terms of conversion of C5 raffinate and yield for light olefins. Thus, an optimal TEOS content was required for CLD treatment to maximize light olefin production in the catalytic cracking of C5 raffinate over P/C-ZSM5-Sil.(X) catalysts.

16

Vu, Xuan Hoan, Sura Nguyen, Thanh Tung Dang, and Udo Armbruster. "Production of renewable biofuels and chemicals by processing bio-feedstock in conventional petroleum refineries." Journal of Vietnamese Environment 6, no. 3 (November 5, 2014): 270–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.13141/jve.vol6.no3.pp270-275.

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The influence of catalyst characteristics, i.e., acidity and porosity on the product distribution in the cracking of triglyceride-rich biomass under fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) conditions is reported. It has found that the degradation degree of triglyceride molecules is strongly dependent on the catalysts’ acidity. The higher density of acid sites enhances the conversion of triglycerides to lighter products such as gaseous products and gasoline-range hydrocarbons. The formation of gasoline-range aromatics and light olefins (propene and ethene) is favored in the medium pore channel of H-ZSM-5. On the other hand, heavier olefins such as gasoline-range and C4 olefins are formed preferentially in the large pore structure of zeolite Y based FCC catalyst (Midas-BSR). With both catalysts, triglyceride molecules are mainly converted to a mixture of hydrocarbons, which can be used as liquid fuels and platform chemicals. Hence, the utilization of the existing FCC units in conventional petroleum refineries for processing of triglyceride based feedstock, in particular waste cooking oil may open the way for production of renewable liquid fuels and chemicals in the near future. Bài báo trình bày kết quả nghiên cứu khả năng tích hợp sản xuất nhiên liệu sinh học và hóa phẩm từ nguồn nguyên liệu tái tạo sinh khối giầu triglyceride bằng công nghệ cracking xúc tác tấng sôi (FCC) trong nhà máy lọc dầu. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy xúc tác có ảnh hưởng mạnh đến hiệu quả chuyển hóa triglyceride thành hydrocarbon. Tính acid của xúc tác càng mạnh thì độ chuyển hóa càng cao và thu được nhiều sản phẩm nhẹ hơn như xăng và các olefin nhẹ. Xúc tác vi mao quản trung bình như H-ZSM-5 có độ chọn lọc cao với hợp chất vòng thơm thuộc phân đoạn xăng và olefin nhẹ như propylen và ethylen. Với kích thước vi mao quản lớn, xúc tác công nghiệp FCC dựa trên zeolite Y ưu tiên hình thành C4 olefins và các olefin trong phân đoạn xăng. Ở điều kiện phản ứng của quá trình FCC, triglyceride chuyển hóa hiệu quả thành hydrocarbon mà có thể sử dụng làm xăng sinh học cho động cơ và olefin nhẹ làm nguyên liệu cho tổng hợp hóa dầu.

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Mohd Sofi, Muhammad Hafizuddin, and Muhamed Yusuf Shahul Hamid. "Alteration of acidity and porosity of Beta zeolite using fibrous silica for light olefin production." E3S Web of Conferences 516 (2024): 02003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202451602003.

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Traditional olefin production heavily depends on fossil fuels, which are a significant contributor to environmental issues. Methanol to olefin (MTO) is among non-fossil fuel alternatives to produce olefinic products from abundant resources, such as biomass, coal, and natural gas. Nevertheless, the catalytic reaction of MTO over commercial zeolite catalysts is hindered by their low activity, mainly due to the micropore structure and excessive acidity within the zeolite. Herein, Beta zeolite with fibrous silica structure was successfully synthesized via the microemulsion and Beta seed-assisted method. The catalysts were characterized using FESEM, N2 physisorption, and ammonia-TPD. FESEM results revealed a well-ordered spherical morphology of HFBETA with uniform particle size distribution. In surface analysis, the HFBETA exhibits higher BET surface area and mesopore volume compared to commercial HBETA by 35% and 86%, respectively. The introduction of fibrous silica within the Beta structure led to a significant drop in the acidity of the catalyst, as shown in ammonia-TPD results. These led to superior catalytic performance of HFBETA in the MTO process.

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Emberru, Ruth Eniyepade, Raj Patel, Iqbal Mohammed Mujtaba, and Yakubu Mandafiya John. "A Review of Catalyst Modification and Process Factors in the Production of Light Olefins from Direct Crude Oil Catalytic Cracking." Sci 6, no. 1 (February 4, 2024): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sci6010011.

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Petrochemical feedstocks are experiencing a fast growth in demand, which will further expand their market in the coming years. This is due to an increase in the demand for petrochemical-based materials that are used in households, hospitals, transportation, electronics, and telecommunications. Consequently, petrochemical industries rely heavily on olefins, namely propylene, ethylene, and butene, as fundamental components for their manufacturing processes. Presently, there is a growing interest among refineries in prioritising their operations towards the production of fuels, specifically gasoline, diesel, and light olefins. The cost-effectiveness and availability of petrochemical primary feedstocks, such as propylene and butene, can be enhanced through the direct conversion of crude oil into light olefins using fluid catalytic cracking (FCC). To achieve this objective, the FCC technology, process optimisation, and catalyst modifications may need to be redesigned. It is helpful to know that there are several documented methods of modifying traditional FCC catalysts’ physicochemical characteristics to enhance their selectivity toward light olefins’ production, since the direct cracking of crude oil to olefins is still in its infancy. Based on a review of the existing zeolite catalysts, this work focuses on the factors that need to be optimized and the approaches to modifying FCC catalysts to maximize light olefin production from crude oil conversion via FCC. Several viewpoints have been combined as a result of this research, and recommendations have been made for future work in the areas of optimising the yield of light olefins by engineering the pore structure of zeolite catalysts, reducing deactivation by adding dopants, and conducting technoeconomic analyses of direct crude oil cracking to produce light olefins.

19

Long-Xiang, Tao, Wang Lin-Sheng, Xie Mao-Song, Xu GuiFen, and Wang Xue-Lin. "New method for olefin production from light alkanes." Reaction Kinetics & Catalysis Letters 53, no. 1 (September 1994): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02070132.

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20

Zhang, Di, Jiaoyang Wang, Peijie Zong, Yingyun Qiao, and Yuanyu Tian. "Low-carbon conversion of crude oil to C₂-C₄ olefins by micro Py-GC/MS and a small-scale fluidized-bed reactor." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2520, no. 1 (June 1, 2023): 012011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2520/1/012011.

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Abstract Green utilization of crude oil has become an important way for energy transformation in the petrochemical industry. Crude oil to aimed low-carbon (C2-C4) olefins had been conducted by micro pyrolysis-gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (Py-GC/MS) and a small-scale fluidized-bed reactor. Fe-modified Al2O3/USY catalysts were used in the catalytic pyrolysis of crude oil. The results showed that product distribution altered hugely after Fe incorporation. Suitable incorporation of Fe can promote the conversion of crude oil, while excessive Fe incorporation could reduce the yield of light olefins. Bifunctional 1%Fe/USY catalyst showed good catalytic dehydrogenation pyrolysis activity in light olefin production, which could guide the clean and low-carbon conversion of crude oil.

21

Zhao, Zhitong, Jingyang Jiang, and Feng Wang. "An economic analysis of twenty light olefin production pathways." Journal of Energy Chemistry 56 (May 2021): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2020.04.021.

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Li, Zhixia, Fuwei Li, Tingting Zhao, Hongchang Yu, Shilei Ding, Wen He, Caifeng Song, Yansong Zhang, and Hongfei Lin. "The effect of steam on maximizing light olefin production by cracking of ethanol and oleic acid over mesoporous ZSM-5 catalysts." Catalysis Science & Technology 10, no. 19 (2020): 6618–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cy00306a.

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Wen, Yuan, Chenliang Zhou, Linfei Yu, Qiang Zhang, Wenxiu He, and Quansheng Liu. "Research Progress on the Effects of Support and Support Modification on the FTO Reaction Performance of Fe-Based Catalysts." Molecules 28, no. 23 (November 24, 2023): 7749. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28237749.

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In recent years, the non-petroleum production of light olefins has been the research focus of Fischer–Tropsch olefin synthesis (FTO). Iron-based catalysts have attracted much attention because of their low price, high catalytic activity, and wide temperature range. In this paper, traditional modification, hydrophobic modification, and amphiphobic modification of the catalyst are summarized and analyzed. It was found that traditional modification (changing the pore size and surface pH of the catalyst) will reduce the dispersion of Fe, change the active center of the catalyst, and improve the selectivity of light olefins (for example, SiO2: 32%). However, compared with functional methods, these traditional methods lead to poor stability and high carbon dioxide selectivity (for example, SiO2: 34%). Hydrophobic modification can inhibit the adsorption and retention of water molecules on the catalyst and reduce the local water pressure near the iron species in the nuclear layer, thus inhibiting the further formation of CO2 (for example, SiO2: 5%) of the WGSR. Amphiphobic modification can not only inhibit the WGSR, but also reduce the steric hindrance of the catalyst, increase the diffusion rate of olefins, and inhibit the reabsorption of olefins. Follow-up research should focus on these issues.

24

Ulfiati, Ratu. "CATALYTIC PERFORMANCE OF ZSM-5 ZEOLITE IN HEAVY HYDROCARBON CATALYTIC CRACKING: A REVIEW." Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas 42, no. 1 (August 6, 2020): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.29017/scog.42.1.384.

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Low quality heavy oils and residues, which are subsequently obtained by processing heavy crudes, are considered as alternate suitable source for transportation fuels, energy and petrochemicals. ZSM-5 zeolite with high Si/Al ratio and modified with phosphorous and La has showed not only high selectivity to light olefins but also high hydrothermal stability for the steam catalytic cracking of naphtha. Kaolin is promising natural resource as raw material to synthesis of ZSM-5 zeolite. The utilization of acid catalysts with large pore size or hierarchically structured and high hydrothermal stability to resist the severity of the steam catalytic cracking (or thermal and catalytic cracking) operation conditions to maximize the olefin production.

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Amghizar, Ismaël, Jens N. Dedeyne, David J. Brown, Guy B. Marin, and Kevin M. Van Geem. "Sustainable innovations in steam cracking: CO2 neutral olefin production." Reaction Chemistry & Engineering 5, no. 2 (2020): 239–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9re00398c.

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Steam cracking of hydrocarbons is and will be the main process to produce light olefins but emits large quantities of CO₂. Enhancing heat transfer in the radiation section, using green energy and novel furnace designs will be key to substantially reducing CO₂ emissions.

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Ma, Haowei. "TreatmentImprovements of Catalysts for Higher Yield of Catalytic Cracking." MATEC Web of Conferences 386 (2023): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202338601004.

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Catalytic cracking is the major source of light olefins. And it is proved that some aromatics can also be obtained via catalytic cracking. Products are always impacted by many factors, especially catalysts. After a long time of development of industrial and commercial catalysts, a general kind of catalysts used in FCC (Fluid Catalytic Cracking) process is molecular sieves. Zeolites molecular sieves are normally applied to enhance the products of light olefins and BTX(Benzene-Toluene-Xylene). This paper highlights some methods to improve the zeolites from different perspectives based on those conditions that can affect zeolites. Some characteristics are discussed like structure, acid sites, acidity, etc. Besides, the cost of synthesis and regeneration should be considered as well. Some ideas about the modification of zeolites are summarized in this article like ion exchange of zeolites by rare earth metals or acids, which all prove the great success of improvements of zeolites. Olefin and BTX production increase effectively with these modified catalysts. There will be more kinds of catalysts in the future by combinations and modifications.

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Feyzi, Mostafa, and Ali Akbar Mirzaei. "Performance and characterization of iron-nickel catalysts for light olefin production." Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry 19, no. 4 (July 2010): 422–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1003-9953(09)60092-x.

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28

Al-Otaibi, Ahmad M., and Meshal Al-Samhan. "Correlation and Analysis of Operating Temperature Data for Direct Olefin Conversion from Heavy Crude." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2179, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2179/1/012026.

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Abstract Data analytics is a complex process of examining available data to reveal information such as hidden arrangements and correlations that can help enhance production or cost cutting decisions. The world’s demand and production of olefins are now higher than any other chemicals especially light olefins. This demand is supported by the fact that currently, Crude Oil-to-Chemicals (COTC) is an influential driver and a strong trend of high interest to all integrated refineries and chemical producers. Zeolite-based catalyst is a major cracking catalyst used in the industry, where Y-zeolites have progressively attracted attention as good adsorbents and stable acid catalysts, and are characterized by large, essentially spherical and internal cavities. This work focuses on analyzing operating data and correlating reaction temperatures for heavy crude to enhance the production of olefin using zeolite based catalyst. The prepared Y-zeolite was characterized for Specific surface area (SSA), total pore volume (TPV), average pore diameter (APD), and pore area (PA) according to the ASTM methods. The prepared catalyst showed a large pore diameter 211 Å and a high specific area of 425.6 m2/g, then the prepared catalyst was tested under varying conditions in a 250-mL autoclave-type reactor equipped with a stirrer, online Gas Chromatography (GC) and a gas sampling port. Different samples of crude with catalyst were tested at 380-450 °C and analysed via the online GC, where high peaks of ethylene and propylene were observed mainly at 430 °C reaching 3000 ppm wt. Moreover, the accumulative data of ethylene and propylene production from the experiments were recorded.

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Li, Yuping, Maolin Ye, Fenghua Tan, Chenguang Wang, and Jinxing Long. "Exergy Analysis of Alternative Configurations of Biomass-Based Light Olefin Production System with a Combined-Cycle Scheme via Methanol Intermediate." Energies 15, no. 2 (January 6, 2022): 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15020404.

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Thermodynamic performance of three conceptual systems for biomass-derived olefin production with electricity cogeneration was studied and compared via exergy analysis at the levels of system, subsystem and operation unit. The base case was composed of the subsystems of gasification, raw fuel gas adjustment, methanol/light olefin synthesis and steam & power generation, etc. The power case and fuel case were designed as the combustion of a fraction of gasification gas to increase power generation and the recycle of a fraction of synthesis tail gas to increase olefin production, respectively. It was found that the subsystems of gasification and steam & power generation contribute ca. 80% of overall exergy destruction for each case, of which gasifier and combustor are the main exergy destruction sources, due to the corresponding chemical exergy degrading of biomass and fuel gas. The low efficiency of 33.1% for the power case could be attributed to the significant irreversibility of the combustor, economizer, and condenser in the combined-cycle subsystem. The effect of the tail gas recycle ratio, moisture content of feedstock, and biomass type was also investigated to enhance system exergy performance, which could be achieved by high recycle ratio, using dry biomass and the feedstock with high carbon content. High system efficiency of 38.9% was obtained when oil palm shell was used, which was 31.7% for rice husk due to its low carbon content.

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Nicholas, Christopher P. "Applications of light olefin oligomerization to the production of fuels and chemicals." Applied Catalysis A: General 543 (August 2017): 82–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2017.06.011.

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31

Kang, Suk-Hwan, Jong Wook Bae, Kwang-Jae Woo, P. S. Sai Prasad, and Ki-Won Jun. "ZSM-5 supported iron catalysts for Fischer–Tropsch production of light olefin." Fuel Processing Technology 91, no. 4 (April 2010): 399–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2009.05.023.

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32

Li, Yanbing, Yingluo He, Kensei Fujihara, Chengwei Wang, Xu Sun, Weizhe Gao, Xiaoyu Guo, Shuhei Yasuda, Guohui Yang, and Noritatsu Tsubaki. "A Core-Shell Structured Na/Fe@Co Bimetallic Catalyst for Light-Hydrocarbon Synthesis from CO2 Hydrogenation." Catalysts 13, no. 7 (July 11, 2023): 1090. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal13071090.

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The direct CO2 Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (CO2-FTS) process has been proven as one of the indispensable and effective routes in CO2 utilization and transformation. Herein, we present a core-shell structured Na/Fe@Co bimetallic catalyst to boost CO2 conversion and light hydrocarbon (C2 to C4) selectivity, as well as inhibit the selectivity of CO. Compared to the Na/Fe catalyst, our Na/Fe@CoCo-3 catalyst enabled 50.3% CO2 conversion, 40.1% selectivity of light hydrocarbons (C2-C4) in all hydrocarbon products and a high olefin-to-paraffin ratio (O/P) of 7.5 at 330 °C and 3.0 MPa. Through the characterization analyses, the introduction of CoCo Prussian Blue Analog (CoCo PBA) not only increased the reducibility of iron oxide (Fe2O3 to Fe3O4), accelerated the formation of iron carbide (FexCy), but also adjusted the surface basic properties of catalysts. Moreover, the trace Co atoms acted as a second active center in the CO2-FTS process for heightening light hydrocarbon synthesis from CO hydrogenation. This work provides a novel core-shell structured bimetallistic catalyst system for light hydrocarbons, especially light olefin production from CO2 hydrogenation.

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Meng, Xianghai, Chunming Xu, Li Li, and Jinsen Gao. "Cracking Performance and Feed Characterization Study of Catalytic Pyrolysis for Light Olefin Production." Energy & Fuels 25, no. 4 (April 21, 2011): 1357–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef101775x.

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34

Hidalgo, José, Michal Zbuzek, Radek Černý, and Petr Jíša. "Current uses and trends in catalytic isomerization, alkylation and etherification processes to improve gasoline quality." Open Chemistry 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11532-013-0354-9.

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AbstractDue to the growing restrictions on the content of aromatic compounds by the European legislation in motor fuels and at the same time the need for higher quality fuels (minimizing the presence of contaminants and hazardous products to health), it has become necessary to increase processes that can maximize the number of octane in gasoline. This manuscript is aimed to provide current trends and processes related to isomerization, alkylation and etherification processes to improve gasolines as final product. Examples provided include the isomerization of light n-alkanes into iso-alkanes or the alkylation, in which the preferred olefin is the methylbutilene and i-butane to produce a high octane number gasoline. Currently, there are two main commercial processes for alkylation processes (hydrofluoric and sulfuric acid technologies). Other incoming suitable process is the etherification of iso-olefins to bio-ethers (the European Union have as a minimum target of biofuel content in fuels of 10% in 2020). The refiners are recently investing in the production of bio-ETBE (ethyl tertiary butyl ether) and other products as additives using bio-ethanol and olefins. Commercial and new potential catalysts for all these processes are currently being used and under investigation.

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Wang, Zhongren, Binbo Jiang, Zuwei Liao, Jingdai Wang, Yongrong Yang, and Xieqing Wang. "Enhanced Reaction Performances for Light Olefin Production from Butene through Cofeeding Reaction with Methanol." Energy & Fuels 32, no. 1 (December 15, 2017): 787–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b03614.

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36

Li, Yuping, Ying Li, Xinghua Zhang, Chenguang Wang, Xi Li, and Longlong Ma. "Exergy analysis of renewable light olefin production system via biomass gasification and methanol synthesis." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 46, no. 5 (January 2021): 3669–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.10.213.

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37

Manikandan, N. Arul, Ronan McCann, Dimitrios Kakavas, Keith D. Rochfort, Sithara P. Sreenilayam, Godze Alkan, Tom Stornetta, et al. "Production of Silver Nano-Inks and Surface Coatings for Anti-Microbial Food Packaging and Its Ecological Impact." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 6 (March 10, 2023): 5341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24065341.

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Food spoilage is an ongoing global issue that contributes to rising carbon dioxide emissions and increased demand for food processing. This work developed anti-bacterial coatings utilising inkjet printing of silver nano-inks onto food-grade polymer packaging, with the potential to enhance food safety and reduce food spoilage. Silver nano-inks were synthesised via laser ablation synthesis in solution (LaSiS) and ultrasound pyrolysis (USP). The silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) produced using LaSiS and USP were characterised using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectrophotometry and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis. The laser ablation technique, operated under recirculation mode, produced nanoparticles with a small size distribution with an average diameter ranging from 7–30 nm. Silver nano-ink was synthesised by blending isopropanol with nanoparticles dispersed in deionised water. The silver nano-inks were printed on plasma-cleaned cyclo-olefin polymer. Irrespective of the production methods, all silver nanoparticles exhibited strong antibacterial activity against E. coli with a zone of inhibition exceeding 6 mm. Furthermore, silver nano-inks printed cyclo-olefin polymer reduced the bacterial cell population from 1235 (±45) × 106 cell/mL to 960 (±110) × 106 cell/mL. The bactericidal performance of silver-coated polymer was comparable to that of the penicillin-coated polymer, wherein a reduction in bacterial population from 1235 (±45) × 106 cell/mL to 830 (±70) × 106 cell/mL was observed. Finally, the ecotoxicity of the silver nano-ink printed cyclo-olefin polymer was tested with daphniids, a species of water flea, to simulate the release of coated packaging into a freshwater environment.

38

Di, Wei, Phuoc Hoang Ho, Abdenour Achour, Oleg Pajalic, Lars Josefsson, Louise Olsson, and Derek Creaser. "CO2 hydrogenation to light olefins using In2O3 and SSZ-13 catalyst − Understanding the role of zeolite acidity in olefin production." Journal of CO2 Utilization 72 (June 2023): 102512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2023.102512.

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39

Ibrahim Alrawili, Maher Alanzy, Majed Al-Asmari, Aboulbaba Eladeb, and Adel Al-Enezi. "Nano Carbon as Catalyst for the Dehydrogenation of Alkanes to Produce Olefin." JOURNAL OF NANOSCOPE (JN) 4, no. 2 (December 31, 2023): 69–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.52700/jn.v4i2.96.

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The escalating need for energy around the globe increases the production rate of several chemicals. This report elucidates the production process of olefins through the Dehydrogenation of light alkanes using nanocarbon as a catalytic material. There are several catalysts used to produce olefins. However, there are many problems associated with these catalysts, such as the encapsulation of catalytic particles with coke which retard the product formation. Therefore, nanocarbon is considered the substitute in place of Pt, Pd, Ga, etc. It is also observed that 37% of the production rate has been increased by using nanoparticles as a catalyst. Moreover, using carbon nanoparticles as a catalyst will reduce global warming as carbon is the primary source of the greenhouse effect, increasing the development of a sustainable environment. The activity of the catalyst is highly dependent on the surface-active sites of the substance. Because the greater the number of active sites, the more significant the reactive sites will be, and the rate of reaction escalates.

40

Nasution, A. S., and E. Jasjfi. "PRODUCTION OF UNLEADED GASOLINE IN ASEAN COUNTRIES." Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas 29, no. 2 (March 29, 2022): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.29017/scog.29.2.1026.

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Worldwide crude supply is experiencing a mod- est trend towards heavier and high sulfur content. The Middle East, being traditionally the world's ma- jor oil exporting region, will continue to be the princi- pal supplier of lower quality crude's in the future", For the period 1992-2005, the average annual demand growth rate for light products ( gasoline, kero- sene, diesel oil) is higher than for residual fuel oil21, These data clearly show that the need will continue for converting additional bottom fraction into light products, by both thermal or catalytic conversions. The passage of the Clean Air Act Amendement of 1990 in the USA has forced American refineries to install new facilities to comply with stricter speci- fications for fuels such as gasoline and diesel oil such as Asia-Pacific, California Air Resources Board (CARB) and European Commission (EC) [3.4. 5). Various terms in the models address qualities and the gasoline blended such as benzene, total aromatics and olefin contents, RVP, the T90 of distillation range, sulphur content, and oxygenates content. Comparison of fue l specifications between ASEAN countries and reformulated fuels and typi- cal compositions of gasoline and gas oil components for production of commercial unleaded gasoline is included in this report.

41

Yang, Zhidong, Liehui Zhang, Yuhui Zhou, Hui Wang, Lichen Wen, and Ehsan Kianfar. "Investigation of effective parameters on SAPO-34 nanocatalyst in the methanol-to-olefin conversion process: a review." Reviews in Inorganic Chemistry 40, no. 3 (September 25, 2020): 91–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revic-2020-0003.

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AbstractLight olefins such as ethylene, propylene and butylene are mainly used in the petrochemical industry. Due to the growing need for light olefins in the industry and the future shortage of petroleum resources, the process of converting methanol to olefins (MTO) using non-oil sources has been considered as an alternative. Coal and natural gas are abundant in nature and the methods of converting them to methanol are well known today. Coal gasification or steam reforming of natural gas to produce synthetic gas (CO and hydrogen gas) can lead to methanol production. Methanol can also be catalytically converted to gasoline or olefins depending on the effective process and catalyst factors used. Due to the use of crude methanol in the MTO unit and because the feed does not require primary distillation, if the MTO unit is installed alongside the methanol unit, its capital costs will be reduced. The use of methanol can have advantages such as easier and less expensive transportation than ethane. Among the available catalysts, SAPO-34 is the most suitable catalyst for this process due to its small cavities and medium acidity. One of the problems of MTO units is the rapid deactivation of SAPO-34, which can also be affected by the synthesis factors, so it is possible to optimize the catalyst performance by modifying the synthesis conditions. In this article, we will introduce the MTO process and the factors affecting the production of light olefins.

42

Han, Lei, Chuan Qin Ding, and Huie Lui. "Studies on Olefin Production by Steam Cracking of Waste Oil Blended with Naphtha." Applied Mechanics and Materials 291-294 (February 2013): 738–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.291-294.738.

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Waste oil is an important part of the renewable energy, the main component is triglyceride that can be used to generate light olefins by steam cracking. The steam cracking feedstock is naphtha mixed with different proportions of waste oil, mainly in order to study the effect of different mixing ratio on the yield of ethylene, propylene and butadiene. In the case of the mixing ratio of naphtha and waste oil is 1:1, the optimum operating conditions are obtained: the steam cracking temperature is 775°C, the water- oil ratio is 0.65, the residence time is 0.4s.

43

Yaisamlee, Rachatawan, and Prasert Reubroycharoen. "Light olefin production from the catalytic cracking of fusel oil in a fixed bed reactor." Biomass and Bioenergy 153 (October 2021): 106217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2021.106217.

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44

Huang, Jincan, Wei Wang, Zhaoyang Fei, Qing Liu, Xian Chen, Zhuxiu Zhang, Jihai Tang, Mifen Cui, and Xu Qiao. "Enhanced Light Olefin Production in Chloromethane Coupling over Mg/Ca Modified Durable HZSM-5 Catalyst." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 58, no. 13 (March 7, 2019): 5131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.8b05544.

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45

Kang, Suk-Hwan, Jong Wook Bae, P. S. Sai Prasad, Seon-Ju Park, Kwang-Jae Woo, and Ki-Won Jun. "Effect of Preparation Method of Fe–based Fischer–Tropsch Catalyst on their Light Olefin Production." Catalysis Letters 130, no. 3-4 (March 17, 2009): 630–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10562-009-9925-y.

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46

Santos, Everton, Bruna Rijo, Francisco Lemos, and M. A. N. D. A. Lemos. "A catalytic reactive distillation approach to high density polyethylene pyrolysis – Part 1 – Light olefin production." Chemical Engineering Journal 378 (December 2019): 122077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.122077.

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47

Raghav, Himanshu, Chandrashekar Pendem, Shailendra Tripathi, Sanat Kumar, and Bipul Sarkar. "Enhanced light olefin production from CO2 over potassium promoted Fe–Co bimetallic ZrO2 supported catalysts." Fuel 368 (July 2024): 131645. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2024.131645.

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48

Tran, Xuan Tin, Dae Hun Mun, Jiho Shin, Na Young Kang, Dae Sung Park, Yong-Ki Park, Jungkyu Choi, and Do Kyoung Kim. "Maximizing light olefin production via one-pot catalytic cracking of crude waste plastic pyrolysis oil." Fuel 361 (April 2024): 130703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2023.130703.

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49

Muraza, Oki, Adedigba Abdul-lateef, Teruoki Tago, Asep B. D. Nandiyanto, Hiroki Konno, Yuta Nakasaka, Zain H. Yamani, and Takao Masuda. "Microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of submicron ZSM-22 zeolites and their applications in light olefin production." Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 206 (April 2015): 136–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2014.12.025.

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50

Hao, Fang, Yunfei Gao, Junchen Liu, Ryan Dudek, Luke Neal, Shuang Wang, Pingle Liu, and Fanxing Li. "Zeolite-assisted core-shell redox catalysts for efficient light olefin production via cyclohexane redox oxidative cracking." Chemical Engineering Journal 409 (April 2021): 128192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.128192.

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