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Статті в журналах з теми "Light alkane"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022

Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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1

Centi, G. "Selective heterogeneous oxidation of light alkanes. What differentiates alkane from alkene feedstocks?" Catalysis Letters 22, no. 1-2 (March 1993): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00811769.

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2

Bairamgulova, Rezeda I., and Elena F. Trapeznikova. "LIGHT ALKANE DEHYDROGENATION CATALYSTS." Oil and Gas Business, no. 4 (June 2019): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.17122/ogbus-2019-4-173-196.

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3

Wilcox, Esther M., George W. Roberts, and James J. Spivey. "Thermodynamics of light alkane carboxylation." Applied Catalysis A: General 226, no. 1-2 (March 2002): 317–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-860x(01)00913-9.

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4

Li, Yuming, Shuting Fu, Qiyang Zhang, Hongyu Liu, and Yajun Wang. "Recent Progress of Ga-Based Catalysts for Catalytic Conversion of Light Alkanes." Catalysts 12, no. 11 (November 5, 2022): 1371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12111371.

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The efficient and clean conversion of light alkanes is a research hotspot in the petrochemical industry, and the development of effective and eco-friendly non-noble metal-based catalysts is a key factor in this field. Among them, gallium is a metal component with good catalytic performance, which has been extensively used for light alkanes conversion. Herein, we critically summarize recent developments in the preparation of gallium-based catalysts and their applications in the catalytic conversion of light alkanes. First, we briefly describe the different routes of light alkane conversion. Following that, the remarkable preparation methods for gallium-based catalysts are discussed, with their state-of-the-art application in light alkane conversion. It should be noticed that the directional preparation of specific Ga species, strengthening metal-support interactions to anchor Ga species, and the application of new kinds of methods for Ga-based catalysts preparation are at the leading edge. Finally, the review provides some current limitations and future perspectives for the development of gallium-based catalysts. Recently, different kinds of Ga species were reported to be active in alkane conversion, and how to separate them with advanced in situ and ex situ characterizations is still a problem that needs to be solved. We believe that this review can provide base information for the preparation and application of Ga-based catalysts in the current stage. With these summarizations, this review can inspire new research directions of gallium-based catalysts in the catalysis conversion of light alkanes with ameliorated performances.

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5

van den Bergh, Johan, Canan Gücüyener, Evgeny A. Pidko, Emiel J. M. Hensen, Jorge Gascon, and Freek Kapteijn. "Understanding the Anomalous Alkane Selectivity of ZIF-7 in the Separation of Light Alkane/Alkene Mixtures." Chemistry - A European Journal 17, no. 32 (July 13, 2011): 8832–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.201100958.

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6

Labinger, Jay A., David C. Leitch, John E. Bercaw, Mark A. Deimund, and Mark E. Davis. "Upgrading Light Hydrocarbons: A Tandem Catalytic System for Alkane/Alkene Coupling." Topics in Catalysis 58, no. 7-9 (April 2, 2015): 494–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11244-015-0380-2.

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7

Atashi, Hossein, Mehdi Shiva, Farshad Farshchi Tabrizi, and Ali Akbar Mirzaei. "Study of Syngas Conversion to Light Olefins by Response Surface Methodology." Journal of Chemistry 2013 (2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/945735.

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The effect of adding MgO to a precipitated iron-cobalt-manganese based Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) catalyst was investigated via response surface methodology. The catalytic performance of the catalysts was examined in a fixed bed microreactor at a total pressure of 1–7 bar, temperature of 280–380°C, MgO content of 5–25% and using a syngas having a H2to CO ratio equal to 2.The dependence of the activity and product distribution on MgO content, temperature, and pressure was successfully correlated via full quadratic second-order polynomial equations. The statistical analysis and response surface demonstrations indicated that MgO significantly influences the CO conversion and chain growth probability as well as ethane, propane, propylene, butylene selectivity, and alkene/alkane ratio. A strong interaction between variables was also evidenced in some cases. The decreasing effect of pressure on alkene to alkane ratio is investigated through olefin readsorption effects and CO hydrogenation kinetics. Finally, a multiobjective optimization procedure was employed to calculate the best amount of MgO content in different reactor conditions.

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8

Costa, Carlos, Anais Santos, and Milena A. Vega. "Kinetics of Arab Light Crude Oil Degradation by Pseudomonas and Bacillus Strains." Water 14, no. 23 (November 22, 2022): 3802. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14233802.

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The biodegradation of crude oil is a consequence of the presence of a specific enzymatic system in the microorganisms selected: the alkane hydroxylase (AlkH). The enzymatic biodegradation has been described since 1994, when the enzyme was first isolated from P. putida (formerly P. oleovorans), but the kinetics of microbial degradation has been weakly considered. We studied and described in this work the kinetics of Arab Light biodegradation, a light crude oil used for gasoline production (46.4% C7–C12 n-alkanes), using two oleophilic strains (Bacillus licheniformis and Pseudomonas putida). Alkanes were extracted from aqueous solutions in the bioreactors by dichloromethane, with a high ratio aqueous:organic volumes (1:0.2 mL) for the amplification of the GC n-alkane signals, and GC spectra were monitored in time over 40 days. Petroleum emulsions were visualized using optical microscopy as a result of biosurfactant segregation, which is necessary for the enzymatic biodegradation of oil by microorganisms. Kinetic analysis in biodegradation of Arab Light (total petroleum hydrocarbons, TPH) exhibits first-order kinetics with 0.098 d−1 and 0.082 d−1 as kinetic coefficients for 8.6 g/L initial crude oil concentration (30 °C), which results in degradation rates of 843 mg/Ld and 705 mg/Ld in B. licheniformis and P. putida, respectively. These results can be applied for oil spill bioremediation, using these microorganisms with the objective of removing contamination by petroleum alkanes.

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9

Li, Chunyi, and Guowei Wang. "Dehydrogenation of light alkanes to mono-olefins." Chemical Society Reviews 50, no. 7 (2021): 4359–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cs00983k.

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10

Carotta, M. C., A. Cervi, A. Giberti, V. Guidi, C. Malagù, G. Martinelli, and D. Puzzovio. "Metal-oxide solid solutions for light alkane sensing." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 133, no. 2 (August 2008): 516–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2008.03.012.

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11

Shee, Debaprasad, and Abdelhamid Sayari. "Light alkane dehydrogenation over mesoporous Cr2O3/Al2O3 catalysts." Applied Catalysis A: General 389, no. 1-2 (December 1, 2010): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2010.09.013.

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12

Ingebrigtsen, S., N. Bonifaci, A. Denat, and O. Lesaint. "Spectral analysis of the light emitted from streamers in chlorinated alkane and alkene liquids." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 41, no. 23 (November 17, 2008): 235204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/41/23/235204.

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13

Gomez, Elaine, Binhang Yan, Shyam Kattel, and Jingguang G. Chen. "Carbon dioxide reduction in tandem with light-alkane dehydrogenation." Nature Reviews Chemistry 3, no. 11 (September 10, 2019): 638–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41570-019-0128-9.

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14

Zhang, Huanling, Kai Zhang, Guowei Wang, Shan Zhang, Xiaolin Zhu, Chunyi Li, and Honghong Shan. "Factors influencing 1,3-butadiene formation for light alkane dehydrogenation." Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 113 (August 2020): 187–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2020.08.009.

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15

Pokharel, Sunil, Shyam Prakash Khanal, and N. P. Adhikari. "Solvation free energy of light alkanes in polar and amphiphilic environments." BIBECHANA 16 (November 22, 2018): 92–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bibechana.v16i0.21136.

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Computer simulations of molecular models are powerful technique that have improved the under- standing of many biochemical phenomena. The method is frequently applied to study the motions of biological macromolecules such as protein and nucleic acids, which can be useful for interpreting the results of certain biophysical experiments. In this work, we have estimated the solvation free energy for light alkane (methane, ethane, propane and n-butane) dissolved in water and methanol respectively over a broad range of temperatures, from 275 K to 375 K, using molecular dynamics simulations. The alkane (methane, ethane, propane and n-butane), and methanol molecules are described by the OPLS-AA (Optimized Potentials for Liquid Simulations-All Atom) potential, while water is modeled by TIP3P (Transferable Intermolecular Potential with 3-Points) model. We have used the free energy perturbation method (Bennett Acceptance Ratio (BAR) method) for the calculation of free energy of solvation. The estimated values of solvation free energy of alkane in the corresponding solvents agree well with the available experimental data.BIBECHANA 16 (2019) 91-104

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16

Xie, M., K. C. Barsanti, M. P. Hannigan, S. J. Dutton, and S. Vedal. "Positive matrix factorization of PM<sub>2.5</sub> – eliminating the effects of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13, no. 2 (February 22, 2013): 5199–232. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-5199-2013.

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Abstract. Gas-phase concentrations of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) were calculated from gas/particle (G/P) partitioning theory using their measured particle-phase concentrations. The particle-phase data were obtained from an existing filter measurement campaign (27 January 2003–2 October 2005) as a part of the Denver Aerosol Sources and Health (DASH) study, including 970 observations of 71 SVOCs (Xie et al., 2013). In each compound class of SVOCs, the lighter species (e.g. docosane in n-alkanes, fluoranthene in PAHs) had higher total concentrations (gas + particle phase) and lower particle-phase fractions. The total SVOC concentrations were analyzed using positive matrix factorization (PMF). Then the results were compared with source apportionment results where only particle-phase SVOC concentrations were used (filter-based study; Xie et al., 2013). For the filter-based PMF analysis, the factors primarily associated with primary or secondary sources (n-alkane, EC/sterane and inorganic ion factors) exhibit similar contribution time series (r = 0.92–0.98) with their corresponding factors (n-alkane, sterane and nitrate + sulfate factors) in the current work. Three other factors (light n-alkane/PAH, PAH and summer/odd n-alkane factors) are linked with pollution sources influenced by atmospheric processes (e.g. G/P partitioning, photochemical reaction), and were less correlated (r = 0.69–0.84) with their corresponding factors (light SVOC, PAH and bulk carbon factors) in the current work, suggesting that the source apportionment results derived from filter-based SVOC data could be affected by atmospheric processes. PMF analysis was also performed on three temperature-stratified subsets of the total SVOC data, representing ambient sampling during cold (daily average temperature <10°C), warm (≥10°C and ≤20°C) and hot (>20°C) periods. Unlike the filter-based study, in this work the factor characterized by the low molecular weight (MW) compounds (light SVOC factor) exhibited strong correlations (r = 0.82–0.98) between the full data set and each sub-data set solution, indicating that the impacts of G/P partitioning on receptor-based source apportionment could be eliminated by using total SVOC concentrations.

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17

van den Bergh, Johan, Canan Gücüyener, Evgeny A. Pidko, Emiel J. M. Hensen, Jorge Gascon, and Freek Kapteijn. "Cover Picture: Understanding the Anomalous Alkane Selectivity of ZIF-7 in the Separation of Light Alkane/Alkene Mixtures (Chem. Eur. J. 32/2011)." Chemistry - A European Journal 17, no. 32 (July 25, 2011): 8753. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.201190160.

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18

Xie, M., K. C. Barsanti, M. P. Hannigan, S. J. Dutton, and S. Vedal. "Positive matrix factorization of PM<sub>2.5</sub> – eliminating the effects of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, no. 15 (August 1, 2013): 7381–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-7381-2013.

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Анотація:

Abstract. Gas-phase concentrations of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) were calculated from gas/particle (G/P) partitioning theory using their measured particle-phase concentrations. The particle-phase data were obtained from an existing filter measurement campaign (27 January 2003–2 October 2005) as a part of the Denver Aerosol Sources and Health (DASH) study, including 970 observations of 71 SVOCs (Xie et al., 2013). In each compound class of SVOCs, the lighter species (e.g. docosane in n alkanes, fluoranthene in PAHs) had higher total concentrations (gas &plus; particle phase) and lower particle-phase fractions. The total SVOC concentrations were analyzed using positive matrix factorization (PMF). Then the results were compared with source apportionment results where only particle-phase SVOC concentrations were used (particle only-based study; Xie et al., 2013). For the particle only-based PMF analysis, the factors primarily associated with primary or secondary sources (n alkane, EC/sterane and inorganic ion factors) exhibit similar contribution time series (r = 0.92–0.98) with their corresponding factors (n alkane, sterane and nitrate &plus; sulfate factors) in the current work. Three other factors (light n alkane/PAH, PAH and summer/odd n alkane factors) are linked with pollution sources influenced by atmospheric processes (e.g. G/P partitioning, photochemical reaction), and were less correlated (r = 0.69–0.84) with their corresponding factors (light SVOC, PAH and bulk carbon factors) in the current work, suggesting that the source apportionment results derived from particle-only SVOC data could be affected by atmospheric processes. PMF analysis was also performed on three temperature-stratified subsets of the total SVOC data, representing ambient sampling during cold (daily average temperature <10 °C), warm (≥10 °C and ≤20 °C) and hot (>20 °C) periods. Unlike the particle only-based study, in this work the factor characterized by the low molecular weight (MW) compounds (light SVOC factor) exhibited strong correlations (r = 0.82–0.98) between the full data set and each sub-data set solution, indicating that the impacts of G/P partitioning on receptor-based source apportionment could be eliminated by using total SVOC concentrations.

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19

Cundari, Thomas R. "Methane Manifesto: A Theorist’s Perspective on Catalytic Light Alkane Functionalization." Comments on Inorganic Chemistry 37, no. 5 (September 29, 2016): 219–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02603594.2016.1242487.

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20

Nwadinigwe, Chukwuemeka A., and Sunday O. Eze. "Deparaffination of light crudes through urea-n-alkane channel complexes." Fuel 69, no. 1 (January 1990): 126–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(90)90270-z.

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21

Chowdhury, Abhishek Dutta, Nico Weding, Jennifer Julis, Robert Franke, Ralf Jackstell, and Matthias Beller. "Towards a Practical Development of Light-Driven Acceptorless Alkane Dehydrogenation." Angewandte Chemie 126, no. 25 (May 14, 2014): 6595–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.201402287.

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22

Chowdhury, Abhishek Dutta, Nico Weding, Jennifer Julis, Robert Franke, Ralf Jackstell, and Matthias Beller. "Towards a Practical Development of Light-Driven Acceptorless Alkane Dehydrogenation." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 53, no. 25 (May 14, 2014): 6477–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201402287.

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23

Leitch, David C., Yan Choi Lam, Jay A. Labinger, and John E. Bercaw. "Upgrading Light Hydrocarbons via Tandem Catalysis: A Dual Homogeneous Ta/Ir System for Alkane/Alkene Coupling." Journal of the American Chemical Society 135, no. 28 (July 2, 2013): 10302–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja405191a.

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24

Zhang, Tong, Xiuyao Lang, Anqi Dong, Xiang Wan, Shan Gao, Li Wang, Linxia Wang, and Weichao Wang. "Difference of Oxidation Mechanism between Light C3–C4 Alkane and Alkene over Mullite YMn2O5 Oxides’ Catalyst." ACS Catalysis 10, no. 13 (May 6, 2020): 7269–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.0c00703.

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25

Kuryakov, V. N., and D. D. Ivanova. "Crystallization Behavior of Pure n-Alkane (n-Nonadecane) in a form of Nanoemulsion." International Journal of Nanoscience 18, no. 03n04 (March 28, 2019): 1940032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x19400325.

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Stable emulsions of individual n-alkane (n-nonadecane) in water with different average particle size were prepared without surfactants. The phase transition temperatures for n-nonadecane were determined by the dynamic light scattering method. The effect of the n-alkane particle size on the melting and crystallization temperatures was studied. The crystallization temperature significantly decreases for particles smaller than a certain characteristic value.

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26

Bloom, Steven, James Levi Knippel, and Thomas Lectka. "A photocatalyzed aliphatic fluorination." Chem. Sci. 5, no. 3 (2014): 1175–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3sc53261e.

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27

HR, Kuyakhi. "Estimation of Viscosity of the N-Alkane (C1-C 4) in Bitumen System Using Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Interference System (ANFIS)." Petroleum & Petrochemical Engineering Journal 4, no. 3 (2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/ppej-16000233.

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Анотація:

One of the important mechanisms in solvent-aided thermal recovery processes is viscosity reduction. Light n-alkane hydrocarbons are among the potential solvents for solvent-aided thermal recovery processes. In this study, the viscosity of C1- C4 n-alkanes in bitumen was investigated. Adaptive neuro-fuzzy interference system (ANFIS) was used for this aim. The result obtained by the ANFIS model analyzed with the statistical parameters (i.e., MSE, MEAE, MAAE, and R2) and graphical methods. Results show that the ANFIS has high capability to the prediction of solvent/bitumen mixture viscosity.

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28

Nawaz, Zeeshan, and Fei Wei. "Light-Alkane Oxidative Dehydrogenation to Light Olefins over Platinum-Based SAPO-34 Zeolite-Supported Catalyst." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 52, no. 1 (December 26, 2012): 346–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie301422n.

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29

Bekmukhamedov, Giyjaz, Alya Mukhamed’yarova, Svetlana Egorova, and Alexander Lamberov. "Modification by SiO2 of Alumina Support for Light Alkane Dehydrogenation Catalysts." Catalysts 6, no. 10 (October 20, 2016): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal6100162.

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30

Hu, Zunju, Hui Zhang, Gang Sui, and Zhong Zhang. "Alkane-containing polydimethylsiloxane elastomer composite films with excellent tunable light transmittance." Optical Materials 128 (June 2022): 112361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2022.112361.

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31

Carotta, M. C., A. Cervi, A. Giberti, V. Guidi, C. Malagù, G. Martinelli, and D. Puzzovio. "Ethanol interference in light alkane sensing by metal-oxide solid solutions." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 136, no. 2 (March 2009): 405–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2008.12.052.

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32

YAMAGUCHI, M., M. TOMIZAWA, K. TAKAGAKI, M. SHIMO, D. MASUI, and T. YAMAGISHI. "Photooxidation of alkane under visible light irradiation catalyzed by ruthenium complexes." Catalysis Today 117, no. 1-3 (September 30, 2006): 206–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2006.06.049.

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33

Autie-Castro, G., M. Autie, E. Reguera, J. Santamaría-González, R. Moreno-Tost, E. Rodríguez-Castellón, and A. Jiménez-López. "Adsorption and separation of light alkane hydrocarbons by porous hexacyanocobaltates (III)." Surface and Interface Analysis 41, no. 9 (September 2009): 730–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.3080.

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34

Okal, Janina, Mirosław Zawadzki, and Ludwina Krajczyk. "Light alkane oxidation over Ru supported on ZnAl2O4, CeO2 and Al2O3." Catalysis Today 176, no. 1 (November 2011): 173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2010.11.096.

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35

Lyu, Ruihe, Mohammed S. Alam, Christopher Stark, Ruixin Xu, Zongbo Shi, Yinchang Feng, and Roy M. Harrison. "Aliphatic carbonyl compounds (C<sub>8</sub>–C<sub>26</sub>) in wintertime atmospheric aerosol in London, UK." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 4 (February 20, 2019): 2233–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-2233-2019.

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Анотація:

Abstract. Three groups of aliphatic carbonyl compounds, the n-alkanals (C8–C20), n-alkan-2-ones (C8–C26), and n-alkan-3-ones (C8–C19), were measured in both particulate and vapour phases in air samples collected in London from January to April 2017. Four sites were sampled including two rooftop background sites, one ground-level urban background site, and a street canyon location on Marylebone Road in central London. The n-alkanals showed the highest concentrations, followed by the n-alkan-2-ones and the n-alkan-3-ones, the latter having appreciably lower concentrations. It seems likely that all compound groups have both primary and secondary sources and these are considered in light of published laboratory work on the oxidation products of high-molecular-weight n-alkanes. All compound groups show a relatively low correlation with black carbon and NOx in the background air of London, but in street canyon air heavily impacted by vehicle emissions, stronger correlations emerge, especially for the n-alkanals. It appears that vehicle exhaust is likely to be a major contributor for concentrations of the n-alkanals, whereas it is a much smaller contributor to the n-alkan-2-ones and n-alkan-3-ones. Other primary sources such as cooking or wood burning may be contributors for the ketones but were not directly evaluated. It seems likely that there is also a significant contribution from the photo-oxidation of n-alkanes and this would be consistent with the much higher abundance of n-alkan-2-ones relative to n-alkan-3-ones if the formation mechanism were through the oxidation of condensed-phase alkanes. Vapour–particle partitioning fitted the Pankow model well for the n-alkan-2-ones but less well for the other compound groups, although somewhat stronger relationships were seen at the Marylebone Road site than at the background sites. The former observation gives support to the n-alkane-2-ones being a predominantly secondary product, whereas primary sources of the other groups are more prominent.

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36

Tadini Buoninsegni, Francesco, Andrea Dolfi, and Rolando Guidelli. "Two Photobioelectrochemical Applications of Self-Assembled Films on Mercury." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 69, no. 2 (2004): 292–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc20040292.

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The homogeneous, defect-free surface of a hanging mercury drop electrode was used to self-assemble films apt for the investigation of two photobioelectrochemical systems. Monolayers of straight-chain C12-C18 alkane-1-thiols were anchored to a hanging mercury drop electrode and a film of chlorophyll was self-assembled on the top of them. The dependence of the photocurrents generated by illumination of the chlorophyll film with red light, on the thickness of the alkane-1-thiol monolayer and the applied potential is discussed. The photocurrents of purple membrane fragments, adsorbed on a mixed hexadecane-1-thiol/ dioleoylphosphatidylcholine bilayer self-assembled on mercury, were investigated in the presence of sodium perchlorate, chloride and acetate. The effect of the anions on the kinetics of the light-driven proton transport by bacteriorhodopsin has been determined.

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37

Weed, Brynne M., Gisselle D. Brambila, and Lambert A. Doezema. "Natural Seepage of Methane and Light Alkanes at Three Locations in Southern California." Atmosphere 11, no. 9 (September 12, 2020): 979. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11090979.

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Methane and light (C2–C5) alkane fluxes were measured from three geologic seepage sites in Southern California during May and June of 2019. Samples were collected from visible macroseeps in Carpinteria, McKittrick, and Ojai using an aluminum flux chamber with attached stainless-steel canisters and were analyzed for C1 to C5 alkanes via gas chromatography. Carpinteria fluxes were characterized by a lower percentage of volatile organic compounds relative to methane but greatly enhanced (~20:1) ratios of i-butane to n-butane. McKittrick and Ojai exhibited less methane-rich emissions and i-butane to n-butane ratios of less than 2:1. The differences between gas ratios observed at the surface and those previously reported from underground gas deposits at Ojai suggest that gases undergo alterations to their molecular composition between deposit and surface. The ratios of emitted gases in this study show that not only does geologic seepage have a much different volatile organic compound profile than oil and natural gas extraction and pipeline natural gas, but also that individual geologic seepage locations exhibit large variability.

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38

Du, Yupeng, Yanxiao Wang, Chengtao Zhang, Rongzhao Li, Bo Wang, Shuo Li, and Chaohe Yang. "Theoretical and experimental investigations into light alkane dehydrogenation over chromium-containing catalyst." Fuel 320 (July 2022): 123893. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.123893.

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39

Hughes, C. J., and J. C. Earnshaw. "Light-scattering study of a surface-induced phase transition in alkane fluids." Physical Review E 47, no. 5 (May 1, 1993): 3485–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreve.47.3485.

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40

Stevens, Malcolm P. "A simple and colorful demonstration of light-catalyzed bromination of an alkane." Journal of Chemical Education 69, no. 12 (December 1992): 1028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed069p1028.2.

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41

Stryjek, R. "Correlation and evaluation of VLE data for light n-alkane binary mixtures." Pure and Applied Chemistry 61, no. 8 (January 1, 1989): 1419–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac198961081419.

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42

Norman, R. Sean, Roberto Frontera-Suau, and Pamela J. Morris. "Variability in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Lipopolysaccharide Expression during Crude Oil Degradation." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, no. 10 (October 2002): 5096–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.10.5096-5103.2002.

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ABSTRACT Bacterial utilization of crude oil components, such as the n-alkanes, requires complex cell surface adaptation to allow adherence to oil. To better understand microbial cell surface adaptation to growth on crude oil, the cell surface characteristics of two Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, U1 and U3, both isolated from the same crude oil-degrading microbial community enriched on Bonny Light crude oil (BLC), were compared. Analysis of growth rates demonstrated an increased lag time for U1 cells compared to U3 cells. Amendment with EDTA inhibited U1 and U3 growth and degradation of the n-alkane component of BLC, suggesting a link between cell surface structure and crude oil degradation. U1 cells demonstrated a smooth-to-rough colony morphology transition when grown on BLC, while U3 cells exhibited rough colony morphology at the outset. Combining high-resolution atomic force microscopy of the cell surface and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of extracted lipopolysaccharides (LPS), we demonstrate that isolates grown on BLC have reduced O-antigen expression compared with that of glucose-grown cells. The loss of O-antigen resulted in shorter LPS molecules, increased cell surface hydrophobicity, and increased n-alkane degradation.

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43

Kang, Jindong, Ning Rui, Erwei Huang, Yi Tian, Mausumi Mahapatra, Rina Rosales, Ivan Orozco, et al. "Surface characterization and methane activation on SnOx/Cu2O/Cu(111) inverse oxide/metal catalysts." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 23, no. 32 (2021): 17186–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cp02829d.

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Activating methane at low or medium temperatures, a pre-requisite for the conversion of this light alkane into high value chemicals, was achieved by a novel SnOx/Cu2O/Cu(111) interface as evinced by STM, XPS, and DFT calculations.

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44

Yensusnimar, Desi. "Geochemical Properties of Heavy Oil in Central Sumatra Basin." Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas 44, no. 3 (March 4, 2022): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.29017/scog.44.3.710.

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Heavyoilcommonly occurs due to biodegradation, whichmade the lighter fractiondisappears and then leaves the heavier fraction. Heavy oil is characterized by asphaltic, solid, and viscous because it contains asphalthene. Chemically, heavy oils contain fewer hydrogen atoms than light oils. Bulk properties ofheavy oil in addition to having a specific gravity of less than 25° API gravity, high viscosity, and often contain (concentration) of heavy metals (vanadium, nickel) which is higher than light oil (normal oil). Geochemical analysis based on the gas chromatography (GC) chromatogram of heavy oil in the Central Sumatra Basin shows a different pattern. The chromatogram pattern eliminates the light molecular fractions of the compounds in biodegraded oil and tar sand/bitumen. According to their geochemical properties, there are 4 (four) types of heavy oil in the Central Sumatra Basin namely: Type l come from shallow reservoir, water wash, and full biodegradation/all alkane depleted); Type 2 come from shallow reservoir, meteoric water, and light biodegradation, only low molecular weight alkane depleted); Type 3 come from deep reservoir, vertical gravity segregation, decreased weight fraction, can be caused by oil conditions in thick reservoirs, covered by impermeable lithology and usually located on the edge of the field (flank). Type 4 which contains medium-heavy oil (27°API) and is difficult to produce.

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45

Morlanés, Natalia, Santosh G. Kavitake, Devon C. Rosenfeld, and Jean-Marie Basset. "Alkane Cross-Metathesis Reaction between Light and Heavy Linear Alkanes, on a Silica Supported Well-Defined Single-Site Catalyst." ACS Catalysis 9, no. 2 (December 28, 2018): 1274–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.8b02472.

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46

Kang, Zhiqin, Zhijing Wang, Yang Lu, Ran Cao, Dongwei Huang, and Qiaorong Meng. "Investigation on the Effect of Atmosphere on the Pyrolysis Behavior and Oil Quality of Jimusar Oil Shale." Geofluids 2022 (March 2, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1408690.

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High-temperature H2O and CO2 can improve the pyrolysis behavior of oil shale. Therefore, in this paper, Jimusar oil shale was selected as the research object and the effect of the reaction atmosphere (H2O, CO2, and N2) on its pyrolysis behavior, pyrolysate distribution, and pyrolysis oil quality was fully compared and studied. The results showed that compared with the N2 atmosphere, the presence of H2O and CO2 both increased the weight loss and weight loss rate during pyrolysis of oil shale and the existence of H2O advanced the initial precipitation temperature of volatiles by 17°C. The comprehensive release characteristic indices of volatiles during pyrolysis of oil shale in the CO2 and H2O atmospheres increased by 49.34% and 114.35%, respectively, which significantly improved its pyrolysis reactivity. Both H2O and CO2 atmospheres improved the pyrolysis oil yield of oil shale, and the pyrolysis oil yield in the H2O atmosphere performed better than that in the CO2 atmosphere. Especially, the H2O atmosphere could increase the pyrolysis oil yield by 41.42%. The existence of CO2 prevented methyl radicals from accepting hydrogen radicals during pyrolysis and reduced the alkane yield, while CO2 participated in the addition reaction of alkane, which increased the alkene yield. High-temperature H2O provided more hydrogen source, which increased the alkane yield and inhibited the alkene formation. Both H2O and CO2 atmospheres promoted the cracking of polycyclic aromatics and increased the yield of small-molecular aromatics in the pyrolysis oil. During the pyrolysis process of oil shale, CO2 and H2O underwent reforming reaction with the heavy oil, which increased the light component fraction, thereby increasing the H/C ratio of pyrolysis oil. Thus, the existence of H2O and CO2 atmospheres improved the quality of pyrolysis oil and the effect of H2O was better than CO2. The H2O and CO2 atmosphere promoted the formation of a well-developed pore structure, which was conducive to mass and heat transfer during pyrolysis of oil shale.

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47

Hall, Jacklyn N., Mengying Li, and Praveen Bollini. "Light alkane oxidation over well-defined active sites in metal–organic framework materials." Catalysis Science & Technology 12, no. 2 (2022): 418–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cy01876k.

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We review structure–catalytic property relationships for MOF materials used in the direct oxidation of light alkanes, focusing specifically on the elucidation of active site structures and probes for reaction mechanisms.

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48

Cardoso-Saldaña, Felipe J., Yosuke Kimura, Peter Stanley, Gary McGaughey, Scott C. Herndon, Joseph R. Roscioli, Tara I. Yacovitch, and David T. Allen. "Use of Light Alkane Fingerprints in Attributing Emissions from Oil and Gas Production." Environmental Science & Technology 53, no. 9 (March 26, 2019): 5483–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b05828.

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49

Zhong, Zhiming, Sen Zhao, Jian Pei, Jian Wang, Lei Ying, Junbiao Peng, and Yong Cao. "An Alkane-Soluble Dendrimer as Electron-Transport Layer in Polymer Light-Emitting Diodes." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 8, no. 31 (July 27, 2016): 20237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b05172.

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50

Kemp, Glenwyn D., F. Mark Dickinson, and Colin Ratledge. "Light sensitivity of then-alkane-induced fatty alcohol oxidase fromCandida tropicalis andYarrowia lipolytica." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 32, no. 4 (January 1990): 461–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00903783.

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