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1
Ferrari, Alice <1994>. "Turismo lento e valorizzazione dell'altopiano della Lessinia: verso una governance partecipata della destinazione." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/16122.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
L’elaborato cerca di fornire inizialmente una descrizione dell’altopiano della Lessinia, in provincia di Verona, facendone emergere aspetti geografici, storici e culturali. Si tratta di un territorio fragile e dagli elevati pregi ambientali, tanto da essere individuato come Parco Naturale Regionale della Lessinia.
La ricerca ripercorre i principali momenti della storia del turismo in Lessinia fino ai giorni nostri, riportando informazioni relative alle strutture ricettive presenti così come i flussi turistici degli ultimi anni. Si è voluto poi somministrare un questionario online, rivolto in primis agli abitanti e agli operatori turistici della Lessinia, ed in secondo luogo ai turisti, cercando di far emergere oltre che le loro opinioni, i punti di forza e di debolezza, le opportunità e minacce alle quali la Lessinia deve prestare attenzione.
In seguito si è posta l’attenzione sul concetto di destinazione, sui social media e sulla creazione di una brand identity. Grazie al progetto di marketing territoriale Destinazione Lessinia, che vede la collaborazione tra pubblico e privato, l’altopiano sta muovendo i primi importanti passi verso una vera governance della destinazione. Altre importanti progettualità si stanno sviluppando, come l’iniziativa di candidare gli Alti Pascoli della Lessinia nel Registro Nazionale dei paesaggi rurali storici, arrivando a certificarne il livello di integrità ed unicità del paesaggio.
Ciò consente infine di identificare la Lessinia come possibile meta di un turismo lento, in grado di rispettare i ritmi dell’ambiente, la natura ma anche le tradizioni e la cultura della destinazione.
2
Ciołek-Jóźwiak, Agnieszka. "Gotthold Ephraim Lessings Briefe, 1760 - 1769 : Texte und Erläuterungen /." Stuttgart : Heinz, 2007. http://d-nb.info/988228858/04.
Повний текст джерела
3
Brucker, Barbara S. "Das Ganze, dessen Teile wir sind : zu Tradition und Erfahrung des inneren Raumes bei Doris Lessing /." Würzburg : Königshausen & Neumann, 1999. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb38919699z.
Повний текст джерела
4
Kutter, Marion. "Junge Schreiber auf Lessings Spuren." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-79969.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Zum 20. Tag der Sachsen vom 2. bis 4. September 2011 in Kamenz hatte die Stadtbibliothek Kamenz einen außergewöhnlichen Auftritt. Das traditionelle und größte sächsische Vereinsfest bot den Rahmen und die Kulisse für die Auszeichnungsveranstaltung des Kami-Schreibwettbewerbs. Die Bibliothek hatte im Mai 2011 die Schüler der dritten und vierten Klassen der Kamenzer Grundschulen aufgerufen, sich eine Abenteuergeschichte für das dicke und lustige Maskottchen Kami zum 20. Tag der Sachsen auszudenken. Das lebensgroße grüne Männchen besuchte die Kamenzer Grundschulen, stellte den Wettbewerb vor und war dann auch bei der Auszeichnungsveranstaltung dabei. Die Schüler hatten zwei Monate Zeit, den vorgegebenen Textanfang „Die Vögel erwachen und die Lessingstadt wird munter …“ zu ergänzen.
5
Muslim, Zahim Mohammed. "Lessing und der Islam." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philosophische Fakultät II, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16147.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
„Lessing und der Islam“ beschäftigt sich unparteiisch mit Lessings Auseinandersetzung mit dem Islam. Die Arbeit setzt sich das Ziel, den Leser und den Literaturkennern sowie der deutschen Bibliothek der Germanistik etwas von Lessings Auseinandersetzung mit dem Islam in die Hand zu geben, die bis heute als großes Modell für die interkulturelle und interreligiöse Menschheitstoleranzdebatte im Gedächtnis der deutschen Literatur vorhanden ist. Im ersten Teil widmet sich die vorliegende Arbeit den historisch-traditionellen literarischen Hintergründen und Vorkenntnissen Lessings zur islamischen Kultur, und deren Wirkung auf die deutsche Aufklärung im 18. Jahrhundert. In den nächsten Teilen (2-6) beschäftigt sich die Arbeit mit dem Islam in Lessings Werk und den historischen Texten von Voltaire und Marin. Sie konzentriert sich z. B. auf die dramatischen Schaffen und philosophisch-theologischen Schriften dieses deutschen Aufklärers über den Islam wie „Rettung des Hieronymus Cardanus“(1754), „Fatime“- Trauerspiel (1759) und „Nathan der Weise“ (1759) usw. Am Ende wird das Treffen der Religionsvertreter von - Judentum, Christentum und Islam - in „Nathan“ mit der erforderlichen, interkulturellen und interreligiösen Toleranzdebatte als aktuelle Weltfrage verbunden, die als Resultat für diese wissenschafts-literarische Darstellung von Lessings Auseinandersetzung mit dem Islam betrachtet werden kann.„Lessing and Islam“ deals impartially with Lessings discussion with Islam. The work aims to itself to give the reader and the literature experts as well as the German library of the German studies to somewhat of Lessings discussion with Islam in the hand which exists till this day as a big model for the intercultural and interreligious human tolerance debate in memory of the German literature. In the first part the present work devotes itself to the historical-traditional literary backgrounds and foreknowledge Lessings to the Islamic culture, and their effect on the German clarification in the 18th century. In the next parts (2-6) the work deals with Islam in Lessings to work and the historical texts of Voltaire and Marine. She concentrates, e.g., upon the dramatic creating and philosophical-theological writings of this German reconnaissance plane about Islam like „Rescue Hieronymus Cardanus“(1754), "Fatime" (1759) and „Nathan of the manner“ (1779) etc. At the end is connected the meeting of the religious representatives from - Judaism, Christianity and Islam - in "Nathan" with the necessary, intercultural and interreligious tolerance debate as a topical world question which can be looked as a result for this science-literary representation of Lessings discussion with Islam.
6
CAVALLO, GIOVANNI. "Characterisation, sourcing, and processing of Upper Palaeolithic ochre in the Lessini Mountains (NE Italy)." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Pavia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11571/1203395.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Goethite and hematite based geomaterials commonly referred as “ochre” were employed in a variety of utilitarian ways by early humans. They used these geomaterials as abrasives and skin protection, in food preservation and pharmacological applications, and for hide tanning and hafting. In addition, these materials were used in symbolic and funerary practices. However, the most well-known use of ochre in Prehistory is as a pigment for the creation of painted scenes in caves.
The Western sector of the Lessini Mountains in NE Italy is an ideal location for studying ochre sourcing and processing due to the presence of the important archaeological sites Fumane cave and Tagliente rockshelter. The goethite and hematite based geological raw materials in the Lessini Mountains are found as infilling sediments of palaeokarst caves (Ponte di Veja, Cà de la Pela, Via Tirapelle and Colombare mines), karst fractures, and caves (Sant’Andrea, San Bortolo); they are found associated with basalts (San Giovanni Ilarione and Salgari), or in the form of limited outcrops (Cà del Paver, Manune).
In order to approach the study of these materials, a specific analytical program was designed, taking into account the particularities of the geological and archaeological contexts. Microscopic (stereomicroscope, Polarizing Light Microscopy PLM, and Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometer SEM/EDXS) and Diffractometric (X-Ray Powder Diffraction XRPD) techniques were used in a preliminary investigation of the collected raw materials and archaeological ochre; analysed materials were then grouped on the basis of characteristic mineral assemblages, as well as typical textural and microstructural features; and following these analyses, representative samples were selected in order to study the geochemistry of major and trace elements (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry ICP-MS). Finally, the heat treatment of some samples of goethite-based ochre was investigated and confirmed using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) whilst the presence of organic compounds in possible artificial mixture was checked with micro-Infrared Spectroscopy (-FTIR).
Two potential principal districts were identified for the procurement of Fe-based resources: Ponte di Veja where both quartz-rich and calcite-rich goethite with detrital quartz occur associated with San Vigilio Oolite (Early-Middle Jurassic) and Rosso Ammonitico Veronese (Middle-Late Jurassic) and the sites associated with Mesozoic Dolomitised Limestones (San Bortolo and Sant’Andrea). These sites are in an aerial distance that varies between 7-20 kilometres indicating local procurement.
Thermal induced transformation of goethite into hematite was initially supported by the results of the XRPD analyses due to the presence of selective broadening of some reflections and later proven on selected samples through TEM analysis based on the presence of characteristic pores formed during the process of goethite dehydration.
According to the scientific and archaeological evidence, ochre was transported to the sites, fragmented, powdered and then used as painting material at Fumane cave. Both yellow and red ochre was mixed with bone fragments for the preparation of a paste whose composition is comparable with that evidenced at Blombos cave in South Africa where a tool-kit containing these ingredients was found. Due to the lack of wear marks on the archaeological ochre from Tagliente rockshelter, it is very difficult to understand the use of ochre in this site. A change in the procurement strategy was identified as quartz-rich materials were exploited during the oldest occupation phases of the site whilst dolomite-based and calcite-based raw materials were selected during the late phases of occupation. No strategy was identified for Fumane cave where dolomite-based raw materials where selected during the different phases of the occupation of the site.Goethite and hematite based geomaterials commonly referred as “ochre” were employed in a variety of utilitarian ways by early humans. They used these geomaterials as abrasives and skin protection, in food preservation and pharmacological applications, and for hide tanning and hafting. In addition, these materials were used in symbolic and funerary practices. However, the most well-known use of ochre in Prehistory is as a pigment for the creation of painted scenes in caves. The Western sector of the Lessini Mountains in NE Italy is an ideal location for studying ochre sourcing and processing due to the presence of the important archaeological sites Fumane cave and Tagliente rockshelter. The goethite and hematite based geological raw materials in the Lessini Mountains are found as infilling sediments of palaeokarst caves (Ponte di Veja, Cà de la Pela, Via Tirapelle and Colombare mines), karst fractures, and caves (Sant’Andrea, San Bortolo); they are found associated with basalts (San Giovanni Ilarione and Salgari), or in the form of limited outcrops (Cà del Paver, Manune). In order to approach the study of these materials, a specific analytical program was designed, taking into account the particularities of the geological and archaeological contexts. Microscopic (stereomicroscope, Polarizing Light Microscopy PLM, and Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometer SEM/EDXS) and Diffractometric (X-Ray Powder Diffraction XRPD) techniques were used in a preliminary investigation of the collected raw materials and archaeological ochre; analysed materials were then grouped on the basis of characteristic mineral assemblages, as well as typical textural and microstructural features; and following these analyses, representative samples were selected in order to study the geochemistry of major and trace elements (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry ICP-MS). Finally, the heat treatment of some samples of goethite-based ochre was investigated and confirmed using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) whilst the presence of organic compounds in possible artificial mixture was checked with micro-Infrared Spectroscopy (-FTIR). Two potential principal districts were identified for the procurement of Fe-based resources: Ponte di Veja where both quartz-rich and calcite-rich goethite with detrital quartz occur associated with San Vigilio Oolite (Early-Middle Jurassic) and Rosso Ammonitico Veronese (Middle-Late Jurassic) and the sites associated with Mesozoic Dolomitised Limestones (San Bortolo and Sant’Andrea). These sites are in an aerial distance that varies between 7-20 kilometres indicating local procurement. Thermal induced transformation of goethite into hematite was initially supported by the results of the XRPD analyses due to the presence of selective broadening of some reflections and later proven on selected samples through TEM analysis based on the presence of characteristic pores formed during the process of goethite dehydration. According to the scientific and archaeological evidence, ochre was transported to the sites, fragmented, powdered and then used as painting material at Fumane cave. Both yellow and red ochre was mixed with bone fragments for the preparation of a paste whose composition is comparable with that evidenced at Blombos cave in South Africa where a tool-kit containing these ingredients was found. Due to the lack of wear marks on the archaeological ochre from Tagliente rockshelter, it is very difficult to understand the use of ochre in this site. A change in the procurement strategy was identified as quartz-rich materials were exploited during the oldest occupation phases of the site whilst dolomite-based and calcite-based raw materials were selected during the late phases of occupation. No strategy was identified for Fumane cave where dolomite-based raw materials where selected during the different phases of the occupation of the site.
7
CAVALLO, GIOVANNI. "Characterisation, sourcing, and processing of Upper Palaeolithic ochre in the Lessini Mountains (NE Italy)." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Pavia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11571/1263889.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Goethite and hematite based geomaterials commonly referred as “ochre” were employed in a variety of utilitarian ways by early humans. They used these geomaterials as abrasives and skin protection, in food preservation and pharmacological applications, and for hide tanning and hafting. In addition, these materials were used in symbolic and funerary practices. However, the most well-known use of ochre in Prehistory is as a pigment for the creation of painted scenes in caves.
The Western sector of the Lessini Mountains in NE Italy is an ideal location for studying ochre sourcing and processing due to the presence of the important archaeological sites Fumane cave and Tagliente rockshelter. The goethite and hematite based geological raw materials in the Lessini Mountains are found as infilling sediments of palaeokarst caves (Ponte di Veja, Cà de la Pela, Via Tirapelle and Colombare mines), karst fractures, and caves (Sant’Andrea, San Bortolo); they are found associated with basalts (San Giovanni Ilarione and Salgari), or in the form of limited outcrops (Cà del Paver, Manune).
In order to approach the study of these materials, a specific analytical program was designed, taking into account the particularities of the geological and archaeological contexts. Microscopic (stereomicroscope, Polarizing Light Microscopy PLM, and Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometer SEM/EDXS) and Diffractometric (X-Ray Powder Diffraction XRPD) techniques were used in a preliminary investigation of the collected raw materials and archaeological ochre; analysed materials were then grouped on the basis of characteristic mineral assemblages, as well as typical textural and microstructural features; and following these analyses, representative samples were selected in order to study the geochemistry of major and trace elements (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry ICP-MS). Finally, the heat treatment of some samples of goethite-based ochre was investigated and confirmed using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) whilst the presence of organic compounds in possible artificial mixture was checked with micro-Infrared Spectroscopy (-FTIR).
Two potential principal districts were identified for the procurement of Fe-based resources: Ponte di Veja where both quartz-rich and calcite-rich goethite with detrital quartz occur associated with San Vigilio Oolite (Early-Middle Jurassic) and Rosso Ammonitico Veronese (Middle-Late Jurassic) and the sites associated with Mesozoic Dolomitised Limestones (San Bortolo and Sant’Andrea). These sites are in an aerial distance that varies between 7-20 kilometres indicating local procurement.
Thermal induced transformation of goethite into hematite was initially supported by the results of the XRPD analyses due to the presence of selective broadening of some reflections and later proven on selected samples through TEM analysis based on the presence of characteristic pores formed during the process of goethite dehydration.
According to the scientific and archaeological evidence, ochre was transported to the sites, fragmented, powdered and then used as painting material at Fumane cave. Both yellow and red ochre was mixed with bone fragments for the preparation of a paste whose composition is comparable with that evidenced at Blombos cave in South Africa where a tool-kit containing these ingredients was found. Due to the lack of wear marks on the archaeological ochre from Tagliente rockshelter, it is very difficult to understand the use of ochre in this site. A change in the procurement strategy was identified as quartz-rich materials were exploited during the oldest occupation phases of the site whilst dolomite-based and calcite-based raw materials were selected during the late phases of occupation. No strategy was identified for Fumane cave where dolomite-based raw materials where selected during the different phases of the occupation of the site.Goethite and hematite based geomaterials commonly referred as “ochre” were employed in a variety of utilitarian ways by early humans. They used these geomaterials as abrasives and skin protection, in food preservation and pharmacological applications, and for hide tanning and hafting. In addition, these materials were used in symbolic and funerary practices. However, the most well-known use of ochre in Prehistory is as a pigment for the creation of painted scenes in caves. The Western sector of the Lessini Mountains in NE Italy is an ideal location for studying ochre sourcing and processing due to the presence of the important archaeological sites Fumane cave and Tagliente rockshelter. The goethite and hematite based geological raw materials in the Lessini Mountains are found as infilling sediments of palaeokarst caves (Ponte di Veja, Cà de la Pela, Via Tirapelle and Colombare mines), karst fractures, and caves (Sant’Andrea, San Bortolo); they are found associated with basalts (San Giovanni Ilarione and Salgari), or in the form of limited outcrops (Cà del Paver, Manune). In order to approach the study of these materials, a specific analytical program was designed, taking into account the particularities of the geological and archaeological contexts. Microscopic (stereomicroscope, Polarizing Light Microscopy PLM, and Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometer SEM/EDXS) and Diffractometric (X-Ray Powder Diffraction XRPD) techniques were used in a preliminary investigation of the collected raw materials and archaeological ochre; analysed materials were then grouped on the basis of characteristic mineral assemblages, as well as typical textural and microstructural features; and following these analyses, representative samples were selected in order to study the geochemistry of major and trace elements (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry ICP-MS). Finally, the heat treatment of some samples of goethite-based ochre was investigated and confirmed using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) whilst the presence of organic compounds in possible artificial mixture was checked with micro-Infrared Spectroscopy (-FTIR). Two potential principal districts were identified for the procurement of Fe-based resources: Ponte di Veja where both quartz-rich and calcite-rich goethite with detrital quartz occur associated with San Vigilio Oolite (Early-Middle Jurassic) and Rosso Ammonitico Veronese (Middle-Late Jurassic) and the sites associated with Mesozoic Dolomitised Limestones (San Bortolo and Sant’Andrea). These sites are in an aerial distance that varies between 7-20 kilometres indicating local procurement. Thermal induced transformation of goethite into hematite was initially supported by the results of the XRPD analyses due to the presence of selective broadening of some reflections and later proven on selected samples through TEM analysis based on the presence of characteristic pores formed during the process of goethite dehydration. According to the scientific and archaeological evidence, ochre was transported to the sites, fragmented, powdered and then used as painting material at Fumane cave. Both yellow and red ochre was mixed with bone fragments for the preparation of a paste whose composition is comparable with that evidenced at Blombos cave in South Africa where a tool-kit containing these ingredients was found. Due to the lack of wear marks on the archaeological ochre from Tagliente rockshelter, it is very difficult to understand the use of ochre in this site. A change in the procurement strategy was identified as quartz-rich materials were exploited during the oldest occupation phases of the site whilst dolomite-based and calcite-based raw materials were selected during the late phases of occupation. No strategy was identified for Fumane cave where dolomite-based raw materials where selected during the different phases of the occupation of the site.
8
CAVALLO, GIOVANNI. "Characterisation, sourcing, and processing of Upper Palaeolithic ochre in the Lessini Mountains (NE Italy)." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Pavia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11571/1263910.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Goethite and hematite based geomaterials commonly referred as “ochre” were employed in a variety of utilitarian ways by early humans. They used these geomaterials as abrasives and skin protection, in food preservation and pharmacological applications, and for hide tanning and hafting. In addition, these materials were used in symbolic and funerary practices. However, the most well-known use of ochre in Prehistory is as a pigment for the creation of painted scenes in caves.
The Western sector of the Lessini Mountains in NE Italy is an ideal location for studying ochre sourcing and processing due to the presence of the important archaeological sites Fumane cave and Tagliente rockshelter. The goethite and hematite based geological raw materials in the Lessini Mountains are found as infilling sediments of palaeokarst caves (Ponte di Veja, Cà de la Pela, Via Tirapelle and Colombare mines), karst fractures, and caves (Sant’Andrea, San Bortolo); they are found associated with basalts (San Giovanni Ilarione and Salgari), or in the form of limited outcrops (Cà del Paver, Manune).
In order to approach the study of these materials, a specific analytical program was designed, taking into account the particularities of the geological and archaeological contexts. Microscopic (stereomicroscope, Polarizing Light Microscopy PLM, and Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometer SEM/EDXS) and Diffractometric (X-Ray Powder Diffraction XRPD) techniques were used in a preliminary investigation of the collected raw materials and archaeological ochre; analysed materials were then grouped on the basis of characteristic mineral assemblages, as well as typical textural and microstructural features; and following these analyses, representative samples were selected in order to study the geochemistry of major and trace elements (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry ICP-MS). Finally, the heat treatment of some samples of goethite-based ochre was investigated and confirmed using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) whilst the presence of organic compounds in possible artificial mixture was checked with micro-Infrared Spectroscopy (-FTIR).
Two potential principal districts were identified for the procurement of Fe-based resources: Ponte di Veja where both quartz-rich and calcite-rich goethite with detrital quartz occur associated with San Vigilio Oolite (Early-Middle Jurassic) and Rosso Ammonitico Veronese (Middle-Late Jurassic) and the sites associated with Mesozoic Dolomitised Limestones (San Bortolo and Sant’Andrea). These sites are in an aerial distance that varies between 7-20 kilometres indicating local procurement.
Thermal induced transformation of goethite into hematite was initially supported by the results of the XRPD analyses due to the presence of selective broadening of some reflections and later proven on selected samples through TEM analysis based on the presence of characteristic pores formed during the process of goethite dehydration.
According to the scientific and archaeological evidence, ochre was transported to the sites, fragmented, powdered and then used as painting material at Fumane cave. Both yellow and red ochre was mixed with bone fragments for the preparation of a paste whose composition is comparable with that evidenced at Blombos cave in South Africa where a tool-kit containing these ingredients was found. Due to the lack of wear marks on the archaeological ochre from Tagliente rockshelter, it is very difficult to understand the use of ochre in this site. A change in the procurement strategy was identified as quartz-rich materials were exploited during the oldest occupation phases of the site whilst dolomite-based and calcite-based raw materials were selected during the late phases of occupation. No strategy was identified for Fumane cave where dolomite-based raw materials where selected during the different phases of the occupation of the site.Goethite and hematite based geomaterials commonly referred as “ochre” were employed in a variety of utilitarian ways by early humans. They used these geomaterials as abrasives and skin protection, in food preservation and pharmacological applications, and for hide tanning and hafting. In addition, these materials were used in symbolic and funerary practices. However, the most well-known use of ochre in Prehistory is as a pigment for the creation of painted scenes in caves. The Western sector of the Lessini Mountains in NE Italy is an ideal location for studying ochre sourcing and processing due to the presence of the important archaeological sites Fumane cave and Tagliente rockshelter. The goethite and hematite based geological raw materials in the Lessini Mountains are found as infilling sediments of palaeokarst caves (Ponte di Veja, Cà de la Pela, Via Tirapelle and Colombare mines), karst fractures, and caves (Sant’Andrea, San Bortolo); they are found associated with basalts (San Giovanni Ilarione and Salgari), or in the form of limited outcrops (Cà del Paver, Manune). In order to approach the study of these materials, a specific analytical program was designed, taking into account the particularities of the geological and archaeological contexts. Microscopic (stereomicroscope, Polarizing Light Microscopy PLM, and Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometer SEM/EDXS) and Diffractometric (X-Ray Powder Diffraction XRPD) techniques were used in a preliminary investigation of the collected raw materials and archaeological ochre; analysed materials were then grouped on the basis of characteristic mineral assemblages, as well as typical textural and microstructural features; and following these analyses, representative samples were selected in order to study the geochemistry of major and trace elements (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry ICP-MS). Finally, the heat treatment of some samples of goethite-based ochre was investigated and confirmed using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) whilst the presence of organic compounds in possible artificial mixture was checked with micro-Infrared Spectroscopy (-FTIR). Two potential principal districts were identified for the procurement of Fe-based resources: Ponte di Veja where both quartz-rich and calcite-rich goethite with detrital quartz occur associated with San Vigilio Oolite (Early-Middle Jurassic) and Rosso Ammonitico Veronese (Middle-Late Jurassic) and the sites associated with Mesozoic Dolomitised Limestones (San Bortolo and Sant’Andrea). These sites are in an aerial distance that varies between 7-20 kilometres indicating local procurement. Thermal induced transformation of goethite into hematite was initially supported by the results of the XRPD analyses due to the presence of selective broadening of some reflections and later proven on selected samples through TEM analysis based on the presence of characteristic pores formed during the process of goethite dehydration. According to the scientific and archaeological evidence, ochre was transported to the sites, fragmented, powdered and then used as painting material at Fumane cave. Both yellow and red ochre was mixed with bone fragments for the preparation of a paste whose composition is comparable with that evidenced at Blombos cave in South Africa where a tool-kit containing these ingredients was found. Due to the lack of wear marks on the archaeological ochre from Tagliente rockshelter, it is very difficult to understand the use of ochre in this site. A change in the procurement strategy was identified as quartz-rich materials were exploited during the oldest occupation phases of the site whilst dolomite-based and calcite-based raw materials were selected during the late phases of occupation. No strategy was identified for Fumane cave where dolomite-based raw materials where selected during the different phases of the occupation of the site.
9
CAVALLO, GIOVANNI. "Characterisation, sourcing, and processing of Upper Palaeolithic ochre in the Lessini Mountains (NE Italy)." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Pavia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11571/1264030.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Goethite and hematite based geomaterials commonly referred as “ochre” were employed in a variety of utilitarian ways by early humans. They used these geomaterials as abrasives and skin protection, in food preservation and pharmacological applications, and for hide tanning and hafting. In addition, these materials were used in symbolic and funerary practices. However, the most well-known use of ochre in Prehistory is as a pigment for the creation of painted scenes in caves.
The Western sector of the Lessini Mountains in NE Italy is an ideal location for studying ochre sourcing and processing due to the presence of the important archaeological sites Fumane cave and Tagliente rockshelter. The goethite and hematite based geological raw materials in the Lessini Mountains are found as infilling sediments of palaeokarst caves (Ponte di Veja, Cà de la Pela, Via Tirapelle and Colombare mines), karst fractures, and caves (Sant’Andrea, San Bortolo); they are found associated with basalts (San Giovanni Ilarione and Salgari), or in the form of limited outcrops (Cà del Paver, Manune).
In order to approach the study of these materials, a specific analytical program was designed, taking into account the particularities of the geological and archaeological contexts. Microscopic (stereomicroscope, Polarizing Light Microscopy PLM, and Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometer SEM/EDXS) and Diffractometric (X-Ray Powder Diffraction XRPD) techniques were used in a preliminary investigation of the collected raw materials and archaeological ochre; analysed materials were then grouped on the basis of characteristic mineral assemblages, as well as typical textural and microstructural features; and following these analyses, representative samples were selected in order to study the geochemistry of major and trace elements (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry ICP-MS). Finally, the heat treatment of some samples of goethite-based ochre was investigated and confirmed using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) whilst the presence of organic compounds in possible artificial mixture was checked with micro-Infrared Spectroscopy (-FTIR).
Two potential principal districts were identified for the procurement of Fe-based resources: Ponte di Veja where both quartz-rich and calcite-rich goethite with detrital quartz occur associated with San Vigilio Oolite (Early-Middle Jurassic) and Rosso Ammonitico Veronese (Middle-Late Jurassic) and the sites associated with Mesozoic Dolomitised Limestones (San Bortolo and Sant’Andrea). These sites are in an aerial distance that varies between 7-20 kilometres indicating local procurement.
Thermal induced transformation of goethite into hematite was initially supported by the results of the XRPD analyses due to the presence of selective broadening of some reflections and later proven on selected samples through TEM analysis based on the presence of characteristic pores formed during the process of goethite dehydration.
According to the scientific and archaeological evidence, ochre was transported to the sites, fragmented, powdered and then used as painting material at Fumane cave. Both yellow and red ochre was mixed with bone fragments for the preparation of a paste whose composition is comparable with that evidenced at Blombos cave in South Africa where a tool-kit containing these ingredients was found. Due to the lack of wear marks on the archaeological ochre from Tagliente rockshelter, it is very difficult to understand the use of ochre in this site. A change in the procurement strategy was identified as quartz-rich materials were exploited during the oldest occupation phases of the site whilst dolomite-based and calcite-based raw materials were selected during the late phases of occupation. No strategy was identified for Fumane cave where dolomite-based raw materials where selected during the different phases of the occupation of the site.Goethite and hematite based geomaterials commonly referred as “ochre” were employed in a variety of utilitarian ways by early humans. They used these geomaterials as abrasives and skin protection, in food preservation and pharmacological applications, and for hide tanning and hafting. In addition, these materials were used in symbolic and funerary practices. However, the most well-known use of ochre in Prehistory is as a pigment for the creation of painted scenes in caves. The Western sector of the Lessini Mountains in NE Italy is an ideal location for studying ochre sourcing and processing due to the presence of the important archaeological sites Fumane cave and Tagliente rockshelter. The goethite and hematite based geological raw materials in the Lessini Mountains are found as infilling sediments of palaeokarst caves (Ponte di Veja, Cà de la Pela, Via Tirapelle and Colombare mines), karst fractures, and caves (Sant’Andrea, San Bortolo); they are found associated with basalts (San Giovanni Ilarione and Salgari), or in the form of limited outcrops (Cà del Paver, Manune). In order to approach the study of these materials, a specific analytical program was designed, taking into account the particularities of the geological and archaeological contexts. Microscopic (stereomicroscope, Polarizing Light Microscopy PLM, and Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometer SEM/EDXS) and Diffractometric (X-Ray Powder Diffraction XRPD) techniques were used in a preliminary investigation of the collected raw materials and archaeological ochre; analysed materials were then grouped on the basis of characteristic mineral assemblages, as well as typical textural and microstructural features; and following these analyses, representative samples were selected in order to study the geochemistry of major and trace elements (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry ICP-MS). Finally, the heat treatment of some samples of goethite-based ochre was investigated and confirmed using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) whilst the presence of organic compounds in possible artificial mixture was checked with micro-Infrared Spectroscopy (-FTIR). Two potential principal districts were identified for the procurement of Fe-based resources: Ponte di Veja where both quartz-rich and calcite-rich goethite with detrital quartz occur associated with San Vigilio Oolite (Early-Middle Jurassic) and Rosso Ammonitico Veronese (Middle-Late Jurassic) and the sites associated with Mesozoic Dolomitised Limestones (San Bortolo and Sant’Andrea). These sites are in an aerial distance that varies between 7-20 kilometres indicating local procurement. Thermal induced transformation of goethite into hematite was initially supported by the results of the XRPD analyses due to the presence of selective broadening of some reflections and later proven on selected samples through TEM analysis based on the presence of characteristic pores formed during the process of goethite dehydration. According to the scientific and archaeological evidence, ochre was transported to the sites, fragmented, powdered and then used as painting material at Fumane cave. Both yellow and red ochre was mixed with bone fragments for the preparation of a paste whose composition is comparable with that evidenced at Blombos cave in South Africa where a tool-kit containing these ingredients was found. Due to the lack of wear marks on the archaeological ochre from Tagliente rockshelter, it is very difficult to understand the use of ochre in this site. A change in the procurement strategy was identified as quartz-rich materials were exploited during the oldest occupation phases of the site whilst dolomite-based and calcite-based raw materials were selected during the late phases of occupation. No strategy was identified for Fumane cave where dolomite-based raw materials where selected during the different phases of the occupation of the site.
10
CAVALLO, GIOVANNI. "Characterisation, sourcing, and processing of Upper Palaeolithic ochre in the Lessini Mountains (NE Italy)." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Pavia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11571/1263949.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Goethite and hematite based geomaterials commonly referred as “ochre” were employed in a variety of utilitarian ways by early humans. They used these geomaterials as abrasives and skin protection, in food preservation and pharmacological applications, and for hide tanning and hafting. In addition, these materials were used in symbolic and funerary practices. However, the most well-known use of ochre in Prehistory is as a pigment for the creation of painted scenes in caves.
The Western sector of the Lessini Mountains in NE Italy is an ideal location for studying ochre sourcing and processing due to the presence of the important archaeological sites Fumane cave and Tagliente rockshelter. The goethite and hematite based geological raw materials in the Lessini Mountains are found as infilling sediments of palaeokarst caves (Ponte di Veja, Cà de la Pela, Via Tirapelle and Colombare mines), karst fractures, and caves (Sant’Andrea, San Bortolo); they are found associated with basalts (San Giovanni Ilarione and Salgari), or in the form of limited outcrops (Cà del Paver, Manune).
In order to approach the study of these materials, a specific analytical program was designed, taking into account the particularities of the geological and archaeological contexts. Microscopic (stereomicroscope, Polarizing Light Microscopy PLM, and Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometer SEM/EDXS) and Diffractometric (X-Ray Powder Diffraction XRPD) techniques were used in a preliminary investigation of the collected raw materials and archaeological ochre; analysed materials were then grouped on the basis of characteristic mineral assemblages, as well as typical textural and microstructural features; and following these analyses, representative samples were selected in order to study the geochemistry of major and trace elements (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry ICP-MS). Finally, the heat treatment of some samples of goethite-based ochre was investigated and confirmed using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) whilst the presence of organic compounds in possible artificial mixture was checked with micro-Infrared Spectroscopy (-FTIR).
Two potential principal districts were identified for the procurement of Fe-based resources: Ponte di Veja where both quartz-rich and calcite-rich goethite with detrital quartz occur associated with San Vigilio Oolite (Early-Middle Jurassic) and Rosso Ammonitico Veronese (Middle-Late Jurassic) and the sites associated with Mesozoic Dolomitised Limestones (San Bortolo and Sant’Andrea). These sites are in an aerial distance that varies between 7-20 kilometres indicating local procurement.
Thermal induced transformation of goethite into hematite was initially supported by the results of the XRPD analyses due to the presence of selective broadening of some reflections and later proven on selected samples through TEM analysis based on the presence of characteristic pores formed during the process of goethite dehydration.
According to the scientific and archaeological evidence, ochre was transported to the sites, fragmented, powdered and then used as painting material at Fumane cave. Both yellow and red ochre was mixed with bone fragments for the preparation of a paste whose composition is comparable with that evidenced at Blombos cave in South Africa where a tool-kit containing these ingredients was found. Due to the lack of wear marks on the archaeological ochre from Tagliente rockshelter, it is very difficult to understand the use of ochre in this site. A change in the procurement strategy was identified as quartz-rich materials were exploited during the oldest occupation phases of the site whilst dolomite-based and calcite-based raw materials were selected during the late phases of occupation. No strategy was identified for Fumane cave where dolomite-based raw materials where selected during the different phases of the occupation of the site.Goethite and hematite based geomaterials commonly referred as “ochre” were employed in a variety of utilitarian ways by early humans. They used these geomaterials as abrasives and skin protection, in food preservation and pharmacological applications, and for hide tanning and hafting. In addition, these materials were used in symbolic and funerary practices. However, the most well-known use of ochre in Prehistory is as a pigment for the creation of painted scenes in caves. The Western sector of the Lessini Mountains in NE Italy is an ideal location for studying ochre sourcing and processing due to the presence of the important archaeological sites Fumane cave and Tagliente rockshelter. The goethite and hematite based geological raw materials in the Lessini Mountains are found as infilling sediments of palaeokarst caves (Ponte di Veja, Cà de la Pela, Via Tirapelle and Colombare mines), karst fractures, and caves (Sant’Andrea, San Bortolo); they are found associated with basalts (San Giovanni Ilarione and Salgari), or in the form of limited outcrops (Cà del Paver, Manune). In order to approach the study of these materials, a specific analytical program was designed, taking into account the particularities of the geological and archaeological contexts. Microscopic (stereomicroscope, Polarizing Light Microscopy PLM, and Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometer SEM/EDXS) and Diffractometric (X-Ray Powder Diffraction XRPD) techniques were used in a preliminary investigation of the collected raw materials and archaeological ochre; analysed materials were then grouped on the basis of characteristic mineral assemblages, as well as typical textural and microstructural features; and following these analyses, representative samples were selected in order to study the geochemistry of major and trace elements (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry ICP-MS). Finally, the heat treatment of some samples of goethite-based ochre was investigated and confirmed using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) whilst the presence of organic compounds in possible artificial mixture was checked with micro-Infrared Spectroscopy (-FTIR). Two potential principal districts were identified for the procurement of Fe-based resources: Ponte di Veja where both quartz-rich and calcite-rich goethite with detrital quartz occur associated with San Vigilio Oolite (Early-Middle Jurassic) and Rosso Ammonitico Veronese (Middle-Late Jurassic) and the sites associated with Mesozoic Dolomitised Limestones (San Bortolo and Sant’Andrea). These sites are in an aerial distance that varies between 7-20 kilometres indicating local procurement. Thermal induced transformation of goethite into hematite was initially supported by the results of the XRPD analyses due to the presence of selective broadening of some reflections and later proven on selected samples through TEM analysis based on the presence of characteristic pores formed during the process of goethite dehydration. According to the scientific and archaeological evidence, ochre was transported to the sites, fragmented, powdered and then used as painting material at Fumane cave. Both yellow and red ochre was mixed with bone fragments for the preparation of a paste whose composition is comparable with that evidenced at Blombos cave in South Africa where a tool-kit containing these ingredients was found. Due to the lack of wear marks on the archaeological ochre from Tagliente rockshelter, it is very difficult to understand the use of ochre in this site. A change in the procurement strategy was identified as quartz-rich materials were exploited during the oldest occupation phases of the site whilst dolomite-based and calcite-based raw materials were selected during the late phases of occupation. No strategy was identified for Fumane cave where dolomite-based raw materials where selected during the different phases of the occupation of the site.
11
CAVALLO, GIOVANNI. "Characterisation, sourcing, and processing of Upper Palaeolithic ochre in the Lessini Mountains (NE Italy)." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Pavia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11571/1264009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Goethite and hematite based geomaterials commonly referred as “ochre” were employed in a variety of utilitarian ways by early humans. They used these geomaterials as abrasives and skin protection, in food preservation and pharmacological applications, and for hide tanning and hafting. In addition, these materials were used in symbolic and funerary practices. However, the most well-known use of ochre in Prehistory is as a pigment for the creation of painted scenes in caves.
The Western sector of the Lessini Mountains in NE Italy is an ideal location for studying ochre sourcing and processing due to the presence of the important archaeological sites Fumane cave and Tagliente rockshelter. The goethite and hematite based geological raw materials in the Lessini Mountains are found as infilling sediments of palaeokarst caves (Ponte di Veja, Cà de la Pela, Via Tirapelle and Colombare mines), karst fractures, and caves (Sant’Andrea, San Bortolo); they are found associated with basalts (San Giovanni Ilarione and Salgari), or in the form of limited outcrops (Cà del Paver, Manune).
In order to approach the study of these materials, a specific analytical program was designed, taking into account the particularities of the geological and archaeological contexts. Microscopic (stereomicroscope, Polarizing Light Microscopy PLM, and Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometer SEM/EDXS) and Diffractometric (X-Ray Powder Diffraction XRPD) techniques were used in a preliminary investigation of the collected raw materials and archaeological ochre; analysed materials were then grouped on the basis of characteristic mineral assemblages, as well as typical textural and microstructural features; and following these analyses, representative samples were selected in order to study the geochemistry of major and trace elements (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry ICP-MS). Finally, the heat treatment of some samples of goethite-based ochre was investigated and confirmed using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) whilst the presence of organic compounds in possible artificial mixture was checked with micro-Infrared Spectroscopy (-FTIR).
Two potential principal districts were identified for the procurement of Fe-based resources: Ponte di Veja where both quartz-rich and calcite-rich goethite with detrital quartz occur associated with San Vigilio Oolite (Early-Middle Jurassic) and Rosso Ammonitico Veronese (Middle-Late Jurassic) and the sites associated with Mesozoic Dolomitised Limestones (San Bortolo and Sant’Andrea). These sites are in an aerial distance that varies between 7-20 kilometres indicating local procurement.
Thermal induced transformation of goethite into hematite was initially supported by the results of the XRPD analyses due to the presence of selective broadening of some reflections and later proven on selected samples through TEM analysis based on the presence of characteristic pores formed during the process of goethite dehydration.
According to the scientific and archaeological evidence, ochre was transported to the sites, fragmented, powdered and then used as painting material at Fumane cave. Both yellow and red ochre was mixed with bone fragments for the preparation of a paste whose composition is comparable with that evidenced at Blombos cave in South Africa where a tool-kit containing these ingredients was found. Due to the lack of wear marks on the archaeological ochre from Tagliente rockshelter, it is very difficult to understand the use of ochre in this site. A change in the procurement strategy was identified as quartz-rich materials were exploited during the oldest occupation phases of the site whilst dolomite-based and calcite-based raw materials were selected during the late phases of occupation. No strategy was identified for Fumane cave where dolomite-based raw materials where selected during the different phases of the occupation of the site.Goethite and hematite based geomaterials commonly referred as “ochre” were employed in a variety of utilitarian ways by early humans. They used these geomaterials as abrasives and skin protection, in food preservation and pharmacological applications, and for hide tanning and hafting. In addition, these materials were used in symbolic and funerary practices. However, the most well-known use of ochre in Prehistory is as a pigment for the creation of painted scenes in caves. The Western sector of the Lessini Mountains in NE Italy is an ideal location for studying ochre sourcing and processing due to the presence of the important archaeological sites Fumane cave and Tagliente rockshelter. The goethite and hematite based geological raw materials in the Lessini Mountains are found as infilling sediments of palaeokarst caves (Ponte di Veja, Cà de la Pela, Via Tirapelle and Colombare mines), karst fractures, and caves (Sant’Andrea, San Bortolo); they are found associated with basalts (San Giovanni Ilarione and Salgari), or in the form of limited outcrops (Cà del Paver, Manune). In order to approach the study of these materials, a specific analytical program was designed, taking into account the particularities of the geological and archaeological contexts. Microscopic (stereomicroscope, Polarizing Light Microscopy PLM, and Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometer SEM/EDXS) and Diffractometric (X-Ray Powder Diffraction XRPD) techniques were used in a preliminary investigation of the collected raw materials and archaeological ochre; analysed materials were then grouped on the basis of characteristic mineral assemblages, as well as typical textural and microstructural features; and following these analyses, representative samples were selected in order to study the geochemistry of major and trace elements (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry ICP-MS). Finally, the heat treatment of some samples of goethite-based ochre was investigated and confirmed using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) whilst the presence of organic compounds in possible artificial mixture was checked with micro-Infrared Spectroscopy (-FTIR). Two potential principal districts were identified for the procurement of Fe-based resources: Ponte di Veja where both quartz-rich and calcite-rich goethite with detrital quartz occur associated with San Vigilio Oolite (Early-Middle Jurassic) and Rosso Ammonitico Veronese (Middle-Late Jurassic) and the sites associated with Mesozoic Dolomitised Limestones (San Bortolo and Sant’Andrea). These sites are in an aerial distance that varies between 7-20 kilometres indicating local procurement. Thermal induced transformation of goethite into hematite was initially supported by the results of the XRPD analyses due to the presence of selective broadening of some reflections and later proven on selected samples through TEM analysis based on the presence of characteristic pores formed during the process of goethite dehydration. According to the scientific and archaeological evidence, ochre was transported to the sites, fragmented, powdered and then used as painting material at Fumane cave. Both yellow and red ochre was mixed with bone fragments for the preparation of a paste whose composition is comparable with that evidenced at Blombos cave in South Africa where a tool-kit containing these ingredients was found. Due to the lack of wear marks on the archaeological ochre from Tagliente rockshelter, it is very difficult to understand the use of ochre in this site. A change in the procurement strategy was identified as quartz-rich materials were exploited during the oldest occupation phases of the site whilst dolomite-based and calcite-based raw materials were selected during the late phases of occupation. No strategy was identified for Fumane cave where dolomite-based raw materials where selected during the different phases of the occupation of the site.
12
CAVALLO, GIOVANNI. "Characterisation, sourcing, and processing of Upper Palaeolithic ochre in the Lessini Mountains (NE Italy)." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Pavia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11571/1265349.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Goethite and hematite based geomaterials commonly referred as “ochre” were employed in a variety of utilitarian ways by early humans. They used these geomaterials as abrasives and skin protection, in food preservation and pharmacological applications, and for hide tanning and hafting. In addition, these materials were used in symbolic and funerary practices. However, the most well-known use of ochre in Prehistory is as a pigment for the creation of painted scenes in caves.
The Western sector of the Lessini Mountains in NE Italy is an ideal location for studying ochre sourcing and processing due to the presence of the important archaeological sites Fumane cave and Tagliente rockshelter. The goethite and hematite based geological raw materials in the Lessini Mountains are found as infilling sediments of palaeokarst caves (Ponte di Veja, Cà de la Pela, Via Tirapelle and Colombare mines), karst fractures, and caves (Sant’Andrea, San Bortolo); they are found associated with basalts (San Giovanni Ilarione and Salgari), or in the form of limited outcrops (Cà del Paver, Manune).
In order to approach the study of these materials, a specific analytical program was designed, taking into account the particularities of the geological and archaeological contexts. Microscopic (stereomicroscope, Polarizing Light Microscopy PLM, and Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometer SEM/EDXS) and Diffractometric (X-Ray Powder Diffraction XRPD) techniques were used in a preliminary investigation of the collected raw materials and archaeological ochre; analysed materials were then grouped on the basis of characteristic mineral assemblages, as well as typical textural and microstructural features; and following these analyses, representative samples were selected in order to study the geochemistry of major and trace elements (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry ICP-MS). Finally, the heat treatment of some samples of goethite-based ochre was investigated and confirmed using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) whilst the presence of organic compounds in possible artificial mixture was checked with micro-Infrared Spectroscopy (-FTIR).
Two potential principal districts were identified for the procurement of Fe-based resources: Ponte di Veja where both quartz-rich and calcite-rich goethite with detrital quartz occur associated with San Vigilio Oolite (Early-Middle Jurassic) and Rosso Ammonitico Veronese (Middle-Late Jurassic) and the sites associated with Mesozoic Dolomitised Limestones (San Bortolo and Sant’Andrea). These sites are in an aerial distance that varies between 7-20 kilometres indicating local procurement.
Thermal induced transformation of goethite into hematite was initially supported by the results of the XRPD analyses due to the presence of selective broadening of some reflections and later proven on selected samples through TEM analysis based on the presence of characteristic pores formed during the process of goethite dehydration.
According to the scientific and archaeological evidence, ochre was transported to the sites, fragmented, powdered and then used as painting material at Fumane cave. Both yellow and red ochre was mixed with bone fragments for the preparation of a paste whose composition is comparable with that evidenced at Blombos cave in South Africa where a tool-kit containing these ingredients was found. Due to the lack of wear marks on the archaeological ochre from Tagliente rockshelter, it is very difficult to understand the use of ochre in this site. A change in the procurement strategy was identified as quartz-rich materials were exploited during the oldest occupation phases of the site whilst dolomite-based and calcite-based raw materials were selected during the late phases of occupation. No strategy was identified for Fumane cave where dolomite-based raw materials where selected during the different phases of the occupation of the site.Goethite and hematite based geomaterials commonly referred as “ochre” were employed in a variety of utilitarian ways by early humans. They used these geomaterials as abrasives and skin protection, in food preservation and pharmacological applications, and for hide tanning and hafting. In addition, these materials were used in symbolic and funerary practices. However, the most well-known use of ochre in Prehistory is as a pigment for the creation of painted scenes in caves. The Western sector of the Lessini Mountains in NE Italy is an ideal location for studying ochre sourcing and processing due to the presence of the important archaeological sites Fumane cave and Tagliente rockshelter. The goethite and hematite based geological raw materials in the Lessini Mountains are found as infilling sediments of palaeokarst caves (Ponte di Veja, Cà de la Pela, Via Tirapelle and Colombare mines), karst fractures, and caves (Sant’Andrea, San Bortolo); they are found associated with basalts (San Giovanni Ilarione and Salgari), or in the form of limited outcrops (Cà del Paver, Manune). In order to approach the study of these materials, a specific analytical program was designed, taking into account the particularities of the geological and archaeological contexts. Microscopic (stereomicroscope, Polarizing Light Microscopy PLM, and Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometer SEM/EDXS) and Diffractometric (X-Ray Powder Diffraction XRPD) techniques were used in a preliminary investigation of the collected raw materials and archaeological ochre; analysed materials were then grouped on the basis of characteristic mineral assemblages, as well as typical textural and microstructural features; and following these analyses, representative samples were selected in order to study the geochemistry of major and trace elements (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry ICP-MS). Finally, the heat treatment of some samples of goethite-based ochre was investigated and confirmed using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) whilst the presence of organic compounds in possible artificial mixture was checked with micro-Infrared Spectroscopy (-FTIR). Two potential principal districts were identified for the procurement of Fe-based resources: Ponte di Veja where both quartz-rich and calcite-rich goethite with detrital quartz occur associated with San Vigilio Oolite (Early-Middle Jurassic) and Rosso Ammonitico Veronese (Middle-Late Jurassic) and the sites associated with Mesozoic Dolomitised Limestones (San Bortolo and Sant’Andrea). These sites are in an aerial distance that varies between 7-20 kilometres indicating local procurement. Thermal induced transformation of goethite into hematite was initially supported by the results of the XRPD analyses due to the presence of selective broadening of some reflections and later proven on selected samples through TEM analysis based on the presence of characteristic pores formed during the process of goethite dehydration. According to the scientific and archaeological evidence, ochre was transported to the sites, fragmented, powdered and then used as painting material at Fumane cave. Both yellow and red ochre was mixed with bone fragments for the preparation of a paste whose composition is comparable with that evidenced at Blombos cave in South Africa where a tool-kit containing these ingredients was found. Due to the lack of wear marks on the archaeological ochre from Tagliente rockshelter, it is very difficult to understand the use of ochre in this site. A change in the procurement strategy was identified as quartz-rich materials were exploited during the oldest occupation phases of the site whilst dolomite-based and calcite-based raw materials were selected during the late phases of occupation. No strategy was identified for Fumane cave where dolomite-based raw materials where selected during the different phases of the occupation of the site.
13
CAVALLO, GIOVANNI. "Characterisation, sourcing, and processing of Upper Palaeolithic ochre in the Lessini Mountains (NE Italy)." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Pavia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11571/1263970.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Goethite and hematite based geomaterials commonly referred as “ochre” were employed in a variety of utilitarian ways by early humans. They used these geomaterials as abrasives and skin protection, in food preservation and pharmacological applications, and for hide tanning and hafting. In addition, these materials were used in symbolic and funerary practices. However, the most well-known use of ochre in Prehistory is as a pigment for the creation of painted scenes in caves.
The Western sector of the Lessini Mountains in NE Italy is an ideal location for studying ochre sourcing and processing due to the presence of the important archaeological sites Fumane cave and Tagliente rockshelter. The goethite and hematite based geological raw materials in the Lessini Mountains are found as infilling sediments of palaeokarst caves (Ponte di Veja, Cà de la Pela, Via Tirapelle and Colombare mines), karst fractures, and caves (Sant’Andrea, San Bortolo); they are found associated with basalts (San Giovanni Ilarione and Salgari), or in the form of limited outcrops (Cà del Paver, Manune).
In order to approach the study of these materials, a specific analytical program was designed, taking into account the particularities of the geological and archaeological contexts. Microscopic (stereomicroscope, Polarizing Light Microscopy PLM, and Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometer SEM/EDXS) and Diffractometric (X-Ray Powder Diffraction XRPD) techniques were used in a preliminary investigation of the collected raw materials and archaeological ochre; analysed materials were then grouped on the basis of characteristic mineral assemblages, as well as typical textural and microstructural features; and following these analyses, representative samples were selected in order to study the geochemistry of major and trace elements (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry ICP-MS). Finally, the heat treatment of some samples of goethite-based ochre was investigated and confirmed using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) whilst the presence of organic compounds in possible artificial mixture was checked with micro-Infrared Spectroscopy (-FTIR).
Two potential principal districts were identified for the procurement of Fe-based resources: Ponte di Veja where both quartz-rich and calcite-rich goethite with detrital quartz occur associated with San Vigilio Oolite (Early-Middle Jurassic) and Rosso Ammonitico Veronese (Middle-Late Jurassic) and the sites associated with Mesozoic Dolomitised Limestones (San Bortolo and Sant’Andrea). These sites are in an aerial distance that varies between 7-20 kilometres indicating local procurement.
Thermal induced transformation of goethite into hematite was initially supported by the results of the XRPD analyses due to the presence of selective broadening of some reflections and later proven on selected samples through TEM analysis based on the presence of characteristic pores formed during the process of goethite dehydration.
According to the scientific and archaeological evidence, ochre was transported to the sites, fragmented, powdered and then used as painting material at Fumane cave. Both yellow and red ochre was mixed with bone fragments for the preparation of a paste whose composition is comparable with that evidenced at Blombos cave in South Africa where a tool-kit containing these ingredients was found. Due to the lack of wear marks on the archaeological ochre from Tagliente rockshelter, it is very difficult to understand the use of ochre in this site. A change in the procurement strategy was identified as quartz-rich materials were exploited during the oldest occupation phases of the site whilst dolomite-based and calcite-based raw materials were selected during the late phases of occupation. No strategy was identified for Fumane cave where dolomite-based raw materials where selected during the different phases of the occupation of the site.Goethite and hematite based geomaterials commonly referred as “ochre” were employed in a variety of utilitarian ways by early humans. They used these geomaterials as abrasives and skin protection, in food preservation and pharmacological applications, and for hide tanning and hafting. In addition, these materials were used in symbolic and funerary practices. However, the most well-known use of ochre in Prehistory is as a pigment for the creation of painted scenes in caves. The Western sector of the Lessini Mountains in NE Italy is an ideal location for studying ochre sourcing and processing due to the presence of the important archaeological sites Fumane cave and Tagliente rockshelter. The goethite and hematite based geological raw materials in the Lessini Mountains are found as infilling sediments of palaeokarst caves (Ponte di Veja, Cà de la Pela, Via Tirapelle and Colombare mines), karst fractures, and caves (Sant’Andrea, San Bortolo); they are found associated with basalts (San Giovanni Ilarione and Salgari), or in the form of limited outcrops (Cà del Paver, Manune). In order to approach the study of these materials, a specific analytical program was designed, taking into account the particularities of the geological and archaeological contexts. Microscopic (stereomicroscope, Polarizing Light Microscopy PLM, and Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometer SEM/EDXS) and Diffractometric (X-Ray Powder Diffraction XRPD) techniques were used in a preliminary investigation of the collected raw materials and archaeological ochre; analysed materials were then grouped on the basis of characteristic mineral assemblages, as well as typical textural and microstructural features; and following these analyses, representative samples were selected in order to study the geochemistry of major and trace elements (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry ICP-MS). Finally, the heat treatment of some samples of goethite-based ochre was investigated and confirmed using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) whilst the presence of organic compounds in possible artificial mixture was checked with micro-Infrared Spectroscopy (-FTIR). Two potential principal districts were identified for the procurement of Fe-based resources: Ponte di Veja where both quartz-rich and calcite-rich goethite with detrital quartz occur associated with San Vigilio Oolite (Early-Middle Jurassic) and Rosso Ammonitico Veronese (Middle-Late Jurassic) and the sites associated with Mesozoic Dolomitised Limestones (San Bortolo and Sant’Andrea). These sites are in an aerial distance that varies between 7-20 kilometres indicating local procurement. Thermal induced transformation of goethite into hematite was initially supported by the results of the XRPD analyses due to the presence of selective broadening of some reflections and later proven on selected samples through TEM analysis based on the presence of characteristic pores formed during the process of goethite dehydration. According to the scientific and archaeological evidence, ochre was transported to the sites, fragmented, powdered and then used as painting material at Fumane cave. Both yellow and red ochre was mixed with bone fragments for the preparation of a paste whose composition is comparable with that evidenced at Blombos cave in South Africa where a tool-kit containing these ingredients was found. Due to the lack of wear marks on the archaeological ochre from Tagliente rockshelter, it is very difficult to understand the use of ochre in this site. A change in the procurement strategy was identified as quartz-rich materials were exploited during the oldest occupation phases of the site whilst dolomite-based and calcite-based raw materials were selected during the late phases of occupation. No strategy was identified for Fumane cave where dolomite-based raw materials where selected during the different phases of the occupation of the site.
14
CAVALLO, GIOVANNI. "Characterisation, sourcing, and processing of Upper Palaeolithic ochre in the Lessini Mountains (NE Italy)." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Pavia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11571/1265249.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Goethite and hematite based geomaterials commonly referred as “ochre” were employed in a variety of utilitarian ways by early humans. They used these geomaterials as abrasives and skin protection, in food preservation and pharmacological applications, and for hide tanning and hafting. In addition, these materials were used in symbolic and funerary practices. However, the most well-known use of ochre in Prehistory is as a pigment for the creation of painted scenes in caves.
The Western sector of the Lessini Mountains in NE Italy is an ideal location for studying ochre sourcing and processing due to the presence of the important archaeological sites Fumane cave and Tagliente rockshelter. The goethite and hematite based geological raw materials in the Lessini Mountains are found as infilling sediments of palaeokarst caves (Ponte di Veja, Cà de la Pela, Via Tirapelle and Colombare mines), karst fractures, and caves (Sant’Andrea, San Bortolo); they are found associated with basalts (San Giovanni Ilarione and Salgari), or in the form of limited outcrops (Cà del Paver, Manune).
In order to approach the study of these materials, a specific analytical program was designed, taking into account the particularities of the geological and archaeological contexts. Microscopic (stereomicroscope, Polarizing Light Microscopy PLM, and Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometer SEM/EDXS) and Diffractometric (X-Ray Powder Diffraction XRPD) techniques were used in a preliminary investigation of the collected raw materials and archaeological ochre; analysed materials were then grouped on the basis of characteristic mineral assemblages, as well as typical textural and microstructural features; and following these analyses, representative samples were selected in order to study the geochemistry of major and trace elements (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry ICP-MS). Finally, the heat treatment of some samples of goethite-based ochre was investigated and confirmed using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) whilst the presence of organic compounds in possible artificial mixture was checked with micro-Infrared Spectroscopy (-FTIR).
Two potential principal districts were identified for the procurement of Fe-based resources: Ponte di Veja where both quartz-rich and calcite-rich goethite with detrital quartz occur associated with San Vigilio Oolite (Early-Middle Jurassic) and Rosso Ammonitico Veronese (Middle-Late Jurassic) and the sites associated with Mesozoic Dolomitised Limestones (San Bortolo and Sant’Andrea). These sites are in an aerial distance that varies between 7-20 kilometres indicating local procurement.
Thermal induced transformation of goethite into hematite was initially supported by the results of the XRPD analyses due to the presence of selective broadening of some reflections and later proven on selected samples through TEM analysis based on the presence of characteristic pores formed during the process of goethite dehydration.
According to the scientific and archaeological evidence, ochre was transported to the sites, fragmented, powdered and then used as painting material at Fumane cave. Both yellow and red ochre was mixed with bone fragments for the preparation of a paste whose composition is comparable with that evidenced at Blombos cave in South Africa where a tool-kit containing these ingredients was found. Due to the lack of wear marks on the archaeological ochre from Tagliente rockshelter, it is very difficult to understand the use of ochre in this site. A change in the procurement strategy was identified as quartz-rich materials were exploited during the oldest occupation phases of the site whilst dolomite-based and calcite-based raw materials were selected during the late phases of occupation. No strategy was identified for Fumane cave where dolomite-based raw materials where selected during the different phases of the occupation of the site.Goethite and hematite based geomaterials commonly referred as “ochre” were employed in a variety of utilitarian ways by early humans. They used these geomaterials as abrasives and skin protection, in food preservation and pharmacological applications, and for hide tanning and hafting. In addition, these materials were used in symbolic and funerary practices. However, the most well-known use of ochre in Prehistory is as a pigment for the creation of painted scenes in caves. The Western sector of the Lessini Mountains in NE Italy is an ideal location for studying ochre sourcing and processing due to the presence of the important archaeological sites Fumane cave and Tagliente rockshelter. The goethite and hematite based geological raw materials in the Lessini Mountains are found as infilling sediments of palaeokarst caves (Ponte di Veja, Cà de la Pela, Via Tirapelle and Colombare mines), karst fractures, and caves (Sant’Andrea, San Bortolo); they are found associated with basalts (San Giovanni Ilarione and Salgari), or in the form of limited outcrops (Cà del Paver, Manune). In order to approach the study of these materials, a specific analytical program was designed, taking into account the particularities of the geological and archaeological contexts. Microscopic (stereomicroscope, Polarizing Light Microscopy PLM, and Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometer SEM/EDXS) and Diffractometric (X-Ray Powder Diffraction XRPD) techniques were used in a preliminary investigation of the collected raw materials and archaeological ochre; analysed materials were then grouped on the basis of characteristic mineral assemblages, as well as typical textural and microstructural features; and following these analyses, representative samples were selected in order to study the geochemistry of major and trace elements (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry ICP-MS). Finally, the heat treatment of some samples of goethite-based ochre was investigated and confirmed using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) whilst the presence of organic compounds in possible artificial mixture was checked with micro-Infrared Spectroscopy (-FTIR). Two potential principal districts were identified for the procurement of Fe-based resources: Ponte di Veja where both quartz-rich and calcite-rich goethite with detrital quartz occur associated with San Vigilio Oolite (Early-Middle Jurassic) and Rosso Ammonitico Veronese (Middle-Late Jurassic) and the sites associated with Mesozoic Dolomitised Limestones (San Bortolo and Sant’Andrea). These sites are in an aerial distance that varies between 7-20 kilometres indicating local procurement. Thermal induced transformation of goethite into hematite was initially supported by the results of the XRPD analyses due to the presence of selective broadening of some reflections and later proven on selected samples through TEM analysis based on the presence of characteristic pores formed during the process of goethite dehydration. According to the scientific and archaeological evidence, ochre was transported to the sites, fragmented, powdered and then used as painting material at Fumane cave. Both yellow and red ochre was mixed with bone fragments for the preparation of a paste whose composition is comparable with that evidenced at Blombos cave in South Africa where a tool-kit containing these ingredients was found. Due to the lack of wear marks on the archaeological ochre from Tagliente rockshelter, it is very difficult to understand the use of ochre in this site. A change in the procurement strategy was identified as quartz-rich materials were exploited during the oldest occupation phases of the site whilst dolomite-based and calcite-based raw materials were selected during the late phases of occupation. No strategy was identified for Fumane cave where dolomite-based raw materials where selected during the different phases of the occupation of the site.
15
CAVALLO, GIOVANNI. "Characterisation, sourcing, and processing of Upper Palaeolithic ochre in the Lessini Mountains (NE Italy)." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Pavia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11571/1266673.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Goethite and hematite based geomaterials commonly referred as “ochre” were employed in a variety of utilitarian ways by early humans. They used these geomaterials as abrasives and skin protection, in food preservation and pharmacological applications, and for hide tanning and hafting. In addition, these materials were used in symbolic and funerary practices. However, the most well-known use of ochre in Prehistory is as a pigment for the creation of painted scenes in caves.
The Western sector of the Lessini Mountains in NE Italy is an ideal location for studying ochre sourcing and processing due to the presence of the important archaeological sites Fumane cave and Tagliente rockshelter. The goethite and hematite based geological raw materials in the Lessini Mountains are found as infilling sediments of palaeokarst caves (Ponte di Veja, Cà de la Pela, Via Tirapelle and Colombare mines), karst fractures, and caves (Sant’Andrea, San Bortolo); they are found associated with basalts (San Giovanni Ilarione and Salgari), or in the form of limited outcrops (Cà del Paver, Manune).
In order to approach the study of these materials, a specific analytical program was designed, taking into account the particularities of the geological and archaeological contexts. Microscopic (stereomicroscope, Polarizing Light Microscopy PLM, and Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometer SEM/EDXS) and Diffractometric (X-Ray Powder Diffraction XRPD) techniques were used in a preliminary investigation of the collected raw materials and archaeological ochre; analysed materials were then grouped on the basis of characteristic mineral assemblages, as well as typical textural and microstructural features; and following these analyses, representative samples were selected in order to study the geochemistry of major and trace elements (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry ICP-MS). Finally, the heat treatment of some samples of goethite-based ochre was investigated and confirmed using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) whilst the presence of organic compounds in possible artificial mixture was checked with micro-Infrared Spectroscopy (-FTIR).
Two potential principal districts were identified for the procurement of Fe-based resources: Ponte di Veja where both quartz-rich and calcite-rich goethite with detrital quartz occur associated with San Vigilio Oolite (Early-Middle Jurassic) and Rosso Ammonitico Veronese (Middle-Late Jurassic) and the sites associated with Mesozoic Dolomitised Limestones (San Bortolo and Sant’Andrea). These sites are in an aerial distance that varies between 7-20 kilometres indicating local procurement.
Thermal induced transformation of goethite into hematite was initially supported by the results of the XRPD analyses due to the presence of selective broadening of some reflections and later proven on selected samples through TEM analysis based on the presence of characteristic pores formed during the process of goethite dehydration.
According to the scientific and archaeological evidence, ochre was transported to the sites, fragmented, powdered and then used as painting material at Fumane cave. Both yellow and red ochre was mixed with bone fragments for the preparation of a paste whose composition is comparable with that evidenced at Blombos cave in South Africa where a tool-kit containing these ingredients was found. Due to the lack of wear marks on the archaeological ochre from Tagliente rockshelter, it is very difficult to understand the use of ochre in this site. A change in the procurement strategy was identified as quartz-rich materials were exploited during the oldest occupation phases of the site whilst dolomite-based and calcite-based raw materials were selected during the late phases of occupation. No strategy was identified for Fumane cave where dolomite-based raw materials where selected during the different phases of the occupation of the site.Goethite and hematite based geomaterials commonly referred as “ochre” were employed in a variety of utilitarian ways by early humans. They used these geomaterials as abrasives and skin protection, in food preservation and pharmacological applications, and for hide tanning and hafting. In addition, these materials were used in symbolic and funerary practices. However, the most well-known use of ochre in Prehistory is as a pigment for the creation of painted scenes in caves. The Western sector of the Lessini Mountains in NE Italy is an ideal location for studying ochre sourcing and processing due to the presence of the important archaeological sites Fumane cave and Tagliente rockshelter. The goethite and hematite based geological raw materials in the Lessini Mountains are found as infilling sediments of palaeokarst caves (Ponte di Veja, Cà de la Pela, Via Tirapelle and Colombare mines), karst fractures, and caves (Sant’Andrea, San Bortolo); they are found associated with basalts (San Giovanni Ilarione and Salgari), or in the form of limited outcrops (Cà del Paver, Manune). In order to approach the study of these materials, a specific analytical program was designed, taking into account the particularities of the geological and archaeological contexts. Microscopic (stereomicroscope, Polarizing Light Microscopy PLM, and Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometer SEM/EDXS) and Diffractometric (X-Ray Powder Diffraction XRPD) techniques were used in a preliminary investigation of the collected raw materials and archaeological ochre; analysed materials were then grouped on the basis of characteristic mineral assemblages, as well as typical textural and microstructural features; and following these analyses, representative samples were selected in order to study the geochemistry of major and trace elements (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry ICP-MS). Finally, the heat treatment of some samples of goethite-based ochre was investigated and confirmed using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) whilst the presence of organic compounds in possible artificial mixture was checked with micro-Infrared Spectroscopy (-FTIR). Two potential principal districts were identified for the procurement of Fe-based resources: Ponte di Veja where both quartz-rich and calcite-rich goethite with detrital quartz occur associated with San Vigilio Oolite (Early-Middle Jurassic) and Rosso Ammonitico Veronese (Middle-Late Jurassic) and the sites associated with Mesozoic Dolomitised Limestones (San Bortolo and Sant’Andrea). These sites are in an aerial distance that varies between 7-20 kilometres indicating local procurement. Thermal induced transformation of goethite into hematite was initially supported by the results of the XRPD analyses due to the presence of selective broadening of some reflections and later proven on selected samples through TEM analysis based on the presence of characteristic pores formed during the process of goethite dehydration. According to the scientific and archaeological evidence, ochre was transported to the sites, fragmented, powdered and then used as painting material at Fumane cave. Both yellow and red ochre was mixed with bone fragments for the preparation of a paste whose composition is comparable with that evidenced at Blombos cave in South Africa where a tool-kit containing these ingredients was found. Due to the lack of wear marks on the archaeological ochre from Tagliente rockshelter, it is very difficult to understand the use of ochre in this site. A change in the procurement strategy was identified as quartz-rich materials were exploited during the oldest occupation phases of the site whilst dolomite-based and calcite-based raw materials were selected during the late phases of occupation. No strategy was identified for Fumane cave where dolomite-based raw materials where selected during the different phases of the occupation of the site.
16
CAVALLO, GIOVANNI. "Characterisation, sourcing, and processing of Upper Palaeolithic ochre in the Lessini Mountains (NE Italy)." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Pavia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11571/1265269.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Goethite and hematite based geomaterials commonly referred as “ochre” were employed in a variety of utilitarian ways by early humans. They used these geomaterials as abrasives and skin protection, in food preservation and pharmacological applications, and for hide tanning and hafting. In addition, these materials were used in symbolic and funerary practices. However, the most well-known use of ochre in Prehistory is as a pigment for the creation of painted scenes in caves.
The Western sector of the Lessini Mountains in NE Italy is an ideal location for studying ochre sourcing and processing due to the presence of the important archaeological sites Fumane cave and Tagliente rockshelter. The goethite and hematite based geological raw materials in the Lessini Mountains are found as infilling sediments of palaeokarst caves (Ponte di Veja, Cà de la Pela, Via Tirapelle and Colombare mines), karst fractures, and caves (Sant’Andrea, San Bortolo); they are found associated with basalts (San Giovanni Ilarione and Salgari), or in the form of limited outcrops (Cà del Paver, Manune).
In order to approach the study of these materials, a specific analytical program was designed, taking into account the particularities of the geological and archaeological contexts. Microscopic (stereomicroscope, Polarizing Light Microscopy PLM, and Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometer SEM/EDXS) and Diffractometric (X-Ray Powder Diffraction XRPD) techniques were used in a preliminary investigation of the collected raw materials and archaeological ochre; analysed materials were then grouped on the basis of characteristic mineral assemblages, as well as typical textural and microstructural features; and following these analyses, representative samples were selected in order to study the geochemistry of major and trace elements (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry ICP-MS). Finally, the heat treatment of some samples of goethite-based ochre was investigated and confirmed using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) whilst the presence of organic compounds in possible artificial mixture was checked with micro-Infrared Spectroscopy (-FTIR).
Two potential principal districts were identified for the procurement of Fe-based resources: Ponte di Veja where both quartz-rich and calcite-rich goethite with detrital quartz occur associated with San Vigilio Oolite (Early-Middle Jurassic) and Rosso Ammonitico Veronese (Middle-Late Jurassic) and the sites associated with Mesozoic Dolomitised Limestones (San Bortolo and Sant’Andrea). These sites are in an aerial distance that varies between 7-20 kilometres indicating local procurement.
Thermal induced transformation of goethite into hematite was initially supported by the results of the XRPD analyses due to the presence of selective broadening of some reflections and later proven on selected samples through TEM analysis based on the presence of characteristic pores formed during the process of goethite dehydration.
According to the scientific and archaeological evidence, ochre was transported to the sites, fragmented, powdered and then used as painting material at Fumane cave. Both yellow and red ochre was mixed with bone fragments for the preparation of a paste whose composition is comparable with that evidenced at Blombos cave in South Africa where a tool-kit containing these ingredients was found. Due to the lack of wear marks on the archaeological ochre from Tagliente rockshelter, it is very difficult to understand the use of ochre in this site. A change in the procurement strategy was identified as quartz-rich materials were exploited during the oldest occupation phases of the site whilst dolomite-based and calcite-based raw materials were selected during the late phases of occupation. No strategy was identified for Fumane cave where dolomite-based raw materials where selected during the different phases of the occupation of the site.Goethite and hematite based geomaterials commonly referred as “ochre” were employed in a variety of utilitarian ways by early humans. They used these geomaterials as abrasives and skin protection, in food preservation and pharmacological applications, and for hide tanning and hafting. In addition, these materials were used in symbolic and funerary practices. However, the most well-known use of ochre in Prehistory is as a pigment for the creation of painted scenes in caves. The Western sector of the Lessini Mountains in NE Italy is an ideal location for studying ochre sourcing and processing due to the presence of the important archaeological sites Fumane cave and Tagliente rockshelter. The goethite and hematite based geological raw materials in the Lessini Mountains are found as infilling sediments of palaeokarst caves (Ponte di Veja, Cà de la Pela, Via Tirapelle and Colombare mines), karst fractures, and caves (Sant’Andrea, San Bortolo); they are found associated with basalts (San Giovanni Ilarione and Salgari), or in the form of limited outcrops (Cà del Paver, Manune). In order to approach the study of these materials, a specific analytical program was designed, taking into account the particularities of the geological and archaeological contexts. Microscopic (stereomicroscope, Polarizing Light Microscopy PLM, and Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometer SEM/EDXS) and Diffractometric (X-Ray Powder Diffraction XRPD) techniques were used in a preliminary investigation of the collected raw materials and archaeological ochre; analysed materials were then grouped on the basis of characteristic mineral assemblages, as well as typical textural and microstructural features; and following these analyses, representative samples were selected in order to study the geochemistry of major and trace elements (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry ICP-MS). Finally, the heat treatment of some samples of goethite-based ochre was investigated and confirmed using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) whilst the presence of organic compounds in possible artificial mixture was checked with micro-Infrared Spectroscopy (-FTIR). Two potential principal districts were identified for the procurement of Fe-based resources: Ponte di Veja where both quartz-rich and calcite-rich goethite with detrital quartz occur associated with San Vigilio Oolite (Early-Middle Jurassic) and Rosso Ammonitico Veronese (Middle-Late Jurassic) and the sites associated with Mesozoic Dolomitised Limestones (San Bortolo and Sant’Andrea). These sites are in an aerial distance that varies between 7-20 kilometres indicating local procurement. Thermal induced transformation of goethite into hematite was initially supported by the results of the XRPD analyses due to the presence of selective broadening of some reflections and later proven on selected samples through TEM analysis based on the presence of characteristic pores formed during the process of goethite dehydration. According to the scientific and archaeological evidence, ochre was transported to the sites, fragmented, powdered and then used as painting material at Fumane cave. Both yellow and red ochre was mixed with bone fragments for the preparation of a paste whose composition is comparable with that evidenced at Blombos cave in South Africa where a tool-kit containing these ingredients was found. Due to the lack of wear marks on the archaeological ochre from Tagliente rockshelter, it is very difficult to understand the use of ochre in this site. A change in the procurement strategy was identified as quartz-rich materials were exploited during the oldest occupation phases of the site whilst dolomite-based and calcite-based raw materials were selected during the late phases of occupation. No strategy was identified for Fumane cave where dolomite-based raw materials where selected during the different phases of the occupation of the site.
17
Ba, Ginette. "L'Oeuvre africaine de Doris Lessing." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37602504m.
Повний текст джерела
18
Mei, Camilla <1985>. "OLD AGE AND DORIS LESSING." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/12163.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
My thesis explores the realm of middle and old age from a medical point of view as well as from social and literary ones. I first chose to consider two important contributions in this field of study: Simone De Beauvoir’s The Coming of Old Age and Antonio Gramiccia’s La Strage degli Innocenti: Anatomia di un Omicidio Sociale. My work focuses then on Doris Lessing’s representations of aging through her works. Her novel The Diaries of Jane Somers depicts a woman, Jane, who, at the age of fifty, reconsiders herself and her life. The relationship with the ninety-year-old Maudie, moreover, helps her to age more consciously and helps Maudie to find the love of a friend.
If The Old Could sees Jane dealing with a new, more mature love and the problems connected with it. Lessing’s stories, An Old Woman and Her Cat, Flight and The Grandmothers give other realistic examples of aging. Her autobiographies, finally, enhance the importance of the role of memory in life. The works of Doris Lessing can fit new literary genres. These give their protagonists the chance to find affirmation and the possibility to progress even in later stages of life. Doris Lessing can also give us a picture of old men and women in society and the chance to change and adapt as life continues. My purpose is to enhance the importance not to forget the past in order to face the present in a society where old age is seen as a condemnation rather than an unavoidable stage of life.
19
Grimm, Gunter E. "Gotthold Ephraim Lessings Italienreise im Jahr 1775." Gerhard-Mercator-Universitaet Duisburg, 2002. http://www.ub.uni-duisburg.de/ETD-db/theses/available/duett-08202002-161754/.
Повний текст джерела
20
Fantini, Giovanni. "Morfometria della Grotta dell'Orso (Ponte di Veja, Monti Lessini) mediante laserscanner." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2015. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/8289/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Un rilievo laserscanner della Grotta dell'Orso, vicino al Ponte di Veja (Monti Lessini) ha consentito di descrivere in dettaglio questo sistema carsico e trarre alcune conclusioni dal punto di vista morfometrico e speleogenetico.
21
Agostini, Laura. "Geological and Hydrogeochemical Characterization of Lake Garda - Lessini Mountains' Thermal Zone." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3427243.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose and scope of this PhD thesis is to define the possibility of utilizing the geothermal resources in the North East of Italy and, precisely, in the Province of Verona. Since Roman times hot springs in the Verona province have been used in Sirmione and Caldiero. After the XIXth century other geothermal anomalies were observed and, consequently, new wells were built. A study of the groundwater circulation and of the features of the reservoir can lead to a sustainable exploitation of this resource. A tectonic-structural review of the area, shows that there is a link with the geological structures in the Southern Garda lake area and Verona Province. Generally the Po Plainâs younger terrains form the cover of thick reservoirs of fluids, located in the underlying carbonate formations. Subsequently, the processing of temperature data collected in duly selected wells, shows, on the one hand, evidence of thermal anomalies and, on the other hand, the assessment of the geothermal gradient. When values higher than normal are detected, the geochemical-isotopic characterization of water samples allows us to find out the origin and the age of the groundwater, and to constrain the mixing processes affecting groundwater circulation. The data of this research can be used as input parameters in geothermal modeling, allowing to draw a geothermal map of the research area.Scopo di questa tesi è di definire la possibilità di utilizzo della risorsa termale della Provincia di Verona. Durante il dominio dell'Impero Romano si conoscevano già le sorgenti di Caldiero (Vr) e di Sirmione (Bs). Dopo il XIX secolo furono terebrati i primi pozzi di acqua calda in seguito allo studio di aree dove si sono riscontrate anomalie geotermiche. Una ricerca attenta della struttura tettonica dell'area analizzata collega la risalita di acqua calda a faglie beanti e permette la localizzazione di bacini di raccolta di tali acque nelle formazioni carbonatiche. Misure della temperatura di acqua calda prelevata da alcuni pozzi ci hanno permesso di calcolare il gradiente geotermico dell'area. Ulteriori ricerche mediante l'utilizzo di analisi chimiche ed isotopiche effettuate su numerosi campioni d'acqua dell'area studiata, pozzi e sorgenti di acqua fredda e calda, hanno permesso di acquisire più informazioni mediante le quali si possono ipotizzare sia le probabili circolazioni della falda sotterranea sia le caratteristiche del bacino di raccolta. Quindi considerazioni geologico-strutturali e idrogeologiche-geochimiche suggeriscono la presenza di un serbatoio carbonatico profondo sede di circolazione dei fluidi termali che sono visibili nell'area orientale, lungo la fascia pedecollinare nella zona di Caldiero, mentre captate da pozzi verso occidente. Non si può certo trascurare lâipotesi di risalite dirette di fluidi termali in superficie lungo le discontinuità tettoniche della fascia ai piedi dei Lessini che non sono visibili a causa di un loro mescolamento con acque fredde superficiali. I risultati raggiunti in questa tesi mettono in evidenza interessanti sviluppi scientifico applicativi nell'area benacense tra Sirmione e Lazise/Peschiera, nell'area tra Sant'Ambrogio di Valpolicella e Pescantina e nella fascia pedemontana. Ulteriori sviluppi potrebbero essere, oltre a quelli già presenti di balneoterapia, l'utilizzo per l'ittiocoltura o per il riscaldamento mediante scambio di calore per edifici pubblici e privati.
22
Ottewell, Karen. "Lessing and the Sturm und Drang." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.621841.
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Baule, Bernward. "Kulturerkenntnis und Kulturbewertung bei Theodor Lessing /." Hildesheim : A. Lax, 1992. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb356293475.
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Wurst, Karin Anneliese. "Die Repräsentation der Familie in Lessings dramatischem Werk /." The Ohio State University, 1985. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487262825074931.
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25
Frisone, Viviana. "Eocene siliceous sponges (porifera: hexactinellida, demospongea) from eastern Lessini mountains (northen italy)." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3423786.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
2 case studies of Eocene siliceous sponges from Eastern Lessini Mountains are reported.
Case study 1— Bartonian Mt. Duello isolated spicules (Verona).
This study documents exceptionally preserved isolated opaline spicules, unique for the Middle Eocene (Bartonian) of Italy. Interpretation of morphological types of spicules by comparison with living species lead to their attribution to 5 orders (Astrophorida, Hadromerida, Haplosclerida, Poecilosclerida, “Lithistida”), 7 families (Geodiidae, Placospongiidae, Tethyidae, Petrosiidae, Acarnidae, ?Corallistidae, Theonellidae) and 5 genera (Geodia, Erylus, Placospongia, Chondrilla, Petrosia, ?Zyzzya ). All the described genera are first reported from the Eocene of Europe. This study expands the geographical range of these taxa and fills a chronological gap in their fossil record. The spicules are often fragmented and bear signs of corrosion. They show 2 types of preservation: glassy and translucent. X-ray powder diffraction analysis confirms that both types are opal-CT with probable presence of original opal-A. Despite of that, at SEM, the texture of freshly broken surfaces is different. Milky spicules show a porous structure with incipient lepispheres. This feature, together with surface corrosion and the constant presence of the zeolite heulandite/clinoptilolite, point to a certain degree of diagenetic transformation. Macro and micro facies analysis define the sedimentary environment as a rocky shore succession, deepening upward within the photic zone. The spicule-rich sandy grainstone represents the deepest facies and was deposited in middle-outer carbonate ramp environment, in part in a fairly high energy environment close to storm wave base, within the photic zone.
Case study 2 –Lutetian sponge fauna from Chiampo Valley (Vicenza).
The fauna consists of non-compressed bodily preserved sponges. More than 900 specimens housed in Italian Museums were studied. The original siliceous skeleton is dissolved and substituted by calcite. There is evidence of presence of sulfate reducing bacteria. Observations of both complete specimens and thin sections lead to taxonomical attributions of 32 species (15 Hexactinellida, 17 Demospongea). Among these taxa, the institution of 10 new species is proposed: Stauractinella eocenica, Rigonia plicata, Hexactinella clampi, Camerospongia tuberculata, Camerospongia visentini, Toulminia italica, Coronispongia confossa, Cavispongia scarpae, Corallistes multiosculata, Bolidium bertii. 24 genera are described, 2 of which new (Rigonia and Coronispongia). The specimens were photographed before sectioning , and 3-D models of fossils were produced. Delicate sponge attachments were documented. The presence of both attachments to soft and hard substrate indicate a mixed bottom. Juvenile sponges were recorded too. The sponge fauna is presumably parautochthonous. The taxonomical study shears a new light on the scarce fossil record of Eocene siliceous sponges. Petrographic investigations of the sponges and the embedding sediment contributed to clarify the sequence of taphonomic events and the sedimentary environmentSono riportati 2 casi studio di spugne silicee eoceniche dei Monti Lessini orientali. Caso di studio 1 — spicole isolate bartoniane del Monte Duello (Verona) Questo studio documenta la presenza di spicole isolate opaline, eccezionalmente conservate che costituiscono un unicum per l’Eocene (Bartoniano) dell’Italia. L’interpretazione della morfologia dei tipi di spicole tramite il confronto con specie viventi ha portato all’attribuzione a 5 ordini (Astrophorida, Hadromerida, Haplosclerida, Poecilosclerida, “Lithistida”), 7 famiglie (Geodiidae, Placospongiidae, Tethyidae, Petrosiidae, Acarnidae, ?Corallistidae, Theonellidae) and 5 generi (Geodia, Erylus, Placospongia, Chondrilla, Petrosia, ?Zyzzya ). Tutti i generi descritti sono segnalati per la prima volta per l’Eocene dell’Europa. Il presente studio espande il range geografico di questi taxa e riempie un gap cronologico nel loro record fossile. Le spicole sono spesso frammentate e portano segni di corrosione. Esse mostrano 2 tipi di conservazione: una vitrea e una lattea. Le analisi alla diffrazione delle polveri ai raggi X confermano che entrambi i tipi sono formati da opale-CT con la probabile presenza di opale-A. Malgrado ciò, al SEM, la struttura delle superfici rotte di fresco, è differente. Le spicole lattiginose hanno una struttura porosa con lepisfere incipienti. Questa caratteristica, assieme alla corrosione della superficie e la costante presenza della zeolite heulandite/clinoptilolite, suggerisce un certo grado di trasformazione diagenetica. Macro e micro analisi di facies definiscono l’ambiente sedimentario come una successione di costa rocciosa, deepening upward, all’interno della zona fotica. Il grainstone sabbioso ricco di spicole rappresenta la facies più profonda e si è depositato in un ambiente di rampa mediana-esterna, in un ambiente di energia piuttosto alta vicino alla base d’onda di cattivo tempo, all’interno della zona fotica. Caso studio 2— Fauna a spugne luteziano della Valle del Chiampo (Vicenza). La fauna consiste in spugne intere non compresse. Sono stati studiati più di 900 esemplari conservati in Musei italiani. Lo scheletro siliceo originale si è dissolto ed è stato sostituito da calcite. C’è evidenza della presenza di batteri solfo-riduttori. L’osservazione sia di esemplari completi sia di sezioni sottili ha portato all’attribuzione di 32 specie (15 Hexactinellida, 17 Demospongea). Tra queste, è proposta l’istituzione di 10 nuove specie: Stauractinella eocenica, Rigonia plicata, Hexactinella clampi, Camerospongia tuberculata, Camerospongia visentini, Toulminia italica, Coronispongia confossa, Cavispongia scarpae, Corallistes multiosculata, Bolidium bertii. Sono inoltre descritti 24 generi, 2 dei quali nuovi per la Scienza: Rigonia e Coronispongia. Gli esemplari sono stati fotografati prima di essere sezionati e sono stati prodotti modelli 3-D. Sono stati inoltre documentate delicate strutture di ancoraggio al substrato. La presenza di strutture di ancoraggio sia di substrato molle che di substrato duro indicano un fondale di tipo misto. Sono state pure documentate spugne allo stato giovanile. La fauna a spugne è presumibilmente parautoctona. Questo studio tassonomico porta nuova luce sullo scarso record fossile delle spugne eoceniche. Le ricerche petrografiche sugli esemplari di spugne e sul sedimento inglobante ha contribuito a chiarire la sequenza di eventi tafonomici e l’ambiente sedimentario
26
Grimm, Gunter E. "Gottfried August Bürger und Gotthold Ephraim Lessing." Gerhard-Mercator-Universitaet Duisburg, 2002. http://www.ub.uni-duisburg.de/ETD-db/theses/available/duett-02042002-160112/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The German author Gottfried August Buerger estimated Lessing's works, but they hadn't any influence on his poetical products. Nevertheless in his later theoretical writings Buerger mentioned Lessing as an important model.
27
MacNintch, Eileen Abrams. "Four mother figures from Lessing to Brecht." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0007/NQ35972.pdf.
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28
Hung, Shu-Ming. "Intersubjectivity in the fiction of Doris Lessing." Thesis, Durham University, 2012. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5936/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this thesis, I will be examining selective works by the novelist Doris Lessing. The aim of the thesis is to examine Lessing’s oeuvre by approaching her fiction as an attempt to understand the subject as an effect of intersubjectivity. The thesis approaches the question of intersubjectivity through a broadly psychoanalytic framework, not only engaging with Lessing’s own particular interests in psychoanalysis, but also standing back and reframing her work through approaches to intersubjectivity available in work by Freud and Jung, Klein, and object relational and existential dynamic psychologies. The thesis will, throughout, endeavour to situate psychoanalytic approaches in specifically historical and political contexts, also drawing on phenomenology to examine Lessing’s depiction of a transcendental mode of experience which is reached through an ongoing evolutionary consciousness. Her dialectical positioning of the subject reveals a restless struggle towards a conciliation between self and others. The thesis reflects a trajectory of Lessing’s work from her earlier African novels to later writing, The Fifth Child and Ben, in the World. The thesis begins by examining the structure of the family and mother-daughter relationships in the context of the historically specific political milieu of post-war apartheid in South Africa; it ends by examining the question of the availability of an ethics of care in Thatcherite Britain as reflected in the Ben novels. Melanie Klein’s work and the later object-relations theory influenced by it, are adopted to provide a frame through which to try to illuminate Lessing’s concern with the possibility of motivating positive interactions between self and others, and as an alternative to the tragic liberal view of the self as an anxious isolate proposed by Freud. In each chapter, the thesis focuses on the variety of Lessing’s formal experiments in her attempt to develop a late ethics of care built on a foundation of intersubjectivity. This emergent vision of the self opens up the possibility of reconstituting new modes of interaction between the self and the outer world: Lessing uses her fictional worlds to posit visionary possibilities in the world outside the fiction. Often employing critical modes of the Utopian and Apocalyptic, Lessing envisions the possibility of a new and fluid community that is constituted on the foundation of a revised albeit fragile ethics of care. Her fiction suggests that the power of creation and imagination necessary to realise such a vision belongs not only to the artist, but is also available for development in the psychosocial journey towards a new democratic subjectivity that might realise a new public order.
29
Kowalewicz, Michel Henri. "Gotthold Ephraim Lessing et la pensée médiévale." Metz, 1995. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1995/Kowalewicz.Michel.LMZ9502_1.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Il est vrai que la comparaison de l'Aufklarung avec le Moyen-Age relève du paradoxe. Elle va à l'encontre de l'opinion communément admise de deux modes de pensée singuliers et en même temps contradictoires. Pourtant, dans le cas de Lessing, nous avons soutenu avec force cette comparaison : si nous n'avons recherché ni les différences ni les ressemblances, éléments d'une comparaison classique, nous avons surtout étudié la véritable approche qu'avait Lessing de la pensée médiévale. En même temps la notion de pensée ne se réduit en aucun cas au domaine philosophique, mais elle implique plutôt l'ensemble des formes d'expression de l'esprit humain comme l'écriture, l'art, la langue, la littérature ou la technologieTo compare the enlightenment with the middle ages seems like a paradox. This comparison contradicts the common opinion about two peculiar and contradictory modes of thought. However, in the case of Lessing, we strongly maintain this comparison. We didn't search for difference and resemblance, elements of a classical comparison, but we principally study the genuine approach of the medieval thought at Lessing. At the same time, the notion of thought doesn't restrict to the philosophical area but means the wholes forms of expression of the human mind like writing, art, language, literature or technology
30
KOWALEWICZ, MICHEL Moes Jean. "GOTTHOLD EPHRAIM LESSING ET LA PENSEE MEDIEVALE /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1995. ftp://ftp.scd.univ-metz.fr/pub/Theses/1995/Kowalewicz.Michel.LMZ9502_1.pdf.
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31
Ciołek-Jóźwiak, Agnieszka. "Gotthold Ephraim Lessings Briefe, 1760 - 1769 Texte und Erläuterungen." Stuttgart Heinz, 2003. http://d-nb.info/988228858/04.
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32
Kornbacher-Meyer, Agnes [Verfasser]. "Komödientheorie und Komödienschaffen Gotthold Ephraim Lessings. / Agnes Kornbacher-Meyer." Berlin : Duncker & Humblot, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1238339832/34.
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33
Davis, J. "Visionary realism : From George Eliot to Doris Lessing." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.375137.
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34
Ba, Ginette. "L'oeuvre africaine de Doris Lessing : thèmes et mythes." Paris 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA030065.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
L'oeuvre africaine de doris lessing constitue une etape importante de sa production litteraire. Elle s'inspire des trente premieres annees que l'auteur a passees en rhodesie du sud. Les principaux livres auxquels cette etude fait allusion sont les quatre premiers tomes des "enfants de la violence", les nouvvelles africaines, vaincue par la brousse, going home, in pursuit of the english. Les articles ecrits par l'auteur sur la rhodesie font egalement partie des sources sur lesquelles est basee cette analyse. Tous ces ouvrages ont pour cadre l'afrique du sud. Les themes et les mythes developpes par lessing y sont analyses car le fond revet une importance plus grande que la forme dans l'oeuvre africaine de lessing. La premiere partie de notre etude parle des mythes sur lesquels est fondee la societe sud-africaine. La comparaison entre les frontieres americaine et sud-africaine revele les analogies mais aussi les differences en tre l'univers des pionniers americains et celui des pionniers sud-africains. Le deuxieme chapitre traite plus particulierement de l'influence de la nature sud-africaine sur les personnages de lessing. Le paradoxe reside dans l'attrait et la repulsion qu'exerce le veld sur les sud-africains blancs selon qu'il symbolise l'evasion ou la frustration. Le point fort de cette analyse est enfin l'etude du probleme de l'alienation dans l'oeuvre africaine de lessing. Les blancs refusent de s'adapter a leurs nouvelles conditions de vie avec l'illusion de pouvoir retourner en angleterre. Les noirs subissent l'oppression de la communaute blanche et deviennent des etrangers sur leur propre sol. Le lecteur apprend, a travers la lecture de l'oeuvre africaine de lessing a confronter les personnages qu'elle met en scene a sa propre realiteDoris lessing's african fiction is an important step in her literary production. It is influenced by the thirty years she spent in south rhodesia. The main novels this study deals with are the first four books of "children of violence". The collected african stories, the grass is singing, going home, in pursuit of the english, lessing wrote some essays about rhodesia which are reported in this study. The characteristic of this fiction is that it is set in south africa. The myths and themes are indeed more important than the analysis of form in lessing's fiction. The south-african society is based on many myths. The american and the south-african frontier have some points in common but are quite different. The second part is about the influence of nature on lessing's characters. It is at the same time the symbol of freedom and of frustration. But the main point is lessing's dealing with alienation. The white south-africans don't want to adapt themselves to their new home and go on living with the illusion of returning to great britain. The black people on the other hand are the victims of white oppression and become more and more separated from their mother-country. Through doris lessing's fiction, the reader can compare the characters' world to the world he lives in
35
HBAIKA, GEORGES. "Raison et revelation. Essai sur gotthold ephraim lessing." Paris 4, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA040001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Nos recherches sur la pensee philosophique et theologique de lessing se focalisent sur la relation entre raison et revelation. Dans sa speculation sur cette thematique de base, lessing se montre simultanement comme un eclaire et un faux allie du mouvement de l'aufklarung. Eclaire, justement parce qu'il reconnait a la raison humaine une suprematie totale dans la recherche de la verite, et aborde l'existence sur fond d'un optimisme absolu. Faux allie, parce qu'il commence par ce que les aufklarer rejettent, c'est-a-dire la revelation consignee dans la bible. Et finit au-dela, c'est-a-dire dans le pantheisme. Ainsi lessing se surprend-il, dans la conclusion de son traite l'education du genre humain, a tenir un discours sur une sorte de revelation immanente d'un dieu-principe-de-vie-intrinseque. Et la proclamation de l'age d'un nouvel evangile eternel, ou l'age de la raison humaine adulte, fait voir clairement que la pensee de lessing a fini par se deployer hors du christianisme. Seulement, quoique partant de la ou les deistes ne sont plus, et arrivant la ou ils ne sont pas encore, lessing les rejoint en definitive dans la meme quete d'un absolu a la mesure de la finitude de l'hommeOur research on lessing philosophical and theological thought focuses on the relation between reason and revelation. With regard to the eighteenth century, lessing was a true enlightened and at the same time an untruthful ally of the aufklarung (enlightenment) movement. He was a true enlightened, since he considers the reason as the only trusty instrument in the search to truth, and his world vision is full of optimism. On the other hand, lessing can be depicted as an untruthful ally, since he takes asa starting-point the revelation contained in the bible, which the deists have yet rejected. In the final conclusion of his treatise the education of the human kind, lessing concepts of god and divine revelation seem to be fully reduced to the notion of an innate-life-principle that animates all beings. The proclamation of a new eternal gospel time, or the adulte human reason time, indicates obviously that lessing thought ended up by being far from christianity. Even though lessing starts his reflexion at a point the deists have denied, and he ends it at a point the deists have not yet reached, namely the pantheism, lessing links up finally with them in the same search of an absolute paradoxically measured up to human finitude
36
Bonn, Kristina. "Vom Schönen Schönheitskonzeptionen bei Lessing, Goethe und Schiller." Bielefeld Aisthesis-Verl, 2007. http://d-nb.info/989187330/04.
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37
Rathke, Annemarie. "Doris Lessing, Yvonne Vera: comparative views of Zimbabwe /." Heidelberg : Winter, 2008. http://d-nb.info/99103273X/04.
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Cheng, Yuan-Jung. "Madness and fiction in Conrad, Woolf, and Lessing /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6695.
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39
Grashoff, Bert. "Antisemitische Implikationen des Kampfes gegen Antisemitismus in Lessings "Die Juden"." München Ravensburg GRIN-Verl, 2004. http://d-nb.info/988452316/04.
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40
García, Navarro Carmen. "La vejez como materia literaria en la narrativa reciente de Doris Lessing /." Almería : Universidad de Almería, 2003. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb400432864.
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41
Rehm, Stefan Gerhard. "Emotion and morality in the tragic theories of Lessing." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0006/NQ27852.pdf.
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42
Gauthier, Guylaine. "Emilia Galotti de Lessing, la femme et son image." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ64151.pdf.
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43
Gauthier, Guylaine. ""Emilia Galotti" de Lessing : la femme et son image." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=30169.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study bears upon woman and her image in Emilia Galotti by Lessing, who exerted strong influence on the German theatre of the eighteenth century. His tragedies, fables, essays and other writings have since given rise to countless analyses. Rarely, however, has that polyphony of commentary addressed the faint presence of the female characters in his plays or their often unenviable fate. Indeed, only recently has literary criticism initiated debate on the feminine condition in Lessing's dramaturgy and theatrical aesthetics. Pursing that same line of inquiry, we will attempt to uncover the logic of exclusion of the feminine Other that lies behind the reactions of the male characters in the play under consideration. We will premise our exploration on the feminist concepts of woman as image and on male fantasies of women.Our inquiry is two-pronged: How should Emilia's death be interpreted? Where does her guilt lie? First, we will explore the "economics of separation," i.e., the universe of mental representations harboured by patriarchal man of the Enlightenment. Through analyzing the concepts of death and gender, first from the vantage of the eighteenth century and then within the context of the theatre and literature of that period, we will define those concepts and better assess their powers (death) and limitations (gender). Second, we will probe the image of woman and her sexuality by observing the characters as they interrelate. We will underline the phenomena of projection and identification as well as the structures of abjection in the play. Lastly, our study will bring to light the fiction of the masculine identity and the manner in which women are imagined as "individuals," in sum, how stereotypes are engendered.
44
Hamilton, Elizabeth C. "Disabling discourses in German literature from lessing to grass /." The Ohio State University, 1998. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487949150070443.
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45
Ottewell, Karen. "Lessing and the "Sturm und Drang" : a reappraisal revisited /." Frankfurt am Main ; Bern ; New York [etc.] : P. Lang, 2002. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39070693j.
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46
Crowther, Louise. "Diderot and lessing as exemplars of a post-spinozist mentality." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.488977.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The over-arching purpose of this thesis is to consider how Diderot and Lessing dealt with the impact of Spinozist thought and its consequences and to analyse the extent to which they can be said to exemplify a post-Spinozist mentality in dealing with three main issues: virtue and vice; freedom; and, finally, belief. It aims to prove not that Diderot and Lessing were direct disciples of Spinoza, but that both were influenced by the post-Spinozist climate pervading the eighteenth-century intellectual world. At the same time as locating similarities of approach between their thinking and Spinoza's, this thesis will also point out how Diderot and Lessing went beyond the Dutch philosopher's thinking, and how they often showed themselves to be even more radical than Spinoza himself.
47
Gray, William. "The influence of Sufism on the works of Doris Lessing." Thesis, University of Ulster, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.414016.
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Benoit, Martine-Sophie. "Theodor Lessing (1872-1933) : témoin critique de la condition juive." Lille 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LIL30018.
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BENOIT, MARTINE. "Theodor lessing (1872-1933), temoin critique de la condition juive." Lille 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LIL30021.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
L'etude de la vie et de l'oeuvre de theodor lessing, philosophe et publiciste juif assassine par des hommes de main des nazis le 30 aout 1933, presente un interet aussi bien dans la perspective d'une meilleure connaisance de la civilisation allemande que du fait juif en allemagne. Indissociable de son epoque, l'homme se veut juge sans complaisance de son temps et nous plonge dans cette allemagne fin de siecle qui, lentement et maladroitement, emerge du feodalisme et du semi-absolutisme. Ce polygraphe illustre en outre de facon exemplaire le destin tragique de la nebuleuse judeoallemande. En analysant chez theodor lessing autour de trois axes (le fait juif l'antisemitisme et le discours ethnopsychologique - le sionisme et le cosmopolitisme) la quete d'identite et les dechirements entre judeite et germanite, en comparant son cheminement a celui d'autres juifs assimiles, on replace l'auteur dans un contexte plus large et on souligne son originalite ou, au contraire, ce qui fait de lui un exemple-type de la symbose manquee entre juifs et allemandsThe study of the life and works of theodor lessing, a jewish philosopher and writer, killed by nazi thugs on the 30th august 1933, is of interest for a better understanding of german culture and of jewish presence in germany. Being a man in every sense of his time, he appears as a severe judge of his times, and gives us an insight into a fin de siecle germany which, slowly and with difficult, emerges emerges out of feudalism and semi-absolutism. Moreover, this versatile writer illustrates in examplary fashion the tragic fate of the german-jewish interrelationship. When we analyze in theodor lessing's writings a search for identity and the contrary forces of jewishness and germanness ( which might fall under three headings : jewishness - antisemitism and ethnopsychological arguments - sionism and cosmopolitism ) and when we compare his itinerary with that of other assimilated jews, we replace the author in a wider context, and throw into relief his originality - or on the contrary, that which makes him a typical example of the ill-fated german-jewish symbiosis
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Hunter, Eva Shireen. "The mother-daughter conflict in selected works by Doris Lessing." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/7592.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Bibliography: leaves 166-180.The central characters in Doris Lessing's novels are usually women struggling to shape for themselves a new and authentic identity in a changing world. In this study it is argued that this quest involves the Lessing character in a conflict less with any man than with another woman. This woman is the mother. The younger woman's task is to resist the compulsion to become like her mother and so lead a narrow, entirely domesticated life. The theme of the mother-daughter conflict is given its first extensive examination in this study. Three of Lessing's works are analysed in detail, while brief reference is made to nearly all of her novels and some African short stories. The three works selected, The Grass is Singing (1950), "To Room Nineteen" (1963), and The Marriages Between Zones Three, Four, and Five (1980), mark the beginning, an approximate mid-point, and the conclusion of the theme under discussion. They are also works that have not, as yet, enjoyed the exhaustive critical attention given to the Children of Violence series and The Golden Notebook.