Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Legion II Partica"

An inscription dated to the beginning of the 3rd century AD, and found within the city limits of Antiocheia in 2011, honors the legion Chief Physician L. Hortensius Paulinus, who is believed to have settled in the city following his retirement. According to this inscription, L. Hortensius Paulinus assumed highly important public offices and duties in the city. This person had also served in the legio IV Flavia Felix and Legio II Italica, although the legion with which he first arrived to the East, as well as his exact assignment within these two legions, remain unclear. Possible reasons for his presence in the East might have been the exacerbation of the war between the Roman and Parthia Empires towards the end of the 2nd century AD, or the civil war between Septimius Severus and Pescennius Niger since most of the legions from the Danube Basin and the Balkan Peninsula had sided with Septimius Severus during this civil war, including legio IV Flavia Felix and the Legio II Italica. The chronological order and content of the inscription suggest that L. Hortensius Paulinus had most likely traveled to the East with the legio II Italica due to the civil war; if this was indeed the case, L. Hortensius Paulinus must have arrived to the East in 193/4 AD at the earliest. The fact that the legio II Italica created by Marcus Aurelius was entirely constituted of solders from Northern Italy is strong evidence that L. Hortensius Paulinus and his family were native to this region. Another interesting aspect concerning this document is the fact that it is the first inscription found within Antiocheia mentioning the legions IV Flavia Felix and II Italica. Therefore, this new inscription not only demonstrates the presence of officials belonging to these legions in Antiocheia, but also clarifies a disputed and unclear aspect of the inscription regarding C. Flavonius Paullinus Lollianus published by Byrne-Labarre in 2006. Finally, the new inscriptions found within the city suggest that members of the legio II Italica who participated in civil wars or the Parthian campaign in the East might have settled in Antiocheia at the end of their military service.

Around one hundred inscriptions were recovered outside Pannonia mentioning people originating from Savaria. It is quite an abundant source group considsering there are currently 247 inscriptions that were recovered on Savarian territory. The presence of Savarians is attested earliest in the twin legions, the legio I Adiutrix and the legio II Adiutrix. These two legions recruited mainly from cities founded by Emperor Claudius and were transferred in Flavian times to Germania and Britannia respectively. Soldiers who were subsequently transferred to the cohors XIII urbana (and plausibly to the cohors X urbana) as a grant, likely merited their awards in these provinces. After the 1st century AD no Pannonian recruits are known in the cohortes urbanae. In the Flavian era, possibly from AD 71 onwards, Savarian citizens enlisted to the legio XV Apollinaris stationed at that time in Carnuntum. The unit was led east in AD 113 with the last group of Savarian conscripts. At the end of the 1st century AD several Savarians lived in Rome, who served in the newly established ranks of the equites singulares Augusti. By Emperor Hadrian’s reign the latest several Savarians are attested amongst the officers of the cohortes praetoriae. From the second half of the 2nd century AD we find a handful of Savarians amongst legionary centurions and equestrian military officers as well. Part of the Savarian recruits certainly enlisted in the legiones Adiutrices during the course of the 2nd century AD. It was most likely a result of the campaigns of these legions that Savarians are attested in Africa and from the ascension of Emperor Septimius Severus, in Rome. In the Severus era numerous Savarians are attested in the ranks of the cohortes praetoriae and the legio II Parthica, yet their numbers decline amongst the equites singulares. The Savarians who are the subject of this study are mostly descendants of the veterans who established Savaria, themselves being soldiers as well. The majority of civilians leaving Pannonia where following their recruited family member.

Mihai Apostolache se particularizeaza de alti autori din mai multe puncte de vedere. Mai intai, pentru ca nu este doar teoretician, el a exercitat mai multe mandate de parlamentar, astfel incat a fost si „autor” al legilor, nu doar cel care le aplica, se supune lor sau le analizeaza. In al doilea rand, Mihai Apostolache este profund atasat de administratia publica locala, pe care a slujit-o din mai multe ipoteze. Mai intai, printr-o organizatie neguvernamentala care a organizat diferite cursuri de perfectionare pentru alesii locali si personalul din administratia publica locala. Acest organism neguvernamental a fost ulterior transformat in partid politic local, care se bucura deja de o legitima incredere si recunoastere. Din aceasta perspectiva, comentariul realizat de domnul Mihai Apostolache asupra Legii nr. 1152015 combina fundamentele teoreticianului cu abilitatile si experienta practicianului. Acest lucru ii confera o valoare, pe care suntem convinsi ca o vor descoperi si aprecia toti cei care studiaza si utilizeaza, in activitatea desfasurata, lucrarea de fata.

La presente publicación surgió como consecuencia de los reiterados reportes sobre actos violentos denominados comúnmente como justicia por mano propia, los cuales llevaron a las investigadoras a plantear la siguiente problemática: ¿qué factores inciden en el ciudadano para deslegitimar al Estado como ente sancionador, dando lugar al uso de la justicia por mano propia intentando resarcir un daño, independien-temente del sistema jurídico estatal? Se acogió la Teoría de la Justicia propuesta por John Rawls como soporte teórico, pues se considera idónea para desarrollar el principio de la Justicia como fin del Estado Social de Derecho, a partir de un sistema amplio de libertades básicas para todos, que ofrece a los asociados igualdad de oportunidades, previendo el principio de diferencia y las desigualdades socioeconó-micas, además de resaltar la prioridad de la libertad y de la justicia sobre la eficiencia de la norma. Inicialmente se planteó la hipótesis de que los factores que incidían en la sociedad colombiana para deslegitimar al Estado como ente sancionador eran: i) la ineficacia del sistema legal, ii) el dif ícil acceso a la administración de justicia, iii) el desconocimiento de los derechos por parte del ciudadano. Estas deficiencias se traducen en la vida cotidiana del ciudadano, como, por ejemplo, en las dificultades que el sistema jurídico le presenta a la persona cuando se dispone a denunciar un hecho del cual fue víctima; circunstancia que, analizada desde una perspectiva sociológica, ocasiona un alto índice de omisión de denunciasLa investigación se estructuró en los principios rectores de la teoría de la justicia de Rawls, además de soportarse metodológicamente en la teoría funcionalista de Jakobs y la teoría de los sistemas de Luhmann, quienes integran las categorías del sistema a partir de los fines del Derecho. A su vez, se aborda el análisis de la Constitución Política de Colombia, el Código Penal (Ley 599 de 2000), Jurisprudencia de las Altas Cortes, junto con la doctrina que trata el problema socio-jurídico central. Asimismo, se hace uso de muestras representativas porcen-tuales, que permiten deducir de manera aproximada la frecuencia de la conducta, los índices de denuncia e impunidad, la aceptación de esta y la percepción social generalizada de desconfianza frente a las instituciones y autoridades encargadas de administrar justicia. Los integrantes de la sociedad colombiana que ejercen, apoyan y legi-timan los actos de justicia por mano propia durante el lapso 2011 y 2017 hacen parte del corpus de investigación. Estos se identifican gracias a los datos suministrados por entidades gubernamentales y no guberna-mentales especializadas en recolección de información, que cuentan con alta credibilidad en el escenario mundial a través de cuestionarios, entrevistas y encuestas que miden los ítems relacionados.En la actualidad los asociados están cuestionando la legitimidad otorgada por el contrato social al Estado para sancionar los compor-tamientos que transgreden el bienestar general. Este cuestionamiento se ve reflejado en los actos de justicia por mano propia en los cuales la sociedad asume el papel juzgador, justificando su actuar en la opinión generalizada de ineficacia e ineficiencia estatal. Tal opinión está basada en el incumplimiento por parte del Estado de la función delegada en el contrato social.