Статті в журналах: "Levels and trends"

1

Phatale, Amey. "Autonomous Vehicle Levels & Trends." International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 7, no. 6 (June 5, 2018): 1944–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21275/sr24314005404.

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2

Kunwar, Laxman Singh. "Remittances Levels and Trends." Patan Pragya 8, no. 01 (December 31, 2021): 108–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/pragya.v8i01.42425.

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This paper attempts to describe remittances levels and trends at global, regional and national levels. Remittances are being global phenomenon and its impacts have been increased from local level to global economy of world. It has been one of the top issues to analyze and address employment and economy sectors of local to national economy of remittances receiving countries of worlds. The paper is based on secondary sources of information with aim of find level and trends of remittances from national to global levels. Remittances through migration phenomenon has shown the evidences of in reducing poverty levels of remittances receiving regions or countries but the use of remittances pattern differs from one community to other. Nationally and globally volume of remittances has been increased with compared to previous years.

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3

K, Manjunatha N., and S. M. Hurakadli. "Trends and Levels of Female Literacy in Belagavi District." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-1, Issue-5 (August 31, 2017): 1003–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd2392.

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4

Lin, X., R. A. Pielke Sr., R. Mahmood, C. A. Fiebrich, and R. Aiken. "Observational evidence of temperature trends at two levels in the surface layer." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 17 (September 11, 2015): 24695–726. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-24695-2015.

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Abstract. Long-term surface air temperatures at 1.5 m screen level over land are used in calculating a global average surface temperature trend. This global trend is used by the IPCC and others to monitor, assess, and describe global warming or warming hiatus. Current knowledge of near-surface temperature trends with respect to height, however, is limited and inadequately understood because surface temperature observations at different heights in the surface layer in the world are rare especially from a high-quality and long-term climate monitoring network. Here we use high-quality two-height Oklahoma Mesonet observations, synchronized in time, fixed in height, and situated in relatively flat terrain, to assess temperature trends and differentiating temperature trends with respect to heights (i.e., near-surface lapse rate trend) over the period 1997 to 2013. We show that the near-surface lapse rate has significantly decreased with a trend of −0.18 ± 0.03 °C (10 m)−1 decade−1 indicating that the 9 m height temperatures increased faster than temperatures at the 1.5 m screen level and conditions at the 1.5 m height cooled faster than at the 9 m height. However, neither of the two individual height temperature trends by themselves were statistically significant. The magnitude of lapse rate trend is greatest under lighter winds at night. Nighttime lapse rate trends were significantly more negative than daytime lapse rate trends and the average lapse rate trend was three times more negative under calm conditions than under windy conditions. Our results provide the first observational evidence of near-surface temperature changes with respect to height that could enhance the assessment of climate model predictions.

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5

Lin, X., R. A. Pielke Sr., R. Mahmood, C. A. Fiebrich, and R. Aiken. "Observational evidence of temperature trends at two levels in the surface layer." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 2 (January 25, 2016): 827–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-827-2016.

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Abstract. Long-term surface air temperatures at 1.5 m screen level over land are used in calculating a global average surface temperature trend. This global trend is used by the IPCC and others to monitor, assess, and describe global warming or warming hiatus. Current knowledge of near-surface temperature trends with respect to height, however, is limited and inadequately understood because surface temperature observations at different heights in the surface layer of the world are rare especially from a high-quality and long-term climate monitoring network. Here we use high-quality two-height Oklahoma Mesonet observations, synchronized in time, fixed in height, and situated in relatively flat terrain, to assess temperature trends and differentiating temperature trends with respect to heights (i.e., near-surface lapse rate trend) over the period 1997 to 2013. We show that the near-surface lapse rate has significantly decreased with a trend of −0.18 ± 0.03 °C (10 m)−1 per decade indicating that the 9 m height temperatures increased faster than temperatures at the 1.5 m screen level and/or conditions at the 1.5 m height cooled faster than at the 9 m height. However, neither of the two individual height temperature trends by themselves were statistically significant. The magnitude of lapse rate trend is greatest under lighter winds at night. Nighttime lapse rate trends were significantly more negative than daytime lapse rate trends and the average lapse rate trend was three times more negative under calm conditions than under windy conditions. Our results provide the first observational evidence of near-surface temperature changes with respect to height that could enhance the assessment of climate model predictions.

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6

Yagbasan, Ozlem, Vahdettin Demir, and Hasan Yazicigil. "Trend Analyses of Meteorological Variables and Lake Levels for Two Shallow Lakes in Central Turkey." Water 12, no. 2 (February 4, 2020): 414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12020414.

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Trend analyses of meteorological variables play an important role in assessing the long-term changes in water levels for sustainable management of shallow lakes that are extremely vulnerable to climatic variations. Lake Mogan and Lake Eymir are shallow lakes offering aesthetic, recreational, and ecological resources. Trend analyses of monthly water levels and meteorological variables affecting lake levels were done by the Mann-Kendall (MK), Modified Mann-Kendall (MMK), Sen Trend (ST), and Linear trend (LT) methods. Trend analyses of monthly lake levels for both lakes revealed an increasing trend with the Mann-Kendall, Linear, and Sen Trend tests. The Modified Mann-Kendall test results were statistically significant with an increasing trend for Eymir lake levels, but they were insignificant for Mogan lake due to the presence of autocorrelation. While trend analyses of meteorological variables by Sen Test were significant at all tested variables and confidence levels, Mann-Kendall, Modified Mann-Kendall, and Linear trend provided significant trends for only humidity and wind speed. The trend analyses of Sen Test gave increasing trends for temperature, wind speed, cloud cover, and precipitation; and decreasing trends for humidity, sunshine duration, and pan evaporation. These results show that increasing precipitation and decreasing pan evaporation resulted in increasing lake levels. The results further demonstrated an inverse relationship between the trends of air temperature and pan evaporation, pointing to an apparent “Evaporation Paradox”, also observed in other locations. However, the increased cloud cover happens to offset the effects of increased temperature and decreased humidity on pan evaporation. Thus, all relevant factors affecting pan evaporation should be considered to explain seemingly paradoxical observations.

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7

Xie, Ping, Yuxi Zhao, Yan-Fang Sang, Haiting Gu, Ziyi Wu, and Vijay P. Singh. "Gradation of the significance level of trends in precipitation over China." Hydrology Research 49, no. 6 (June 12, 2018): 1890–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2018.187.

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Abstract How to accurately detect and estimate the significance level of trends in hydroclimate time series is a challenge. Building on correlation analysis, we propose an approach for evaluating and grading the significance level of trend in a series, and apply it to evaluate the changes in annual precipitation in China. The approach involved first formulating the relationship between the correlation coefficient and trend's slope. Four correlation coefficient thresholds are then determined by considering the influence of significance levels and data length, and the significance of trends is graded as five levels: no, weak, moderate, strong and dramatic. A larger correlation coefficient reflects a larger slope of trend and its higher significance level. Results of Monte-Carlo experiments indicated that the correlation coefficient-based approach not only reflects the magnitude of a trend, but also considers the influence of dispersion degree and mean value of the original series. Compared with the Mann–Kendall test used commonly, the proposed approach gave more accurate and specific gradation of the significance level of trends in annual precipitation over China. We find that the precipitation trends over China are not uniform, and the effects of global climate change on precipitation are not strong and limited to some regions.

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8

Kunwar, Laxman Singh. "Foreign Labour Migration: Levels and Trends." Cognition 3, no. 1 (January 30, 2021): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/cognition.v3i1.55636.

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This paper is related with foreign labour migration at global, regional and national level. Every day the volume of labourmigratnts have been increased. The data related with foreign labour migration are not uniform due to various organizations working on it and different methods apply by them. This article is entirely related with secondary sources of information. More specifically, ILO, IOM, UNPD and UN data related with international and regional level and DOFE and MoLESS data are for national lwevel are used to analyze the level and trends of foreign labour migration. Differences in level of development between developed and developing countries as well as lack of proper human resources management policies and high unemployment rate and poverty in developing countries are major cause to increased level and trends of volume of foreign labour migration.

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9

Durakovic, Selena, and Mirza Krso. "Development Levels Shaping Global Migration Trends." International Journal of Social Science Studies 13, no. 1 (March 18, 2025): 26. https://doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v13i1.7593.

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According to estimates by the United Nations' International Organization for Migration, in 2020 the global count of international migrants reached 281 million, nearly doubling the estimate from 1990. While a significant portion of emigration can be attributed to wars and conflicts, less developed countries have witnessed a surge in outward migration over the past few decades, extending beyond forced emigration. Among these migrants there is a considerable number of young, skilled, and educated individuals, whose departure has unfortunate effects on their countries of origin, impacting economic progress and demographics. The level of country development significantly influences migration, as migrants often move from less developed to more developed countries in search of better living conditions and more opportunities.This paper aims to identify the primary determinants of global migration movement between years 1990 and 2022, with a focus on evaluating the impact of country development level disparities on these flows. According to our static and dynamic estimation results the level of development is a significant driver of emigration while higher GDP per capita is associated with lower net emigration. These results imply that policies aimed at reducing migration pressures should focus on fostering economic development and increasing GDP per capita in low-income countries.

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10

Fu, Guobin, Rodrigo Rojas, and Dennis Gonzalez. "Trends in Groundwater Levels in Alluvial Aquifers of the Murray–Darling Basin and Their Attributions." Water 14, no. 11 (June 4, 2022): 1808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14111808.

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Groundwater levels represent the aggregation of different hydrological processes acting at multiple spatial and temporal scales within aquifer systems. Analyzing trends in groundwater levels is therefore essential to quantify available groundwater resources for beneficial use, and to devise plans/policies to better manage these resources. In this work, three trend analysis methods are employed to detect long-term (1971–2021) trends in annual mean/minimum/maximum depth to water table (DTW) at 910 bores. This analysis is performed in eight main alluvial systems in the Murray–Darling Basin (MDB), Australia, which concentrate nearly 75% of groundwater use. The results show: (a) an overall increasing trend in DTW across alluvial aquifers attributable to changes in recharge from rainfall and groundwater extraction; (b) the analysis methods employed show similar statistical significances and magnitudes, but differences exist; (c) the annual minimum DTW has a smaller trend magnitude than annual mean DTW, and the annual maximum DTW has a larger trend magnitude than mean DTW; (d) trends in annual rainfall and potential evaporation, and cumulative number of production bores, are consistent with the groundwater trends; (e) irrigation is responsible for some of the decreasing trend in groundwater level. These results could be used to target further research and monitoring programs, and inform groundwater resource management decisions in the MDB.

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11

Minea, Ionuț, Daniel Boicu, and Oana-Elena Chelariu. "Detection of Groundwater Levels Trends Using Innovative Trend Analysis Method in Temperate Climatic Conditions." Water 12, no. 8 (July 27, 2020): 2129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12082129.

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The evolution of groundwater levels is difficult to predict over medium and long term in the context of global climate change. Innovative trend analysis method (ITA) was used to identify these trends, and ITA index was calculated to measure their magnitude. The data used are sourced from 71 hydrogeological wells that were dug between 1983 and 2018 and cover an area of over 8000 km2 developed in the temperate continental climate in the north-eastern part of Romania. The results obtained by applying the ITA show a general positive trend for groundwater level over 50% of wells for winter and spring seasons and annual values. The negative trends were observed for more than 43% of wells for the autumn season followed by the summer season (less than 40%). The magnitude of trends across the region shows a significant increase for spring season (0.742) followed by winter season (0.353). Important changes in the trends slopes and magnitudes have been identified for groundwater level depth between 0 and 4 m (for winter and spring seasons) and between 4 and 6 m (for summer and autumn seasons). The results can be implemented in groundwater resources management projects at local and regional level.

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12

Vogel, R. M., A. Rosner, and P. H. Kirshen. "Brief communication "Likelihood of societal preparedness for global change"." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 1, no. 1 (January 28, 2013): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-1-1-2013.

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Abstract. Anthropogenic influences on earth system processes are now pervasive, resulting in trends in river discharge, pollution levels, ocean levels, precipitation, temperature, wind, landslides, bird and plant populations and a myriad of other important natural hazards relating to earth system state variables. Thousands of trend detection studies have been published which report the statistical significance of observed trends. Unfortunately, such studies only concentrate on the null hypothesis of "no trend". Little or no attention is given to the power of such statistical trend tests, which would quantify the likelihood that we might ignore a trend if it really existed. The probability of missing the trend if it exists, known as the type II error, informs us about the likelihood of whether or not society is prepared to accommodate and respond to such trends. We describe how the power or probability of detecting a trend if it exists, depends critically on our ability to develop improved multivariate deterministic and statistical methods for predicting future trends in earth system processes. Several other research and policy implications for improving our understanding of trend detection and our societal response to those trends are discussed.

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13

Vogel, R. M., A. Rosner, and P. H. Kirshen. "Brief Communication: Likelihood of societal preparedness for global change: trend detection." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 13, no. 7 (July 11, 2013): 1773–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-1773-2013.

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Abstract. Anthropogenic influences on earth system processes are now pervasive, resulting in trends in river discharge, pollution levels, ocean levels, precipitation, temperature, wind, landslides, bird and plant populations and a myriad of other important natural hazards relating to earth system state variables. Thousands of trend detection studies have been published which report the statistical significance of observed trends. Unfortunately, such studies only concentrate on the null hypothesis of "no trend". Little or no attention is given to the power of such statistical trend tests, which would quantify the likelihood that we might ignore a trend if it really existed. The probability of missing the trend, if it exists, known as the type II error, informs us about the likelihood of whether or not society is prepared to accommodate and respond to such trends. We describe how the power or probability of detecting a trend if it exists, depends critically on our ability to develop improved multivariate deterministic and statistical methods for predicting future trends in earth system processes. Several other research and policy implications for improving our understanding of trend detection and our societal response to those trends are discussed.

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14

Singh, Susheela, Gilda Sedgh, and Rubina Hussain. "Unintended Pregnancy: Worldwide Levels, Trends, and Outcomes." Studies in Family Planning 41, no. 4 (December 2010): 241–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4465.2010.00250.x.

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15

Allen, D. M., K. Stahl, P. H. Whitfield, and R. D. Moore. "Trends in groundwater levels in British Columbia." Canadian Water Resources Journal / Revue canadienne des ressources hydriques 39, no. 1 (January 2, 2014): 15–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07011784.2014.885677.

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16

McIntosh, John L. "Suicide among the elderly: Levels and trends." American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 55, no. 2 (April 1985): 288–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.1985.tb03443.x.

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17

Frisk, George V. "Long-term trends in ambient noise levels." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 126, no. 4 (2009): 2195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3248584.

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18

Kohli, K. L., and Musa'ad H. Al-Omaim. "Fertility levels, trends and differentials in Kuwait." Journal of Biosocial Science 18, no. 2 (April 1986): 197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000016126.

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SummaryThis paper examines the levels, trends, patterns and Kuwaiti-non-Kuwaiti differentials in fertility, by socioeconomic variables and the major factors that may account for recent changes. Kuwaiti fertility is very high: in 1980, the crude birth rate was about 47 and the total fertility was 6–8 per woman. Childbearing still extends to later ages but fertility in the early and middle reproductive years has declined recently, as a result of the rise in age at marriage and the fall in the proportion of currently married women in the younger age groups. Non-Kuwaiti fertility is consistently lower, with total fertility at about 69% of the Kuwaiti level. This differential cannot be explained by the age structure of the populations alone. Analysis of completed fertility by education and economic activity status indicates an inverse relationship.

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19

Egan, Maureen, Manish Ramesh, Tricia D. Lee, Jacob D. Kattan, and Julie Wang. "Trends in Repeat Cows Milk Sige Levels." Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 135, no. 2 (February 2015): AB249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2014.12.1751.

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20

Kendrick, John W. "International comparisons of productivity trends and levels." Atlantic Economic Journal 18, no. 3 (September 1990): 42–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02298969.

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21

Kapungwe, Augustus. "Poverty in Zambia: Levels, patterns and trends." Development Southern Africa 21, no. 3 (September 2004): 483–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0376835042000265450.

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22

Mattuck, Rosemary L., Barbara D. Beck, Teresa S. Bowers, and Joshua T. Cohen. "Recent Trends in Childhood Blood Lead Levels." Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal 56, no. 6 (November 2001): 536–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00039890109602903.

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23

Williams, David T., Frank M. Benoit, and Guy L. Lebel. "Trends in levels of disinfection by-products." Environmetrics 9, no. 5 (September 1998): 555–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-095x(199809/10)9:5<555::aid-env323>3.0.co;2-w.

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24

Jonson, J. E., D. Simpson, H. Fagerli, and S. Solberg. "Can we explain the trends in European ozone levels?" Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 5, no. 4 (August 15, 2005): 5957–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-5-5957-2005.

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Abstract. Ozone levels in Europe are changing. Emissions of ozone precursors from Europe (NOx, CO and non-methane hydrocarbons) have been substantially reduced over the last 10–15 years, but changes in ozone levels can not be explained by changes in European emissions alone. In order to explain the European trends in ozone since 1990 the EMEP regional photochemistry model has been run for the the years 1990 and 1995–2002. The EMEP model is a regional model centered over Europe but the model domain also includes most of the North Atlantic and the polar region. Climatological ozone data are used as initial and lateral boundary concentrations. Model results are compared to measurements over this timespan of 12 years. Possible causes for the measured trends in European surface ozone have been investigated using model sensitivity runs perturbing emissions and lateral boundary concentrations. The observed ozone trends at many European sites are only partially reproduced by global or regional photochemistry models, and possible reasons for this are discussed. The increase in winter ozone partially and the decrease in the magnitude of high ozone episodes is attributed to the decrease in ozone precursor emissions since 1990 by the model. Furthermore, the model calculations indicate that the emission reductions has resulted in a marked decrease in summer ozone in major parts of Europe, and in particular in Germany. Such a trend in summer ozone is likely to be difficult to identify from the measurements because of large inter-annual variability.

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25

Jonson, J. E., D. Simpson, H. Fagerli, and S. Solberg. "Can we explain the trends in European ozone levels?" Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 6, no. 1 (January 11, 2006): 51–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-51-2006.

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Abstract. Ozone levels in Europe are changing. Emissions of ozone precursors from Europe (NOx, CO and non-methane hydrocarbons) have been substantially reduced over the last 10–15 years, but changes in ozone levels cannot be explained by changes in European emissions alone. The observed ozone trends at many European sites are only partially reproduced by global or regional photochemistry models, and possible reasons for this are discussed. In order to further explain the European trends in ozone since 1990, the EMEP regional photochemistry model has been run for the years 1990 and 1995–2002. The EMEP model is a regional model centred over Europe but the model domain also includes most of the North Atlantic and the polar region. Climatological ozone data are used as initial and lateral boundary concentrations. Model results are compared to measurements over this timespan of 12 years. Possible causes for the measured trends in European surface ozone have been investigated using model sensitivity runs perturbing emissions and lateral boundary concentrations. The increase in winter ozone partially, and the decrease in the magnitude of high ozone episodes, is attributed to the decrease in ozone precursor emissions since 1990 by the model. Furthermore, the model calculations indicate that the emission reductions have resulted in a marked decrease in summer ozone in major parts of Europe, in particular in Germany. Such a trend in summer ozone is likely to be difficult to identify from the measurements alone because of large inter-annual variability.

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26

Mirabbasi, Rasoul, Farshad Ahmadi, and Deepak Jhajharia. "Comparison of parametric and non-parametric methods for trend identification in groundwater levels in Sirjan plain aquifer, Iran." Hydrology Research 51, no. 6 (October 15, 2020): 1455–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2020.041.

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Abstract In the present study, five parametric and non-parametric methods: linear regression (LR), conventional Mann–Kendall (MK), modified Mann–Kendall (MMK), Spearman's Rho (SR) and Innovative Trend Method (ITM) were used to identify trends in the groundwater levels of 60 piezometers distributed uniformly across Sirjan plain, Iran, from 2005 to 2018. The LR method was found to be affected by the presence of outliers and autocorrelation. The conventional non-parametric tests (MK and SR) were not able to offset the effects of the autocorrelations between the groundwater level data. The ITM method was also found to be a not so comprehensive and precise statistical tool for trend analysis because it does not provide a quantitative index for identifying trend significance. Therefore, the MMK test was found to be the most appropriate trend analysis method among the five trend identification methods used in this study by eliminating the effect of all significant autocorrelation coefficients. The results of the MMK test showed that the groundwater levels in Sirjan plain had witnessed significant decreasing trends during the study period. In only 24 months (out of a total 10,080 studied months), no significant decreasing trends in groundwater levels were observed.

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27

Wubaye, Gizachew Belay, Temesgen Gashaw, Abeyou W. Worqlul, Yihun T. Dile, Meron Teferi Taye, Amare Haileslassie, Benjamin Zaitchik, et al. "Trends in Rainfall and Temperature Extremes in Ethiopia: Station and Agro-Ecological Zone Levels of Analysis." Atmosphere 14, no. 3 (February 28, 2023): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14030483.

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Climate extreme events have been observed more frequently since the 1970s throughout Ethiopia, which adversely affects the socio-economic development of the country, as its economy depends on agriculture, which, in turn, relies heavily on annual and seasonal rainfall. Climate extremes studies conducted in Ethiopia are mainly limited to a specific location or watershed, making it difficult to have insights at the national level. The present study thus aims to examine the observed climate extreme events in Ethiopia at both station and agro-ecological zone (AEZ) levels. Daily rainfall and temperature data for 47 and 37 stations, respectively (1986 up to 2020), were obtained from the National Meteorology Agency (NMA). The Modified Mann–Kendall (MMK) trend test and the Theil–Sen slope estimator were employed to estimate the trends in rainfall and temperature extremes. This study examines trends of 13 temperature and 10 rainfall extreme indices using RClimDex in R software. The results revealed that most of the extreme rainfall indices showed a positive trend in the majority of the climate stations. For example, an increase in consecutive dry days (CDD), very heavy rainfall days (R20), number of heavy rainfall days (R10) and consecutive wet days (CWD) were exhibited in most climate stations. In relation to AEZs, the greater number of extreme rainfall indices illustrated an upward trend in cool and sub-humid, cool and humid, and cool and moist AEZs, a declining trend in hot arid AEZ, and equal proportions of increasing and decreasing trends in warm semi-arid AEZs. Concerning extreme temperature indices, the result indicated an increasing trend of warm temperature extreme indices and a downward trend of cold temperature extreme indices in most of the climate stations, indicating the overall warming and dryness trends in the country. With reference to AEZs, an overall warming was exhibited in all AEZs, except in the hot arid AEZ. The observed trends in the rainfall and temperature extremes will have tremendous direct and indirect impacts on agriculture, water resources, health, and other sectors in the country. Therefore, the findings suggest the need for identifying and developing climate change adaptation strategies to minimize the ill effects of these extreme climate events on the social, economic, and developmental sectors.

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28

Kim, Ock-Kyung. "Estimation of adult mortality in Korea: levels, trends, and socioeconomic differentials." Journal of Biosocial Science 18, no. 3 (July 1986): 347–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002193200001631x.

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SummaryData from the 1974 Korean National Fertility Survey indicate levels, trends, and socioeconomic differentials in adult mortality in the Republic of Korea. The indirect techniques of parental survival and the time location of mortality are used to estimate mortality levels and to discern time trends in adult mortality. Socioeconomic variables are considered for their relationship with levels of adult mortality. The index of household wealth (based on the ownership of modern goods, size and space of household) and education stand out as the most important differentials in adult mortality. The trend in mortality decline is most pronounced for the subgroups representing higher levels of educational attainment and greater ownership of modern goods even after adjusting for the interrelationship between these two variables.

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Kraemer, Benjamin M., Anton Seimon, Rita Adrian, and Peter B. McIntyre. "Worldwide lake level trends and responses to background climate variation." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 24, no. 5 (May 18, 2020): 2593–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2593-2020.

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Abstract. Lakes provide many important benefits to society, including drinking water, flood attenuation, nutrition, and recreation. Anthropogenic environmental changes may affect these benefits by altering lake water levels. However, background climate oscillations such as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and the North Atlantic Oscillation can obscure long-term trends in water levels, creating uncertainty over the strength and ubiquity of anthropogenic effects on lakes. Here we account for the effects of background climate variation and test for long-term (1992–2019) trends in water levels in 200 globally distributed large lakes using satellite altimetry data. The median percentage of water level variation associated with background climate variation was 58 %, with an additional 10 % explained by seasonal variation and 25 % by the long-term trend. The relative influence of specific axes of background climate variation on water levels varied substantially across and within regions. After removing the effects of background climate variation on water levels, long-term water level trend estimates were lower (median: +0.8 cm yr−1) than calculated from raw water level data (median: +1.2 cm yr−1). However, the trends became more statistically significant in 86 % of lakes after removing the effects of background climate variation (the median p value of trends changed from 0.16 to 0.02). Thus, robust tests for long-term trends in lake water levels which may or may not be anthropogenic will require prior isolation and removal of the effects of background climate variation. Our findings suggest that background climate variation often masks long-term trends in environmental variables but can be accounted for through more comprehensive statistical analyses.

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30

Yashkin, Dmytro. "Forecasting the inventory levels of an industrial enterprise in conditions of demand volatility." Marketing and Digital Technologies 4, no. 4 (December 25, 2020): 82–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15276/mdt.4.4.2020.6.

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The aim of the article is to provide tools for obtaining reliable forecasts of the level of inventories of the enterprise in conditions of volatility in demand for products. Most types of demand for industrial products are unstable, so it is important to form stocks based on demand forecasts to reduce logistics risks. The results of the analyses. Analytical tools for forecasting maximum level of inventories in conditions of volatility of demand for products of machine-building enterprises have been developed, which provides an opportunity to obtain the most reliable sales forecast and estimate the maximum required stocks for a certain type of demand. The method, which is obtained by analytical tools, is based on a three-stage algorithm: a) identification of trends in a time series of sales; b) obtaining optimal sales forecasting models; c) plotting of interval forecasts of product sales and risk assessment of the formation of its maximum stocks. The developed methodology identifies logistics risks, which depend on sales forecasts, for nine machine-building enterprises of Ukraine. A method for statistical assessment of logistics risks of machine-building enterprises by confidence intervals has been developed, in which maximum stocks are determined by two confidence intervals of sales forecasts, and the risk of error is associated with the appropriate levels of reliability of these intervals. It is proposed to build the upper limits of two confidence intervals, for example, 95% and 99%, according to the forecast inventory level estimates, and to consider them as maximum inventory level estimates with corresponding probabilities. The risk of stock shortages is defined as the probability of going beyond the upper limit of the corresponding interval. It is proved that the dynamics of monthly or quarterly sales of enterprises can be typed by four patterns: the presence of seasonal fluctuations and trends; the presence of purely seasonal fluctuations without a pronounced trend; no seasonal fluctuations, but the presence of a trend; no seasonal fluctuations and trends. Conclusions and perspectives for further research. It is proved that the volatility of monthly or quarterly sales volumes of enterprises can be typed by four patterns: 1) the presence of seasonal fluctuations and trends; 2) the presence of purely seasonal fluctuations without a pronounced trend; 3) no seasonal fluctuations, but the presence of a trend; 4) no seasonal fluctuations and trends. Based on this, the theoretical and methodological principles and analytical tools for forecasting the maximum stocks of an industrial enterprise in conditions of demand volatility were improved. Keywords: seasonality, volatility, inventory level forecasting, maximum stocks, demand forecasting.

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31

Majeed, Hayder, and Ahmed Al-Banna. "The Main Lineament Trends of Central Iraq, Depending on the THD of Residual Gravity and Magnetic Maps Obtained from Four Upward Continuation Levels." Iraqi Geological Journal 57, no. 1C (March 31, 2024): 201–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.46717/igj.57.1c.14ms-2024-3-26.

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The upward continuation was used to obtain central Iraq's residual gravity and RTP magnetic maps at elevations 2, 12, 16, and 22 km. These maps are processed by the Total Horizontal Derivative (THD) technique to detect the main lineaments that represent the boundary of subsurface sources or faults. The obtained lineaments trends represented on the rose diagram and the main trends in the study area were found. The lineaments (faults) orders from the main trend descending, from gravity data, are N55W, N45W, N35W, N-S, and N65W, respectively, for the four considered upward elevations. The length of the faults obtained from gravity data ranges from 40-250km, while the length of faults obtained from magnetic data ranges from 20-100km. The lineament from the main trend descending, from magnetic data, are NS, N55W, N35W, N45W, N45E, N35E, N65W and N55E, respectively. The lineaments obtained from magnetic data indicate that the main trend in shallow sources is NW-SE, while for deep sources; the main trend is N-S. The NW-SE fault trends obtained from gravity data are related to the Najd faults system, while the N-S fault trends are related to the Nabitah system. Generally, it is indicated from the analysis of lineaments of gravity and magnetic data that the NW-SE is the main trend of shallow structures in most areas of central Iraq.

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32

Bettarini, Silvana Salvini, and Silvana Schifini D'Andrea. "Induced Abortion in Italy: Levels, Trends and Characteristics." Family Planning Perspectives 28, no. 6 (November 1996): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2136056.

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33

Das, Sumonkanti, Zakir Hossain, and Mossamet Kamrun Nesa. "Levels and trends in child malnutrition in Bangladesh." Asia-Pacific Population Journal 24, no. 2 (April 25, 2009): 51–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/6ef1e09a-en.

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34

Smith, Michael, Paul Yau, Thomas Shively, and Robert Kohn. "Estimating Long-Term Trends in Tropospheric Ozone Levels." International Statistical Review / Revue Internationale de Statistique 70, no. 1 (April 2002): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1403728.

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35

Thasineku, Om Chandra. "Estimation of Fertility Levels and Trends in Nepal." JMC Research Journal 8, no. 1 (December 1, 2019): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jmcrj.v8i1.43079.

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The objectives of this study are to estimate and analyze levels and trends of fertility by indirect methods, to verify the estimated level of fertility from indirect methods by linear regression method and to compare the estimated level of fertility from indirect methods with direct method. The source of data for this study is secondary which is obtained from data files of Nepal Demographic and Health Surveys of the years 2006, 2011 and 2016. Required data to estimate fertility level (TFR) is obtained by using IBM SPSS Statistics 21. Two indirect methods were used in this study i.e. comparing period fertility rates with average parities for a hypothetical cohort and Arriaga method. The data were tabulated manually and estimated by Excel Sheet and MORTPAK. For verification of estimated value on level of fertility (TFR), linear regression was used. Estimation of fertility levels (TFRs) at the national level by indirect methods and linear regression are almost same which show the high accuracy of estimation of fertility by indirect methods at the national level. Similarly, comparison of estimated trend of fertility (TFR) by indirect methods with direct method is almost same at the national level. So, estimation of fertility level (TFR) by indirect methods is found suitable at the national level.

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36

Bratberg, Espen, Oivind Anti Nilsen, and Kjell Vaage. "Intergenerational Earnings Mobility in Norway: Levels and Trends*." Scandinavian Journal of Economics 107, no. 3 (September 2005): 419–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9442.2005.00416.x.

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37

Meiring, Wendy. "Oscillations and Time Trends in Stratospheric Ozone Levels." Journal of the American Statistical Association 102, no. 479 (September 2007): 788–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1198/016214506000000825.

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38

Feng, Shuaizhang, Richard V. Burkhauser, and J. S. Butler. "Levels and Long-Term Trends in Earnings Inequality." Journal of Business & Economic Statistics 24, no. 1 (January 2006): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1198/073500105000000144.

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39

Mallin, Chris. "Trends in Levels of Voting and Voting Disclosure." Corporate Governance: An International Review 14, no. 2 (March 2006): 73–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8683.2006.00487.x.

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40

Pathak, K. B., and F. Ram. "Fertility levels and trends in India since Independence." Social Change 22, no. 3 (September 1992): 55–65. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049085719920305.

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41

Mills, Evan, and Nils Borg. "Trends in Recommended Illuminance Levels: An International Comparison." Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society 28, no. 1 (January 1999): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00994480.1999.10748262.

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42

You, Danzhen, Gareth Jones, Kenneth Hill, Tessa Wardlaw, and Mickey Chopra. "Levels and trends in child mortality, 1990–2009." Lancet 376, no. 9745 (September 2010): 931–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61429-8.

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43

Rele, J. R. "Fertility Levels and Trends in India, 1951-81." Population and Development Review 13, no. 3 (September 1987): 513. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1973137.

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44

Mather, A. A., G. G. Garland, and D. D. Stretch. "Southern African sea levels: corrections, influences and trends." African Journal of Marine Science 31, no. 2 (August 1, 2009): 145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/ajms.2009.31.2.3.875.

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45

Madzingira, Nyasha. "Population ageing in Zimbabwe: levels, patterns and trends." Southern African Journal of Gerontology 8, no. 1 (April 1999): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21504/sajg.v8i1.210.

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46

Smith, Michael, Paul Yau, Thomas Shively, and Robert Kohn. "Estimating Long-term Trends in Tropospheric Ozone Levels." International Statistical Review 70, no. 1 (April 2002): 99–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-5823.2002.tb00351.x.

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47

Guindon, G. Emmanuel, Robin Burkhalter, and K. Stephen Brown. "Levels and trends in cigarette contraband in Canada." Tobacco Control 26, no. 5 (September 6, 2016): 518–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-052962.

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48

Koteshkova, Koteshkova O. M., Antsiferov M. B. Antsiferov, and Antsiferova D. M. Antsiferova. "Current trends in self-monitoring of glycemic levels." Pharmateca 8_2024 (December 31, 2024): 40–48. https://doi.org/10.18565/pharmateca.2024.8.40-48.

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49

Wespes, Catherine, Daniel Hurtmans, Cathy Clerbaux, Anne Boynard, and Pierre-François Coheur. "Decrease in tropospheric O<sub>3</sub> levels in the Northern Hemisphere observed by IASI." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 9 (May 16, 2018): 6867–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-6867-2018.

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Abstract. In this study, we describe the recent changes in the tropospheric ozone (O3) columns measured by the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI), onboard the Metop satellite, during the first 9 years of operation (January 2008 to May 2017). Using appropriate multivariate regression methods, we differentiate significant linear trends from other sources of O3 variations captured by IASI. The geographical patterns of the adjusted O3 trends are provided and discussed on the global scale. Given the large contribution of the natural variability in comparison with that of the trend (25–85 % vs. 15–50 %, respectively) to the total O3 variations, we estimate that additional years of IASI measurements are generally required to detect the estimated O3 trends with high precision. Globally, additional 6 months to 6 years of measurements, depending on the regions and the seasons, are needed to detect a trend of |5| DU decade−1. An exception is interestingly found during summer at mid- and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere (NH; ∼ 40 to ∼ 75∘ N), where the large absolute fitted trend values (∼ |0.5| DU yr−1 on average) combined with the small model residuals (∼ 10 %) allow for detection of a band-like pattern of significant negative trends. Despite no consensus in terms of tropospheric O3 trends having been reached from the available independent datasets (UV or IR satellites, O3 sondes, aircrafts, ground-based measurements, etc.) for the reasons that are discussed in the text, this finding is consistent with the reported decrease in O3 precursor emissions in recent years, especially in Europe and USA. The influence of continental pollution on that latitudinal band is further investigated and supported by the analysis of the O3–CO relationship (in terms of correlation coefficient, regression slope and covariance) that we found to be the strongest at northern midlatitudes in summer.

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Pratap Singh, Anand, Yogesh Kumar, Deepak Singh, and Juli Chand. "Observational Study on Changes in Serum Sodium and Potassium Levels and Trends in Serum Vitamin B12 Levels following Temporary Ileostomy." International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 13, no. 11 (November 5, 2024): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21275/sr241025184145.

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