Статті в журналах: "Levels of Causality and Responsibility"

1

Adomah Worae, Thomas, and Collins C. Ngwakwe. "Environmental responsibility and financial performance nexus in South Africa: panel Granger causality analysis." Environmental Economics 8, no. 3 (August 23, 2017): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ee.08(3).2017.03.

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The authors examined environmental responsibility and financial performance nexus of Johannesburg Stock Exchange’s socially responsible investing manufacturing and mining firms during the period of 2008-2014. The study employs annual panel dataset of fourteen manufacturing and mining companies on the index, and Granger causality analysis using Gcause2 Baum’s version. The paper found unidirectional causal relationship between environmental responsibility, measured by emissions intensity and equity returns, and bidirectional causal relationship between emissions intensity and market value of equity deflated by sales at 1% significant levels. Impliedly, improvements in ‘energy efficient technologies’ to reduce fossil energy consumption (prevention activities) seem to exhibit value destroying tendencies, while improvements in ‘end-of-pipe’ activities seem to estimate a drive market value of equity deflated by sales and equity returns. The Pesaran CD and Breusch-Pagan LM tests confirmed existence of cross-sectional dependence amongst panel members. The authors tend to support institutional and stakeholder theories.

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2

Huang, Jie, Chunyong Tang, and Ting Deng. "Effects of developmental HR practices on management innovation: a scenario experiment study." Chinese Management Studies 15, no. 4 (July 19, 2021): 901–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cms-09-2020-0412.

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Purpose This research aims to examine the influence of developmental human resources (HR) practices on management innovation. Drawing on social exchange theory, this paper analyzes the mediating role of responsibility for change and the moderating role of resource availability. Design/methodology/approach The authors conducted a scenario experiment using a sample of 329 part-time MBA students from various Chinese companies in Southwest China, using analysis of variance and regression to examine the hypotheses. Findings The results find a positive relationship between developmental HR practices and management innovation and responsibility for change mediates this relationship. Moreover, it examines the moderating role of resource availability. Resource availability positively moderates the correlation between responsibility for change and management innovation and moderates the mediation effect of responsibility for change on the correlation between developmental HR practices and management innovation. Practical implications Organizations should enhance the actual use of developmental HR practices to ensure the provision of appropriate training and development opportunities for all levels of employees in a fair and equal environment. It is better to take up an individual approach when offering these practices. Organizations should provide enough resources for employees, such as financial, spatial and temporal, and ensure the fair distribution of these resources. Organizations should cultivate the responsibility for change of middle-senior managers who can serve as role models for subordinates. Originality/value This study broadens the research on developmental HR practices, confirming that it has a positive impact on management innovation. It also provides more insight into the “black box” of developmental HR practices affecting management innovation, namely, the mediating effect of responsibility for change. This study shows that resources are critical to understanding how developmental HR practices can contribute to management innovation through responsibility for change. Using social exchange theory, the research deduces the conditional indirect effect of the model and uses a scenario experiment method to conclude causality.

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3

Wang, Paul Y., Sainyam Galhotra, Romila Pradhan, and Babak Salimi. "Demonstration of generating explanations for black-box algorithms using Lewis." Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 14, no. 12 (July 2021): 2787–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.14778/3476311.3476345.

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Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) aims to reduce the opacity of AI-based decision-making systems, allowing humans to scrutinize and trust them. Unlike prior work that attributes the responsibility for an algorithm's decisions to its inputs as a purely associational concept, we propose a principled causality-based approach for explaining black-box decision-making systems. We present the demonstration of Lewis, a system that generates explanations for black-box algorithms at the global, contextual, and local levels, and provides actionable recourse for individuals negatively affected by an algorithm's decision. Lewis makes no assumptions about the internals of the algorithm except for the availability of its input-output data. The explanations generated by Lewis are based on probabilistic contrastive counterfactuals, a concept that can be traced back to philosophical, cognitive, and social foundations of theories on how humans generate and select explanations. We describe the system layout of Lewis wherein an end-user specifies the underlying causal model and Lewis generates explanations for particular use-cases, compares them with explanations generated by state-of-the-art approaches in XAI, and provides actionable recourse when applicable. Lewis has been developed as open-source software; the code and the demonstration video are available at lewis-system.github.io.

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4

Holovkin, Bohdan. "About the Determination of Crime." Law Review of Kyiv University of Law, no. 1 (April 15, 2020): 274–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.36695/2219-5521.1.2020.55.

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In the article on the basis of system approach the concept and mechanism of determination of crime are considered, the system of determinants of crime is established, causality of this phenomenon is revealed. It is noted that crime arises, exists and develops as a result of the interaction of members of society with each other, as well as with the social environment and society as a general system. Therefore, crime first and foremost linked to the conditions of life of society, the state of social consciousness and the system of social relations. Crime does not produce a single phenomenon, process or event, but a synergy of similar and homogeneous phenomena and processes. In addition, crime is capable of self-reproduction, by regularly repeating the most persistent forms of criminal behavior. Of all the types of determination, causality is of paramount importance, since this category reflects the objective, regular link between crime and the phenomena that give rise to it. At the level of society, the causes of crime are criminogenic deformations of the legal consciousness and legal culture, which, under certain conditions, naturally give rise to criminal forms of behavior by members of society. Such deformations lead to a criminal state, when people think about the benefits of criminal behavior and are not afraid of criminal responsibility. Deformations of the legal consciousness include defects in the legal worldview, distorted values, the legal subculture, double morality, anti-social interests, and opportunistic behavioral strategies. Among the conditions contributing to the increase in the crime rate, the biggest influences are: shadow economy and criminal monopolism; corruption; poverty of a large part of the population; income inequality; job cuts and unemployment; uncontrolled urbanization; ill-considered changes to the legislation, first of all criminal; human rights abuses; social tension and conflicting; concealment of criminal offenses from accounting, low rates of disclosure of criminal offenses; unfair judgments (sentences); trafficking in weapons, ammunition and explosives; unreasonable large-scale amnesty of criminals; high levels of consumption of alcoholic beverages, drugs and psychotropic substances; child homelessness and neglect.

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5

Das, Mihir, and Gopi Krishna Pachetas. "Impact of macroeconomic factors on inflation: An assessment on indian economy by using vector auto-regressive modeling." International Journal of Decision Sciences & Applications (2528-956X) 1, no. 1 (December 1, 2020): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijdsa.v1i1.1427.

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Inflation is the sustained rise in the prices of commodities. Central Banks have the critical responsibility of ensuring price stability; however, every attempt should be made to ensure that price stability should not hit economic growth. Thus, it becomes imperative for Central Banks to determine the key fiscal and monetary factors that have the greatest impact on domestic price levels. Based on these factors, it can tackle the problem of inflation effectively and efficiently. Further, there are several global price indices and factors that need to be factored in while tackling the problem of inflation. The objective of the current study is to empirically determine the macroeconomic factors that play a significant role in influencing inflation in India. The study considers international food and oil price indices amongst other macroeconomic variables such as the fiscal deficit, index of industrial production, exchange rate, MIBOR, and money supply in order to explain inflation. Monthly data for each of the above variables were collected for the research period 2000-10. The study is based on Vector Auto-Regressive modeling. The Augmented Dickey-Fuller Unit Root Test was performed to test for stationarity of all of the time-series data. The results of the Granger causality tests indicate that fiscal indicators such as fiscal deficit and international factors such as international food and oil price indices play a significant role in influencing inflation. The research outcomes conform to the results of several earlier studies.

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6

Brandner, Susanne, Wiebke Stritter, Jacqueline Müller-Nordhorn, Jalid Sehouli, Christina Fotopoulou, and Christine Holmberg. "Taking Responsibility." Anthropology in Action 24, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/aia.2017.240107.

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AbstractPatient-related diagnostic delay has been established as an analytical category in cancer research. This category has come under critique because it postulates linear cause-and-effect explanations of delayed care-seeking. These explanations are based on a one-dimensional idea of causality that neglects the processual character and the contextual situatedness of bodily experiences and care-seeking decisions. Using a notion of causality that is both process-oriented and context-sensitive, this article aims to understand ovarian cancer patients’ stories on delayed healthcare seeking. It uses data from a qualitative interview study that investigated ovarian cancer patients’ illness and healthcare-seeking experiences. We suggest that the interviewees’ retrospective perspective generated a multilayered notion of diagnostic delay that differs from the definition of patient-related delay commonly used in the literature. Our analysis shows how interviewees negotiate current social discourses on health and (social) responsibility, and thereby situate themselves and their healthcare seeking within a broader socio-economic and political context.

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7

Bell, Brad E. "DISTINGUISHING ATTRIBUTIONS OF CAUSALITY, MORAL RESPONSIBILITY, AND BLAME: PERCEIVERS' EVALUATIONS OF THE ATTRIBUTIONS." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 17, no. 2 (January 1, 1989): 231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1989.17.2.231.

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The present study investigated perceivers' evaluations of attributions of causality, moral responsibility, and blame. Subjects read two scenarios with either mild or severe consequences, and then rated the perpetrators on either causality, moral responsibility, or blame. Subjects subsequently rated the attributions on several evaluative dimensions. Attributions of moral responsibility were generally judged by perceivers to be more complex than attributions of causality and blame, suggesting that the process of attributing of blame may not involve the subprocess of evaluating moral responsibility. Excuses were not consistently judged to be more important for any particular type of attribution.

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8

Didikin, Anton B. "Causality and responsibility: philosophical and legal analysis." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Filosofiya. Sotsiologiya. Politologiya, no. 4(32) (December 1, 2015): 170–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/1998863x/32/19.

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9

Okhrimenko, Iana. "The attribution of causality, perception of responsibility, and preferred generic means of life distribution." Panoeconomicus, no. 00 (2022): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan210801018o.

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The attribution of causality, a central concept in human cognition theory, is the principal instrument for investigating functional links between events and phenomena. Although the links between causality and moral responsibility are commonly recognized, the scope of studies analysing the practical implications of causality attribution is minimal. This study examines the effect of causality perception on the desired distribution of the generic means of life by utilising thought experiment data collection methodology and non-parametric statistical analysis. The results indicate that i) causality perception affects the desired distribution, and ii) individuals show no tendency to modify their perception of causality.

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10

Salma, Jožef. "The causality in the delict law." Glasnik Advokatske komore Vojvodine 69, no. 9 (1997): 215–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/gakv9706215s.

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The paper considers the concept of causality in theory and practice. The cause is not natural condition o f damage, but also a legally justified choice between a set of events with aim to determine essential, adequate and typical cause. These conditions may compete each other and they can be a cumulating. The function o f cause is not only to point to the responsible person, but to rationalize the measure of responsibility. The author considers the presumption of causality in objective and contractual responsibility and pints out the attitude about its refute.

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11

Kawai, Yuji. "Attribution of Causality and Responsibility to a Robot." Journal of the Robotics Society of Japan 38, no. 1 (2020): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7210/jrsj.38.32.

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12

Chockler, Hana. "Causality and Responsibility for Formal Verification and Beyond." Electronic Proceedings in Theoretical Computer Science 224 (August 26, 2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4204/eptcs.224.1.

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13

Aleksandrowicz, Gadi, Hana Chockler, Joseph Y. Halpern, and Alexander Ivrii. "The Computational Complexity of Structure-Based Causality." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 58 (February 27, 2017): 431–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.5229.

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Halpern and Pearl introduced a definition of actual causality; Eiter and Lukasiewicz showed that computing whether X = x is a cause of Y = y is NP-complete in binary models (where all variables can take on only two values) and Σ^P_2 -complete in general models. In the final version of their paper, Halpern and Pearl slightly modified the definition of actual cause, in order to deal with problems pointed out by Hopkins and Pearl. As we show, this modification has a nontrivial impact on the complexity of computing whether {X} = {x} is a cause of Y = y. To characterize the complexity, a new family D_k^P , k = 1, 2, 3, . . ., of complexity classes is introduced, which generalises the class DP introduced by Papadimitriou and Yannakakis (DP is just D_1^P). We show that the complexity of computing causality under the updated definition is D_2^P -complete. Chockler and Halpern extended the definition of causality by introducing notions of responsibility and blame, and characterized the complexity of determining the degree of responsibility and blame using the original definition of causality. Here, we completely characterize the complexity using the updated definition of causality. In contrast to the results on causality, we show that moving to the updated definition does not result in a difference in the complexity of computing responsibility and blame.

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14

Chockler, H., and J. Y. Halpern. "Responsibility and Blame: A Structural-Model Approach." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 22 (October 1, 2004): 93–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.1391.

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Causality is typically treated an all-or-nothing concept; either A is a cause of B or it is not. We extend the definition of causality introduced by Halpern and Pearl [2004a] to take into account the degree of responsibility of A for B. For example, if someone wins an election 11-0, then each person who votes for him is less responsible for the victory than if he had won 6-5. We then define a notion of degree of blame, which takes into account an agent's epistemic state. Roughly speaking, the degree of blame of A for B is the expected degree of responsibility of A for B, taken over the epistemic state of an agent.

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15

Shaver, Kelly G., and Debra Drown. "On causality, responsibility, and self-blame: A theoretical note." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 50, no. 4 (1986): 697–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.50.4.697.

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16

Wiener, Richard L., and Nora Rinehart. "Psychological causality in the attribution of responsibility for rape." Sex Roles 14, no. 7-8 (April 1986): 369–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00288422.

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17

Mao, W., and J. Gratch. "Modeling Social Causality and Responsibility Judgment in Multi-Agent Interactions." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 44 (May 30, 2012): 223–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.3526.

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Social causality is the inference an entity makes about the social behavior of other entities and self. Besides physical cause and effect, social causality involves reasoning about epistemic states of agents and coercive circumstances. Based on such inference, responsibility judgment is the process whereby one singles out individuals to assign responsibility, credit or blame for multi-agent activities. Social causality and responsibility judgment are a key aspect of social intelligence, and a model for them facilitates the design and development of a variety of multi-agent interactive systems. Based on psychological attribution theory, this paper presents a domain-independent computational model to automate social inference and judgment process according to an agents causal knowledge and observations of interaction. We conduct experimental studies to empirically validate the computational model. The experimental results show that our model predicts human judgments of social attributions and makes inferences consistent with what most people do in their judgments. Therefore, the proposed model can be generically incorporated into an intelligent system to augment its social and cognitive functionality.

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18

Wells, Rachel. "Fact and Responsibility – Approaches towards the Factual in Contemporary Art." eitschrift für Ästhetik und Allgemeine Kunstwissenschaft Band 60. Heft 1 60, no. 1 (2015): 39–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.28937/1000106257.

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Rachel Wells turns to the examination of three recent artistic practices, which integrate facts in their work not as an antagonistic other but as a constitutive element to their efficacy and ethics. She argues, that in introducing news, factual actions, or objects with traces of factual events, Alfredo Jaar, Jeremy Deller and Martin Creed use facts in order to retract from the position of art as an expression of artistic freedom and subjectivity and thus as the opposite of fact. Instead, she states that by introducing the factual the artists underline each in their own way the instability of given eptistemological and ethical frameworks. Far from being a mere relativist pose, Wells understands this denial of a stable subjectivist position as a reconfigured sense of “decision”—perhaps in the sense of Nancy’s articulation of a “decision of existence—that lets the factual take precedence over the control in and of the artwork as a heightened form of responsiveness and responsibility. Whereas Jaar uses the factual to engage overt political action, Deller presents facts that avoid taking an overtly critical perspective forcing the viewer to think about political events. Creed in contrast seeks for the interpretation of the past altogether, would avoid to take over the responsibility of taking a position. Whereas David Hume stated famously, that reasoning concerning matter of fact is founded in causality and Immanuel Kant concludes, that responsibility and freedom begins where causality ends, Wells understands the positions of Jaar, Deller and Creed as an attempt to reconcile the realm of the factual and the realm of the moral. Responsibility would then arise exactly out of the insight in the impossibility to ground moral stances in rationality and causality and in an attempt to use causality to demonstrate this impossibility.

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19

ZHENG, ROBIN. "A Job for Philosophers: Causality, Responsibility, and Explaining Social Inequality." Dialogue 57, no. 2 (April 20, 2018): 323–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0012217317001032.

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People disagree about the causes of social inequality and how to most effectively intervene in them. These may seem like empirical questions for social scientists, not philosophers. However, causal explanation itself depends on broadly normative commitments. From this it follows that (moral) philosophers have an important role to play in determining those causal explanations. I examine the case of causal explanations of poverty to demonstrate these claims. In short, philosophers who work to reshape our moral expectations also work, on the back end, to restructure acceptable causal explanations—and hence solutions—for social inequality. Empirical and normative inquiry, then, are a two-way street.

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20

Krupp, D. B. "Causality and the Levels of Selection." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 31, no. 4 (April 2016): 255–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2016.01.008.

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21

Testa, Mario, and Antonio D’Amato. "Corporate environmental responsibility and financial performance: does bidirectional causality work? Empirical evidence from the manufacturing industry." Social Responsibility Journal 13, no. 2 (June 5, 2017): 221–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/srj-02-2016-0031.

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Purpose Over the past two decades, scholarly attention has focused mainly on a direct and inverse relationship between corporate environmental responsibility (CER) and corporate financial performance (CFP). This study aims to explore the bidirectional causality hypothesis, as good environmental results can lead to good financial results, which makes it possible to invest more resources in projects that improve environmental performance. Design/methodology/approach The authors test the bidirectional causality between CER and CFP on a sample of listed Italian manufacturing firms over the 2005-2014 period. The authors use a fixed effect panel data regression and check the robustness of the results with alternative econometric techniques. Findings Although the findings do not support bidirectional hypothesis, they establish direction/causality from CFP to CER. As a result, environmental responsibility is a consequence of prior financial performance, which supports the slack resources hypothesis. Research limitations/implications Given that companies’ environmental commitment is dictated by economic evaluations or by assessing the availability of resources to invest, it seems that the spread of environmentally responsible behaviours might be supported by different external pressures. Originality/value The paper provides further insights on sustainability management literature by establishing a bidirectional relationship between firm performance and environmental responsibility.

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22

Parrish, John M. "Collective responsibility and the state." International Theory 1, no. 1 (March 2009): 119–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752971909000013.

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This article considers the question of whether and to what degree citizens are responsible collectively for the actions of their state. In contrast to current accounts of collective responsibility, which focus on causality or affect as means for transmitting responsibility, the article develops an alternative account, the ‘authorized state’ model. This model, drawn from core intuitions of the social contract tradition, sees collective responsibility as being transmitted through the state as the agent or representative of its citizens. Having developed this model as an ideal type, the article then assesses under what circumstances the model is most applicable. The article finally applies the model to the US war in Iraq to assess the collective responsibility of US citizens for the outcomes of that war.

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23

Seel, Gerhard. "Czy jesteśmy odpowiedzialni za nasze działania?" Filozofia Publiczna i Edukacja Demokratyczna 4, no. 1 (July 15, 2018): 44–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/fped.2015.4.1.3.

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The article discusses a responsibility game which is, in fact a ‘question-answer-game’. Firstly, the characteristic of the responsibility game is made. Secondly, the ontology of the responsibility game is settled. Thirdly, the causality of our intentions and the process of decision making are analysed in-depth. Fourthly, the importance of a decision criterion for the process of decisionmaking is proven; whereby, a definition of an action an agent is morally responsible for is finally formulated.

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24

Sarin, Arunima, David A. Lagnado, and Paul W. Burgess. "The Intention-Outcome Asymmetry Effect." Experimental Psychology 64, no. 2 (March 2017): 124–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000359.

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Abstract. Knowledge of intention and outcome is integral to making judgments of responsibility, blame, and causality. Yet, little is known about the effect of conflicting intentions and outcomes on these judgments. In a series of four experiments, we combine good and bad intentions with positive and negative outcomes, presenting these through everyday moral scenarios. Our results demonstrate an asymmetry in responsibility, causality, and blame judgments for the two incongruent conditions: well-intentioned agents are regarded more morally and causally responsible for negative outcomes than ill-intentioned agents are held for positive outcomes. This novel effect of an intention-outcome asymmetry identifies an unexplored aspect of moral judgment and is partially explained by extra inferences that participants make about the actions of the moral agent.

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25

Velasquez, Manuel. "Debunking Corporate Moral Responsibility." Business Ethics Quarterly 13, no. 4 (October 2003): 531–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/beq200313436.

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Abstract:I address three topics. First, I argue that the issue of corporate moral responsibility is an important one for business ethics. Second, I examine a core argument for the claim that the corporate organization is a separate moral agent and show it is based on an unnoticed but elementary mistake deriving from the fallacy of division. Third, I examine the assumptions collectivists make about what it means to say that organizations act and that they act intentionally and show that these assumptions are mistaken in their failure to understand the nature of intentional causality and of “as-if” intentionality. In exposing these mistakes I set out my own view in the form of two theses, the first of which states that individual members of an organization are always causally responsible for any corporate act, and the second of which states that attributions of intentions to corporations are always either descriptive or prescriptive attributions of “as if” intentionality.

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Balaban, Carey D. "Cognitive Enhancement Technologies: Implications for Determination of Causality, Responsibility and Liability." Technology 11, no. 1 (June 1, 2008): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/107292408786938871.

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27

Gao, Yunjun, Qing Liu, Gang Chen, Linlin Zhou, and Baihua Zheng. "Finding Causality and Responsibility for Probabilistic Reverse Skyline Query Non-Answers." IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering 28, no. 11 (November 1, 2016): 2974–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2016.2599869.

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28

Pinzur, Michael. "FootForum: Graded Levels of Responsibility and Patient Responsibility." Foot & Ankle International 32, no. 1 (January 2011): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3113/fai.2011.0112.

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Trianingsih, Desy Ayu, Raihan Rahadi, Retno Yuliati, and Arief Rijanto. "Hubungan Kausalitas Antara Profitabilitas dan Pengungkapan Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)." Jurnal Ekonomi, Manajemen dan Perbankan (Journal of Economics, Management and Banking) 4, no. 3 (May 3, 2021): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.35384/jemp.v4i3.207.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji hubungan kausalitas antara profitabilitas perusahaan dan pengungkapan Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian pertama di In-donesia yang menguji hubungan kausal antara profitabilitas dan pengungkapan CSR dengan menggunakan granger causality. Sampel penelitian terdiri dari 227 perusahaan non keuangan yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI) dari tahun 2010-2015 dengan metode purposive sampling. Hasil dari penelitian ini menun-jukan bahwa 1) Profitabilitas berpengaruh signifikan positif terhadap pengungkapan CSR; 2) Pengungka-pan CSR tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap profitabilitas; 3) Tidak adanya hubungan kausalitas antara profitabilitas dan pengungkapan CSR dengan menggunakan metode Granger Causality. Hasil dari penelitian ini sejalan dengan penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Hirigoyen dan Poulain-Rehm (2015). Keterbatansan penelitian ini adalah pada pengukuran CSR yang diukur berdasarkan tingkat pengungka-pannya, bukan pada kualitas kegiatan CSR itu sendiri. Hasil penelitian berguna sebagai bahan pertim-bangan bagi manajemen perusahaan dan pemerintah sebagai pembuat kebijakan mengenai pentingnya pengungkapan CSR bagi stakeholder. Rendahnya pengungkapan CSR yang ada di Indonesia hendaknya mendorong pemerintah untuk memberlakukan peraturan hukum yang tegas serta menerapkan reward dan punishment untuk meningkatkan tingkat pengungkapan CSR.

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30

McCall, W. Vaughn. "Levels of Evidence, Causality, and Clinical Significance." Journal of ECT 23, no. 2 (June 2007): 69–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/yct.0b013e31805c0871.

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31

Bodroza, Bojana, and Snezana Mirkov. "General causality orientations and defensive attributions of failure on academic exam." Zbornik Instituta za pedagoska istrazivanja 43, no. 2 (2011): 223–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zipi1102223b.

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Defensive behaviour after failure, such as denial of the responsibility for own achievement, reduces person?s openness for further learning and development and, thus, is undesirable in pedagogical practice. General causality orientations success-fully predict defensive behaviours after failure. Autonomous causality orientation implies behaviours motivated by personal growth and development, while controlling orientation purports ego-involved behaviours aimed at proving one's own self-worth. The research was conducted with the aim of testing two hypotheses (additive and synergistic) about the influence of general causality orientations and their combinations on defensive attribution of failure on the exam. After their faculty exam, N=158 psychology students answered questions about the expected grade and they filled out two questionnaires: Attribution of Success on the Test and General Causality Orientation Scale. The results showed that internal attribution of success is related to greater expected grade and higher autonomous causality orientation. External attribution was characteristic for individuals with high controlling causal orientation. It was confirmed that general causality orientations can predict the way a person perceives academic success. Thus, we give recommendations on how to support and encourage autonomous and discourage controlling behaviours of students.

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32

Lussier, Yvan, Stéphane Sabourin, and John Wright. "On causality, responsibility, and blame in marriage: Validity of the entailment model." Journal of Family Psychology 7, no. 3 (1993): 322–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.7.3.322.

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33

Meliou, Alexandra, Wolfgang Gatterbauer, Katherine F. Moore, and Dan Suciu. "The complexity of causality and responsibility for query answers and non-answers." Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 4, no. 1 (October 2010): 34–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.14778/1880172.1880176.

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Radov, Vladislav. "Postclassical Understanding of Causation in Law: Civil and Criminal Liability." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University. Series: Humanities and Social Sciences 2021, no. 3 (October 8, 2021): 259–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2542-1840-2021-5-3-259-269.

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Causation is the most difficult legal issue. For every theory of causation, there is a case that breaks it. Meanwhile, doctrinal disputes are aggravated by the increasingly complicated contradictions of judicial practice in civil and criminal cases. Attorneys tend to give the matter of causal link between the behavior of the offender and the resulting consequences to experts, thereby shifting their responsibility for resolving the legal issue (corpus delicti). Researchers still refuse to use the achievements of postclassic philosophy in legal causation. Even modern publications often feature out-of-date examples and arguments that postulate necessity and objectivity of legal causality. The author used the postclassical theory of law to illustrate the structure of the causal relationship for legal responsibility. The present article covers various issues of terminology, discrepancies, causality and guilt, casuistry and its formalities, common sense, etc. Based on the latest domestic and foreign research in civil and criminal law, the key thesis reads as follows: "a causal relationship is a legal construct".

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Bracken, Joseph A. "Divine-Human Intersubjectivity and the Problem of Evil." Open Theology 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 60–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opth-2018-0005.

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Abstract The use of the interrelated terms divine primary causality and creaturely secondary causality to describe the God-world relationship presents problems to Christian philosophers and theologians in dealing with two key issues: first, the freedom of human beings (and to some extent other finite entities) to exercise their own causal powers in independence of Divine Providence for the world of creation; secondly, the responsibility of God and all creatures for the existence of natural evil and the corresponding responsibility of God and human beings for the existence of moral evil in this world. After reviewing some of the ways these issues have been dealt with in the past, the author offers his own solution in terms of a Neo-Whiteheadian systems-oriented approach to the God-world relationship with emphasis on a reciprocal causal relationship between God and creatures so as conjointly to bring about everything that happens in this world.

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Utami, Siska Widia. "PENGARUH GOOD CORPORATE GOVERNANCE TERHADAP PENGUNGKAPAN CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY." Jurnal Profita 12, no. 1 (April 20, 2019): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.22441/profita.2019.v12.01.012.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of the Good Corporate Governance on Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure with Profitability and Leverage as control variables. Data analysis technique used in this research is multiple regression linear analysis. This research use causality method. The population in this study are all manufacturing companies are listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2016-2017. The data chosen using random sampling method. Total sample in this research as many as 60 companies. The results showed that: (1) Institutional Ownership has no significant effect on the Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure. (2) Foreign Ownership has significant effect on the Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure. (3) Competence of Independent Commissioners Board has no significant effect on the Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure. (4) Competence of Audit Committe has no significant effect on the Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure.

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Herrero, J. C., and J. Mira. "Causality levels in SCHEMA: A knowledge edition interface." IEE Proceedings - Software 147, no. 5 (2000): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-sen:20000900.

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Firdaus, Anhar Firdaus, Fazli Syam BZ, Yossi Diantimala Diantimala, and Syawal Harianto Harianto. "The Influence of Good Corporate Governance and Corporate Social Responsibility on the Value of Banking Companies Listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange." E-Mabis: Jurnal Ekonomi Manajemen dan Bisnis 22, no. 1 (July 13, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.29103/e-mabis.v22i1.643.

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This reasearch purpose to examine the Good Corporate Governance and Corporate Social Responsibility both simultaneously and partially to Firm Value on Indonesian Banks in the period of 2011-2015. The methode of analysis used in this reasearch is path analysis for hypotesting test and SPSS for classic assumption test. The type used in this reasearch is study are causality, using purposive sampling method and unbalanced panel data. The object of this reasearch consists of 11 banks with 38 observational data. The results show that (1) Good Corporate Governance and Corporate Social Responsibility simultaneously no influence to firm value; (2) Good Corporate Governance has no influence to firm value; (3) Corporate Social Responsibility has no influence to firm value.

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Grigol Abralava, Grigol Abralava. "Levels of Corporate Social Responsibility Development." Economics 105, no. 03 (April 15, 2022): 104–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/ecs105/3/2022-104.

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The paper discusses the levels of business participation in public development. The model is given, which represents one of the main approaches in modern studies devoted to problems. According to this model, we can represent corporate multi-level social responsibility in the form of a pyramid. The different levels of responsibility discussed represent a combination of requirements for business, expectations from the society and the state and the usefulness or uselessness of social activity for business. A. Carroll's social responsibility levels matrix is analyzed. The liberal, traditional, collaborative, integrative, innovative levels of Corporate Social Responsibility development are characterized. Keywords: Levels of business social responsibility; The pyramid of social responsibility; Matrix of levels of social responsibility.

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Hidayat, Rachmat, Endang Saefuddin Mubarok, Rukun Santoso, and Wiwin. "An Examination of The Relationship Between Corporate Social Responsibility, Corporate Image and Customer Loyalty: The Mediating Role of Customer Attitude." Ilomata International Journal of Management 2, no. 1 (January 25, 2021): 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.52728/ijjm.v2i1.209.

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This study aimed at understanding the effects of corporate social responsibility, corporate image, customer attitude, and customer loyalty. The method used for this study was causality and non-probability sampling and purposive sampling were used as the data collection methods. The data source in this study was primary data collected using questionnaire instruments. The number of samples of the study was 100 respondents. The data analysis model in this study used path diagrams in the form of regression equations. The results of the statistical study showed that: (1) Corporate social responsibility and customer immunity both partially and simultaneously had a positive effect on customer attitude, (2) Corporate social responsibility and corporate image, both partially and simultaneously, had a positive effect on customer loyalty. (3) Corporate social responsibility, customer image, and customer attitude simultaneously had a significant effect on customer loyalty. Partially, only corporate social responsibility and customer image had a significant effect on customer loyalty, while customer attitude had no significant effect. (4) The customer attitude variable was able to mediate the effects of corporate social responsibility and customer image on customer loyalty.

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Rasheed, Abid, Sidra Fayyaz, Imran Shahzad, and kashif Ali. "Does Profitability of a Corporation Depends on It’s Corporate Social Responsibility?" Journal of Educational Paradigms 2, no. 1 (June 15, 2020): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.47609/0201022020.

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This study was to find the impact of corporate social responsibility practices on the firm financial performance of the oil and gas sector of Pakistan. For this study, fourteen companies of the oil and gas sector, listed on the Karachi stock exchange of Pakistan were selected as samples. Secondary data has been collected covering ten years from 2010-2019. The data was collected from the annual report and state bank site of Pakistan. E-views have been used to test the impact of CSR and firm profitability. For this study four tests were used to check the significance and stationarity of data. In which include Unit Root test, Co-integration, Vector Error Correction Estimation, and Granger Causality test. On the basis of the Unit Root test results, all variables show the stationarity. According to the results of Cointegration, there is no long-run relationship between variables. According to Granger Causality results shows all variables are move to another and impact on another if CSR take dependent variable excluded net profit after tax (0.0249), net profit margin (0.9989) and total assets are (0.4841) so, in which all three variables are move to one variable that is CSR. In vector error correction estimates take a137 observations these observations shows a results about short run dynamic relationship of variables. So In overall tests are used for analysis shows significant and stationarity results and these are good for study so it means these results create a positive impact on CSR and firm performance.

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42

Kim, Joonsung. "The Legal Probability as Causal Responsibility founded on the Probabilistic Theory of Causality: On the Legal Responsibility of Autonomous Vehicles." Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology 6, no. 12 (December 31, 2016): 587–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ajmahs.2016.12.58.

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43

Pegkas, Panagiotis, and Constantinos Tsamadias. "Does formal education at all levels cause economic growth? Evidence from Greece." Review of Economic and Business Studies 8, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 9–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rebs-2016-0013.

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AbstractThis study empirically investigates the link between the levels of formal education and economic growth in Greece during the period 1960-2009. The paper applies the Lucas approach (1988) and employs cointegration, error-correction models and estimates the effect of each educational level on economic growth. The empirical analysis reveals that there is a long-run relation between educational levels and gross domestic product. The overall results show that secondary and higher education has had a statistically significant positive impact on growth, while primary has not contributed to economic growth. The findings also suggest that there is evidence of unidirectional long-run causality running from primary education to growth, bidirectional long-run causality between secondary and growth, long-run and short-run causality running from higher education to economic growth.

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44

Voigt, Christina. "State Responsibility for Climate Change Damages." Nordic Journal of International Law 77, no. 1-2 (2008): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/090273508x290672.

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AbstractThe Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) outlined in its Fourth Assessment Report (2007) various consequences of continuing greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere. The effects include the loss of land and property, health and ecological damages, threats to human security and potential human casualties. The question which this article seeks to address is whether and how international law is equipped to deal with complex global challenges such as climate change. Special focus is given to the law on state responsibility and its capacity to deal with damages that are caused by a changing climate. In this context, the following legal issues will be examined: Can states be held responsible under international law for current or future climate change damages? Is there an obligation under public international law to prevent and to compensate for such damages? Especially the determination of a primary obligation to prevent harm, acting with due diligence, the question of causality and the determination of legal consequences are considered. As the examples given by the IPCC show, there will be an increasing need to address the issue of compensation for climate damages. Justice, fairness and international, national and human security require international law to adjust and live up to these challenges.

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Sagatovsky, V. N. "Freedom and responsibility levels: systems analysis." Bulletin of Siberian Medicine 5, no. 5 (December 30, 2006): 79–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.20538/1682-0363-2006-5-79-81.

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There are three essential freedom interpretations. They are represented as complementary levels of integral freedom compre- hension. The first level is represented with the outer trends of existence and civil responsibility perception. This level objectifies the art implementation of the free choice. Human freedom as the choice and responsibility for it is carried out at the second backbone level — the level of freedom and responsibility as an entire phenomenon. The third top level is forming with a presence of the Spirit in human choice tendency and creativity, who accepts the responsibility before the entity spiritual reasons. Human soul mission, sacring by the Spirit presence, is free and liable the man, the word, the objective and subjective actuality advancing. Though this fundamental choice between Good and evil only by man himself could be made.

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46

Baybutt, Paul. "Initiating events, levels of causality, and process hazard analysis." Process Safety Progress 33, no. 3 (October 11, 2013): 217–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.11649.

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Fitriani, Nofimbi, Ali Sadikin, and Amalia Wahyuni. "Analisis Pengaruh Corporate Social Responsibility Terhadap Return Saham Dengan ROE Sebagai Variabel Moderating Pada Indeks LQ-45." Al-KALAM JURNAL KOMUNIKASI, BISNIS DAN MANAJEMEN 8, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31602/al-kalam.v8i1.4160.

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This research type is a causality with the aim of analyzing the effect of Corporate Social Responsibility on stock returns with profitability as a moderating variable on the LQ-45 Stock Index during the 2013-2017 period. The research population is all companies listed in the LQ-45 Index on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during 2013-2017. The sampling using purposive sampling method with a total sample of 23 companies. Data of this research is quantitative type with data analysis techniques consisting of descriptive analysis, testing classic assumptions, moderating regression analysis, and testing hypotheses. The results showed that there was a significant positive effect on testing the effect of Corporate Social Responsibility on Stock Returns. While the high or low profitability (Return on Equity) is considered unable to moderate the influence of Corporate Social Responsibility on Stock Returns because of the large expenditure incurred for Corporate Social Responsibility can have a negative impact on business operations that will reduce the level of profitability obtained by the investor.

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Lv, Huaxia, Xiaojing Zheng, and Shuang Chen. "Revealing the Pattern of Causality in Processes of Urbanization and Economic Growth: An Evidence from China." Scientific Programming 2022 (June 30, 2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2725113.

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This paper introduces a method of combining phase space reconstruction and symbolic dynamics to study the causality between urbanization and economic growth at different regional levels in Shandong Province and finds that there is a strong positive relationship between urbanization and economic growth from China, indicating that the development of urbanization can drive the economic growth. Then, according to the results of correlation analysis between respective subvariables belonging to urbanization and economic growth and the principle of “deleting strong and reserving weak,” the paper selects the independent variable and dependent variable to explore the hidden causal mechanisms that drive the developing of urbanization and economic growth from China. The results show that (1) the pattern causality between the independent variable and the dependent variable is dominated by dark causality at the provincial level; (2) the pattern causality between the independent variable and the dependent variable is dominated by dark causality at the Jinan economic circles and the Lunan economic circles, but the positive causality is dominated at the Jiaodong economic circles; (3) the types of causality between the same evaluation index and PU in different regions are different, and furthermore the degrees of positive, negative, and dark causality are different at two levels and three regions. The conclusion shows that although there is an obvious positive interaction between urbanization and economic growth, the influences of many factors are neither positive nor negative causality, but dark causality, which plays an important role in developing urbanization and economic growth. This work is useful for studying the law of causality between urbanization and economic growth, and this interesting result can be extended to other economic events.

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Sachs, Lisbeth. "Causality, responsibility and blame -- core issues in the cultural construction and subtext of prevention." Sociology of Health and Illness 18, no. 5 (November 1996): 632–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.ep10934515.

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50

Aramburu, Beatriz, and Barbara C. Leigh. "For Better or Worse: Attributions about Drunken Aggression Toward Male and Female Victims." Violence and Victims 6, no. 1 (January 1991): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.6.1.31.

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Research on attributions about drunken violence has suggested that intoxication serves to decrease responsibility attributed to aggressors while increasing responsibility attributed to victims. In this study, we used a scenario depicting a violent interaction in which intoxication of aggressor and victim and victim sex were varied. Subjects made attributions of blame, causality, responsibility, and normative judgments about aggressor and victim. In general, drunkenness made things worse for the intoxicated person in terms of observers’ judgments: A drunken aggressor was blamed more than a sober aggressor, an intoxicated victim—whether male or female—was blamed more than a sober victim, and aggression toward a drunken victim was rated as more acceptable than aggression toward a sober victim. Results are discussed in terms of the use of alcohol intoxication as a gender-independent cue to blame the victim, and the increasing societal disapproval of drunkenness.

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