Дисертації з теми "Life cycle assessment and industrial ecology"
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Bichraoui-Draper, Najet. "Computational sustainability assessment : agent-based models and agricultural industrial ecology." Thesis, Troyes, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TROY0005/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis research is about developing a modeling framework in order to quantify the sustainability of industrial systems for biomass energy (conceived of as complex systems), and to provide decisionmakers with an aiding-tool for reducing their environmental impacts by modifying some of their features.It draws upon two regional case-studies. In the first one, an hybrid agent-based/life cycle assessment approach is used to test the theoretical background, understand the main decision-making factors influencing farmers’ adoption of switchgrass ethanol in Michigan (USA) and assess how such patterns affect environmental impacts. In the second case-study, agent-based modeling and geographical information system are used together via material and energy flow analysis to reveal the potential for industrial symbiosis in the bio-economy cluster of Champagne-Ardenne (France). We show that both models have a significant added value for the analysis of sustainable complex systems and the simulation of future scenarios
Ditsele, Ofentse. "Application of life cycle assessment to estimate environmental impacts of surface coal mining." Diss., Rolla, Mo. : Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2010. http://scholarsmine.mst.edu/thesis/pdf/Ditsele_09007dcc807d4fd7.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаVita. The entire thesis text is included in file. Title from title screen of thesis/dissertation PDF file (viewed July 15, 2010) Includes bibliographical references (p. 136-152).
Feiz, Roozbeh. "Industrial Ecology and Development of Production Systems : Analysis of the CO2 Footprint of Cement." Licentiate thesis, Linköpings universitet, Industriell miljöteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-105942.
Повний текст джерелаUkidwe, Nandan Uday. "Thermodynamic input-output analysis of economic and ecological systems for sustainable engineering." Connect to this title online, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1117555725.
Повний текст джерелаTitle from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xxiii, 306 p.; also includes graphics (some col.) Includes bibliographical references (p. 297-306). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center
Caldwell, Amanda. "Assessment of Transportation Emissions for Ferrous Scrap Exports from the United States: Activity-Based Maritime Emissions Model and Theoretical Inland Transportation Model." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2011. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc103296/.
Повний текст джерелаPapageorgiou, Asterios. "Emerging technologies for climate-neutral urban areas : An Industrial Ecology perspective." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Resurser, energi och infrastruktur, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-292648.
Повний текст джерелаDen ständigt ökande koncentrationen av mänsklig aktivitet i urbana områden orsakar miljöproblem utanför deras gränser på skalor som sträcker sig från lokal till regional till global, såsom utarmning av resurser, markförstöring, luft- och vattenföroreningar och klimatförändring. Mänskligt driven klimatförändring är allmänt erkänd som en av de största hållbarhetsutmaningarna under nuvarande seklet och den är nära kopplad till urbanisering. Som ett svar på klimatförändringen har urbana områden runt om i världen åtagit sig att nå klimatneutralitet inom de närmaste decennierna. I detta sammanhang kommer införandet av ny teknik ha en nyckelroll för att uppnå klimatneutralitet i stadsområden. När ny teknik dyker upp är det viktigt att bedöma dess miljöprestanda med hänsyn till den bredare systemkontexten för att säkerställa att tekniken verkligen kan bidra till att uppnå klimatneutralitet utan att kompromissa med miljömässig hållbarhet. Denna avhandling syftar till att ge insikt om miljöprestanda för framväxande teknik som kan användas i urbana områden för att bidra till att uppnå klimatneutralitet. De två teknikerna i fokus är nätanslutna solmikronät och biokolbaserade system för behandling av biomassavfall och sanering av förorenad mark. Metoderna för att genomföra miljöbedömningarna och uppfylla avhandlingens syfte är: fallstudier, livscykelanalys (LCA), material- och energiflödesanalys och substansflödesanalys. Som en del av forskningsinsatserna utvecklades dessutom en kalkylmodell baserad på LCA-data. Analysen av solmikronätet visade att det är viktigt att använda explicita rums- och tidsgränser vid analys av energisystemens miljöprestanda, eftersom det kan öka resultatens noggrannhet. Analysen visade också att valet av modelleringsmetod kan påverka resultatet, vilket motiverar en användning av flera olika metoder. Inom detta sammanhang visade bedömningen att i ett kortsiktigt perspektiv skulle integrationen av ett nätanslutet urbant solmikronät i det svenska elnätet inte bidra till att begränsa klimatförändringen, eftersom solenergi från mikronätet skulle ersätta el med lägre klimatpåverkan. Bedömningen indikerade också att operativa och strukturella förändringar i mikronätet kunde minska mikronätets klimatförändrings påverkan, om än inte i sådan utsträckning att det skulle ge växthusgasutsläppsbesparingar. Bedömningen av de biokolbaserade systemen visade att dessa system har många miljöfördelar jämfört med förbränning av avfall och deponering av förorenad mark. De har stor potential att bidra till att uppnå klimatneutralitet, eftersom de kan ge nettonegativa utsläpp av växthusgaser, främst på grund av kolbindning i biokol. Vi jämförelse av de två biokolbaserade systemen så kan ett system för sanering på plats ge ytterligare miljöfördelar, eftersom det kan leda till en mer effektiv resursanvändning. Dessa system medför emellertid också miljöavvägningar på grund av ökad förbrukning av elektricitet, medan omfattningen av ekologiska och människors hälsorisker förknippade med återanvändning av biokolbehandlad jord ännu är okända.
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Assefa, Getachew. "On sustainability assessment of technical systems : experience from systems analysis with the ORWARE and EcoEffect tools /." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Division of Industrial Ecology, Deparment of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-550.
Повний текст джерелаBillstein, Tova. "On Conducting a Life Cycle Assessment of Network Traffic : A Qualitative Analysis of Current Challenges and Possible Solutions." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-297498.
Повний текст джерелаEfterfrågan på klimatrapportering av digitala lösningar och Internettjänster ökar allt mer. Samtidigt är effekterna av datatrafik historiskt sett den minst studerade delen av IKT-sektorn, och i de få studier som finns varierar storleken på Internets energiintensitet med en skala på 20 000. Detta indikerar att bedömningen av nätverkstrafik är en komplex uppgift, och i nuläget saknas en konsensus kring hur det bäst kan mätas. I ett försök att vägleda processutveckling inom området försökte rapporten identifiera och analysera potentiella utmaningar som kan uppstå när man bedömer miljöpåverkan av nätverkstrafik under dess livscykel. Med en kombination av en litteraturstudie och halvstrukturerade kvalitativa forskningsintervjuer med experter inom forskningsområdet identifierades och behandlades ett flertal områden i form av kunskapsluckor, olösta metodologiska frågor och områden i behov av vidareutveckling. Resultatet visade att åtta utmaningar av hög relevans existerar inom områdena systemgränser, datainsamlingsmetoder, energiintensitetsmätvärden, transparens och datatillgänglighet, snabb teknikutveckling, allokering, antaganden och miljöpåverkningskategorier. I ett försök att ta itu med de nämnda utmaningarna presenterades ett flertal förslag till lösningar samt områden som behöver undersökas ytterligare i framtiden. Det konstaterades dessutom att sektorn behöver sträva efter att enas om ett antal parametrar av betydelse för att möjliggöra framtida harmoniserade studier av nätverkstrafikens miljöpåverkan under dess livscykel.
Torres, De Miranda Pinto Julian. "Sustainable resource management in european steel supply chains." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CLFAD002/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe present thesis delved into the current and future interactions within the European Steel Industry and of it with the environment it is a part of, with the main objective of supporting decision- and policy-making efforts oriented towards sustainability and circularity, helping to shape the future of steel in the European Community. The thesis used the European Steel Industry as a case study to explore the potential benefits of integrating Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) into System Dynamics (SD) under the scopes of Circular Economy and Industrial Ecology. A model representative of the European Steel Industry was built modularly in Stella Architect, following ILCD and ISO guidelines and standards for LCA. Throughout 4 of the 5 articles developed for the present thesis, 21 simulation runs were performed on the aforementioned model: 12 on identifying potential constraints and benefits of End-of-Life policies; 5 assessing the advantages and disadvantages of different Supply Chain Integration (SCI) strategies along European steel supply chains; and 4 addressing the interactions between biophysical and economic dynamics in the steel market. An additional article was developed using the methodologies of Circles of Sustainability and Sustainable Urban Metabolism to appraise the challenges and contributions of steel as part of servitization initiatives in urban environments. Overall results indicated that integrating LCA into SD was not only feasible and capable of reproducing results, trends and behaviors from previous scientific studies, but also of contributing to both methodologies in different levels. This approach has potential to interest policy-makers who seek more granularity within the European Steel Industry as well as decision-makers searching for a broader understanding of their operation’s dynamics beyond the gates, notably regarding raw material scarcity, resource self-sufficiency, and resource ownership retention. From the results of each article it was observed that, (a) pushing for recycling and reuse could generate interesting medium- to long-term results for circularity, transitioning away from fossil fuels and developing a whole new market around end-of-life services; (b) different SCI approaches can be environmentally and strategically promising; (c) six key biophysical variables can distinctively affect spot prices, future prices, EBITDA margins, capacity utilization, dividend payouts, and costs of steelmaking; and (d) servitization can provide significant benefits to sustainable cities, while also being able to substantially alter the supply-side dynamics of steelmaking, highlighting how important it is for steelmakers to pay close attention to the service-providing initiatives that may concern their clients and products
Bruel, Aurélien. "Proposition d'indicateurs des externalités environnementales basés sur l'ACV et les services écosystémiques." Thesis, Troyes, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TROY0035/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn today's society, it is difficult to spread the Industrial ecology. This can be explained by the fact that information for decision makers is mainly outcome from the natural and engineering sciences. Thus, information provided in the decision process is focused on the physical study of material and energy flows. It seems irrelevant to challenge the industrial and public decision makers. For this, this thesis aims to understand which indicators to use to better integrate environmental impacts in the process of industrial and public decision. It is particularly interested in the integration of environmental externalities in the decision process. It seeks to understand what are the interactions between the life cycle of a product and ecosystem services of a territory by using the methodology of Life cycle assessment. This proposal was put to the test by developing an illustrative case study by modeling two ecosystem services related to eutrophication. Then indicators of industrial systems on ecosystem services are tested in an experimental validation process in two different contexts of decision making
Losi, Lorenzo. "Impact assessment of an innovative process for levulinic acid production from biomass." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019.
Знайти повний текст джерелаHartmann, Joachim Kilian. "Life-cycle-assessment of industrial scale biogas plants." Doctoral thesis, [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://webdoc.sub.gwdg.de/diss/2006/hartmann.
Повний текст джерелаJung, Johannes [Verfasser]. "Comparative life cycle assessment of industrial multi-product processes / Johannes Jung." Aachen : Hochschulbibliothek der Rheinisch-Westfälischen Technischen Hochschule Aachen, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1059523116/34.
Повний текст джерелаNavarro, Rosa Jennifer. "Framework for sustainability assessment of industrial processes with multi-scale technology at design level: microcapsules production process." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/8572.
Повний текст джерелаEn un mundo con recursos limitados y graves impactos ambientales, sociales y económicos, un estilo de vida más sostenible es cada día más importante. Debido a esto, el objetivo general de este trabajo es desarrollar un procedimiento metodológico para evaluar eco-eficiencia y sostenibilidad de procesos industriales con tecnología multi-escala a nivel de diseño. La metodología desarrollada sigue la serie ISO 14040 para el medio ambiente. Se utilizó el proceso analítico jerárquico para integrar los tres pilares de sostenibilidad. Los resultados se presentan en un balance triple. La metodología se aplicó al caso de estudio "producción de micro-cápsulas que contienen perfume" y se analizaron y compararon diferentes escenarios. Se seleccionaron diversos indicadores de sostenibilidad para analizar los impactos. Los resultados demostraron que esta metodología puede ser utilizada como herramienta de toma de decisiones y que puede aplicarse a cualquier proceso seleccionando, en cada caso, los datos del inventario y los indicadores.
Sun, Mingbo Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Integrated environmental assessment of industrial products." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, 2004. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/20587.
Повний текст джерелаCespi, Daniele <1987>. "Assessment and optimization of chemical industrial processes from a life cycle perspective." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2015. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/6855/.
Повний текст джерелаAlsaadi, Naif. "An Integrated Life Cycle Assessment and Optimization Approach for Automotive De-manufacturing Systems." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1484238682202343.
Повний текст джерелаGuidosh, Jacob Andrew. "The use of Life Cycle Assessment through an Objective Framework Constructed by Simulation." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1252941644.
Повний текст джерелаKucukvar, Murat. "Sustainability Assessment of U.S. Construction Sectors and Emerging Pavement Designs: An Ecologically Based Life Cycle Assessment." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1302892567.
Повний текст джерелаAmaya, Rivas Jorge Luis. "Assessment of the environmental benefits provided by closed-loop strategies for industrial products." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENI074/document.
Повний текст джерелаProducts with multiple use phases have to be considered regarding new economic and environmental pressures.Therefore, the related complex life cycles of (re)manufactured products have to be modeled and assessed by designteams for a better understanding of their performance. This thesis presents methodologies to represent, model andassess closed-loop product lifecycle (focused on remanufacturing strategies). The study shows how to establishenvironmental assessments for remanufactured products life cycles and how to compare them to environmentalassessments for classical life cycles.The present study shows how to establish the models and how to compare the environmental assessments ofremanufactured products life cycles vs. classical life cycle scenarios. The objective is to provide easy to use methodsand tools for designers to allow them quantifying the environmental benefits related to the use of a closed loopstrategy. In this project, a life cycle assessment, life cycle bricks, and a parametric model of the products are used toevaluate and compare the environmental benefits provided by the remanufacturing. The methodologies and modelshave been developed based on previous works, such as the the life cycle bricks concept developed by Gehin et al.[2007].On the other hand, the thesis proposes a model to assess the product-service systems elements and their respectivelife cycle from an environmental point of view. Here, the thesis focuses on the development of a model whichintegrates the product lifecycle within those parameters by a product-service system strategy, taking into accountphysical elements, as well as the infrastructures network, unit services design, supply chain actors and theirinteractions.Finally, a model has been developed to assess from an environmental point of view the data of the operations andactivities around product life cycle of the products with final non classic disposition scenarios (remanufacturing asend-of-life scenario and multiple uses by the disposition of the service offers system as a business strategy). Themethodologies and models proposed allow identifying and distinguishing impacts between the different product lifecycle stages and readjust the designers’ decision at the product design stage. The results can be further used insimulation, to evaluate the environmental performance of different product life cycle end-of-life scenarios
Rice, Gareth. "The application of life cycle assessment (LCA) to industrial process selection (with the BOC Group), and, The application of life cycle thinking to industrial process improvement (with Borax Consolidated)." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.594156.
Повний текст джерелаGuidry, Caroline. "Modified comparative life cycle assessment of end-of-life options for post-consumer products in urban regions." Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/24795.
Повний текст джерелаLindahl, Mattias, Niclas Svensson, Bo Svensson, and Erik Sundin. "Industrial cleaning with Qlean Water : a case study of printed circuit boards." Linköpings universitet, Industriell miljöteknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-88920.
Повний текст джерелаБашлак, Ірина Анатоліївна, Ирина Анатольевна Башлак, Iryna Anatoliivna Bashlak, and Y. O. Nasemtseva. "Estimation of environmental capacity for industrial impact based on life cycle assessment (lca) and process chain analysis." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2011. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/13313.
Повний текст джерелаLopes, Miguel Ângelo de Freitas. "Industrial symbiosis potential of the Sines oil refinery – environmental and economic evaluation." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/11189.
Повний текст джерелаIndustrial symbiosis is an application of industrial ecology that consists of a collaborative approach between different industries and firms aimed at improving their environmental and economic performance involving the exchange of waste/byproducts as substitutes for raw materials. This collaboration is conditioned by the geographic proximity between industries and may face some information, economic, regulatory or motivational barriers. The main objective of this thesis was to develop a methodology to find and evaluate new potential exchanges in light of industrial symbiosis and to apply it to Sines oil refinery case study. The methodology was divided into four phases. The first phase is where, through the analysis of similar case studies, the potential new exchanges are uncovered.The second was made based on a literature review on the main barriers to industrial symbiosis development. This phase was developed to swiftly filter potential synergies that would face barriers to its development. The other two phases were only applied to the potential synergies that successfully passed the “filter”. Those phases consisted of an environmental evaluation through a LCA and a financial analysis. The application of the methodology showed two new potential synergetic possibilities for the Sines oil refinery. The results of the evaluation of those potential synergies were very promising both environmentally and financially. This research thus demonstrates the potential and benefits associated with the development of industrial symbiosis networks if the barriers to this development can be successfully surpassed.
Landu, Landu. "Environmental life cycle assessment of water use in South Africa the Rosslyn industrial area as a case study /." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-04242006-153804.
Повний текст джерелаNicholas, Michael John. "The application of environmental life cycle approaches to industrial pollution control and policy-making : a case study of the glass industry." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365194.
Повний текст джерелаMartin, Michael. "Industrial Symbiosis in the Biofuel Industry : Quantification of the Environmental Performance and Identification of Synergies." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Industriell miljöteknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-90233.
Повний текст джерелаProduktionen av biobränslen har ökat de senaste åren, vilket är ett steg mot klimateffektivare lösningar i transportsektorn, men biodrivmedlen har ifrågasatts med hänvisning till tveksamheter kring deras miljö- och energiprestanda. Lifecykelanalyser har därför använts inom akademiska studier och för policy för att utvärdera systemen, dock utan samstämmiga resultat. Under de kommande åren måste därför praxis för produktion av biobränslen förbättras för att kunna möta de strikta kraven i hållbarhetskriterier för biobränslen. Syftet med forskningen som presenteras i den här doktorsavhandlingen är att utforska och analysera koncept från området Industriell symbios (IS) och därigenom identifiera förbättringar för ökad effektivitet och miljöprestanda för biobränsleproduktion. Vidare är syftet att identifiera möjliga material- och energiutbyten mellan biobränsleproducenter och externa industrier. Potentiella material- och energiutbyten undersöktes, vilket resulterade förslag på flera olika typer av potentiella utbyten. Undersökningen visar på en potential för att använda biprodukter i en biobränsleprocess som råvara till en annan biobränsleframställning. Vidare identifierades en stor potential för utbyten med externa industrier, som till exempel matproducenter samt industrier för energi och kemikalier. Det är tydligt att det finns möjligheter för biobränsleproducenter och externa industrier att samarbeta och därmed ge möjlighet till förbättringar i miljöprestandan, dock kan en implementering av dessa utbyten påverkas av många olika förutsättningar. Avhandlingen presenterar även ett tillvägagångssätt för att visa hur kvantifiering av miljöprestanda inom ett nätverk för IS kan genomföras genom att använda riktlinjer och metodavvägningar från litteratur för livscykelanalys. Detta tillvägagångssätt kan användas för att analysera om koncept från IS kan leda till fördelar för företagen i ett IS-nätverk. Tillvägsgångssättet ger möjlighet att kvantifiera miljöprestandan för företagen i IS-nätverket och ger dessutom vägledning för hur miljöpåverkan från utbytena kan distribueras mellan de olika företagen. Metoden utvecklades för att bland annat undersöka de förmodade fördelarna från IS för varje enskild aktör. Livscykelanalys i kombination med tillvägagångssättet ovan har använts för att kvantifiera miljöprestandan för IS-nätverk genom att konstruera scenarier. Scenarierna har baserats på ett exempel från ett IS-nätverk av biobränsleprocenter i Sverige. Analyserna visar att utbyten av material- och energi kan ge förbättringar i miljöprestanda. Resultaten är dock beroende av vilka metodavvägningar som gjorts, till exempel val av referenssystem, funktionell enhet och allokeringsmetoder. Vidare spelar viktiga processer som inputs från jordbruk och val av energisystem stor roll för resultatet. Metodavvägningar för utväderingen influerar även miljöpåverkan samt hur den fördelas mellan företagen i IS-nätverket. Dessutom kan den lokala miljöpåverkan öka medan den globala påverkan minskar. Sammanfattningsvis kan biobränsleproducenter, genom att använda koncept från industriell symbios, ges möjlighet att förbättra sin miljöprestanda. Detta kan ske genom att använda biprodukter och avfall samt genom att diversifiera sina produkter som ett första steg mot en övergång mot bioraffinaderier och en mer biobaserad ekonomi för regional hållbarhet.
Lan, Tian. "MATHEMATICAL MODELING FOR PLATFORM-BASED PRODUCT CONFIGURATION CONSIDERING TOTAL LIFE-CYCLE SUSTAINABILITY." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/me_etds/56.
Повний текст джерелаCluzel, François. "Eco-design implementation for complex industrial system : From scenario-based LCA to the definition of an eco-innovative R&D projects portfolio." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale Paris, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00760580.
Повний текст джерелаCluzel, François. "Mise en oeuvre de l'éco-conception pour des systèmes industriels complexes : de l'ACV par scénarios à la définition d'un portefeuille de projets de R&D éco-innovants." Thesis, Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ECAP0037/document.
Повний текст джерелаFace to the growing awareness of environmental concerns issued from human activities, eco-design aims at offering a satisfying answer in the products and services development field. However when the considered products become complex industrial systems, there is a lack of adapted methodologies and tools. These systems are among others characterised by a large number of components and subsystems, an extremely long and uncertain life cycle, or complex interactions with their geographical and industrial environment. This change of scale actually brings different constraints, as well in the evaluation of environmental impacts generated all along the system life cycle (data management and quality, detail level according to available resources…) as in the identification of adapted answers (management of multidisciplinary aspects and available resources, players training, inclusion in an upstream R&D context…). So this dissertation aims at developing a methodology to implement ecodesign of complex industrial systems. A general methodology is first proposed, based on a DMAIC process (Define, Measure, Analyse, Improve, Control). This methodology allows defining in a structured way the framework (objectives, resources, perimeter, phasing…) and rigorously supporting the ecodesign approach applied on the system. A first step of environmental evaluation based on Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) is thus performed at a high systemic level. Given the complexity of the system life cycle as well as the exploitation variability that may exist from one site to another, a scenario-based approach is proposed to quickly consider the space of possible environmental impacts. Scenarios of exploitation are defined thanks to the SRI (Stanford Research Institute) matrix and they include numerous elements that are rarely considered in LCA, like preventive and corrective maintenance, subsystems upgrading or lifetime modulation according to the economic context. At the conclusion of this LCA the main impacting elements of the system life cycle are known and they permit to initiate the second step of the eco-design approach centred on environmental improvement. A multidisciplinary working group perform a creativity session centred on the eco-design strategy wheel (or Brezet wheel), a resource-efficient eco-innovation tool that requires only a basic environmental knowledge. Ideas generated during creativity are then analysed through three successive filters allowing: (1) to pre-select and to refine the best projects; (2) to build a R&D projects portfolio thanks to a multi-criteria approach assessing not only their environmental performance, but also their technical, economic and customers’ value creation performance; (3) to control the portfolio balance according to the company strategy and the projects diversity (short/middle/long term aspect, systemic level…). All this work was applied and validated at Alstom Grid on electrical conversion substations used in the primary aluminium industry. The methodology deployment has allowed initiating a robust eco-design approach recognized by the company and finally generating a portfolio composed of 9 eco-innovative R&D projects that will be started in the coming months
Reap, John J. "Plants in the garden an approach to modeling the impact of industrial activities in ecosystems /." Thesis, Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004:, 2004. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-04082004-201301/unrestricted/reap%5Fjohn%5Fj%5F200405%5Fmast.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаMatthew J. Realff, Committee Member ; Farrokh Mistree, Committee Member ; Berdinus A. Bras, Committee Chair. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 191-195).
Brondani, Michel. "AVALIAÇÃO DO CICLO DE VIDA (ACV) DA PRODUÇÃO DE BIOETANOL HIDRATADO EM PEQUENA ESCALA: ABRANGÊNCIA AGRÍCOLA E INDUSTRIAL." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2014. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/7983.
Повний текст джерелаThe state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) produces little of the ethanol consumed because of edaphoclimatic conditions that preclude the extensive agricultural production and the consequent construction and operation of large distilleries. However, small-scale distilleries may supply, in part, this ethanol for consumption through production with sugarcane. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Energy Efficiency Analysis were performed to evaluate small-scale ethanol production considering the individual step and the overall analysis. The main results of the LCA were given in terms of environmental impacts and damage according to Eco-Indicator 99 assessment method, and demonstrated that nitrogen- and phosphorus- rich fertilizers along with herbicide and limestone were responsible for major environmental damage during the agricultural step, while the use of equipments and electricity had major impacts in industrial step. The agricultural step showed high energy efficiency (9.98-19.03 - energy in/energy out ratio) while the industrial stage showed energy efficiency of 0.86-0.87 and 0.20-0.21 with and without bagasse energy credits, respectively. In the overall analysis, the industrial step showed higher impacts and damages. Small-scale ethanol production chain presented energy efficiency (2.59-2.92) with bagasse energy credits. Otherwise the process could be energetically inefficient (0.61-0.69). Construction of the small-scale distillery and acquisition/sizing of equipment based on the availability of raw material supply are actions to avoid energy losses and environmental damage. The LCA was also used to evaluate, environmentally, the production of two types of distillation columns (tray type and mixed type) for continuous production of hydrous ethanol to indicate the model less impact on the environment. The results showed that the production of mixed distillation column generates lower contributions of impact to the environment, therefore their choice for installation in small-scale is indicated in terms of mitigating environmental impacts.
O estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS) produz pouco do etanol consumido por causa de condições edafoclimáticas que impedem a produção agrícola extensiva e a consequente construção e operação de grandes usinas. No entanto, pequenas destilarias podem fornecer, em parte, este etanol para consumo através da produção a partir de cana-de-açúcar. A Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV) e a Análise de Eficiência Energética foram realizadas para avaliar a produção de etanol em pequena escala, considerando cada etapa individual e a análise global. Os principais resultados da ACV foram dados em termos de impactos e danos ambientais de acordo com o método de avaliação de impacto Eco-Indicador 99, e demonstrou que o uso de fertilizantes ricos em nitrogênio e fósforo juntamente com o uso de herbicida e calcário foram responsáveis por maior parte dos impactos ambientais na etapa agrícola enquanto o uso de equipamentos e eletricidade tiveram grandes impactos na etapa industrial. A etapa agrícola apresentou alta eficiência energética (9,98-19,03 - razão energia saída/energia entrada), enquanto a fase industrial mostrou eficiência energética de 0,86-0,87 e 0,20-0,21 com e sem créditos de energia do bagaço, respectivamente. Na análise global, a etapa industrial mostrou maiores impactos e danos. A cadeia produtiva de etanol em pequena escala apresentou eficiência energética (2,59-2,92) com créditos de energia do bagaço. Caso contrário, o processo pode ser energeticamente ineficiente (0,61-0,69). A construção da microdestilaria e aquisição/dimensionamento dos equipamentos com base na disponibilidade de matéria-prima de alimentação são ações para evitar perdas de energia e danos ambientais. A ACV também foi usada para avaliar, ambientalmente, a produção de dois tipos de colunas de destilação (tipo pratos ou bandejas e tipo mista) para produção contínua de etanol hidratado visando indicar o modelo de menor impacto sobre o meio ambiente. Os resultados mostraram que a produção de coluna destilação mista gera menores contribuições de impacto ao meio ambiente, por isso, a sua escolha para instalação em uma microdestilaria é indicado em termos de mitigação de impactos ambientais.
Lundin, Lucas, and Simon Karlsson. "Barriers and opportunities for implementation of a return system for industrial packaging : A case study at Valmet AB." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa, natur- och teknikvetenskap (from 2013), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-68153.
Повний текст джерелаHållbarhet har blivit en allt viktigare aspekt för företag i hela världen. Att arbeta med miljöaspekter inom företag är ofta kopplat till högre vinster och ett bättre rykte. En viktig del, för att skapa en effektiv försörjningskedja inom företag, är den logistiska processen. Ett område inom logistik är omvänd logistik. Omvänd logistik avser aktiviteter med att ta tillbaka varor, information eller material från konsumenten eller kunden för att skapa mervärde. Genom att återanvända varor eller material kan omvänd logistik tillsammans med lösningar inom hantering bilda ett retursystem. Implementationen av ett retursystem kan relateras till cirkulär ekonomi, vilket är en teori som innebär effektivt resursutnyttjande inom ett cirkulärt kretslopp för företag. Genom att kombinera logistik, hanteringslösningar, retursystem och cirkulär ekonomi kan en effektiv försörjningskedja uppnås. Studien syftar till att skapa ett teoretiskt ramverk om vilka barriärer som kan hindra implementeringen av ett retursystem och att identifiera potentiella lösningar. Detta görs genom att undersöka två forskningsfrågor, nämligen hur industriell paketering hanteras idag och vidare att undersöka barriärer och möjligheter för ett retursystem. Frågorna och syftet besvaras genom en fallstudie på företaget Valmet AB där intern dokumentation har granskats och intervjuer har genomförts. Utöver detta har teori granskats och en livscykelanalys har utförts för att undersöka möjliga fördelar med ett retursystem. Studien visar att det finns både barriärer och möjligheter. Några av dem nämns i den befintliga teorin medan andra nämns fåordigt. Jämfört med tidigare forskning har några nya barriärer identifierats som behöver undersökas ytterligare, i relation till den undersökta industrin. Dessa är brist på intern kommunikation, brist på tid och platsbarriärer. Vidare visar studien att det finns starka miljöincitament för implementeringen av ett retursystem. Det är dock svårt att garantera ekonomisk vinst, eftersom det finns okända kostnader sett till lagring, personal och reparation. Framtida forskning bör fortsatt undersöka de nya barriärerna genom att kombinera olika teorier.
Urban, Robert Anthony. "Toward Sustainability through Techno-Ecological Synergy: Including Ecosystems in Engineering Design and Analysis." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1354589871.
Повний текст джерелаBusset, Guillaume. "Approche d'évaluation de la durabilité des systemes guidée par la pensée cycle de vie : application à l'agroindustrie oléicole." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014INPT0050/document.
Повний текст джерелаNowadays, any strategic decision must be in accordance with the sustainability principles. Therefore, companies need to evaluate the consequences of their activities and products onto environment, economy and society. Life cycle assessment (LCA) from Life cycle thinking (LCT) is one of the major environmental impact evaluation methods for product, process or service and the trends is to integrate economic and social aspects to become a life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA). However, LCSA is still in its infancy and needs methodological proposals to be applicable. This study presents sustainability assessment in the olive oil agro-industrial context. In doing so, a systemic approach based on the coupling between LCSA, enterprise modeling, chemical process modeling and multicriteria analysis is proposed. The approach is then validated by the development of the software solution “ Ecolive ” for sustainability assessment of olive oil production. This application relies on field data collected under the European OiLCA project
Ashok, Archana. "Textile paper as a circular material." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-214687.
Повний текст джерелаSong, Xingqiang. "A Pressure-oriented Approach to Water Management." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-94861.
Повний текст джерелаQC 20120515
Babi, Almenar Javier. "Characterisation, biophysical modelling and monetary valuation of urban nature-based solutions as a support tool for urban planning and landscape design." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/288810.
Повний текст джерелаIl riconoscimento della natura nella risoluzione delle sfide sociali è diventato sempre più importante. Questo riconoscimento è stato associato allo sviluppo di nuovi concetti provenienti dalla scienza e dalla politica, come il capitale naturale, i servizi ecosistemici, le infrastrutture verdi e, più recentemente, le soluzioni basate sulla natura (NBS). NBS intende affrontare le sfide della società in una forma efficace e adattabile fornendo benefici economici, sociali e ambientali. Lo scopo di ricerca di questa tesi di dottorato è quello di sviluppare una valutazione ambientale ed economica delle NBS per territori altamente urbanizzati basata su logiche e modelli che hanno alla base i servizi ecosistemici, l'ecologia urbana e paesaggistica e degli approcci di approcio life cycle. Questo quadro di valutazione combinato aiuterebbe a capire meglio se le NBS sono costo effetive e se contribuiscono a uno sviluppo resiliente e sostenibile. Questo scopo di ricerca è sviluppato secondo quattro obiettivi specifici. Il primo obiettivo corrisponde alla caratterizzazione delle NBS in relazione ai contesti urbani e alle problematiche che possono aiutare ad affrontare o mitigare. Per raggiungere questo obiettivo è stata sviluppata una revisione critica dell letteratura sullo studio della relazione tra NBS, servizi ecosistemici (ES) e sfide urbane (UC). Come risultato principale, si ottiene un grafico delle relazioni causa-effetto plausibili tra NBS, ES ed UC. Il grafico rappresenta un primo passo per supportare la pianificazione urbana sostenibile, passando dai problemi (es. UC) alle azioni (es. NBS) alle risoluzioni (es. ES). Il secondo obiettivo corrisponde alla definizione di un set di metodi e indicatori di valutazione biofisica e monetaria adeguate per valutare il valore della NBS in contesti urbanizzati. Per raggiungere questo obiettivo, viene sviluppata una revisione dei metodi esistenti sulla valutazione dei servizi ecosistemici, l'analisi dei costi del ciclo di vita e la valutazione del ciclo di vita. La revisione tiene conto di vincoli specifici come la facilità d'uso e la disponibilità dei dati. Alla fine, sono stati selezionati potenziali metodi e indicatori, che saranno successivamente integrati nel quadro di valutazione combinato. Il terzo obiettivo corrisponde alla progettazione del quadro di valutazione combinato, integrando metodi di valutazione del ciclo di vita, ecologia paesaggistica / urbana e servizi ecosistemici che quantifica il valore ambientale ed economico della NBS informando sull'efficacia in termini di costi del suo intero ciclo di vita. Per raggiungere questo obiettivo, prima viene sviluppato un quadro concettuale. Da esso, viene sviluppato un modello di dinamica di sistemi per calcolare i servizi (e disservici) ecosistemici, il quale è interrelazionato con un metodo di valutazione life cycle. Questa valutazione combinata viene testata con un tipo di NBS pertinente (foresta urbana) in un caso di studio nell'area metropolitana di Madrid. Il quarto obiettivo è lo sviluppo di uno strumento di supporto decisionale (DSS) che integri il quadro di valutazione come parte dei processi di progettazione iterativa nella pianificazione urbana e nella progettazione del paesaggio. Il DSS intende migliorare l'interrelazione tra scienza, politica e pianificazione / progettazione. Per raggiungere questo obiettivo è stato sviluppato Nbenefit$® un prototipo di DSS online per la valutazzione NBS di facile uso. Il prototipo DSS fornisce all'utente una forma semplice per quantificare multipli ES e costi (internalizatti o no) durante l'intero ciclo di vita (implementazione, vita operativa e fine vita) del NBS. In conclusione, questa tesi ha contribuito alla caratterizzazione di NBS e alla sua valutazione ambientale ed economica per informare i processi di pianificazione urbana e progettazione del paesaggio, consentendo decisioni più informate.
Galdiano, Guilherme de Paula. "Inventário do ciclo de vida do papel offset produzido no Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3137/tde-13122006-163035/.
Повний текст джерелаThe Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a tool for the environmental management which identifies its aspects and evaluates its environmental impacts related to the products during its whole life cycle. In other words, a cycle that goes from cradle to grave. The life cycle begins when all the required resources (material or energetic) to manufacture a certain product are extracted from the nature and it ends after accomplishing its function, returning to the environment. Due to the amount of data to be collected, a study of the life cycle assessment is only viable in case there is a national data base available formed by inventories of the main input used by the society, such as raw material, energy, and so on. These inventories have a regional and representative character, allowing new studies to be fuller, more reliable and easier to be concluded. The LCA has taken on a world wise importance. Brazil has been improving its competence and usage of such technique. The GP2 - Preventing Pollution Group from the Chemical Engineering Department of Escola Politécnica at USP - has as its primal objective the contribution to an improvement of necessary Human Resources and the consolidation of the LCA usage. In this manner, GP2 activities have to be focused on a data base construction, which should be compulsorily adequate to the regional conditions. The present study is inserted in such line of research and has as its purpose the elaboration on a Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) for the offset paper made in Brazil. The offset paper belongs to the printing paper category and, lately, represents the most used type of paper in this country. The result of such study consists in a solid inventory of the environmental aspects considered meaningful for wood production, cellulose extraction, offset paper manufacture and other related subsystems under typical predominant technological conditions in Brazil. The quality of this study is significantly related to the production chain of the offset paper, which was based mainly on primary data. The results of this study showed to be coherent to the ones achieved in a Chilean study, even though they were partial results. A more refined analysis on the pursued results in the study, based on international researches, isn't necessary, considering the technological differences and raw material used in the paper life cycle in other countries.
Bhairappanavar, Shruti. "POTENTIAL USE OF DREDGED MATERIAL - CEMENT BRICKS IN THE DESIGN OF SUSTAINABLE INTEGRATED GREEN WALL." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1532967974666973.
Повний текст джерелаEriksson, Joakim. "Miljöpåverkan av bioplast från skogsindustriellt avloppsvatten : En jämförande livscykelanalys av polypropen (PP) och polyhydroxyalkanoater (PHA) från Gruvöns massa- och pappersbruk." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-79924.
Повний текст джерелаIn this study, a calculation model has been built on how PHA could be produced from forest industrial wastewater at Gruvöns pulp- and paper mill. Subsequently, a comparative life-cycle analysis has been carried out where production of PP-drinking straws in Europe is replaced with PHA-straws from the mill. The objective of the study is to assess and compare the environmental impact of a disposable PHA product with a disposable PP product. The purpose of the study is to examine an alternative material for PP due to the finite nature of fossil resources and the fact that alternative materials will be required when the plastic ban from the European Commission on disposable products comes into force 2022. An additional purpose is to provide more research data on PHA from residual streams. The lifecycle analysis was performed with ISO standard: 14040 and 14044 as a guideline and 1 ton of straw was selected as the functional unit. The entire life cycle was examined with an exception of the usage phase. PHA production at the mill was theoretically calculated and mass and energy flows from the model was then used in the environmental assessment. SimaPro was selected as the software for LCA calculation, environmental data was retrieved from the Ecoinvent 3 database and ELCD database. 10 out of 18 environmental factors within the ReCiPe midpoint (h) method were investigated complemented with cumulative energy demand (CED). The results of the study show a 99 % reduction in environmental impact if drinking straws of PP would be replaced with straws from PHA from Gruvön's mill. At the same time, CED was estimated to increase by about 50 %. Analyses of the results show that the toxicity of material production to marine and freshwater ecosystems is the most influential factor in the impact of PP straws, representing around 85 % of the total environmental impact. Expansion of the calculation model showed that there is potential to further reduce the environmental impact of PHA straws as well as the energy requirements to a level that is lower than that of PP straws by changing method of extraction and fermentation. The results are uncertain due to the uncertainties of the LCA tool, lack of environmental data and lack of studies. However, the results can be used to see trends and potential. One example is that no major difference is seen between disposable PP and PHA products when only climate impact and energy for production are examined, but when the entire life cycle is examined with more environmental factors, PP appears to have a significantly higher environmental impact than PHA. The conclusion drawn in the study is that disposable PHA products from hot residual streams have potential to replace disposable PP products in an environmentally sustainable manner. This may be a possible solution to continue producing disposable products that are affected by the plastic ban and to alleviate some of the problems surrounding depletion of fossil resources. Further studies on possible uses and a small-scale pilot plant at Gruvön's mill are recommended as further steps to explore the potential of PHA from residual streams.
Wallhed, Niklas. "The EU Taxonomy on Sustainable Finance : A Major Stride Forward or a Nightmare in Practice?" Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-298309.
Повний текст джерелаFör att hålla den globala medeltemperaturen under en ökning på 1.5 °C till år 2100, måste den finansiella marknaden investera i företag och teknologier som bidrar till en minskning av växthusgasutsläpp globalt. Hållbara investeringar är ett koncept som tar hänsyn till b.la utsläpp av växthusgaser i investeringsbeslut, vilket kan möjliggöra denna övergång till hållbarare samhälle. EU:s Taxonomi om hållbara investeringar är ett ramverk och framtida reglemente som ämnar att möjliggöra och hjälpa företag, investerare och projektansvariga att investera mer miljömässig hållbart. Denna studie syftar till att förklara hur EU Taxonomin kan relateras till hållbara investeringar, samt att examinera hur företag i olika sektorer kan utvärderas med hjälp av EU Taxonomin genom att genomföra en casestudie på företag inkludera i en hållbarhetsfond. Vidare ämnar denna studie examinera om EU Taxonomin är i linje med industriell ekologi med koncepten livscykeltänkande (en: Life Cycle Thinking) samt stark och svag hållbarhet. Resultatet indikerar att implementeringen av EU Taxonomin kommer att leda till en ökad integrering av hållbara investering inom EU. Vidare indikerar resultatet att EU Taxonomin har som mål att ta hänsyn till livscykeltänkande och vara i linje med stark hållbarhet, men att denna målsättning inte är inkluderat i det praktiska verktyget som EU Taxonomin använder. Resultatet av casestudien visar att det finns problem kopplade till att bedöma hur väl företag tar hänsyn till kriterierna inkluderade i EU Taxonomin, då företag inte delger den information som behövs för att göra denna bedömning. Vidare så indikerade casestudien att vissa sektorer kommer ha det lättare när det kommer till att vara i linje med EU Taxonomins kriterier. Avslutningsvis så är EU Taxonomin ett steg i rätt riktning när det kommer till att integrera miljöaspekter i investeringar, men det praktiska verktyget och ramverk som det ser ut just nu skulle kunna vara mer utvecklat och mer strikt i praktiken.
Hultkrantz, Martina. "An overview on the environmental impacts of synthetic leather made of hemp fiber with preliminary lifecycle assessment." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-233980.
Повний текст джерелаDenna rapport omfattar en preliminär livscykelanalys (LCA) på syntetiskt läder gjort av hampfiber (hampläder) och en jämförelse med nötskinn, för att undersöka om hampläder är ett miljövänligt alternativ. Nötskinnsindustrin är ansvarig för stor kemikalieanvändning och tunga utsläpp, skadlig inverkan på miljö samt människors hälsa. Förenta nationerna och andra organisationer fordrar till omedelbar handling mot djurindustrisektorn för att drastiskt minska utsläpp och skydda miljön. Hampa är en mångsidig växt som kan användas inom många olika applikationer, såsom till papper, kompositer, textiler, mat och medicin, och är förmodligen ett passande material till imitationsläder. Hampan behöver liten mängd tillförd energi, växer fort och utan bekämpningsmedel, har positiva effekter på miljön och kan odlas på alla bebodda kontinenter. Den preliminära LCA:n är baserad på ett patent beskrivande hampläders produktionsprocess, kompletterat med data från litteratur samt några antaganden. LCA-resultat från nötskinnsproduktion samlades från litteratur och resultaten från de två lädertyperna jämfördes sedan. Jämförelsen visade att hampläder är överlägset nötskinn i alla jämförda kategorier utom vattenkonsumtion och farligt avfall. Nötskinn har 99% högre energianvändning, 78% högre försurningspotential (AP), 99,9% högre övergödningspotential (EP) och 83% högre potential till global uppvärmning (GWP) än hampläder, enligt resultaten. Hampläders produktionsprocess stora vattenkonsumtion kan troligtvis förklaras av en överdimensionering av indata. Denna rapport drar slutsatsen att hampläder skulle vara det mest miljövänliga och etiskt försvarbara valet mellan de två lädertyperna och att modernare produktionsmetoder för hampläder bör studeras.
Lundqvist, Alexander, and Henrik Eklund. "Förpackning med förbättrad miljö- och säljaspekt : Ett projekt i samarbete med Primus Sverige AB." Thesis, University of Skövde, School of Technology and Society, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-4393.
Повний текст джерелаThis work of examination describes an environmentally oriented product development aimed to develop new packaging with improved environmental and sale aspects of the products from Primus Sweden AB. The report covers the design process from the first collection of facts to the final results with a description of all methods involved in the work. The focus has been on a clear environmental awareness and the report contains a deepening of the concept life cycle assessment (LCA) for product development. In the process, the consumers’ opinions of the brand Primus and environmental profiling formed the basis for the packaging to communicate the right values such as quality, technology, environmental awareness and adventurer’s first choice.
The deepening of the life cycle analysis shows that composting and other alternative treatment of the biological cycle is not possible to implement in a satisfactory way in the design process.
The work results in two final concepts. The first concept consists of a protective packaging made from natural fibres, which are vacuum - thermoformed to produce attractive and unique shapes. The raw material is waste from other industries which otherwise would be of no use. The packaging can be composted but also recycled among cardboard. The second concept is both packaging and commercial product in the form of a seat pad. An outer packaging is thus replaced with a seat pad with the same life span as a Primus stove. The material is recommended to be polyamide 6.6, which can be fully recycled and has qualities that meet all customer requirements. The material can be recycled among other plastics, but a take-back system is recommended to fully recover the properties of materials.
The two concepts follows the Cradle to Cradle philosophy in which polyamide 6.6 is part of the technical life cycle, and the natural fibre is part of the biological life cycle. A clear common layout have been developed to distinguish Primus and their products on the market.
Denna rapport redogör för en miljövänligt inriktad produktutveckling som syftat till att ta fram ny förpackning med förbättrade miljö- och säljaspekter åt Primus Sverige AB:s produkter. Rapporten behandlar designprocessen från den första insamlingen av fakta till slutgiltiga resultat med en beskrivning av alla metoder som involverats i arbetet. Fokus har legat på en tydlig miljömedvetenhet och rapporten innehåller en fördjupning av begreppet livscykelanalys (LCA) för produktutveckling. Under arbetet har konsumenters åsikter om varumärket Primus och miljövänlig profilering legat till grund för att med förpackningarna kommunicera rätt värdeord som kvalitet, teknik, miljömedvetenhet och äventyrarens självklara val.
Fördjupningen i livscykelanalysen visar att kompostering och andra alternativa avfallshanteringar från det biologiska kretsloppet inte går att implementera på tillfredställande sätt i designprocessen.
Arbetet resulterar i två slutkoncept. Ett koncept innebär en skyddande förpackning som tillverkas av naturfiber med vakuum - termoformning för att få fram attraktiva och unika former. Råvaran är avfall från annan industri som annars inte används till något. Förpackningen kan komposteras men även återvinnas i pappåtervinningen. Det andra konceptet är både förpackning och nyttoprodukt i form av ett sittunderlag. En yttre förpackning ersätts således med ett sittunderlag med samma livslängd som ett Primuskök. Materialet rekommenderas vara polyamid 6.6, vilken har möjlighet att återvinnas till 100 % och vars kvaliteter uppfyller alla kundkrav. Materialet kan återvinnas bland annan plast men ett återtagningssystem rekommenderas för att till fullo utnyttja materialets egenskaper.
De två koncepten följer filosofin Cradle to Cradle med polyamid 6.6 som näringsämne i ett tekniskt kretslopp och naturfiber som näringsvärde i ett biologiskt kretslopp. En tydlig gemensam layout för koncepten har tagits fram för att utmärka Primus och deras produkter på marknaden.
Garcia, Rita Pinheiro. "Dynamic Fleet-Based Life-Cycle Assessment: Addressing Environmental Consequences of the Introduction of Electric Vehicles in Portugal." Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/30192.
Повний текст джерелаElectric vehicles (EVs) have been promoted as an alternative to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, fossil fuel dependence, and urban pollution caused by the transportation sector; however, a large scale adoption of EVs faces significant challenges. A number of studies have assessed the effects of EVs in the electricity system and the environmental impacts of different scenarios of evolution of the transportation sector. However, few studies integrating both electricity and fleet displacement effects have been performed. A dynamic fleet-based life-cycle perspective is thus necessary to understand the consequences and determine the extent to which the introduction of EVs in the fleet can actually reduce rather than simply shift environmental impacts of personal transport. This thesis presents a dynamic fleet-based life-cycle framework to assess the effects on environmental impacts of the introduction of EVs in a fleet. The framework combines fleet analysis and dynamic life-cycle modelling of vehicles to investigate the displacement of conventional vehicles over time, and consequential life-cycle assessment of electricity to assess the changes induced in the electricity system due to EV charging. The analysis focused on the case of introducing battery electric vehicles (BEVs) in the Portuguese light-duty fleet and focused on GHG emissions. A comprehensive life-cycle assessment of electricity generation and supply in Portugal was also performed to identify the main drivers of impacts, how impacts change over time, and how charging time influences BEV GHG emissions. Reducing fleet-wide GHG emissions by displacing internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) by BEVs in Portugal depends mostly on the GHG intensity of the Portuguese electricity system, on the degree of reduction in fuel consumption of new ICEVs, and on the level of penetration of BEVs. In order to achieve significant reductions compared to an increasingly more efficient ICEV fleet, a high BEV market share and electricity GHG intensity similar or lower to the current mix (485 g CO2 eq kWh-1) need to be realized. The response of the electricity system to BEV demand, regarding the changes in electricity generation by the various sources and corresponding GHG emissions, may thus determine the benefits of BEVs over conventional technologies. Electricity GHG emissions in Portugal vary significantly between years and throughout the year. As a result of the temporal variability in electricity generation and, in particular, in the marginal supply, the time of charging can have a major influence on the GHG benefits of ii BEVs. What has been considered, in general, the most favorable charging time from the economic and operation of the electricity system perspective (off-peak hours), may not be so from an environmental standpoint. In Portugal, simply encouraging charging during the night may increase emissions from the electricity system as a result of the fossil-based marginal electricity supply (mostly coal). Therefore, charging control strategies should ensure that surplus renewable energy use by BEVs is maximized so that environmental impacts can be reduced. However, interactions with other strategies to enable renewable energy sources, such as electricity storage, may be important and should be accounted for. When the electricity system includes significant storage of energy, for instance through pumped hydro storage (PHS), the effects of introducing BEVs go beyond the straightforward displacement of ICEVs and increase in electricity demand, to include significant indirect effects from the dynamics of storage. Such indirect effects may decrease or even offset the GHG benefits of ICEV displacement. However, the net effects on GHG emissions are very dependent on the technologies displaced both by PHS and by BEVs, so that detailed analysis is needed for any specific energy system, allowing for future technological improvements. The dynamic fleet-based life-cycle framework developed in this thesis provides a comprehensive environmental assessment of the adoption of a new technology, because it enables explicit assessment of changes in technologies and background systems over time in a fleet perspective, as well as indirect effects related to the existing system. In particular, this framework can be used to assess the effects on environmental impacts of other electricity-using products in a fleet perspective, and of measures that improve the energy efficiency of end-use applications or that shift the use of electricity. The change-oriented approach pursued can also aid in understanding the consequences of policies and strategies that enable and promote the use of electricity over other fuels.
Os veículos elétricos (EVs) têm sido apontados como alternativa para reduzir as emissões de gases com efeito de estufa (GEE), a dependência de combustíveis fósseis e a poluição em meio urbano causadas pelo sector dos transportes, mas a sua adoção enfrenta importantes desafios. Vários estudos avaliaram os efeitos dos EVs no sistema elétrico e os impactes ambientais de diferentes cenários de evolução do setor dos transportes, mas poucos analisaram em conjunto os efeitos ambientais sobre o sistema elétrico e aqueles relativos à substituição de veículos de combustão interna (VCIs). Deste modo, para perceber as consequências e determinar se a introdução de EVs na frota reduz efetivamente os impactes ambientais associados ao transporte individual ou se apenas os transferem para outras partes do sistema é necessário adotar uma perspetiva dinâmica de ciclo de vida (CV). Esta tese apresenta uma abordagem dinâmica de CV com base em modelos de frota para avaliar os efeitos ambientais da introdução de EVs numa frota. A abordagem combina análise de frotas e modelação dinâmica de CV de veículos com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da substituição de VCIs por EVs ao longo do tempo, e avaliação consequencial de CV de sistemas elétricos para avaliar as alterações induzidas no sistema elétrico devido ao carregamento dos EVs. A análise incidiu sobre a introdução de EVs a baterias (BEVs) no parque automóvel ligeiro português e focou-se na avaliação das emissões de GEE. Foi ainda realizada uma avaliação abrangente de CV da geração de eletricidade em Portugal com o objetivo de identificar os fatores que mais contribuem para os impactes, de que forma variam os impactes ao longo do tempo e qual a influência do horário de carregamento nas emissões de GEE dos BEVs. A redução total das emissões de GEE da frota automóvel em resultado da substituição de VCIs por BEVs em Portugal depende da intensidade de GEE do sistema elétrico português, do grau de redução no consumo de combustível dos novos VCIs e no nível de penetração de BEVs. De modo a alcançar reduções significativas em comparação com uma frota de VCIs cada vez mais eficientes, é necessário que a quota de mercado dos BEVs seja alta e que a intensidade de GEE do sistema elétrico seja inferior ou semelhante à atual (485 g CO2 eq kWh-1). A resposta do sistema elétrico à procura dos BEVs, relativamente à variação na geração de eletricidade pelas várias fontes e correspondente variação nas emissões de GEE, determina os benefícios dos BEVs relativamente aos VCIs. iv As emissões de GEE da eletricidade em Portugal variam significativamente de ano para ano e ao longo do ano. Devido à variabilidade temporal na geração de eletricidade e, em particular, na geração marginal, o horário de carregamento tem uma grande influência nas emissões de GEE causadas pelos BEVs. Aquele que tem sido considerado, em geral, o período mais favorável para o seu carregamento do ponto de vista da operação do sistema elétrico (horas de vazio), pode não o ser do ponto de vista da redução dos impactes ambientais. Em Portugal, incentivar o carregamento durante a noite pode resultar num aumento das emissões do sistema elétrico, uma vez que a tecnologia marginal é na maioria do tempo carvão. Deste modo, as estratégias de controlo dos carregamentos devem ser implementadas de forma a garantir a maximização da utilização da energia renovável em excesso para reduzir os impactes ambientais. No entanto, é preciso ter em conta a interação entre os BEVs e outras estratégias de utilização de energia renovável intermitente, como é o caso dos sistemas de armazenamento de eletricidade. Quando o sistema elétrico permite o armazenamento de quantidades significativas de eletricidade, por exemplo através de barragens hidroelétricas com sistemas de bombagem, os efeitos da introdução de BEVs vão além da simples substituição de VCIs e aumento da procura por eletricidade, para incluir efeitos indiretos significativos associados à dinâmica de armazenamento. Tais efeitos podem diminuir ou mesmo anular os benefícios em termos de emissões de GEE associados à substituição de VCIs. No entanto, o efeito líquido sobre as emissões de GEE depende muito das tecnologias substituídas tanto pelos BEVs como pelos sistemas de armazenamento, pelo que é necessário efetuar uma análise detalhada para cada sistema energético, tendo em conta melhorias tecnológicas futuras. A abordagem desenvolvida nesta tese permite avaliar de forma integrada os impactes ambientais causados pela adoção de uma nova tecnologia, uma vez que possibilita avaliar explicitamente alterações no sistema ao longo do tempo bem como efeitos indiretos. Em particular, a abordagem desenvolvida pode ser usada para avaliar os efeitos ambientais de outros produtos que consomem eletricidade numa perspetiva de frota, bem como de medidas para melhorar a eficiência energética. A abordagem consequencial implementada permite ainda ajudar a compreender as consequências de políticas e estratégias que promovam a utilização de eletricidade em substituição de outros combustíveis.
FCT - SFRH/BD/51299/2010
(11888357), Robert Kijak. "Integration of life cycle assessment with environmental, social and economic impact analysis methodologies for the selection of `sustainable' waste management options." Thesis, 2004. https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Integration_of_life_cycle_assessment_with_environmental_social_and_economic_impact_analysis_methodologies_for_the_selection_of_sustainable_waste_management_options/21722426.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis describes a framework for a decision support tool which can assist the assessment of options/scenarios for the integrated management of municipal solid waste (MSW) within a local government area (LGA). The framework is applicable to MSW as a whole or to a MSW component. To demonstrate its application, the framework was applied in this thesis to the residential organic waste component including sewage sludge.
The work was initially focused on local government (i.e. municipal councils) in the state of Queensland (Australia). However, it is broadly applicable to LGAs anywhere in the developed countries. The goal was to achieve waste management practices which address needs of sustainable society (or briefly: 'sustainable' waste management) by balancing global and regional environmental impacts; social impacts at the local community level; and economic impacts. The framework integrates Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) with other environmental, social and economic tools. For this research, social and economic impacts were assumed to be similar across developed countries of the world. LCA was 'streamlined' to address the researcher's concerns about LCA complexity impeding a practical and operational application of LCA to the evaluation of integrated waste management practices.
For this process, 'spatial resolution' was introduced into the LCA process to account for impacts occurring at the local and regional levels - considerations usually neglected by conventional LCA. This was done by considering social impacts on the local community and by use of a regional scaling procedure for LCA data for emissions to the environment which may have impacts at the regional level.
The integration followed the structured approach of the Pressure-State-Response (PSR) model suggested by OECD (1993). This PSR model was modified/extended to encompass non-environmental issues and to guide the process of applying multiple tools. For this process, a clear relationship between 'pressure', 'state' and 'response' at the community, regional and global levels was required.
The framework primarily focussed on decision analysis and interpretation processes. Multi-Attribute Utility Theory (MAUT) was used to assist with the integration of qualitative and quantitative information. MAUT provides a well-structured approach to information assessment and facilitates objective, transparent decisions. The commercially available decision analysis software package Criterion DecisionPlus 3.0 developed by InfoHarvest Inc (1999) - based on MAUT - was also utilised as the platform for the framework developed in this research.
Finally, this thesis describes a case study involving the evaluation of a number of options for integrated organic waste management for a rural LGA in Southeast Queensland. Although refining and testing of the framework was the primary objective of its application to the case study, the case study also provided valuable and interesting results. The results are of use in the development of alternative strategies for managing residential organic wastes. This is specifically important because the integrated management of all organic wastes (including food wastes) has been neglected over many years and most municipal councils are now having to make difficult decisions about alternatives to landfill disposal.
Sun, Mingbo. "Integrated environmental assessment of industrial products /." 2004. http://www.library.unsw.edu.au/~thesis/adt-NUN/public/adt-NUN20050520.141057/index.html.
Повний текст джерелаHartmann, Joachim Kilian [Verfasser]. "Life-cycle-assessment of industrial scale biogas plants / vorgelegt von Joachim Kilian Hartmann." 2006. http://d-nb.info/982240473/34.
Повний текст джерелаOtto, Hendrik Johannes Hertzog. "Risk management approach for the life cycle of a lined tailings dam." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/4812.
Повний текст джерелаManaging the risks to life and limb and to the environment due to potential accidents and structural failures during the lifecycle phases of a TD is a complex, intricate and dynamic process, because of the sheer number of hazards that are involved. Fault and event trees enable one to systematically identify these hazards within the context of their intricate relationships. An internationally accepted qualitative scale enables one to assign probabilities in terms of engineering judgement to the sub-causes in the fault trees and the probabilities of the top faults to be calculated. Mine and industry accident statistics enable one to assign relevant frequencies to the subtended event trees and to determine the resulting probabilities of fatal injury or environmental damage. An internationally accepted relationship between lifetime probability of failure causing death and the potential number of fatalities enables one to determine whether the resulting probability of fatal injury is acceptable. If such resulting probability of fatal injury is not acceptable, the biggest contributing subcauses in the underlying fault tree can be identified and mitigating measures considered on an optimal cost benefit basis. The fault trees for the different life cycle phases of the TD also enable one to take cognisance of the dynamic changes in the frequencies of the sub-causes in the various phases and how the risk management focus may change over the life of a TD although the overall threat may not necessarily vary very much. During investigation of the causative modes for personal injury due to mine accidents/hazards at or on the TD it was found that the probabilities associated with fatal injury during the life cycle phases considered were acceptable. The sensitivity of the factors was however investigated further to provide confidence, and event and consequence trees were developed for TD road accidents which were identified as having the highest probabilities of occurrence. The most efficient risk management intervention measure evaluated was found to be increasing compliance with the mine’s road traffic safety regulations. Investigation of the causative modes for personal injury due to structural failure of the TD determined that the probabilities associated with fatal injury were acceptable and no risk mitigation measures were thus required. The causative modes for environmental damage due to mine accidents/hazards were examined next and the probabilities associated with environmental damage were found to be unacceptably high for the life cycle phases considered. Risk management intervention 57 measures were thus required to lower the associated risks to acceptable levels based on relevant and realistic environmental protection guidelines. No mitigation measures were developed as part of the study. Causative modes for environmental damage due to structural failure of the TD were investigated last. The probabilities associated with environmental damage during the life cycle phases considered were also found to be unacceptably high. Risk mitigation measures were thus required but none were developed as part of the study. Fault and event tree methodology as employed in this study can thus be used as valuable supporting instruments for investigating the causative failure modes of a complex system, the identification of potential risk mitigation measures, and for evaluation of the effectiveness of the proposed risk management measures.