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Статті в журналах з теми "LENGTH VARIATION"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 11 вересня 2023

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1

Suda, Takeshi, Asao Fujiyama, Mitsuhiro Takimoto, Masato Igarashi, Takashi Kuroiwa, Nobuo Waguri, Hirokazu Kawai, Yusaku Mita, and Yutaka Aoyagi. "Interchromosomal Telomere Length Variation." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 291, no. 2 (February 2002): 210–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.2002.6425.

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2

Yoshida, Shigeo, and Yozo Hamano. "Geomagnetic decadal variations caused by length-of-day variation." Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 91, no. 1-3 (September 1995): 117–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(95)03038-x.

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3

Ono, Chikako, Terunao Ashida, Takao Sugiyama, Jun Fujii, and Kan Takayanagi. "Variation in Parasystolic Cycle Length." International Heart Journal 47, no. 1 (2006): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1536/ihj.47.153.

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4

Bond, Sharon. "GESTATIONAL LENGTH DEMONSTRATES NATURAL VARIATION." Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health 58, no. 6 (November 2013): 708–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jmwh.12143_1.

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5

Ridyard, Edward. "EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES: VARIATION IN THEIR ANATOMY, LENGTH AND CROSS-SECTIONAL DIAMETER." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 3, no. 3 (August 2, 2015): 1198–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2015.164.

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6

Ziming Wang, Ziming Wang, Kang Su Kang Su, Bo Feng Bo Feng, Tianhua Zhang Tianhua Zhang, Weiqing Huang Weiqing Huang, Weicheng Cai Weicheng Cai, Wei Xiao Wei Xiao, Hongfei Liu Hongfei Liu, and Jianjun Liu Jianjun Liu. "Coupling length variation and multi-wavelength demultiplexing in photonic crystal waveguides." Chinese Optics Letters 16, no. 1 (2018): 011301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201816.011301.

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7

Lins, Carla Cabral dos Santos Accioly, Adelmar Afonso de Amorim Júnior, Bruna Paloma de Oliveira, Elma Mariana Verçosa de Melo Silva, and Raphaela Christianne Maia Soares Torres. "Variation of Length of Styloid Process." International Journal of Morphology 28, no. 4 (December 2010): 1277–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0717-95022010000400046.

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8

Gagné, Olivier Charles, and Frank Christopher Hawthorne. "Bond-length distributions for ions bonded to oxygen: results for the transition metals and quantification of the factors underlying bond-length variation in inorganic solids." IUCrJ 7, no. 4 (June 9, 2020): 581–629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2052252520005928.

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Анотація:

Bond-length distributions are examined for 63 transition metal ions bonded to O2− in 147 configurations, for 7522 coordination polyhedra and 41 488 bond distances, providing baseline statistical knowledge of bond lengths for transition metals bonded to O2−. A priori bond valences are calculated for 140 crystal structures containing 266 coordination polyhedra for 85 transition metal ion configurations with anomalous bond-length distributions. Two new indices, Δtopol and Δcryst, are proposed to quantify bond-length variation arising from bond-topological and crystallographic effects in extended solids. Bond-topological mechanisms of bond-length variation are (1) non-local bond-topological asymmetry and (2) multiple-bond formation; crystallographic mechanisms are (3) electronic effects (with an inherent focus on coupled electronic vibrational degeneracy in this work) and (4) crystal-structure effects. The indices Δtopol and Δcryst allow one to determine the primary cause(s) of bond-length variation for individual coordination polyhedra and ion configurations, quantify the distorting power of cations via electronic effects (by subtracting the bond-topological contribution to bond-length variation), set expectation limits regarding the extent to which functional properties linked to bond-length variation may be optimized in a given crystal structure (and inform how optimization may be achieved) and more. These indices further provide an equal footing for comparing bond-length variation and the distorting power of ions across ligand types, including resolution for heteroligand polyhedra. The observation of multiple bonds is found to be primarily driven by the bond-topological requirements of crystal structures in solids. However, sometimes multiple bonds are observed to form as a result of electronic effects (e.g. the pseudo Jahn–Teller effect, PJTE); resolution of the origins of multiple-bond formation follows calculation of the Δtopol and Δcryst indices on a structure-by-structure basis. Non-local bond-topological asymmetry is the most common cause of bond-length variation in transition metal oxides and oxysalts, followed closely by the PJTE. Non-local bond-topological asymmetry is further suggested to be the most widespread cause of bond-length variation in the solid state, with no a priori limitations with regard to ion identity. Overall, bond-length variations resulting from the PJTE are slightly larger than those resulting from non-local bond-topological asymmetry, comparable with those resulting from the strong JTE, and less than those induced by π-bond formation. From a comparison of a priori and observed bond valences for ∼150 coordination polyhedra in which the strong JTE or the PJTE is the main reason underlying bond-length variation, the JTE is found not to have a cooperative relation with the bond-topological requirements of crystal structures. The magnitude of bond-length variation caused by the PJTE decreases in the following order for octahedrally coordinated d 0 transition metal oxyanions: Os8+ > Mo6+ > W6+ >> V5+ > Nb5+ > Ti4+ > Ta5+ > Hf4+ > Zr4+ > Re7+ >> Y3+ > Sc3+. Such ranking varies by coordination number; for [4] it is Re7+ > Ti4+ > V5+ > W6+ > Mo6+ > Cr6+ > Os8+ >> Mn7+; for [5] it is Os8+ > Re7+ > Mo6+ > Ti4+ > W6+ > V5+ > Nb5+. It is concluded that non-octahedral coordinations of d 0 ion configurations are likely to occur with bond-length variations that are similar in magnitude to their octahedral counterparts. However, smaller bond-length variations are expected from the PJTE for non-d 0 transition metal oxyanions.

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9

Brown, D. J., and B. J. Crook. "Environmental responsiveness of fibre diameter in grazing fine wool Merino sheep." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 56, no. 7 (2005): 673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar04182.

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Анотація:

Fibre diameter, fibre length, and the ratio of fibre length growth to mean fibre diameter (L/D), fibre diameter profile characteristics, and staple strength were examined in 16 fine wool Merino wethers in a 12-month field experiment. Variations in fibre diameter, fibre length, and L/D were shown to be associated with fibre diameter profile characteristics and staple strength. At constant fibre diameter, L/D was significantly positively related to variation in fibre diameter along the staple. A positive correlation between seasonal variation in L/D and variation in diameter between fibres was also observed. Staple length was significantly positively correlated with along-staple variation in fibre diameter and negatively correlated with variation in fibre diameter among fibres. Among-fibre variation in fibre diameter was not significantly correlated with along-staple variation in fibre diameter. Seasonal variation in fibre length growth, fibre diameter, and the ratio of length to diameter throughout the year was associated with increased variation in fibre diameter along the fibre diameter profile and reduced staple strength in grazing sheep. Seasonal variation in fibre diameter was mostly related to mean fibre diameter, L/D, and seasonal variation in fibre length growth rate. Changes in fibre diameter throughout the year were also related to seasonal changes in body weight, fat depth, and skin thickness.

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10

Honjo, K., I. Furukawa, and M. H. Sahri. "Radial Variation of Fiber Length Increment in ACACIA MANGIUM." IAWA Journal 26, no. 3 (July 15, 2005): 339–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-02603005.

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Анотація:

The radial variation of fiber length increment (due to intrusive growth) and its relation with internal and external (climatic) factors were investigated for Acacia mangium trees collected in Indonesia and Malaysia. Wood fiber length and fiber length increment were approximated with respect to the distance from the pith (x) by a logarithmic function and vessel element length by a linear function. The results were y = 0.14 . In(x) + 0.48, y = 0.0005 . x + 0.20, and y = 0.13 . ln(x) + 0.31, respectively. The radial variation of fiber length was related to the growth rate rather than the age of the cambium. The results of the cross-correlation function between wood fiber length increment and climatic factors showed that fiber lengths responded to changes in precipitation with a time lag of between zero to four months.

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11

Honjo, K., I. Furukawa, and M. H. Sahri. "Radial Variation of Fiber Length Increment in Acacia Mangium." IAWA Journal 26, no. 3 (2005): 339–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000119.

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Анотація:

The radial variation of fiber length increment (due to intrusive growth) and its relation with internal and external (climatic) factors were investigated for Acacia mangium trees collected in Indonesia and Malaysia. Wood fiber length and fiber length increment were approximated with respect to the distance from the pith (x) by a logarithmic function and vessel element length by a linear function. The results were y = 0.14 . ln(x) + 0.48, y = 0.0005 . x + 0.20, and y = 0.13 . ln(x) + 0.31, respectively. The radial variation of fiber length was related to the growth rate rather than the age of the cambium. The results of the cross-correlation function between wood fiber length increment and climatic factors showed that fiber lengths responded to changes in precipitation with a time lag of between zero to four months.

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12

Cranford, Steven W., and Markus J. Buehler. "Variation of Weak Polyelectrolyte Persistence Length through an Electrostatic Contour Length." Macromolecules 45, no. 19 (September 26, 2012): 8067–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma3008465.

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13

Gagné, Olivier Charles, and Frank Christopher Hawthorne. "Bond-length distributions for ions bonded to oxygen: metalloids and post-transition metals." Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials 74, no. 1 (January 12, 2018): 63–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2052520617017437.

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Анотація:

Bond-length distributions have been examined for 33 configurations of the metalloid ions and 56 configurations of the post-transition metal ions bonded to oxygen, for 5279 coordination polyhedra and 21 761 bond distances for the metalloid ions, and 1821 coordination polyhedra and 10 723 bond distances for the post-transition metal ions. For the metalloid and post-transition elements with lone-pair electrons, the more common oxidation state between n versus n+2 is n for Sn, Te, Tl, Pb and Bi and n+2 for As and Sb. There is no correlation between bond-valence sum and coordination number for cations with stereoactive lone-pair electrons when including secondary bonds, and both intermediate states of lone-pair stereoactivity and inert lone pairs may occur for any coordination number > [4]. Variations in mean bond length are ∼0.06–0.09 Å for strongly bonded oxyanions of metalloid and post-transition metal ions, and ∼0.1–0.3 Å for ions showing lone-pair stereoactivity. Bond-length distortion is confirmed to be a leading cause of variation in mean bond lengths for ions with stereoactive lone-pair electrons. For strongly bonded cations (i.e. oxyanions), the causes of mean bond-length variation are unclear; the most plausible cause of mean bond-length variation for these ions is the effect of structure type, i.e. stress resulting from the inability of a structure to adopt its characteristic a priori bond lengths.

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14

Stojanović, Blaza, Nenad Miloradović, Nenad Marjanović, Mirko Blagojević, and Lozica Ivanović. "Length Variation of Toothed Belt during Exploitation." Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 57, no. 09 (September 15, 2011): 648–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5545/sv-jme.2010.062.

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15

Ling, J. F. "The Variation in the Length of Daylight." Mathematical Gazette 73, no. 466 (December 1989): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3619300.

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16

Barre, Philippe, Lesley Turner, and Abraham Escobar-Gutiérrez. "Leaf Length Variation in Perennial Forage Grasses." Agriculture 5, no. 3 (August 25, 2015): 682–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture5030682.

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17

Dries, B., W. Van Den Broeck, I. Jonkers, B. Vanwanseele, R. Temmerman, W. Dingemanse, J. Vander Sloten, K. Vanderperren, H. Bree, and I. Gielen. "Variation of actin filament length in dogs." Journal of Anatomy 234, no. 5 (March 11, 2019): 694–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/joa.12961.

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18

Chan, H. L., and N. Mohidin. "Variation of multifocal electroretinogram with axial length." Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 23, no. 2 (March 2003): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1475-1313.2003.00097.x.

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19

Fu, Lei, Claudia Fritz, and Gary Scavone. "Perceptual thresholds of violin soundpost length variation." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 144, no. 3 (September 2018): 1890. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.5068288.

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20

Ross, O. A., N. J. Rutherford, M. Baker, A. I. Soto-Ortolaza, M. M. Carrasquillo, M. DeJesus-Hernandez, J. Adamson, et al. "Ataxin-2 repeat-length variation and neurodegeneration." Human Molecular Genetics 20, no. 16 (May 24, 2011): 3207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddr227.

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21

Clements, Michelle N., Tim H. Clutton-Brock, Steve D. Albon, Josephine M. Pemberton, and Loeske E. B. Kruuk. "Gestation length variation in a wild ungulate." Functional Ecology 25, no. 3 (December 14, 2010): 691–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01812.x.

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22

Fooden, Jack. "Tail length variation inMacaca fascicularis andM. mulatta." Primates 38, no. 3 (July 1997): 221–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02381611.

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23

Cazorla, Olivier, and Alain Lacampagne. "Regional variation in myofilament length-dependent activation." Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology 462, no. 1 (February 19, 2011): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00424-011-0933-6.

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24

Yokota, Takashi, Takeshi Suda, Masato Igarashi, Takashi Kuroiwa, Nobuo Waguri, Hirokazu Kawai, Yusaku Mita, and Yutaka Aoyagi. "Telomere length variation and maintenance in hepatocarcinogenesis." Cancer 98, no. 1 (June 18, 2003): 110–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cncr.11428.

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25

Smirnova, I. A., and I. R. Entin. "Extinction Length Variation in a Distorted Crystal." physica status solidi (b) 147, no. 2 (June 1, 1988): 459–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssb.2221470202.

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26

Fischer, Karl, and Manfred Schmidt. "Solvent-Induced Length Variation of Cylindrical Brushes." Macromolecular Rapid Communications 22, no. 10 (July 1, 2001): 787–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-3927(20010701)22:10<787::aid-marc787>3.0.co;2-y.

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27

Bongarten, Bruce. "Relationships between shoot length and shoot length components in Douglas-fir and blue spruce." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16, no. 2 (April 1, 1986): 373–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x86-064.

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Анотація:

Number of stem units (NSU) and mean stem unit length (MSUL) were examined for their influence on first-order lateral shoot length in a 14-year-old, range-wide provenance test of interior Douglas-fir and an 8-year-old, range-wide provenance–progeny test of blue spruce. The degree to which each component influenced variation in shoot length depended on (i) the population, (ii) the level of population structure (between and within provenances), and (iii) whether phenotypic, genotypic, or environmental data were considered. In Douglas-fir, northern and southern trees were consistently different in MSUL. However, in northern and southern Douglas-fir considered separately and in blue spruce, provenance differences in shoot length were primarily due to variation in NSU. Within provenances, phenotypic variation in shoot length was caused equally by MSUL and NSU in both Douglas-fir and blue spruce. However, in blue spruce, genetic variation was mostly due to the MSUL component, while environmental variation was caused primarily by the NSU component. As a result, MSUL had a higher heritability than NSU. MSUL was also well correlated with tree height (within provenances) while NSU was not. MSUL and NSU were negatively correlated among provenance means, within provenances, on a phenotypic, genetic, or environmental basis. This limits the usefulness of these components as selection criteria and emphasizes the need for better understanding of shoot growth physiology to identify independent sources of variation in growth rate.

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28

Miller, Charles B., John Fulton, and Bruce W. Frost. "Size Variation of Neocalanus plumchrus and Neocalanus flemingeri in a 20-yr Sample Series from the Gulf of Alaska." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49, no. 2 (February 1, 1992): 389–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f92-044.

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Анотація:

Prosome length of the resting stages of Neocalanus plumchrus and Neocalanus flemingeri varied significantly, but modestly, among years at Station P in the Gulf of Alaska. The range of variation over 20 yr was small relative to the known geographic variation. Among-year length variations were significantly greater than within-year variations, implying similarity of year-to-year variation in growth conditions over an indeterminate, subregional scale. The two species tended to vary in the same fashion both among and within years, despite the offset of about 1 mo in their developmental schedules. Length of N. plumchrus was negatively correlated with Emerson's (1987. J. Geophys. Res. (Oceans) 92(C6): 6535–6544) estimates of May–August new production at Station P from 1969 to 1978.

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29

Gerbert, Go¨ran, and Jacques de Mare´. "Load Distribution of Parallel Springs With Random Length and Stiffness." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 109, no. 4 (October 1, 1987): 402–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3269460.

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Анотація:

There are many applications in mechanical design where load distribution is modelled with parallel springs. Here random variation in spring length and spring stiffness is considered. Length variation is assumed to be the major influence and the case with uniform distribution is analyzed in detail. Small variations in spring stiffness are included. Numerical results are given. A simple formula is presented which gives the maximal length deviation as a function of the number of springs. The formula is based on a 10 percent failure risk which is a common number in practical mechanical design.

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30

Atangana, A. R., and D. P. Khasa. "Preliminary survey of clonal variation in rooting of Allanblackia floribunda leafy stem cuttings." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38, no. 1 (January 2008): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x07-151.

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Анотація:

Clonal and cutting stem morphology variations in rooting ability were simultaneously examined in Allanblackia floribunda Oliv. using leafy stem cuttings in two experiments. The hypothesis tested is that clonal variation in rooting percentage is due to variation in cutting morphology. Each of the four replicate blocks used per experiment consisted of 18 treatments from two crossed factors, diameter or length × clone, making a total of n = 216 cuttings (3 cutting lengths (3, 4, and 5 cm) or diameters (2, 3, and 4 mm) × 6 stumps (clones) × 12 cuttings, as each experimental unit consisted of 12 cuttings). The cuttings were used for rooting in nonmist propagators. No clone × cutting diameter and clone × cutting length interactions (P = 0.293 and 0.513, respectively) on rooting percentage were found at the end of the study. Highly significant and significant clonal variations in rooting percentage were noted throughout the experiments. Results from this study reject the hypothesis being tested. Finally, further work should be done on the effects of physiological status of the cuttings and clonal variation in this species.

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31

L'Abée-Lund, Jan Henning. "Variation within and between Rivers in Adult Size and Sea Age at Maturity of Anadromous Brown Trout, Salmo trutta." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48, no. 6 (June 1, 1991): 1015–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f91-119.

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I compared adult size and sea age at sexual maturity among nine populations of anadromous brown trout, Salmo trutta, in two Norwegian rivers to determine the extent of inter- and intrariverine variations. Variation in the mean length of spawners and in the mean sea age at sexual maturity were mainly dependent on the variations found within rather than between rivers. Mean lengths and mean age at maturity of males increased significantly with increasing altitude of the spawning area and with migration distance in freshwater. In females, positive significant correlations were found with mean lengths and altitude of the spawning area and with mean sea age at maturity and both spawning site altitude and migration distance. Mean lengths and ages of males and females were not significantly correlated with the rate of water discharge in the streams during spawning. The size of gravel substrate for spawning was of minor importance in explaining interpopulation variation in mean female size. The increase noted in mean length and in mean sea age at maturity of both males and females is probably an adaptation to greater energy expenditure to reach the uppermost natal spawning areas.

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32

Barata, La Ode Ahmad, Edward Ngii, Takahiro Takahiro, and Toshiyuki Ueno. "The Performance of Magnetostrictive Material for Wind-Induced Vibration Power Generator." Applied Mechanics and Materials 912 (February 17, 2023): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-rvm949.

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This research investigated the effect of span length variation and capless prismatic structure on the performance of the micropower generator from flow-induced vibration. The vibration response type covers galloping and vortex-induced vibration regimes. The mini harvester energy induced by the harmonic oscillation of prismatic structure was implemented based on the magnetostrictive principle to gain electricity using a galfenol alloy (Fe-Ga). The power generation variations are influenced by the amplitude, frequency, structure displacement, span length, and shape of the bluff body. The optimum power generation is 2.87 mW, and the maximum power generation is 10.63 mW at the resonance velocity Vr of 6.45. Reducing the frequency characteristics of circular cylinders by applying a cap end tip affect power generation characteristics and galloping behaviour for the prism with a span length of 200 mm but not for other span lengths. The effect of span length variation on free vibration and power generation performance for all prism models is similar in that both features are decreased by increasing span length. However, it enhances onset valued power generation. Power generation is considered for the independent electricity supply for specific sensor or wireless devices of an IoT system.

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33

Grünheid, T., G. E. J. Langenbach, A. Zentner, and T. M. G. J. Van Eijden. "Duty Time of Rabbit Jaw Muscles Varies with the Number of Activity Bursts." Journal of Dental Research 85, no. 12 (December 2006): 1112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910608501209.

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The relative duration of muscle activity during a specified period (duty time) varies depending on activity level and time of the day. Since both the number and the length of activity bursts contribute to the duty time, it was hypothesized that these variables would show intra-day variations similar to those of the duty time. To test this, we determined duty times, burst numbers, and burst lengths per hour, in relation to multiple activity levels, in a 24-hour period of concurrent radio-telemetric long-term electromyograms of various rabbit jaw muscles. The marked intra-day variation of the burst number resembled that of the duty time in all muscles, and was in contrast to the relatively invariable mean burst length. Furthermore, the duty times were more highly correlated with the number than with the length of bursts at all activity levels. Thus, the variation of the duty time in rabbit jaw muscles is caused mainly by changes in burst numbers.

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34

Brock, Ben W., Ian C. Willis, and Martin J. Sharp. "Measurement and parameterization of aerodynamic roughness length variations at Haut Glacier d’Arolla, Switzerland." Journal of Glaciology 52, no. 177 (2006): 281–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756506781828746.

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AbstractSpatial and temporal variations in aerodynamic roughness length (z0) on Haut Glacier d’Arolla, Switzerland, during the 1993 and 1994 ablation seasons are described, based on measurements of surface microtopography. The validity of the microtopographic z0 measurements is established through comparison with independent vertical wind profile z0 measurements over melting snow, slush and ice. The z0 variations are explained through correlation and regression analyses, using independent measurements of meteorological and surface variables, and parameterizations are developed to calculate z0 variations for use in surface energy-balance melt models. Several independent variables successfully explain snow z0 variation through their correlation with increasing surface roughness, caused by ablation hollow formation, during snowmelt. Non-linear parameterizations based on either accumulated melt or accumulated daily maximum temperatures since the most recent snowfall explain over 80% of snow z0 variation. The z0 following a fresh snowfall on an ice surface is parameterized based on relationships with the underlying ice z0, snow depth and accumulated daily maximum temperatures. None of the independent variables were able to successfully explain ice z0 variation. Although further comparative studies are needed, the results lend strong support to the microtopographic technique of measuring z0 over melting glacier surfaces.

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35

Borah, Simanku, Asha T. Landge, Birendra K. Bhattacharjya, Sushant K. Chakraborty, Karankumar K. Ramteke, Jyotish Barman, Kaustubh Bhagawati, and Bhaskar J. Saud. "Variation in morphometric and meristic traits of Aspidoparia morar from Brahmaputra and Barak Rivers of Assam, India." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 6, no. 1 (June 1, 2014): 262–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v6i1.412.

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The minor carp, Aspidoparia morar is a benthopelagic fish belonging to the sub-family Danioninae under the family Cyprinidae. It has emerged as the single most dominant species in the river Brahmaputra in Assam. In the present study, 240 specimens were collected from Guwahati and Tezpur in the Brahmaputra River and Silchar in the Barak River to investigate the morphometric and meristic variation among the populations. For this a total of 20 morphometric traits and 11 meristic traits were studied. The mean lengths for most of the morphometric traits were higher for the Barak River except eye diameter, inter orbital length and anal fin length which were significantly higher on the Brahmaputra River, while the post orbital length and pelvic fin length were found to be almost equal. The regressions of standard length with all the morphometric traits except pelvic fin length, pelvic fin base, pectoral fin length, dorsal fin length, anal fin length, pre orbital length, post orbital length, inter orbital length and eye diameter showed significant variation between the rivers. Two meristic traits viz. branched rays in anal fin and gill rakers on the first gill arch also showed significant variation in the samples of the rivers.

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36

Gilleland, Carson, Kelli J. Retallick, Daniel H. Poole, Zack Peppmeier, and Mark Knauer. "Estimates of Genetic Variation for Angus Gestation Length." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_2 (May 1, 2021): 14–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab096.023.

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Abstract The objective of this study was to estimate variance components for gestation length within the American Angus breed. Data (n = 148,649) from the American Angus Association, containing cattle born between 2000 to 2020, were used for the analysis. Based on a cow’s reproductive biology, gestation length records were determined acceptable if between 266 and 290 days (n = 114,857). Gestation length mean and standard deviation were 278.6 and 4.6 days, respectively. Average Information Restricted Maximum Likelihood (AIREML) was used to estimate variance components for the gestation length. A single trait animal model included random effects of direct and maternal additive genetic variance and fixed effects of dam age rounded to the nearest year, calf gender and contemporary group. Contemporary group was determined as herd, year of birth and season of birth combinations. Contemporary groups containing less than five animals were excluded from analysis. Phenotypic variance for gestation length was estimated at 18.9. Direct and maternal heritability estimates for gestation length were 0.59±0.01 and 0.10±0.01, respectively. Further analysis evaluated the fixed effects of year and dam age on gestation length. From 2000 to 2020, an increase in one year decreased (P < 0.01) gestation length by 0.09 days. Gestation length differed (P < 0.01) by age of dam. Gestation length LSMEANS for 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 year old cows were 277.7, 278.6, 279.0, 279.2, 279.3, 279.5 and 279.6, respectively. Heritability estimates within Angus breed suggest gestation length has a high capacity for genetic change. Results suggest gestation length has decreased over the past two decades and is shorter in younger cows.

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37

Shoji, Akiko, Motomi Yoneda, and Anthony J. Gaston. "Ocean climate variability links incubation behaviour and fitness in Ancient Murrelets (Synthliboramphus antiquus)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 90, no. 3 (March 2012): 361–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z2012-006.

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Large-scale interannual and decadal variation in ocean conditions, including sea-surface temperature (SST) has been shown to affect the breeding behaviour of marine birds in the North Pacific. However, as individual species respond differently to changing food supplies, our understanding of the role of climate variation in seabirds is limited. To examine the effect of ocean conditions on breeding behaviour, we measured incubation shift lengths of Ancient Murrelet ( Synthliboramphus antiquus (Gmelin, 1789)), a small marine bird with exceptionally long incubation shift length, in seven, nonconsecutive years. We compared variation in shift length with interyear variation in regional SST. Incubation shifts were longer in years when March–May SST was higher. In years with longer shift length, birds have lower reproductive success. Our results suggested that Ancient Murrelets on Haida Gwaii can adjust their incubation patterns by extending their shift length in relation to SST fluctuations during breeding season.

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38

Liebig, J., J. Heinze, and B. Hölldobler. "Queen Size Variation in the Ponerine AntPonera coarctata(Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 102, no. 1-2 (1995): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1995/34186.

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Queens ofPonera coarctatashow a pronounced variation in size as measured by ommatidia number and Weber's alitrunk length. Isometric size variation and the normal distribution of size categories indicate that, despite these differences, only one queen morph exists. Queen size varies less within colonies than between colonies, and thus appears to be colony specific. Ovary length apparently varies with queen size. Similar size variations as in queens also occured in males, but not in workers.

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39

Ansari, K. I., N. Palacios, C. Araya, T. Langin, D. Egan, and F. M. Doohan. "Genetic variation between Colletotrichum lindemuthianum isolates." Plant Protection Science 38, SI 2 - 6th Conf EFPP 2002 (December 31, 2017): 378–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/10496-pps.

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We characterized the genetic diversity of seventy-three C. lindemuthianum isolates collected from 10 different countries by Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) analysis. The results of this research highlighted the fact that there is huge variation in the genetic diversity between isolates from different countries. The molecular profile of the isolates showed correlation with geographic origin of the isolates.

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40

Blinova, I. V., A. S. Gnedash, and I. Y. Popov. "A time-dependent metric graph with a fourth-order operator on the edges." Theoretical and Applied Mechanics 48, no. 2 (2021): 187–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tam200928007b.

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The metric graph model is suggested for description of elastic vibration in a network of rods under the assumption that the rod lengths vary in time. A single rod and star-like graph are considered. Influence of the length variation law on the vibration distribution is investigated. For high-frequency length variation one observes a fast transition to high-frequency amplitude distribution.

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41

Jamieson, A. R. "Strawberry shape: phenotypic variation in length and width." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1156 (April 2017): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2017.1156.19.

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42

Li, Yehua. "Variation Law Research of Finite Length Cylinder’s RCS." Science Discovery 4, no. 4 (2016): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.sd.20160404.17.

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43

Andreassen, Liss M., Hallgeir Elvehøy, Bjarne Kjøllmoen, Rune V. Engeset, and Nils Haakensen. "Glacier mass-balance and length variation in Norway." Annals of Glaciology 42 (2005): 317–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756405781812826.

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AbstractThe importance of glaciers in mainland Norway for runoff is reflected in the extensive glacier measurement record. Mass balance has been measured for 42 glaciers. Length (or front-position) records exist for about 60 glaciers, and nearly half of these are presently measured. The mass-balance and front-position data have been analyzed with respect to spatial and temporal variations. The maritime glaciers with a large annual mass turnover have had a mass surplus between 1962 and 2000. In contrast, the continental glaciers with smaller summer and winter balances had a mass deficit over the same period. Since 2001 all monitored glaciers have had a marked mass deficit. The Norwegian glaciers have all retreated during the 20th century. However, both local and regional variations have been observed. Advances were recorded around 1910, around 1930, in the second half of the 1970s and around 1990. This last advance stopped in most glaciers at the turn of the century.

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44

Russo, Alessia, Luigi Palumbo, Cristina Fornengo, Cornelia Di Gaetano, Fulvio Ricceri, Simonetta Guarrera, Rossana Critelli, et al. "Telomere Length Variation in Juvenile Acute Myocardial Infarction." PLoS ONE 7, no. 11 (November 7, 2012): e49206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0049206.

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45

Cabrera, Enrique, José Abreu, Rafael Pérez, and Antonio Vela. "Influence of Liquid Length Variation in Hydraulic Transients." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 118, no. 12 (December 1992): 1639–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(1992)118:12(1639).

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46

Halaschek-Wiener, Julius, Irma Vulto, Dan Fornika, Jennifer Collins, Joseph M. Connors, Nhu D. Le, Peter M. Lansdorp, and Angela Brooks-Wilson. "Reduced telomere length variation in healthy oldest old." Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 129, no. 11 (November 2008): 638–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mad.2008.07.004.

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47

Voelker, Roy, Alexander Sulakvelidze, and H. W. Ackermann. "Spontaneous tail length variation in a Salmonella myovirus." Virus Research 114, no. 1-2 (December 2005): 164–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2005.05.006.

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48

Romanato, F., D. De Salvador, M. Berti, A. Drigo, M. Natali, M. Tormen, G. Rossetto, et al. "Bond-length variation inInxGa1−xAs/InPstrained epitaxial layers." Physical Review B 57, no. 23 (June 15, 1998): 14619–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.57.14619.

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49

Olson, Donald W. "Variation in the length of the synodic month." American Journal of Physics 58, no. 9 (September 1990): 807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.16502.

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50

Misra, Anirban, and Anirban Panda. "Variation of H2 bond length with magnetic field." Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy 252, no. 1 (November 2008): 98–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jms.2008.06.009.

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