Дисертації з теми "Light management system"

This paper discusses the features of building an automated lighting control system. The architecture of the automated system is given. The block diagram is considered and its components are described. The principle of interaction of intelligent devices with the server is given. Presented the rationale and benefits from the introduction of such a system.

Thesis: S.M. in Engineering and Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, System Design and Management Program, 2014.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (page 127) and index.
Our current Healthcare system has multiple problems and it is widely perceived that it is not able to provide quality affordable healthcare to all Americans; millions of Americans are without Health Insurance. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) was signed into law to achieve goal of 'quality affordable care for all American'. The ACA has focus on Individual Health Insurance and the provision of Health Exchange Marketplaces to find and purchase Health Insurance. Disruptive Innovation is a phenomenon in which a new entrant company disrupts the existing established company. As ACA and Health Exchanges have provided level playing field for all companies - new entrants and established - will this lead to disruption of Healthcare? Disruptive Innovations is analyzed from System Approach point of view. Disruption is not limited to two companies; Disruptor System disrupts the existing system including incumbent company. Disruption will be spearheaded by new entrant Disruptor Company and disruption will take place at system level. The existing Healthcare System and Possible Disruptor Systems are defined and investigated. Relative advantage and disadvantages to these two systems with regard to ACA regulations are analyzed. Elements of the healthcare disruptor system are analyzed and information present in the public domain about Health Exchange enrolment after the end of first enrollment seasons is studied to find out who could be possible disruptor and whether disruptor system formation has started.
by Shweta Shefali.
S.M. in Engineering and Management

Thesis: S.M. in Engineering and Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, System Design and Management Program, May, 2020
"May 2020." Cataloged from the official version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 76-82).
What if an open-source software showed what is the total cost of ownership of consumer goods, including emissions over time? Consumers' decision making is often price sensitive. An assessment of twelve mobility units' classes 1 to 5 at market price, their operation expenses, resale prices, and emissions show the real cost for the final consumer. Light-duty vehicles from the world's largest vehicle manufacturers: Toyota, Volkswagen, Honda, Hyundai, Chevrolet, Nissan, and tiny Tesla, from three continents are compared. Gasoline, hybrid, electric, and hydrogen-fueled powertrains performance over 12 years demonstrate how non-fossil fueled units offset their higher upfront price compared to their gasoline counterparts in 6 years. A micromobility option, a bicycle, is graphed against engine units. The Paris Agreement signed by 175 countries suggests a carbon tax which is levied in 29 countries. Such tax is forecasted in the non-signee of the Agreement, and number two highest polluter in the world, the United States. Three scenarios were calculated: at zero, fifteen and forty USD per Metric ton oil equivalent, as a path for massive production to account for environmental externalities. Life Cycle Analysis, Circular Economy and Smart Capitalism are articulated as solutions aiming to NetZero transportation targeting the segment responsible for the most GHG emissions in the industry, mid-sized cars. Collaboration and inclusive negotiation informed by consistent information are presented as means to lessen the gender gap and unite decision-makers to reach the Sustainability Development Goals. A systems-level approach is proposed in the form of private-public partnerships and global data sharing to scale and implement existing technologies. Cleaning the power grid by producing and storing renewable energy, implementing carbon capture, usage, and storage, and producing green hydrogen from electrolysis are pointed out as central global strategies to stop Climate Change.
by Patricia Arnal Luna.
S.M. in Engineering and Management
S.M.inEngineeringandManagement Massachusetts Institute of Technology, System Design and Management Program

Thesis: S.M. in Engineering and Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, System Design and Management Program, 2018
Page 126 blank. Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 105-109).
Light plays a significant role in urbanization throughout human history. And as the number of people living in the cities has already exceeded half of the world's population, people are facing many challenges like poor infrastructure, social problems, etc. To overcome the burgeoning populations, the lighting innovation is necessary. This thesis presents a solution to the challenges of a light and caring city. We present a lighting system that integrates design strategy, system architecture, and product design. The thesis begins with exploratory research at the intersection of the keywords, light and caring city. We discuss six support roles of light in daily life and twenty features of the caring cities from case studies. We dive into issues of wellbeing and work-life balance with the hypothesis that there lies an opportunity to make a meaningful impact with innovative lighting.
To get the holistic view of the challenge, primary and secondary research were conducted to understand user needs before developing the design concepts of the lighting product or service. The design iteration uncovered feedback from users and professionals in the lighting industry, revealing valuable insights and a critical puzzle piece that the industry still struggles to answer: how can personalized lighting support citizens' activities in shared spaces? We believe our solution will make a significant impact to people in their daily lives. The thesis develops a 'smart lighting' solution to personalize and support daily activities, as envisioned for futuristic caring cities. Using a co-working space as the concept demonstration, the thesis introduces the Intelligent Connected Lighting System and a five-layer ruleset. This ruleset integrates a human's biological clock, weather effects, shared space occupancy, activities performed, and custom settings made by users.
Our system automatically adjusts luminaires to meet user needs in real-time. Also, to support the flexibility of the system, two additional intelligent lamps were designed with installation suggestions.
by Kamin Phakdurong and Yangyang Yang.
S.M. in Engineering and Management
S.M.inEngineeringandManagement Massachusetts Institute of Technology, System Design and Management Program

The primary purpose of this research was to develop new methodologies to process and analyze large amount of topographic data from airborne LIDAR (light detection and ranging) survey. This research developed a suite of algorithms to resample dense clouds of point data from LIDAR survey, cut the large data set into smaller tiles, and filtered data to remove points from non-ground surface features such as vegetations, buildings, and vehicles. These algorithms were implemented on the PC platform using C++. The test results showed that the developed application software package based on these algorithms worked well. This application software package provided users an efficient way to retrieve, analyze, and display large volumes of LIDAR survey data, and to extract topographic information.

It is not uncommon for enterprises today to be faced with the demand to integrate and incor- porate many different and possibly heterogeneous systems which are generally independently designed and developed, to allow seamless access. In effect, the integration of these systems results in one large whole system that must be able, at the same time, to maintain the local autonomy and to continue working as an independent entity. This problem has introduced a new distributed architecture called federated systems. The most challenging issue in federated systems is to find answers for the question of how to efficiently cooperate while preserving their autonomous characteristic, especially the security autonomy. This thesis intends to address this issue. The thesis reviews the evolution of the concept of federated systems and discusses the organisational characteristics as well as remaining security issues with the existing approaches. The thesis examines how delegation can be used as means to achieve better security, especially authorisation while maintaining autonomy for the participating member of the federation. A delegation taxonomy is proposed as one of the main contributions. The major contribution of this thesis is to study and design a mechanism to support dele- gation within and between multiple security domains with constraint management capability. A novel delegation framework is proposed including two modules: Delegation Constraint Man- agement module and Policy Management module. The first module is designed to effectively create, track and manage delegation constraints, especially for delegation processes which require re-delegation (indirect delegation). The first module employs two algorithms to trace the root authority of a delegation constraint chain and to prevent the potential conflict when creating a delegation constraint chain if necessary. The first module is designed for conflict prevention not conflict resolution. The second module is designed to support the first module via the policy comparison capability. The major function of this module is to provide the delegation framework the capability to compare policies and constraints (written under the format of a policy). The module is an extension of Lin et al.'s work on policy filtering and policy analysis. Throughout the thesis, some case studies are used as examples to illustrate the discussed concepts. These two modules are designed to capture one of the most important aspects of the delegation process: the relationships between the delegation transactions and the involved constraints, which are not very well addressed by the existing approaches. This contribution is significant because the relationships provide information to keep track and en- force the involved delegation constraints and, therefore, play a vital role in maintaining and enforcing security for transactions across multiple security domains.

The quest for new artificial structures and materials uncovers novel new light-matter interactions, and intriguing physical phenomena. Since the late 80’s purely dielectric materials have been structured, at the wavelength-scale, to develop photonic crystals and photonic crystal fibres. Recently, also the modulation of gain and losses came into play. The new platform based on complex refractive index materials, combining index and gain-loss modulations, opens the door towards new physical concepts and novel applications. One of these fascinating new insights is the realization of classical analogues of quantum systems described by non-Hermitian Hamiltonians, where the complex refractive index plays the role of a complex optical potential. Thus, by carefully combining the real and imaginary parts of the refractive index; it is possible to observe unusual features that cannot be attained in classical Hermitian systems. In particular, non-Hermitian PT-symmetric systems, invariant under the parity and time-reversal symmetries, may support nidirectional mode coupling which is at the basis of novel ideas and applications such as unidirectional invisibility, single mode microlasers or super-sensitive sensors just to name a few. Non-Hermitian photonics has overturned the conventional negative perception of losses, and offers new possibilities to utilize the gain and loss for steering optical processes. The aim of this thesis is to provide new insights into the wave dynamics in this new artificial complex media since a flexible wave control may be essential to design novel technological devices. The work has a double scope: to propose and develop new concepts in fundamental science framework; and to provide technological studies for direct applications in actual and ubiquitous devices such as broad area semiconductor lasers. In this sense, the main contribution is a novel approach to manipulate the light flow using non-Hermitian systems for light localization and enhancement, and for the control of the flow of light following arbitrary vector fields and corresponding applications to photonic devices. We apply the new fundamental concept of local PT-symmetry to one and two dimensions PT-axisymmetric configurations to obtain highly localized fields at selected position or area. Further, we extend and generalize the idea of local PT-symmetry to design systems able to control the flow of light. We develop a mathematical framework to design such 2D (or higher dimensional) complex structured material for any arbitrary vector field and desired topology, referred as a local Hilbert transform which relates the real and imaginary parts of the complex refractive index. The theory of such directionality field is tested on random, periodic, quasi-periodic and localized patterns to generate arbitrary field flows in the form of a sink, vortices or circular channel flows, both in linear and nonlinear systems. Moreover, we investigate non-Hermitian structures for technological applications. We consider 2D periodic lattices, with simultaneous transverse and longitudinal PT-symmetry to obtain self-collimated beams, useful for example in integrated optics. We also propose different schemes of index and gain/loss modulations to enhance the stability of broad area semiconductor (BAS) devices. Besides, we show how: (i) the introduction of spatiotemporal modulation on the pump of vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VECSELs) with a simple flat mirror configuration, may stabilize its emission; (ii) in phase modulations of index and gain-loss profiles stabilizes the emission from BAS lasers and amplifiers, a proposal relying on the suppression of modulation instabilities using dispersion management; (iii) PT-axisymmetry applied either to BAS lasers or VCSELs renders these lasers into bright and narrow laser sources.
La recerca de nous materials i estructures artificials revela nous mecanisme d’interacció llum-matèria i fenòmens físics inesperats. A finals dels 80, es desenvolupen els primers materials estructurats a escala de la longitud d'ona, cristalls fotònics i fibres de cristall fotònic, utilitzant materials purament dielèctrics. Més recentment, s’afegeixen també modulacions del guany òptic i pèrdues (absorció). Els nous materials artificials estructurats, que combinen modulacions d'índex i de guanys i pèrdues, caracteritzats per tenir índexs de refracció complexos, obren les portes a noves idees físiques i futures aplicacions. Aquests sistemes permeten també realitzar sistemes clàssics anàlegs als quàntics amb Hamiltonians no hermítics, on l’índex de refracció complex juga el paper de potencial òptic complex. Amb un dissenyat acurat del potencial òptic s’assoleixen característiques impossibles en sistemes hermítics clàssics. En particular, els sistemes no hermítics invariants sota la simetria de Paritat i d’inversió Temporal, denominats sistemes amb simetria PT, permeten acoblaments unidireccionals entre modes, que són la base d’idees i aplicacions sorprenents com: la invisibilitat unidireccional, microlàsers monomode, super-sensors,... La fotònica no hermítica canvia la percepció negativa que es tenia de l’absorció en dispositius òptics, ja que permet utilitzar de forma avantatjosa no només el guany òptic sinó també les pèrdues. L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi és aprofundir en la propagació dones a través de sistemes òptics no hermítics, ja que el seu control pot ser essencial per al disseny de nous dispositius. Així, la tesi té un doble objectiu: l’estudi d’aspectes fonamentals de la fotònica no hermítica i la seva aplicació directa en la millora de dispositius tecnològics ja existents (com en làsers de semiconductors) o innovadors. La principal aportació és el desenvolupament d’un nou mecanisme per al control i manipulació del flux de la llum, que permet: localitzar i concentrar la llum en un punt desitjat, o controlar el flux de llum seguint un camp vectorial arbitrari; i la proposta d’aplicacions a dispositius fotònics. Primer es formula un nou concepte fonamental: els sistemes amb simetria PT local (amb configuracions PT-axisimètriques en una i dues dimensions) per obtenir camps molt localitzats en una posició o àrea determinada. Després, es generalitza la idea per dissenyar camps capaços de controlar el flux de la llum. Es desenvolupa una eina matemàtica que anomenen transformació local d’Hilbert, per dissenyar aquest tipus de sistemes estructurats en dues (o més) dimensions, per aconseguir que el flux de llum segueixi qualsevol camp vectorial arbitrari i topologia desitjada. Aquesta transformació relaciona la part real i imaginària de l'índex de refracció complex. Es comprova el funcionament del potencials generats seguint aquest procediment, utilitzant inicialment diferents patrons: aleatoris, periòdics, quasi-periòdics o bé localitzats. En tots els cassos es demostra que és possible generar fluxos en forma radial, vòrtex o fluxos circulars, tant en sistemes lineals com no lineals. Pel que fa a aplicacions tecnològiques, es consideren xarxes periòdiques en dues dimensions, amb simetria PT transversal i longitudinal per obtenir feixos auto-col·limats, útils, per exemple, en òptica integrada. També s’estudien diferents esquemes per millorar l'estabilitat de fonts de llum de semiconductors d'àrea ampla (BAS). Es demostra que: (i) la modulació espacio-temporal del bombeig estabilitza emissors làser de superfície amb cavitat externa vertical (VECSEL) amb configuració de mirall pla; (ii) les modulacions d'índex i de guany i pèrdua poden suprimir les inestabilitats de modulació mitjançant el control de dispersió en làsers i amplificadors BAS amb; (iii) la simetria PT aplicada als làsers BAS o els VCSEL modula el feix

Інтенсивне збільшення кількості транспортних засобів у містах України за останні роки призвело до значного перевантаження транспортної мережі, утворення транспортних заторів. Хоча виникнення заторів обумовлено багатьма факторами, значна їх кількість сконцентрована на регульованих перехрестях. Метою даної роботи є підвищення ефективності керування дорожнім рухом у місті. Особлива увага приділяється керуванню світлофорними об’єктами з використанням сучасного апарата нечіткої логіки. Розроблено структуру побудови системи керування дорожнім рухом в місті. Виділено підсистеми реєстрації дорожнього руху, світлофорного регулювання, керування зовнішнім освітленням. В такому випадку система легко модернізується і масштабується. Проведено дослідження транспортного потоку. Побудовано математичну модель нечіткого логічного виведення для гнучкого регулювання тривалості фаз двохфазного світлофорного об’єкта.
In recent years, the intensive increase of vehicles in the cities of Ukraine has led to significant overload of the transport network and formation of traffic jams. Although congestion is caused by many factors, many of them are concentrated at controlled intersections. The purpose of this work is to improve the efficiency of road traffic control in the city. Special attention is paid to the management of traffic light objects using modern apparatus of indistinct logic. The structure of construction of traffic management system in the city has been developed. The subsystems of traffic registration, traffic lights, outdoor lighting control have been highlighted. In this case, the system is easily upgraded and scalable. The study of traffic flow was conducted. The mathematical model of fuzzy inference system for flexible phase duration control of two-phase traffic light object was constructed.

This thesis project investigates the state-of-the-art in traffic management "Green Light Optimal Speed Advisory (GLOSA)" for vehicles in a smart city. GLOSA utilizes infrastructure and vehicles communication through using current signal plan settings and updated vehicular information in order to influence the intersection approach speeds. The project involves traffic microscopic simulations for a mixed traffic environment of conventional and automated vehicles (AVs) both connected to the intersection control and guided by a speed advisory traffic management system. Among the project goals is to assess the effects on traffic performance when human drivers comply to the speed advice. The GLOSA management approach is accessed for its potential to improve traffic efficiency in a full market penetration of connected AVs with absolute compliance. The project also aims to determine the possible outcome resulting from enhancing the AVs capabilities such as implementing short time headways between vehicles in the future.  The best traffic performance results achieved by operating GLOSA goes for connected AVs with the lowest simulated time headway (0.3 sec). The waiting time reduction reaches 95% and trip delay lessens to 88 %.

Thesis (Ph. D. in Technology, Management, and Policy)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology, Management, and Policy Program, 2008.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 169-180).
The unrelenting increase in oil use by the U.S. light-duty vehicle (LDV) fleet presents an extremely challenging energy and environmental problem. A variety of propulsion technologies and fuels have the promise to reduce petroleum use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from motor vehicles. Previous work in this domain has compared individual vehicle or fuel alternatives. The aim of this research was to deepen the understanding of the likely scale and timing of the fleet-wide impact of emerging technologies. A model of the light-duty vehicle fleet showed that fuel consumption of mainstream gasoline internal combustion engine (ICE) technology vehicles will determine the trajectory of fleet fuel use and GHG emissions over the next two decades. Using vehicle simulations and historical data, the trade-off between vehicle performance, size and fuel consumption was quantified. It was shown that up to 26 percent reduction in future LDV fuel use is possible with mainstream gasoline ICE vehicles alone if emphasis of vehicle technology is on reducing fuel consumption rather than improving performance. Addressing this vehicle performance-size-fuel consumption trade-off should be the priority for policymakers. By considering both supply and demand side constraints on building up vehicle production rates, three plausible scenarios of advanced vehicle market penetration were developed. Due to strong competition from mainstream gasoline vehicles and high initial cost, market penetration rates of diesels and gasoline hybrids in the U.S. are likely to be slow. As a result, diesels and gasoline hybrids have only a modest, though growing potential for reducing fleet fuel use before 2025. In general, the time-scales to impact of new technologies are twenty to twenty-five years.
(cont.) Integrating vehicle and fuel scenarios showed that measures which reduce greenhouse gas emissions also reduce petroleum consumption, but the converse is not necessarily true. Policy efforts therefore should be focused on measures that improve both energy security and carbon emissions at the same time. While up to 35 percent reduction in fleet GHG emissions from a No Change scenario is possible by 2035, the magnitude of changes required to achieve these reductions are daunting, as all of the current trends run counter to the changes required.
by Anup P. Bandivadekar.
Ph.D.

This thesis researched why light gauge steel framing members are not used more in single-family residential construction. A survey was designed to extract information from licensed contractors in Utah on uses of light gauge steel framing members in residential homes. The purpose of the research was to discover what Utah builder's perception was concerning light gauge steel framing. Also, the researcher tried to learn a little about the contractors to see if there was a correlation between contractors that used light gauge steel and those that did not. Names of licensed general building contractors and residential contractors and their contact information were acquired from the State of Utah's Department of Professional Licensing. A random sample of the licensed contractors was selected. They were contacted by mail and telephone and invited to participate in a survey. The researcher discovered that light gauge steel was used in a very limited amount. The respondents seemed build using traditional methods, namely lumber. They were unfimiliar with light gauge steel and its properties, as well as the benefits and disadvantages of light gauge steel.

The theories supporting Network Centric Warfare (NCW) continue to mold the tactical use of U.S. forces throughout the global warfare environment. This thesis research will correlate the four tenets of NCW to the tactical employment of the Naval Postgraduate School's LRV. The four tenets of NCW are: 1. A robustly networked force improves information sharing. 2. Information sharing and collaboration enhance the quality of information and shared situational awareness. 3. Shared situational awareness enables self-synchronization. 4. These, in turn, dramatically increase mission effectiveness. The faculty and students at NPS are dedicated to researching methods to leverage science and technology in order to maximize the combat effectiveness of U.S. and allied forces. In teaming with our primary sponsor, U.S. Special Operations Command (SOCOM), NPS has developed the Tactical Network Topology (TNT) series of experiments aimed at providing the warfighter information solutions for the battle space. The NPS LRV was derived from an operational requirement to have a mobile C4I/ISR platform that provides enhanced real-time information sharing to tactically employed units. Total force combat effectiveness is growing more reliant on agile means of information sharing. Wireless communications and collaborative technologies are essential to ensuring dynamic, forward-deployed forces have the ability to transmit and receive critical information when and where it is needed. Through past TNT experimentation, the LRV has not demonstrated itself as a stable platform providing a high-bandwidth information sharing capability. This research advanced the LRV concept by bridging the multiple wireless technologies and providing a reliable high-bandwidth communications link.

Production and consumption of products contribute to the global sustainability challenge by degrading natural and social systems. This thesis focuses on branded products, which through powerful images and meanings symbolise the core business of a company and a platform of identification for its stakeholders. This study investigates the possibility to align a brand and its company with sustainability. With the help of a small branded design company in Berlin, which served as case study, a strategic management planning process was conducted and action research was used to be able to engage the participants in creating movement towards sustainability. The research shows that there are major internal and external barriers and motivations that can either hinder or inspire. The actions and approaches that were identified for a branded design company represent possible means to transform its business towards sustainability. Natural resources are decreasing relative to the growth in human population and affluence. This fuels the need to develop more sustainable products so that human needs and natural eco-systems can thrive. A branded design company has the ability to help lead society through innovating products, services, and activities towards a sustainable future.

An entity capable of assessing its and others action capabilities possess the power to predict how the involved entities may change their world. Through this knowledge and higher level of situation awareness, the assessing entity may choose the actions that have the most suitable effect, resulting in that entity’s desired world state.

This thesis covers aspects and concepts of an arbitrary planning system and presents a threat analyzer architecture built on the novel planning system Goal-Oriented Action Planning (GOAP). This planning system has been suggested for an application for improved missile route planning and targeting, as well as being applied in contemporary computer games such as F.E.A.R. – First Encounter Assault Recon and S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Shadow of Chernobyl. The GOAP architecture realized in this project is utilized by two agents that perform action planning to reach their desired world states. One of the agents employs a modified GOAP planner used as a threat analyzer in order to determine what threat level the adversary agent constitutes. This project does also introduce a conceptual schema of a general planning system that considers orders, doctrine and style; as well as a schema depicting an agent system using a blackboard in conjunction with the OODA-loop.

Multi functional health monitoring wearable devices are quite prominent these days. Usually these devices are battery-operated and consequently are limited by their battery life (from few hours to a few weeks depending on the application). Of late, it was realized that these devices, which are currently being operated at fixed voltage and frequency, are capable of operating at multiple voltages and frequencies. By switching these voltages and frequencies to lower values based upon power requirements, these devices can achieve tremendous benefits in the form of energy savings. Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS) techniques have proven to be handy in this situation for an efficient trade-off between energy and timely behavior. Within imec, wearable devices make use of the indigenously developed MUSEIC v2 (Multi Sensor Integrated circuit version 2.0). This system is optimized for efficient and accurate collection, processing, and transfer of data from multiple (health) sensors. MUSEIC v2 has limited means in controlling the voltage and frequency dynamically. In this thesis we explore how traditional DVFS techniques can be applied to the MUSEIC v2. Experiments were conducted to find out the optimum power modes to efficiently operate and also to scale up-down the supply voltage and frequency. Considering the overhead caused when switching voltage and frequency, transition analysis was also done. Real-time and non real-time benchmarks were implemented based on these techniques and their performance results were obtained and analyzed. In this process, several state of the art scheduling algorithms and scaling techniques were reviewed in identifying a suitable technique. Using our proposed scaling technique implementation, we have achieved 86.95% power reduction in average, in contrast to the conventional way of the MUSEIC v2 chip’s processor operating at a fixed voltage and frequency. Techniques that include light sleep and deep sleep mode were also studied and implemented, which tested the system’s capability in accommodating Dynamic Power Management (DPM) techniques that can achieve greater benefits. A novel approach for implementing the deep sleep mechanism was also proposed and found that it can obtain up to 71.54% power savings, when compared to a traditional way of executing deep sleep mode.
Nuförtiden så har multifunktionella bärbara hälsoenheter fått en betydande roll. Dessa enheter drivs vanligtvis av batterier och är därför begränsade av batteritiden (från ett par timmar till ett par veckor beroende på tillämpningen). På senaste tiden har det framkommit att dessa enheter som används vid en fast spänning och frekvens kan användas vid flera spänningar och frekvenser. Genom att byta till lägre spänning och frekvens på grund av effektbehov så kan enheterna få enorma fördelar när det kommer till energibesparing. Dynamisk skalning av spänning och frekvens-tekniker (såkallad Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling, DVFS) har visat sig vara användbara i detta sammanhang för en effektiv avvägning mellan energi och beteende. Hos Imec så använder sig bärbara enheter av den internt utvecklade MUSEIC v2 (Multi Sensor Integrated circuit version 2.0). Systemet är optimerat för effektiv och korrekt insamling, bearbetning och överföring av data från flera (hälso) sensorer. MUSEIC v2 har begränsad möjlighet att styra spänningen och frekvensen dynamiskt. I detta examensarbete undersöker vi hur traditionella DVFS-tekniker kan appliceras på MUSEIC v2. Experiment utfördes för att ta reda på de optimala effektlägena och för att effektivt kunna styra och även skala upp matningsspänningen och frekvensen. Eftersom att ”overhead” skapades vid växling av spänning och frekvens gjordes också en övergångsanalys. Realtidsoch icke-realtidskalkyler genomfördes baserat på dessa tekniker och resultaten sammanställdes och analyserades. I denna process granskades flera toppmoderna schemaläggningsalgoritmer och skalningstekniker för att hitta en lämplig teknik. Genom att använda vår föreslagna skalningsteknikimplementering har vi uppnått 86,95% effektreduktion i jämförelse med det konventionella sättet att MUSEIC v2-chipets processor arbetar med en fast spänning och frekvens. Tekniker som inkluderar lätt sömn och djupt sömnläge studerades och implementerades, vilket testade systemets förmåga att tillgodose DPM-tekniker (Dynamic Power Management) som kan uppnå ännu större fördelar. En ny metod för att genomföra den djupa sömnmekanismen föreslogs också och enligt erhållna resultat så kan den ge upp till 71,54% lägre energiförbrukning jämfört med det traditionella sättet att implementera djupt sömnläge.

Any situation that causes traffic to stop or slow down creates cost for society, both in terms of lost time for the road users and increased CO2 emissions. Trafik Stockholm, a traffic management centre for Stockholm collectively run by STA, Stockholm city and Nacka municipality therefore have the responsibility to facilitate the removal of such situations. One of the means by which they do that is by sending out road assistance vehicles (RAVs) to help clearing these situations. In order to do so effectively there is a need to know the effect of emergency lights on the time it takes for the RAV to reach its destination. This thesis thus examines how the emergency lights affect the speed at which the RAVs can travel by comparing the actual speed at which the RAVs have travelled using emergency lights to the mean speed of traffic on the same highway at the same time. It is concluded that there might be a significant effect, but further studies are necessary to prove this statistically.

Vehicle crashes are identified as the primary cause of occupational fatalities and driving a vehicle for work is considered the most hazardous operation undertaken by many workers. The thesis explored contemporary issues impacting on work-related road safety (WRRS). Findings suggest that WRRS is a complex issue requiring a multi-dimensional or holistic approach to assess the factors impacting on work-related driving. Within the organisations studied, WRRS was not adequately addressed and differing levels of management commitment and support determine the degree of organisational response.

The Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) lifecycle is punctuated by distinct ontogenic stages which are routinely manipulated commercially by photoperiod regimes to enable year-round production. As such, light plays a critical role throughout the production cycle, however, it remains poorly characterised and light spectrum and intensity have not been defined optimally yet. This thesis was therefore set out to test the effects of narrow bandwidth light (Blue-λ(max) 444 nm, Green-λ(max) 523 nm, Red-λ(max) 632 nm and White) and intensity in freshwater (FW). Fry-parr development, out-of-season smoltification and ocular and vertebral health were examined as was the long-term effects of FW light regimes on seawater (SW) growth and muscle structure. In addition, the impact of photoperiod regimes on out-of-season smolts following transfer to SW was investigated. Major findings from the trials conducted show that light spectrum and intensity influence parr development with lower intensities performing better than higher intensities. Both the initiation and duration of smoltification was impacted by spectrum. Importantly, this doctoral work showed that daily changes in light intensity, from low during the scotophase to high during the photophase applied for the duration of a standard out-of-season smoltification regime was capable of providing a sufficient cue for the induction of smoltification. Historic FW light exposure impacted SW performance and post-transfer SW photoperiod had significant impact upon growth and maturation development. Results based on changes to the gonadosomatic index provide important guidance for suitable post-transfer photoperiods for smolt transferred to SW around the winter solstice. Importantly, from the parameters tested, exposure to different spectrum or light intensities did not adversely affect vertebral or ocular health. This thesis did not only focus on the physiological effects of light but also aimed to characterise better the pathways involved in light perception and integration. To do so, the neural response to both broad spectrum white light, darkness and Red and Blue light was investigated through deep brain insitu-hybridisation and high throughput sequencing (NGS) of the pituitary gland. Results showed substantial spectral and light/dark changes in the both the deep brain and pituitary transcriptome. Overall, this research provides both scientifically interesting and commercially relevant guidance for the optimisation of lighting systems for use in captive salmon aquaculture. Major findings from the trials conducted show that light spectrum and intensity influence parr development with lower intensities performing better than higher intensities. Both the initiation and duration of smoltification was impacted by spectrum. Importantly, this doctoral work showed that daily changes in light intensity, from low during the scotophase to high during the photophase applied for the duration of a standard out-of-season smoltification regime was capable of providing a sufficient cue for the induction of smoltification. Historic FW light exposure impacted SW performance and post-transfer SW photoperiod had significant impact upon growth and maturation development. Results based on changes to the gonadosomatic index provide important guidance for suitable post-transfer photoperiods for smolt transferred to SW around the winter solstice. Importantly, from the parameters tested, exposure to different spectrum or light intensities did not adversely affect vertebral or ocular health. This thesis did not only focus on the physiological effects of light but also aimed to characterise better the pathways involved in light perception and integration. To do so, the neural response to both broad spectrum white light, darkness and Red and Blue light was investigated through deep brain insitu-hybridisation and high throughput sequencing (NGS) of the pituitary gland. Results showed substantial spectral and light/ dark changes in the both the deep brain and pituitary transcriptome. Overall, this research provides both scientifically interesting and commercially relevant guidance for the optimisation of lighting systems for use in captive salmon aquaculture.

碩士
國立高雄應用科技大學
電機工程系博碩士班
104
Nowadays, solar energy is widely applied in many fields. In this paper, A single-chip microprocessor, AT91SAM3S1B, is used in the system with maximum power point tracking is presented. The output voltage, current of the solar cells are sensing via A/D of AT91SAM3S1B. Based on the output data of solar cells, a new maximum power point tracking method to make the best output efficiency of solar cells. The purpose of this thesis is to develop the maximum power tracker of solar cell. In order to react to the illumination condition changed, the tracker can track the maximum power point of solar cell. The performance and longevity of lithium ion batteries depend, to a large extent, on the quality of their chargers. Therefore, it is important to determine the optimal charging pattern for lithium battery. From charging methods, ReflexTM charging algorithm is proven to have the advantages such as prolong cycle lives, enhance discharge/charge energy efficiency, and reduce the charging time. The research of the optimal charging waveform for lithium batteries and the implementation of the charging circuit are presented. Achieve the best performance is found, the number of experiments can be minimized by using Taguchi Method and Orthogonal Arrays.

碩士
中華大學
營建管理研究所
95
Accompany with generation change, the social activities become much frequently and have been extended from day-time to night-time. The street light maintenance quality is related to human and vehicle safety. How to ensure the service quality of the street light is an important issue in this century. Street light management is one of the tasks which needs high technique with high difficulty. Since the street lights are covered all over the roads of the city, the operating administrating requires mass workload. When the street lights are constructed, huge resources, such as human and material, are needed to keep in good service. In order to reduce operating cost and promote bright ratio, it is an important issue to control electrical voltage to achieve power saving and prolonging light age. Appropriately monitoring light operation includes turning on and off the light in reasonable time and informing staffs to fix breakdown equipments. In order to promote illumination quality, detect breakdown timely and improve lighting management efficiency, this study bring out an idea to use on hand street light power light combined with power line carrier, wireless communication and computer network to develop Street Light Management System. This system will promote light administrating with better quality and lower establishing cost. An electrical equipment can automatically turn on and off street lights for specific location and time zone to achieve the energy saving. This study can monitor the operation conditions and report breakdown cases to reduce the unusual status. It will tremendously shrinkage maintenance time, promote service quality, cut down patrol examination and increase service effects.

碩士
大葉大學
機械與自動化工程學系
100
This article discusses the characteristics of light electric vehicle and the design of the Battery Management System. Plan the battery status monitor and set up battery protective mechanisms can avoid shortened battery life which reduces the battery efficiency; furthermore, it might affect power reliability when we drive. This study used various management methods including estimate state of charge and passive battery balance circuits and battery status monitoring and protection mechanisms (prevent the battery over-voltage and over Current) and the battery pack temperature monitor and display real-time information with current. Light electric vehicles were used as a model, battery pack was formed with LiFePO4. Four single-battery was connected in a parallel circuit and four of the same parallel circuits were connected in series to stack a 48V battery pack. It used DYNO and Microcomputer discharger and charger to study the vehicle mileage show the charge and discharge curves; the main objects for this study were electric vehicles sturdiness and research the battery characteristic curve to investigate the battery management System affects the battery pack or how battery protection mechanism affects the battery charge and discharge curves efficiency. In this study, we used IC-S-8209A to protect the battery cell and battery power balance. Used this IC can effectively reduce the size of battery management system circuit. Research methods: It used open-loop voltage to contrast with state of charge to establish data table. From the table, we can understand the characteristics of lithium-ion battery so we can establish ADC Circuit to monitor temperature and voltage and current. Select batteries with similar characteristics of lithium ion to protect IC to establish of circuit hardware; Select appropriate resistor to consume excess power. Next, use Microcomputer discharger and charger to test the battery charge and discharge curves to verify that protection mechanism of action. After all, combine battery module and battery management system, set in the DYNO experimental platform and running road resistance prove that this system can be used for light electric vehicles.

碩士
國立成功大學
航空太空工程學系碩博士班
96
Radio Data System (RDS) is a mature technique which has been developed over the past 20 years. Due to the common use of FM radio, the traits of low estate requirement and the convenience in broadcasting, RDS is suitable for using in wireless transmission of large-range and low-load data. This article proposes the application of RDS in the Electronic Flight Instrument System (EFIS) of Ultra Light Aircrafts. The real time surveillance information from the airport control center of ultra light aircrafts can be wirelessly transmitted to the RDS receiver in the aircrafts. Because of the low-price of RDS broadcast station to widespread receiver application, the RDS is used as a redundant system to GPRS surveillance for ultra light aircrafts on the electronics flight instrument system (EFIS) developing project. The proposed RDS application is established onto EFIS with verification tests to support the designed capability.

碩士
國立成功大學
系統及船舶機電工程學系碩博士班
101
To develop the Power/Signal Management System (PSMS) which assist Multi-mode ROV in operating at complex ocean environment. Include six parts: shore-end system, the main structure, power system, propulsion system, communication system and sensors, while the last five parts called depressor. System architecture use modular design to achieve easy portable, easy expansion and convenient replace or repair. Currently, acoustics-based locating is the main-stream method in underwater environment. However we consider the high cost and inconvenient setting, this study develop a locating method by image recognition. It combined light-source carrier tracking and color-image attenuation calculation to get relative position between depressor and target. The control system uses the fuzzy control method due to the difficulty of establishing a comprehensive mathematical model of the control system in complex underwater environment. The system tests in towing tank include laying the ROV, power/signal transmission and locating test. To make sure that PSMS is reliable with helping ROV for underwater exploration. And the test verifies the feasibility of image recognition and color-image attenuation calculation apply to underwater tracking and locating.

碩士
國立成功大學
電腦與通信工程研究所
107
Nowadays, more and more physical devices communicate and interact with others over the Internet. Streetlight, as a pervasive urban infrastructure, plays an important role in moving towards the smart city concept. Through integrating various sensors and embedded devices provides the opportunity to transform this large-scale infrastructure into a multifunctional digital urban platform. In this thesis, our main objective is to design and implement a web-based streetlight management system that includes a set of edge devices (single-board computers, microcontrollers, sensors, and IP cameras). In addition to lighting control, this platform provides live streaming and real-time environmental sensor data, as well as a historical information query API. To increase the manageability and scalability, we propose a novel architecture to deploy both the cloud and edge services based on the containerization technology, and the preliminary performance evaluation shows the feasibility of running multiple containers in resource-constrained edge devices. Furthermore, communications between cloud and edge are secured with token verification and transmitted over an SSH tunnel.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
能源與冷凍空調工程系碩士班
100
This research was focused on the LED street light, which use hybrid renewable energy integration management system. To modify the weakness of the system. There are three problems in traditional renewable energy system: traditional system is designed for single energy source. Therefore, its power supply is unstable when the weather condition is not allowed. After the battery has been discharging without any management for a period of time, not only its performance will be reduced, but also its capacity and life will be damaged seriously. LED street lights have higher beam intensity, which is more difficult to extended lighting area to inside lanes. Therefore, research analyzes and develops solutions from the power generation aspect, the battery aspect and application aspect. Combine two kinds of renewable energy sources to supply the electricity and use their characters of weather complementary to make the system owns the ability to switch power supplies. Building generator monitor and a micro-meteorological station to find out the generate efficiency of the hybrid system. Use the serializability of the LED grain to development PWM battery management system. Schedule the output ratio of grid power and battery base on the generated power in the day. Reduce the battery cycling times to achieve intelligent discharge in order to extend the battery life. In order to improve traditional LED street lights lighting conditions, by using an area of LED light source and set a dual-load LED Street lights to improve the effect of visualization with optical simulation (DiaLux,). To achieve the goal of lighting and energy saving solution, and verify its lighting condition and energy using condition after the equipment are set. After six months statistics analysis, generating power is proportional to the weather iii conditions. Solar power is more stable than the wind power. The total rated 430W renewable energy systems generated average 0.386kWh power per day; PWM battery management system able to extended approximately 2 times of the battery life, and capable for light intensity adjustment. After dual-load LED street lights setup completed, lighting uneven between each lane had significant improvement. The average illuminance and uniformity-of- illumination increase of 65% and 10%. Survey shows that satisfaction up to 96% after lighting improvement. Entire system with peak and nonpeak time control, total energy saving efficiency can be up to 74.4%.

碩士
國立成功大學
系統及船舶機電工程學系
104
The research is about developing a system to track underwater light-source and improve the Power/Signal Management System (PSMS).The CCD camera is installed on a stepper motor. In such a way, it can reach the goal angle accurately. The system progress from one-dimensional tracking to three-dimensional tracking which include horizontal tracking, vertical tracking and longitudinal tracking. The sonar still held sway in underwater tracking but it is expensive, so we consider to de-velop a tracking method by image recognition. It combined light-source carrier tracking and light-area calculation to get relative position between PSMS and target. The control system uses the fuzzy control method due to the difficulty of establishing a comprehen-sive mathematical model of the control system in complex underwater environment. The system tests in towing tank include horizontal tracking, vertical tracking and longitu-dinal tracking. And the test verifies the stability and accuracy of its all function.

碩士
國立中山大學
海洋環境及工程學系研究所
106
The Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBoK) proposed by Project Management Institute (PMI) is similar to conventional construction management. Recently, schedule management gets more attention in the engineering field in Taiwan, and then be used in emerging construction projects, such as light rail. There are many qualitative studies for management improvement. However, if we simulate dynamic behavior to analyze project schedule dynamics, managers can have different views. We build a System Dynamics model to simulate the project schedule for the construction of Kaohsiung Light Rail Station. We collect important factors from literature review, build the causal loop diagram to discuss soft parameters with domain experts, and finally build the quantitative model and successfully simulate the whole process of the project work. In the model, adopting which management strategy is depended on schedule pressure. And the feedback caused by the strategy will decide the speed of the project work. Thus, management strategy may affect the project schedule. The result of scenario analysis shows that the effect of increasing manpower to meet project schedule is better than working overtime. However, the number of employee can be limited by the project budget. After gaining insight to the system model, we learn that reducing the RFI (Requests for Information) percentage of the question asked and improving the solving ability are the most important of all. Therefore project members should improve teamwork process since the beginning of the project for better schedule management.

Lighting design and modelling (the efficient and aesthetic placement of luminaires in a virtual or real scene) or industrial applications like luminaire planning and commissioning (the luminaire's installation and evaluation process along to the scene's geometry and structure) rely heavily on high realism and physically correct simulations. The current typical approaches are based only on CAD modeling simulations and offline rendering, with long processing times and therefore inflexible workflows. In this thesis we examine whether different camera-aided light modeling and numerical optimization approaches could be used to accurately understand, model and measure the light distribution in real life scenarios within real world environments. We show that factorization techniques could play a semantic role for light decomposition and light source identification, while we contribute a novel benchmark dataset and metrics for it. Thereafter we adapt a well known global illumination model (i.e. radiosity) and we extend it so that to overcome some of its basic limitations related to the assumption of point based only light sources or the adaption of only isotropic light perception sensors. We show that this extended radiosity numerical model can challenge the state-of-the-art in obtaining accurate dense spatial light measurements over time and in different scenarios. Finally we combine the latter model with human-centric sensing information and present how this could be beneficial for smart lighting applications related to quality lighting and power efficiency. Thus, with this work we contribute by setting the baselines for using an RGBD camera input as the only requirement to light modeling methods for light estimation in real life scenarios, and open a new applicability where the illumination modeling can be turned into an interactive process, allowing for real-time modifications and immediate feedback on the spatial illumination of a scene over time towards quality lighting and energy efficient solutions.

碩士
中華大學
科技管理學系碩士班
98
Fast innovation and growth was developed as a unique capability to address client needs from customer insight development from idea generation to commercialization. When speed becomes the basis for competition, rivals are compelled to seek newer sources of technological knowledge and rely on accelerated innovation to drive product differentiation and competitive advantage. The purpose of this research is to extract and provide practical knowledge and example from both theory and practice in order to clarify some practices that can be used in the implementation of fast technological innovation process. To illustrate this fast innovation process, we conduct a new product innovation which is “bicycle lights and mechanism Trigger”. The bicycle lights are hybrid because to generate power, the lights are equipped with solar energy sensor receiver and an electric battery incorporated inside the lamps. To turn on or off the lights, both hand switch mechanism and kickstand can be used as lights trigger. The Patent guider ( patent mapping), CAD ( for designing product prototype) and Goldfire Innovator software ( Root Cause Analysis, Function modeling, value analysis and Value Engineering, Theory of Inventive Problem solving; TRIZ) are used to conduct the fast innovation process.

The main objective of this study was to determine the applicability of advanced water treatment processes namely granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption, ultraviolet (UV) light disinfectant and ozone in the management of deteriorating water quality in the Mid-Vaal River system for drinking purposes. Both the scarcity and the deteriorating quality of water in South Africa can be addressed by investigating advanced water treatment processes such as GAC adsorption, UV light disinfectant and ozone. Previously disregarded water resources have the potential to be purified and advanced treatments can improve water quality where conventional water treatments have failed. In addition, advanced treatment processes can be applied to treat used water. The two sampling sites selected for the study, Rand Water Barrage (RWB) and Midvaal Water Company (MWC), are both located in the Middle Vaal Water Management Area with RWB upstream of MWC. RWB uses GAC adsorption and UV light disinfection and MWC uses ozone as pre- and intermediate treatment process steps for water purification. The quality of the source water at both sampling sites was determined by analysing the physical and chemical characteristics as well as the algal and invertebrate compositions of the source water. The physical and chemical water quality variables measured included pH, conductivity, turbidity, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total organic carbon (TOC), total photosynthetic pigments (TPP), microcystin and geosmin. The source water of both sites was characterised as hypertrophic on account of high chlorophyll concentrations. The water quality of the two sites was distinctly different and a downstream change was observed. The source water of RWB was characterised by high microcystin, geosmin, DOC, TOC and conductivity measurements and dominated by Bacillariophyceae (diatoms) and Cyanophyceae (blue-green bacteria). Problematic species that were present in the source water of RWB included Aulacoseira sp., other unidentified centric diatoms, Pandorina sp., Anabaena sp., Microcystis sp., Oscillatoria sp., Cryptomonas sp., Ceratium sp. and Trachelomonas sp. The source water of MWC was characterised by high pH, turbidity and TPP measurements and was dominated by Chlorophyceae (green algae) and Bacillariophyceae (diatom) species. Problematic algal species that were present in the source water of MWC included Cyclotella sp., Coelastrum sp., Pediastrum sp. and Scenedesmus sp. The source water of MWC was deemed to be of a better quality due to the lower Cyanophyceae concentrations and lower microcystin levels. The invertebrate composition of both sites was similar with Rotatoria as the dominant invertebrate group. The efficacy of GAC adsorption/UV light disinfection/ozonation on restoring the physical and chemical characteristics of the source water at both sampling sites as well as the algal and invertebrate compositions was determined by ascertaining the nature of the change in or the percentage removal of a water quality variable. The potable water of both sites complied with the standards of water intended for domestic use except for the conductivity at RWB that was slightly elevated. The phytoplankton was removed effectively from the source water of both sites but the removal of invertebrates was unsatisfactory. GAC adsorption and filtration proved to be more effective in the removal of TPP, turbidity, DOC, microcystin and geosmin than ozone. Ozone effected an increase in DOC. UV light disinfection had no or little effect on restoring the water quality variables investigated in this study.
M (Environmental Sciences), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

碩士
國立高雄大學
高階經營管理碩士在職專班(EMBA)
106
This study aimed to improve the street light information management system in Kinmen (an outlying island of Taiwan) developed by the Kinmen County Granite Factory. An advanced global positioning system and geographic information system were constructed to manage, display, and analyze spatial information and install and maintain street lights. Public satisfaction with the street light information management system and its QR-Code repair-reporting subsystem, iEN automatic reporting subsystem, and professional service was assessed through an online questionnaire. In total, 355 responses were collected, and those in which questions about the iEN automatic reporting subsystem were unanswered were removed; in the end, 286 valid responses remained. SPSS was used to perform the required analysis, reliability and validity analyses, descriptive statistics, t test, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) on the sample to examine public satisfaction on the street light information management system, the QR-Code repair-reporting subsystem, the iEN automatic reporting subsystem, and professional service. The findings were as follows. First, high degree of satisfaction was reported with the street light information management system, the QR-Code repair-reporting subsystem, the iEN automatic reporting subsystem, and professional service. Notably, the iEN automatic reporting subsystem attained the highest satisfaction, and the QR-Code repair-reporting subsystem, which expedited the maintenance of street lights and their availability for maintenance, was widely favored for its convenience. Second, the ANOVA revealed significant differences in satisfaction by place of residence, length of residence, education level, and monthly salary, but nonsignificant differences by sex, age, and occupation. On the basis of these findings, Kinmen County Granite Factory can share basic information about street lights and their coordinates with fire, police, and tourism departments, thereby improving the added value of the local street light information management system and contributing to the information technology infrastructure in Kinmen.

abstract: Recent research within the field of natural resource management has been devoted to studying the cognitive structures, called mental models, that guide people’s thoughts, actions, and decision-making. Artificial lighting threatens the sustainability of pristine night skies around the world and is growing worldwide at an average rate of six-percent per year. Despite these trends, stakeholders’ mental models of night skies have been unexplored. This study will address this gap by eliciting stakeholders’ mental models of dark skies. Scenario planning has become a pervasive tool across diverse sectors to analyze complex systems for making decisions under uncertainty. The theory of scenario planning hypothesizes that scenario planning contributes to learning and improves upon participants’ mental models. However, there have been scant empirical studies attempting to investigate these two claims. Stakeholders’ mental models of dark skies were mapped while simultaneously testing the hypotheses that participation in scenario planning results in more complex mental models and alters environmental attitudes. Twenty-one Arizona stakeholders participated in one of two workshops during September 2016. Three identical surveys were given to measure knowledge, environmental attitudes and mental model change during the workshops. Knowledge gain peaked during the introductory lecture and continued to increase during the workshop. Scenario planning increased participants’ environmental attitudes from anthropocentric to nature-centered and was found to have a significant positive impact on dark sky advocates’ change in mental model complexity. The most prominent drivers affecting dark skies were identified using social network analysis of the pre and post mental models. The most prominent concepts were altered significantly from pre to post workshop suggesting that scenario planning may aid practitioners in understanding exogenous factors to their area of expertise. These findings have critical theoretical and managerial implications of mental model alteration, environmental attitudes, and the future of Arizona’s night skies. A revised theoretical framework is offered to include environmental attitudes into the theory of scenario planning and a conceptual framework was created to illustrate the most salient drivers affecting or being affected by dark skies.
Dissertation/Thesis
Masters Thesis Community Resources and Development 2016

Der große Artenreichtum der mitteleuropäischen Kulturlandschaften ist zu weiten Teilen unmittelbar von bestimmten extensiven Formen der Landbewirtschaftung abhängig. Vielfältige, artenreiche Biozönosen waren und sind ein wichtiger Bestandteil landwirtschaftlicher Nutzflächen. Sie haben sich seit dem Neolithikum im Wechselspiel mit den landwirtschaftlichen Wirtschaftsweisen kontinuierlich weiterentwickelt. Erst als synthetische Pflanzenschutzmittel, Mineraldünger und leistungsstarke Landmaschinen in der zweiten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts weite Verbreitung erfuhren, setzte ein bis dato beispielloser, stetiger und schneller Rückgang der Artenvielfalt von Äckern, Wiesen und Weiden ein. Trotz politischer Absichtserklärungen den raschen Artenschwund zu stoppen, hat sich der Druck auf die verbleibenden Populationen auch in den letzten Jahren weiter erhöht. Der Klimawandel und der Wunsch die Abhängigkeit von endlichen fossilen Energieträgern zu reduzieren, haben dazu geführt, dass die Nachfrage nach Ackerland zum Anbau von Energiepflanzen, bedingt durch einschlägige Subventionen, stark gestiegen ist. Nur wenige wissenschaftliche Publikationen haben sich bisher mit den Folgen der schnellen Ausweitung des Energiepflanzenanbaus Ackerflora beschäftigt. Diese Dissertation soll dazu beitragen, diese Lücke durch Untersuchungen der Habitatbedingungen (Bewirtschaftungsmethoden, Lichtklima im Bestand, Bodenchemie) und der Phytodiversität in verschiedenen Energiepflanzenbeständen (Silomais zur Biogaserzeugung, Winterraps zur Biodieselherstellung, Kurzumtriebsplantagen (KUP) aus Pappeln oder Weiden zur Hackschnitzelverbrennung) zu schließen. Die Energiepflanzenbestände wurden zudem mit konventionellem Wintergetreide zur Nahrungs- und Futtermittelproduktion (Winterweizen und -gerste) und mit extensiven Weizenbeständen aus Agrarumweltmaßnahmen (AUM) verglichen. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse weisen eindeutig darauf hin, dass die eigentlichen Ursachen des starken Phytodiversitätsverlustes auf Äckern weiter reichen und grundlegender sind als der Anbau von Energiepflanzen. Es wurde gezeigt, dass die Phytozönosen im Inneren von Bioenergiemais- und Rapsäckern sowie auch in Wintergetreidebeständen extrem verarmt sind (im Mittel 3–6 Arten 100 m 2). Die durchschnittliche Stickstoffdüngung (195 kg N ha-1 a-1) und der Herbizidbehandlungsindex (HI = 1.8) waren sowohl in Mais- als auch in Winterweizenbeständen ähnlich hoch. Eine Bedrohung für die Pflanzenartenvielfalt durch übermäßige Phosphatdüngung (im Mittel 96 kg P2O5 ha-1 a-1) wurde jedoch vor allem beim Maisanbau festgestellt. Zudem war die Beschattung in Maisbeständen erhöht (11 % PAR Transmissivität im Vergleich zu 19 % in Wintergetreide), was mit einem Rückgang der mittleren Artenzahlen am Feldrand einherging (11 Arten 100 m-2 im Mais, 15 Arten 100 m-2 in Wintergetreide). Die Pflanzengesellschaften konventioneller Äcker wurden regionsübergreifend von nur 5–10 häufigen Problemunkrautarten dominiert. Maisbestände wiesen als Sommerkulturen eine von Winterkulturen leicht abweichende Artenzusammensetzung auf. Eine ausgeglichene Mischung von konventionellem Mais, Winterraps und Wintergetreide in der Agrarlandschaft bietet mehr Arten einen geeigneten Lebensraum als jede dieser Kulturen für sich genommen. Insgesamt waren die Habitatbedingungen auf den im Rahmen von AUM extensiv bewirtschafteten Äckern jedoch wesentlich heterogener und boten einer weitaus größeren Zahl von Pflanzenarten (darunter auch seltene und bedrohte Taxa) geeignete Lebensbedingungen. Im Mittel wurden 21 Arten 100 m-2 im Inneren und 33 Arten am Feldrand gezählt. Auch die Regressionsmodelle weisen darauf hin, dass moderate Beschränkungen der Herbizidbehandlungsintensität oder der Düngung, die sich im Rahmen der zur Zeit üblichen konventionellen Bewirtschaftungspraktiken bewegen, kaum dazu beitragen den Rückgang der Ackerflora zu stoppen. Neue, an die jeweiligen regionalen Gegebenheiten angepasste Konzepte und extensive Ackerhabitate sind hierzu unerlässlich.  Die Vegetationsaufnahmen zeigen zudem, dass die Phytodiversität von KUP mit dem Alter der Plantagen stark zurückgeht. Junge KUP, ohne Düngung und mit nur geringem Herbizideinsatz, wiesen eine mit frühen Sukzessionsstadien von Ackerbrachen vergleichbare Artenzusammensetzung auf. Im Gegensatz hierzu wurden die 5–8 jährigen, dichtgepflanzten Plantagen von wenigen stickstoffliebenden Habitatgeneralisten dominiert. Obwohl sie seit mehreren Jahren weder gedüngt noch mit Herbiziden behandelt wurden, waren diese Bestände zudem dunkler (1–4 % PAR Transmissivität) und nur wenig artenreicher (8–19 Arten 75 m-2) als einjährige Energiepflanzenkulturen. Die Pflanzung von 5–20 m breiten Energieholzstreifen zur Zerteilung großer Schläge in strukturarmen, landwirtschaftlichen Intensivregionen kann jedoch aus naturschutzfachlicher Sicht empfohlen werden, insbesondere wenn Maßnahmen nur Erhöhung der Habitatvielfalt in den Plantagen ergriffen werden. Um die grundlegenden Ursachen des Pflanzenartenschwundes in Agrarlandschaften zu beheben, erscheint es jedoch darüber hinaus dringend notwendig, ein langfristig angelegtes Netzwerk extensiver Feldflorareservate zu begründen, um dauerhaft überlebensfähige Ackerwildkrautpopulationen zu erhalten und eine Ausbreitung dieser Arten in die weitere Agrarlandschaft in Zukunft wieder zu ermöglichen. Um politische Entscheidungsfindungen zu unterstützen, erscheint es notwendig im Rahmen von zukünftigen Forschungsprojekten den Blickwinkel vom Feld auf die Landschaftsebene zu erweitern und verbleibende offene Fragen über die Wirkungen der Ackerflora auf andere taxonomischen Gruppen zu klären.