Статті в журналах: "Lean condition"

1

VanWagner, Lisa B., and Matthew J. Armstrong. "Lean NAFLD: A not so benign condition?" Hepatology Communications 2, no. 1 (January 2018): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep4.1143.

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Johanson, Deborah L., Ho Seok Ahn, Bruce A. MacDonald, Byeong Kyu Ahn, JongYoon Lim, Euijun Hwang, Craig J. Sutherland, and Elizabeth Broadbent. "The Effect of Robot Attentional Behaviors on User Perceptions and Behaviors in a Simulated Health Care Interaction: Randomized Controlled Trial." Journal of Medical Internet Research 21, no. 10 (October 4, 2019): e13667. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/13667.

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Background For robots to be effectively used in health applications, they need to display appropriate social behaviors. A fundamental requirement in all social interactions is the ability to engage, maintain, and demonstrate attention. Attentional behaviors include leaning forward, self-disclosure, and changes in voice pitch. Objective This study aimed to examine the effect of robot attentional behaviors on user perceptions and behaviors in a simulated health care interaction. Methods A parallel randomized controlled trial with a 1:1:1:1 allocation ratio was conducted. We randomized participants to 1 of 4 experimental conditions before engaging in a scripted face-to-face interaction with a fully automated medical receptionist robot. Experimental conditions included a self-disclosure condition, voice pitch change condition, forward lean condition, and neutral condition. Participants completed paper-based postinteraction measures relating to engagement, perceived robot attention, and perceived robot empathy. We video recorded interactions and coded for participant attentional behaviors. Results A total of 181 participants were recruited from the University of Auckland. Participants who interacted with the robot in the forward lean and self-disclosure conditions found the robot to be significantly more stimulating than those who interacted with the robot in the voice pitch or neutral conditions (P=.03). Participants in the forward lean, self-disclosure, and neutral conditions found the robot to be significantly more interesting than those in the voice pitch condition (P<.001). Participants in the forward lean and self-disclosure conditions spent significantly more time looking at the robot than participants in the neutral condition (P<.001). Significantly, more participants in the self-disclosure condition laughed during the interaction (P=.01), whereas significantly more participants in the forward lean condition leant toward the robot during the interaction (P<.001). Conclusions The use of self-disclosure and forward lean by a health care robot can increase human engagement and attentional behaviors. Voice pitch changes did not increase attention or engagement. The small effects with regard to participant perceptions are potentially because of the limitations in self-report measures or a lack of comparison for most participants who had never interacted with a robot before. Further research could explore the use of self-disclosure and forward lean using a within-subjects design and in real health care settings.

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3

Park, P. "In2O3/Al2O3 Catalysts for NOx Reduction in Lean Condition." Journal of Catalysis 210, no. 1 (August 15, 2002): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcat.2002.3667.

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4

Gao, Zhanguo, Jin Zhang, Tara M. Henagan, Jong Han Lee, Xin Ye, Hui Wang, and Jianping Ye. "P65 inactivation in adipocytes and macrophages attenuates adipose inflammatory response in lean but not in obese mice." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 308, no. 6 (March 15, 2015): E496—E505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00532.2014.

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NF-κB induces transcriptional expression of proinflammatory genes and antiapoptotic genes. The two activities of NF-κB remain to be characterized in the mechanism of chronic inflammation in obesity. To address this issue, we inactivated NF-κB in adipose tissue by knocking out p65 (RelA) in mice (F-p65-KO) and examined the inflammation in lean and obese conditions. In the lean condition, KO mice exhibited a reduced inflammation in adipose tissue with a decrease in macrophage infiltration, M1 polarization, and proinflammatory cytokine expression. In the obese condition, KO mice had elevated inflammation with more macrophage infiltration, M1 polarization, and cytokine expression. In the mechanism of enhanced inflammation, adipocytes and macrophages exhibited an increase in cellular apoptosis, which was observed with more formation of crown-like structures (CLS) in fat tissue of KO mice. Body weight, glucose metabolism, and insulin sensitivity were not significantly altered in KO mice under the lean and obese conditions. A modest but significant reduction in body fat mass was observed in KO mice on HFD with an elevation in energy expenditure. The data suggest that in the control of adipose inflammation, NF-κB exhibits different activities in the lean vs. obese condition. NF-κB is required for expression of proinflammatory genes in the lean but not in the obese condition. NF-κB is required for inhibition of apoptosis in the obese condition, in which proinflammation is enhanced by NF-κB inactivation.

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5

Pan, Huilin, Kee Sung Han, Mark H. Engelhard, Ruiguo Cao, Junzheng Chen, Ji-Guang Zhang, Karl T. Mueller, Yuyan Shao, and Jun Liu. "Addressing Passivation in Lithium-Sulfur Battery Under Lean Electrolyte Condition." Advanced Functional Materials 28, no. 38 (February 23, 2018): 1707234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201707234.

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Кондратьев, Эдуард, Eduard Kondratev, Николай Гудз, and Nikolay Gudz. "Using the gaming simulation technology to overcome the mental problems in a developing lean production." Russian Journal of Management 3, no. 2 (April 30, 2015): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/11867.

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The article describes the experience of lean manufacturing by involving staff in the process of change by playing technique. An important condition for the transition of the production system to the lean principles is to prevent excessive instrumentalism, which can lead to demotivation of people and return the changes back.

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Ortigues, I., M. Petit, and J. Agabriel. "Influence of body condition on maintenance energy requirements of Charolais cows." Animal Science 57, no. 1 (August 1993): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100006590.

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AbstractThe objective of the experiment was to test whether maintenance energy requirements of non-lactating, non-pregnant beef cows increased with body fatness. Twelve Charolais cows were initially fed to attain either lean or fat body condition. Subsequently, over a period of 66 days food allowances were regularly adjusted for zero live-weight change. For the following 76 days, lean and fat cows received either 400 or 553 kJ metabolizable energy (ME) per kg initial live weight 0·75 per day, respectively. Fat cows maintained their body weight and composition whereas lean cows lost 296 g body weight, 221 g lipid and 65 g protein daily. Calculated maintenance energy requirements averaged 516 and 536kJ ME per kg live weight 0·75 per day for lean and fat cows respectively but were not significantly affected by body fatness. Diet dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and energy apparent digestibilities but not acid-detergent fibre digestibility were significantly higher in fat animals.

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Cline, Martha G., Angela L. Witzel, Tamberlyn D. Moyers, and Claudia A. Kirk. "Body composition of lean outdoor intact cats vs lean indoor neutered cats using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 21, no. 6 (June 18, 2018): 459–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098612x18780872.

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Objectives The objectives for this study were to compare the body composition of adult indoor neutered domestic cats with outdoor intact cats with an ideal body condition score using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, and to report the body composition findings of free-roaming cats, as this has not been previously reported. Most domestic house cats differ from free-roaming cats as they are confined indoors and neutered. Indoor neutered cats have reduced activity and hormonal alterations that may result in lower muscle mass and higher body fat percentages vs outdoor intact cats, despite similar body condition scores. Methods Twenty-one outdoor intact cats (10 male, 11 female) were selected from a trap–neuter–return program and 16 indoor neutered domestic cats (10 male, six female) were client-owned. Inclusion criteria included an estimated age between 1 and 6 years, complete blood count, biochemistry panel, urinalysis, total thyroxine, feline leukemia virus/feline immunodeficiency virus screening and a body condition score of 4–5/9. Results Indoor neutered cats had a higher body fat percentage (22.1% [range 17.3–28.2%]) than outdoor intact cats (17.3% [range 10.0–33.6%]; P = 0.002). Indoor neutered male cats had a higher body fat percentage ( P <0.001) than outdoor intact cats. No difference in body fat percentage was observed in female cats ( P = 0.159). Indoor neutered domestic cats had a higher bone mineral density than outdoor intact cats ( P = 0.023). Conclusions and relevance The results of this study suggest indoor confinement and neutering increase body fat percentage and bone mineral density in cats with an ideal body condition score.

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Pan, Huilin, Kee Sung Han, Mark H. Engelhard, Ruiguo Cao, Junzheng Chen, Ji-Guang Zhang, Karl T. Mueller, Yuyan Shao, and Jun Liu. "Lean Electrolyte Batteries: Addressing Passivation in Lithium-Sulfur Battery Under Lean Electrolyte Condition (Adv. Funct. Mater. 38/2018)." Advanced Functional Materials 28, no. 38 (September 2018): 1870275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201870275.

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Rahmah, Devi Maulida, Totok Pujianto, and Irfan Ardiansah. "Current Condition and Rules of Lean Implementation Practice in Agro-SMEs." Journal of Industrial and Information Technology in Agriculture 1, no. 2 (December 29, 2017): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/jiita.v1i2.15093.

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This research aims to identify current condition and rules of lean manufacturing (LM) implementation in Agro- Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). The current condition aspects are identification of waste, LM techniques and methods, the reason and barriers on LM implementation in SMEs. Exploring the behavior of SMEs on implementing LM which supporting to generate productivity and efficiency on production system are important to be identified. Initially, LM concept are implemented in manufacturing industry especially in automotive industry. Nowadays this concept has been implemented by other sector included Small and Medium-size Enterprise. However, it has still a few number of Agro-SMEs implementing LM concept. The data from Indonesia Statistic revealed that the proportion of SME- agro based are in the total of SME in Indonesia. It insinuated that Agro-SMEs has a significant potency for national economic if their productivity increase. LM providing chance to improve productivity and efficiency in. Many research had conducted to explore LM implementation in various sector. Unfortunately, Research on LM implementation in Agro-SMEs has still a few number. Research was conducted in 12 Agro-SMEs around Sumedang and Bandung. Selected SMEs referring to the use of horticulture and plantation commodity as a raw material. The data collected by field observation and deep interview to the owner, management-level, and employer. The data presented through description of qualitative and quantitative analysis. The result shows that the motion becomes a dominant waste in SMEs at 30%, while over production activity contributes waste at 22%, waiting aspect at 17%, inventory at 13 %, defect and transportation at 9%. Motion generates negative impact to work productivity and effectivity, for instance increase of time consume unimportant activity at work, WIP of product, cost for labor, and cost production. In terms of Method and techniques implemented in Agro-SME, Continuous improvement (Kaizen) and 5 S outnumbered to other methods and techniques at 50%. Other method and techniques such as Teamwork and 5Why had contributed at 41.6%, TQM and Work standardization at 33.33%, and Jidoka at 16.67% as well as Kanban system, Value Stream Mapping (VSM), and SMED 0%. In terms of the reason on implementing LM, Improving the quality of product becoming a larger proportion which affecting the LM implementation at 36%. In other hand, knowledge outnumbered to others aspect. It contributes 35% as the most barrier factor on LM implementation.

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11

Huang, Yuner, and Ben Young. "Mechanical properties of lean duplex stainless steel at post-fire condition." Thin-Walled Structures 130 (September 2018): 564–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2018.06.018.

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12

Su, Teng, Changwei Ji, Shuofeng Wang, Lei Shi, Jinxin Yang, and Xiaoyu Cong. "Idle performance of a hydrogen/gasoline rotary engine at lean condition." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 42, no. 17 (April 2017): 12696–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.03.198.

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13

McNeill, D. M., R. W. Kelly, and I. H. Williams. "Insulin sensitivity and fetal growth in ewes maintained in a moderate body condition compared with a lean body condition in late pregnancy." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 48, no. 6 (1997): 753. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a96133.

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The possibility that an increase in maternal fatness might further enhance pregnancy-induced insulin insensitivity was investigated in ewes pregnant with one fetus. After selection of fat and lean ewes, they were fed to maintain maternal energy balance throughout pregnancy. A difference in insulin sensitivity of ewes in either a medium condition [score 2·9, 0·32± 0·031 kg fat/kg fat-free empty body (FFBW), n = 7] or lean body condition (score 2·0, 0·16±0.028 kg fat/kg FFBW, n = 8) at Day 136 of pregnancy was inferred by comparing their insulin response to an injection of glucose (350 mg/kg liveweight). The ewes were slaughtered at Day 146 of pregnancy to allow fetal weight, fetal fatness, and maternal fatness to be related to the capacity of the ewe to release insulin. The fatter ewes released more insulin in response to the injection of glucose (2. 54 log area units under the insulin response curve v. 2·22 for the lean ewes, pooled s.e. = 0·092, P < 0·05), yet cleared the glucose from their blood streams at the same rate as the leaner ewes. Because the fat ewes required more insulin to remove a similar amount of exogenous glucose at a similar rate to the lean ewes, we suggest that the fat ewes were less sensitive to insulin. Further, the fetuses of the fatter ewes, while not different in total weight, had higher levels of body fat than those of the leaner ewes (29·4 v. 23·8 g/kg FFBW, pooled s.e. r = 1·32, P < 0·05). Fetal fatness was also positively correlated to the magnitude of insulin release by the ewe (r = 0·61, P < 0·05). Since glucose is the major precursor of fetal fat, these data support our contention that a reduction in maternal insulin sensitivity, brought on by an increase in maternal fatness, could partition more glucose to the fetus. If fat reserves aid lamb survival, lambs from fat ewes rather than lean ewes may have a better chance of survival, particularly in cold conditions.

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MacKenzie-Shalders, Kristen L., Neil A. King, Nuala M. Byrne, and Gary J. Slater. "Increasing Protein Distribution Has No Effect on Changes in Lean Mass During a Rugby Preseason." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 26, no. 1 (February 2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2015-0040.

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Increasing the frequency of protein consumption is recommended to stimulate muscle hypertrophy with resistance exercise. This study manipulated dietary protein distribution to assess the effect on gains in lean mass during a rugby preseason. Twenty-four developing elite rugby athletes (age 20.1 ± 1.4 years, mass 101.6 ± 12.0 kg; M ± SD) were instructed to consume high biological value (HBV) protein at their main meals and immediately after resistance exercise while limiting protein intake between meals. To manipulate protein intake frequency, the athletes consumed 3 HBV liquid protein supplements (22 g protein) either with main meals (bolus condition) or between meals (frequent condition) for 6 weeks in a 2 × 2 crossover design. Dietary intake and change in lean mass values were compared between conditions by analysis of covariance and correlational analysis. The dietary manipulation successfully altered the protein distribution score (average number of eating occasions containing > 20 g of protein) to 4.0 ± 0.8 and 5.9 ± 0.7 (p < .01) for the bolus and frequent conditions, respectively. There was no difference in gains in lean mass between the bolus (1.4 ± 1.5 kg) and frequent (1.5 ± 1.4 kg) conditions (p = .91). There was no clear effect of increasing protein distribution from approximately 4–6 eating occasions on changes in lean mass during a rugby preseason. However, other dietary factors may have augmented adaptation.

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Kurniawan, Winarto, and Hirofumi HInode. "Lean Condition Procedure for Utilization of Silica from Rice Husk as Zeolite Precursor." Indonesian Journal of Computing, Engineering and Design (IJoCED) 2, no. 2 (October 1, 2020): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.35806/ijoced.v2i2.119.

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Rice husk is rich in Si that makes it applicable as Si source for zeolite synthesis. However, the conventional method to use rice husk as a zeolite precursor has some drawbacks, which are: Si recovery method that involves burning and causing air pollution and carbon resources loss; and the use of severe conditions and sophisticated apparatuses which are not suitable for rural application where rice husk is mainly produced. In this paper, a method to prepare rice husk as zeolite Si source via a non-combustion process was proposed. Furthermore, its utilization as a zeolite precursor via moderate condition was also investigated. Si was recovered directly from rice husk using a sodium hydroxide solution. Si was successfully recovered from rice husk, and the optimum condition for recovery was found to be 1 N of NaOH and 16 hours of contact time. The application of the recovered Si for zeolite precursor at moderate condition was successful, and it was able to produce a product rich in zeolite P and zeolite X depending on the condition. Among zeolites synthesized in this experiment, the sample prepared by treatment time of 15 hours showed the highest cation exchange capacity, which makes it a promising material to be used as an ion-exchange agent.

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Iacobellis, Gianluca, and Arya M. Sharma. "Hypertension in lean and obese individuals: An evenly or unevenly dangerous condition." Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 17, no. 4 (May 2007): 243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2006.06.004.

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Xu, Zidan, Yahui Zhang, Huanyu Di, and Tielong Shen. "Combustion Variation Control Strategy with Thermal Efficiency Optimization Consideration in Lean Condition." IFAC-PapersOnLine 52, no. 5 (2019): 618–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2019.09.098.

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Yuan, Yixiang, Hailin Fan, Xiyang Liu, Qi Dong, Chunqing Tan, and Baoting Guo. "Analysis on lean blowout of swirl cup combustor at atmospheric pressure condition." Journal of Thermal Science 20, no. 4 (July 14, 2011): 349–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11630-011-0480-7.

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19

Maurer, Michael, Thomas Fortner, Peter Holler, Stefan Zarl, and Helmut Eichlseder. "Impact of cyclic lean–rich aging under DeSO x condition on the lean-gas light-off and hydrogen formation ability of a lean NO x trap (LNT)." Automotive and Engine Technology 2, no. 1-4 (July 7, 2017): 63–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41104-017-0019-3.

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20

ZHU, Pengfei, Jianqin SUO, and Zhenxia LIU. "Numerical simulation of combustion characteristics in a multi-point lean direct injection combustor." Xibei Gongye Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Northwestern Polytechnical University 40, no. 3 (June 2022): 592–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jnwpu/20224030592.

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A numerical investigation was conducted to study the combustion characteristics in a five-point lean direct injection combustor. The influence of the pilot's swirl number to the combustion characteristics at both idle and takeoff conditions was carried out. The simulation results show that the radial dimension of the central recirculation zone without-reaction is lower than under-reaction at idle condition; but at takeoff condition, there're few distinctions on the structure of the central recirculation zone between the flow fields under-reaction and without-reaction. With the increasing of the pilot's swirl number, the radial dimension of the central recirculation zone increases. The temperature distributions of the center section are different because of the mutual interferences of the pilot and main stage. And with the increasing of the pilot's swirl number, the NOx emissions of the exit of the combustor increases.

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21

Priyono, Anjar, and Fazli Idris. "Analysing the adoption of Lean production in remanufacturing industry." Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management 11, no. 4 (October 10, 2018): 697. http://dx.doi.org/10.3926/jiem.2614.

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Purpose: This paper aims to analyse the challenges of lean manufacturing implementation in the remanufacturing industry. The research was undertaken in three types of remanufacturing company, torque converter, gearbox, and jet engine remanufacturers. This paper describes the characteristics of remanufacturing companies and compares them with the best practice company adopting lean manufacturing best practice: Toyota Motor Company. Through a comparison of the characteristics of the manufacturing environment, macro, and external condition, the challenges of adopting lean manufacturing are identified.Design/methodology/approach: This study utilised a case study method to analyse qualitative data collected from interviews, observations, and focus group discussions. Although case studies are typically used in inductive research, this study followed a deductive approach.Findings: The analysis demonstrated that remanufacturing companies experience challenges due to contextual differences to the benchmark company. The research found that there are some practices that are embedded in remanufacturing companies, but that the companies do not realise that these are lean manufacturing practices. On the other hand, there are a number of external factors that are beyond the remanufacturers’ control that hinder the adoption of lean manufacturing. In addition, the aftermarket business of remanufacturers has resulted in a number of distinctive macro condition characteristics that make the adoption of lean manufacturing more complex.Practical implications: Successfully addressing barriers to lean manufacturing adoption might enhance the performance of remanufacturing process. This is because the business of remanufacturing is not value creation, but capturing value from used products.Originality/value: This paper contributes to existing literature examining lean production in remanufacturing companies. It is novel in the sense that it is the first study examining lean production in the remanufacturing industry from organisational and managerial perspectives.

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Halwachs-Baumann, Gabriele. "Concepts for Lean Laboratory Organization." Journal of Medical Biochemistry 29, no. 4 (October 1, 2010): 330–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10011-010-0036-5.

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Concepts for Lean Laboratory OrganizationIn the last decades, hospital laboratories are beset on all sides by demands to lower the costs of laboratory procedures and at the same time to provide (i) more rapid and usable services, (ii) a broader spectrum of parameters, and (iii) process a higher frequency of specimens. These demands are voiced by patients, physicians, hospital administrators, and governmental agencies. Thus, laboratory management is required to decrease costs, increase efficiency, and promote customer satisfaction under the consideration of quality to be of primary importance. Beside the main task of a laboratory (i.e. the analysing of patient specimens, interpretation of results, expert advice for clinicians), quality management, education of technicians and medical staff, research and development, and development of economic strategies are important duties and responsibilities. A lean laboratory organisation is an important condition to cope these duties. Lean laboratory concepts have to include the preanalytical, analytical and postanalytical period. Strategic planning decisions have to be based primarily on information derived from the external environment and have to be long-term. Lean laboratory concepts always have a holistic view, including medical demands and economic aspects. An example will be shown of how lean laboratory concepts influence the organisation, efficacy and performance of a hospital laboratory.

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Dong, Zhengyu, and Kebin Shi. "Multiobjective Optimization Method for the Diversion Scheme of Lean Concrete Overtopped Cofferdam under Multiconstraint Conditions." Geofluids 2023 (February 7, 2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/6447565.

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In this paper, a multiobjective optimization method considering both time limit and cost of lean cemented overtopped cofferdam diversion scheme as objectives is proposed. In the multiobjective optimization method, the main constraint condition is the reliability of the construction period, which also considers the design specification, dam site rainfall, construction capacity, and other constraint conditions. Pareto solutions with the diameter of the diversion tunnel and the height of cofferdam as parameters are obtained using perturbation weight method. Finally, the optimal scheme was obtained according to the importance of the critical node project period and its free time difference. The case study showed that the cost is low, the construction period is reasonable, and the results are consistent with the expert decision system in this model. The Monte Carlo method was used to simulate the construction of lean cemented cofferdam. The study shows that the construction speed of lean cemented cofferdam is slow under frequent rainfall condition. The lower limit of construction speed of key projects greatly affects the scheme. Increasing construction equipment redundancy is an important way to increase construction speed. The free float time difference of cofferdam construction is the key point of scheme decision.

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Kim, Won-Wook, Jeffrey J. Lienau, Paul R. Van Slooten, Meredith B. Colket, Robert E. Malecki, and Saadat Syed. "Towards Modeling Lean Blow Out in Gas Turbine Flameholder Applications." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 128, no. 1 (March 1, 2004): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2032450.

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The objective of this study was to assess the accuracy of the large-eddy simulation (LES) methodology, with a simple combustion closure based on equilibrium chemistry, for simulating turbulent reacting flows behind a bluff body flameholder. Specifically, the variation in recirculation zone length with change in equivalence ratio was calculated and compared to experimental measurements. It was found that the present LES modeling approach can reproduce this variation accurately. However, it understated the recirculation zone length at the stoichiometric condition. The approach was assessed at the lean blow out condition to evaluate its behavior at the lean limit and to analyze the physics of combustion instability.

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Cai, Junqian, Kai Sun, Yizhuo Feng, Ming Jia, Zhen Lu, Lei Shi, and Tianyou Wang. "Turbulent jet ignition of ultra-lean methane/air mixture under engine-like condition." Physics of Fluids 33, no. 11 (November 2021): 115121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0071095.

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Chung, Sheng-Heng, and Arumugam Manthiram. "Designing Lithium–Sulfur Batteries with High-Loading Cathodes at a Lean Electrolyte Condition." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 10, no. 50 (November 27, 2018): 43749–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b17393.

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Stojmenović, Gordana, and Lyubcho Varamezov. "MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING TOOLS FOR IMPROVEMENT OF PRODUCTION PROCESS - LEAN PRODUCTION SYSTEM." KNOWLEDGE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL 31, no. 5 (June 5, 2019): 1391–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij31051391s.

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Business in modern business conditions requires a continuous process of improvement and investment in all activities in the company. In order to survive on the market, resist the challenges of competition, but also the demands of customers, companies are constantly innovating the production process in an effort to improve all the company's activities. One of the production systems that proved to be suitable for continuous improvement and improvement of the production process is Lean production system. It represents the way companies react to the challenges of the present and the future. The Lean production system offers a variety of instruments, and for their implementation and application, managers are at all levels of responsibility and responsibility. Bearing this in mind, it can be said that the Lean production system is part of the management accounting. In addition, it represents a complete philosophy of thinking and action, which results in significant results by adequate application. The condition and the assumption that this management philosophy will lead to proper effectiveness and efficiency and enable them to continually improve in the function of maximizing profits is the authorization of employees to engage in the process of continuous improvement and decision-making. Lean is based on certain principles and philosophies, including customer value, value flow mapping, continuous flow, system requirements, and continuous improvements. Lean focuses on the added value. Lean's principle is a continuous search for perfection, perfection in production and business cooperation, with complete elimination of losses. Companies that implement the Lean Concept are constantly looking for ways to continually improve their efficiency, reduce costs and improve the quality of their products.

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Martín-Cordero, Leticia, Isabel Gálvez, María Dolores Hinchado та Eduardo Ortega. "Influence of Obesity and Exercise on β2-Adrenergic-Mediated Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Peritoneal Murine Macrophages". Biomedicines 8, № 12 (30 листопада 2020): 556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8120556.

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Obesity is a chronic low-grade inflammatory condition, and β2-adrenergic agonists as well as exercise have been proposed as anti-inflammatory strategies in obesity, so it is critical to accurately determine the effects of β2-adrenergic stimulation, especially when combined with other non-pharmacological therapies. The aim of this investigation was to determine the effect of β2-adrenergic activation on the inflammatory profile and phenotype of macrophages, and whether these effects could be affected by obesity and exercise in this condition. High-fat diet-induced obese and lean C57BL/6J mice were allocated to sedentary or exercised groups. The inflammatory profiles and phenotypes of their peritoneal macrophages were assessed by flow cytometry in the presence or absence of the selective β2-adrenergic receptor agonist terbutaline. β2-adrenergic activation caused global phenotypic anti-inflammatory effects in lean and obese sedentary mice, which were more drastic (also including anti-inflammatory effects on the cytokine profile) in obese animals. In exercised lean and obese animals, this anti-inflammatory effect is weaker and only evident by decreased iNOS and IL-8 expression, without changes in the anti-inflammatory markers. Therefore, β2-adrenergic activation leads to anti-inflammatory effects, but these effects are modulated by obesity in sedentary conditions, as well as by regular exercise; but not by obesity in trained conditions.

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Scarinci, Thomas, and John L. Halpin. "Industrial Trent Combustor—Combustion Noise Characteristics." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 122, no. 2 (January 3, 2000): 280–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.483207.

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Thermoacoustic resonance is a difficult technical problem that is experienced by almost all lean-premixed combustors. The Industrial Trent combustor is a novel dry-low-emissions (DLE) combustor design, which incorporates three stages of lean premixed fuel injection in series. The three stages in series allow independent control of two stages—the third stage receives the balance of fuel to maintain the desired power level—at all power conditions. Thus, primary zone and secondary zone temperatures can be independently controlled. This paper examines how the flexibility offered by a 3-stage lean premixed combustion system permits the implementation of a successful combustion noise avoidance strategy at all power conditions and at all ambient conditions. This is because at a given engine condition (power level and day temperature) a characteristic “noise map” can be generated on the engine, independently of the engine running condition. The variable distribution of heat release along the length of the combustor provides an effective mechanism to control the amplitude of longitudinal resonance modes of the combustor. This approach has allowed the Industrial Trent combustion engineers to thoroughly “map out” all longitudinal combustor acoustic modes and design a fuel schedule that can navigate around regions of combustor thermoacoustic resonance. Noise mapping results are presented in detail, together with the development of noise prediction methods (frequency and amplitude) that have allowed the noise characteristics of the engine to be established over the entire operating envelope of the engine. [S0742-4795(00)00802-4]

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30

Molenda, Michał, Aneta Biernot, and Helena Cierna. "Example of Using Lean Manufacturing Tools in Assessing and Improving the Process of Car Arm Rest Production." Multidisciplinary Aspects of Production Engineering 1, no. 1 (September 1, 2018): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mape-2018-0028.

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Abstract The paper deals with the use of Lean Manufacturing tools in improving the production process of car arm rests in a car manufacturing company in Poland. The article describes the original condition of a single production process of assembling ready pieces to produce car arm rests. The original condition was assessed and described with the use of some basic Lean indicators and value stream mapping. The aforementioned tools allowed to assess the process condition and to identify the organizational issues and their sources. It also enabled to reorganize the process and increase its efficiency. The further part of the article describes the results of improvement actions. The process assessment was held and improvements introduced in the first quarter of 2018.

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31

KOBAYASHI, Yutaka, Toru HIROTA, Kazutoshi KAWACHI, Kosaburo MUKAI, and Yoshimasa HAYASHI. "409 Study on Homogeneous Pre-Mixed Lean Burn SI Engine : Observation of combustion phenomena under lean burn condition with multi-point ignition plug." Proceedings of Yamanashi District Conference 2005 (2005): 101–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeyamanashi.2005.101.

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32

Rey, Sopheak, Haruo Morishita, Nobuhiro Aoyama, Toru Noda, and Masahiro Shioji. "Condition of SI-CI Operation with Lean Mixture of Primary Reference Fuel and Hydrogen." International Journal of Automotive Engineering 2, no. 1 (2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.20485/jsaeijae.2.1_1.

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33

Knol, Wilfred H., Jannes Slomp, Roel L. J. Schouteten, and Kristina Lauche. "Implementing lean practices in manufacturing SMEs: testing ‘critical success factors’ using Necessary Condition Analysis." International Journal of Production Research 56, no. 11 (January 4, 2018): 3955–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2017.1419583.

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34

YAGI, Atsushi, Ko SHIMIZU, Mitsuhiro IKEDA, Yukihide NAGANO, and Toshiaki KITAGAWA. "The Influences of Spark Ignition on Combustion Properties at Lean Condition in SI Engine." Proceedings of Conference of Kyushu Branch 2018.71 (2018): E12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmekyushu.2018.71.e12.

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35

Jiang, Xue, Fuquan Deng, Feiyu Yang, Yingjia Zhang, and Zuohua Huang. "High temperature ignition delay time of DME/n-pentane mixture under fuel lean condition." Fuel 191 (March 2017): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.11.061.

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36

Xie, Qiaofeng, Haocheng Wen, Weihong Li, Zifei Ji, Bing Wang, and Piotr Wolanski. "Analysis of operating diagram for H2/Air rotating detonation combustors under lean fuel condition." Energy 151 (May 2018): 408–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.03.062.

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37

Sari, Dessy Agustina, and Sukanta Sukanta. "Case Study: Maintenance Proposal of Press Parts Production for Minimize Waste by Lean Manufacturing – Value Stream Mapping (VSM)." INSIST 2, no. 1 (April 1, 2017): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/ins.v2i1.24.

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Abstract—Higher competition in businesslike field demanded each company acted as a value creator with progressive fixing performance. One of effort in increasing productivity was reducing waste. Enterprise T have seven type of extravagance were over production, transportation, inventory, over processing, motion waiting and defect. Minimize waste have bond with production time which could increase efficiency on using electricity and decreased lead time. Production process in this company showed non-value added time such as excessively material transportation in picking area and so the workers too much waited for the next schedule activity. This condition caused higher product lead time. Lean manufacturing idea necessary was implemented with using tool Value Stream Mapping – VSM. This strategy would resumed for the company maintenance and the result showed that lacking as much 26,45% of lead time could be a problem solution. Reducing lead time could be higher if the company have applied and played continue improvement.Keywords—lead time, lean manufacturing, value stream mapping.

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38

Sforza, Lorenzo, Suliman Abdelwahid, Tommaso Lucchini, and Angelo Onorati. "Ultra-Lean Premixed Turbulent Combustion: Challenges of RANS Modelling." Energies 15, no. 16 (August 17, 2022): 5947. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15165947.

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The main challenge of improving spark ignition (SI) engines to achieve ever increasing thermal efficiencies and near-zero pollutant emissions today concerns developing turbulent combustion under homogeneous ultra-lean premixed mixtures (HULP). This continuous shift of the lean operation limit entails questions on the applicability limits of the combustion models used to date for SI engine design and optimization. In this work, an assessment of flamelet-based models, widely used in RANS SI engines simulations of premixed turbulent combustion, is carried out using an open-source 3D-CFD platform to clarify the applicability limits on HULP mixtures. Two different consolidated approaches are selected: the Coherent Flame Model (CFM) and the Flame Area Model (FAM). Both methodologies are embedded by the authors into the same numerical structure and compared against measurements over a simplified and controlled flame configuration, which is representative of engine-like conditions. The experimental steady-state flame of type “A” of the Darmstadt Turbulent Stratified Flame (TSF) burner is selected for the assessment. This configuration is characterized by flame measurements over a strong shear and mixing layer between the central high-speed CH4-air jet and the surrounding slow air co-flow, hence, it represents an interesting controlled condition to study turbulent HULP mixtures. A comparison between computed results and experimental data on trends of mean flow velocity, turbulence, temperature and mixture stratification was carried out. This enabled us to assess that the investigated flamelet-based combustion models failed in providing accurate and reliable results when the flame approaches turbulent HULP mixture conditions, demonstrating the urgency to develop models able to fill this gap.

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39

Pan, Shiyi, Jinhua Wang, Bin Liang, Hao Duan, and Zuohua Huang. "Experimental Study on the Effects of Hydrogen Injection Strategy on the Combustion and Emissions of a Hydrogen/Gasoline Dual Fuel SI Engine under Lean Burn Condition." Applied Sciences 12, no. 20 (October 19, 2022): 10549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122010549.

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Hydrogen addition can improve the performance and extend the lean burn limit of gasoline engines. Different hydrogen injection strategies lead to different types of hydrogen mixture distribution (HMD), which affects the engine performance. Therefore, the present study experimentally investigated the effects of hydrogen injection strategy on the combustion and emissions of a hydrogen/gasoline dual-fuel port-injection engine under lean-burn conditions. Four different hydrogen injection strategies were explored: hydrogen direct injection (HDI), forming a stratified hydrogen mixture distribution (SHMD); hydrogen intake port injection, forming a premixed hydrogen mixture distribution (PHMD); split hydrogen direct injection (SHDI), forming a partially premixed hydrogen mixture distribution (PPHMD); and no hydrogen addition (NHMD). The results showed that 20% hydrogen addition could extend the lean burn limit from 1.5 to 2.8. With the increase in the excess air ratio, the optimum HMD changed from PPHMD to SHMD. The maximum brake thermal efficiency was obtained with an excess air ratio of 1.5 with PPHMD. The coefficient of variation (COV) with NHMD was higher than that with hydrogen addition, since the hydrogen enhanced the stability of ignition and combustion. The engine presented the lowest emissions with PHMD. There were almost no carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions when the excess air ratio was, respectively, more than 1.4 and 2.0.

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40

Wang, Xin, Hong Guang Zhang, Yan Lei, Xiao Lei Bai, Xiao Na Sun, Dao Jing Wang, and Bao Feng Yao. "Effects of Engine Operating Parameters on Lean Combustion Limit of Hydrogen Enhanced Natural Gas Engine." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 6116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.6116.

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An experimental study was conducted on a S.I. engine fueled by compressed natural gas and hydrogen blends (HCNG), in order to test different engine operating parameters that affect lean combustion limit (L.C.L) of HCNG engine. Firstly, constant ignition timing and ignition timing under maximum L.C.L (L.L.T) conditions were compared, then L.L.T conditions were adopted in this paper. The results indicated that for each condition, neither over-retarded nor over-advanced ignition timing are advised in order to achieve leaner combustion. L.C.L increases with hydrogen fraction in the blends, and slightly increases with throttle opening, while decreases when the engine speed is raised

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41

Kurniasari, Muslikah Desti, Nafis Khuriyati, and Wagiman Wagiman. "Synergy of Lean and Green for Improving Small-Scale Agroindustry Performance." Agroindustrial Journal 6, no. 2 (June 17, 2020): 432. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/aij.v6i2.56959.

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Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs) play an important role in the economy of Indonesia. It contributed to the 21.20% of national total economy. Global competition is a challenge and an opportunity for SMEs including agroindustry sector. Therefore, it is needed for strengthening their competitiveness. In the midst of this effort, the raising concern about environment issue has increased. This research aims to determine the alternatives or options in production aspect based on lean and green for small-scale crackers industry. Sustainable Value Stream Mapping (SVSM) was applied to describe the production condition and identify wastes from lean and green point of view. Furthermore, Value Stream Analysis Tools (VALSAT) and Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) were used to analyze waste throughout the production activity. The results show that the small-scale cracker industry has already implemented synergy of lean and green, however some alternatives for reducing lead time and waste are needed such as demand forecasting and improvement of working methods

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42

Rooke, IJ, SD Bradshaw, RA Langworthy, and JA Tom. "Annual Cycle of Physiological Stress and Condition of the Silvereye, Zosterops-Lateralis (Aves)." Australian Journal of Zoology 34, no. 4 (1986): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9860493.

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The physiological condition of a natural population of silvereyes was monitored near Margaret River in Western Australia in each month for a complete year. Plasma samples were analysed for total corticosteroids, glucose, osmolality, urea, sodium, potassium and chloride; blood haematocrit was recorded. Carcasses were processed to yield body weight, total body water, fat content, lean dry-body weight and lean dry weight of the breast muscles. These results showed that in March total corticosteroids were high, haematocrit was low and fat contents were low. In June, fat contents were low and urea levels were high. Although breast muscle weights did not differ significantly between months, lower mean values during June may indicate that the labile protein content is 58% lower than in May. These results indicate that silvereyes are stressed in March and in poor condition in March and June. March and June may be the periods when natural mortality limits the population size, even in years when the March food supply is adequate.

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43

Shokri, Alireza, and Gendao Li. "Green implementation of Lean Six Sigma projects in the manufacturing sector." International Journal of Lean Six Sigma 11, no. 4 (February 18, 2020): 711–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlss-12-2018-0138.

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Purpose Historically, Lean Six Sigma (LSS) implementation has demonstrated a great deal of enhancement to process efficiency, profitability and customer satisfaction. The emerging market pressure for developing better quality, cheaper and greener products invokes a change of view in LSS economical effectiveness. The purpose of this study is to identify under which condition the final output of LSS projects with traditional strategic benefits are more environmentally friendly. Design/methodology/approach To investigate the choice of different types of LSS projects, the environmental impact under different conditions and the comparison of those conditions, the author developed an analytical mathematical model and analysed four different propositions. Findings The final price and production volume were recommended as mediating factors to leverage an LSS project to achieve a greener, customised and finance-oriented outputs. Research limitations/implications This research contributes to existing LSS research and knowledge development via promoting the different perspectives of LSS and environmental sustainability integration. Practical implications This study further enables managers to identify the cut-off point in relation to the production volume and finished prices to leverage the expected financial outputs and environmental impact of the LSS project. This would potentially promote a green LSS project in both implementation and output, alongside its traditional values. Originality/value This study uses a modelling approach to identify the conditions under which the actual methodology of the LSS project could be green via less energy consumption with consideration of expected LSS values and outcomes.

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44

Ingelsson, Pernilla, Ingela Bäckström, and Kristen Snyder. "Adapting a Lean leadership-training program within a health care organization through cocreation." International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences 12, no. 1 (February 12, 2020): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijqss-09-2019-0107.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to describe and evaluate a Lean leadership-training program within the health-care sector. A training program developed through a cocreative process with the intent of enhancing the possibilities for a context-specific adaption of Lean. Design/methodology/approach A cocreated leadership-training program, executed over a period of one year, is described both as a model development process and as the final training program. The program was evaluated through reflective discussions and feedback as well as a written final evaluation of the program from participants in the program. Findings The evaluation shows that the objectives of the training program were met, at least among the participants who attended the whole program. Using a cocreative process when developing and realizing a leadership-training program enhances the possibilities for an organization to adapt Lean to its own context. One condition for this approach to be successful is that the expectations of both the organization and the university need to be in focus through the whole process. In addition, the executive team needs to be continuously engaged and create conditions for the organization to realize the potential benefits of the training program. Originality/value This paper highlights the challenge when applying Lean in a health-care organization but also describes a way to address Lean training and learning in this context.

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45

Knol, Wilfred H., Jannes Slomp, Roel L. J. Schouteten, and Kristina Lauche. "The relative importance of improvement routines for implementing lean practices." International Journal of Operations & Production Management 39, no. 2 (February 4, 2019): 214–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijopm-01-2018-0010.

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PurposeThis paper examines whether and when improvement routines are critical for implementing lean practices in small- and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises (SMEs). Improvement routines such as “employees initiate and carry through improvement activities” are generally seen as an important means to achieve the full benefit of structural lean interventions. Womack and Jones (2003) suggest that these improvement routines should be developed as the company becomes more experienced in lean. The purpose of this paper is to explore the relative importance of individual improvement routines at various degrees of lean practice implementation.Design/methodology/approachA Between-Case Comparison Analysis (Dul and Hak, 2012) and a Necessary Condition Analysis (Dul, 2016) were performed on self-assessment data from 241 respondents at 38 Dutch manufacturing SMEs.FindingsThe importance of improvement routines depended on the degree of lean practice implementation. Lean practices could be implemented to some extend without developing specific improvement routines, yet certain routines were necessary for more advanced implementations of lean. These routines relate to employees conducting shared improvement activities and in the most advanced cases to aligning different improvement activities.Originality/valueThese findings question existing lean implementation models that neglect improvement routines and indicate the need to integrate improvement routines into every lean transformation for it to be sustainable.

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46

Badr, O. A., N. Elsayed, and G. A. Karim. "An Investigation of the Lean Operational Limits of Gas-Fueled Spark Ignition Engines." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 118, no. 2 (June 1, 1996): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2792708.

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Examination is made of the operational limits in two variable compression-ratio single-cylinder engines when operating on the gaseous fuels methane, propane, LPG, and hydrogen under a wide range of conditions. Two definitions for the limits were employed. The first was associated with the first detectable misfire on leaning the mixture, while the second was the first detectable firing under motoring condition in the presence of a spark when the mixture was being enriched slowly. Attempts were also made to relate these limits to the corresponding values for quiescent conditions reckoned on the basis of the flammability limits evaluated at the mean temperature and pressure prevailing within the cylinder charge at the time of the spark. The measured limits in the engine were always higher than the corresponding flammability limit values for the three fuels. Both of these limits appear to correlate reasonably well with the calculated mean temperature of the mixture at the time of passing the spark.

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47

Williams, Gareth, Helena M. Cardoso, Ying C. Lee, Joanna M. Ball, Mohammad A. Ghatei, Michael J. Stock, and Stephen R. Bloom. "Hypothalamic regulatory peptides in obese and lean Zucker rats." Clinical Science 80, no. 5 (May 1, 1991): 419–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0800419.

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1. Hypothalamic concentrations of nine peptides with experimental effects on energy balance were compared in obese (fa/fa) and lean (Fa/?) male Zucker rats. To determine whether any peptide differences between obese and lean rats might be due to the overweight condition per se, separate groups of obese rats were food-restricted to reduce their body weight to lean values. 2. Concentrations of neuromedin B, a bombesin-like peptide, in the central hypothalamus were significantly higher in obese than in lean rats. This difference was not affected in food-restricted obese rats. 3. Hypothalamic levels of neuropeptide Y, an extremely potent central appetite stimulant, were similar in lean and freely fed obese rats but central hypothalamic levels of neuropeptide Y rose significantly in food-restricted obese rats. 4. These findings suggest that disturbances in hypothalamic neuromedin B concentrations may be involved in the obesity syndrome of the fa/fa Zucker rat. Increased central hypothalamic levels of neuropeptide Y in food-restricted rats suggest that this peptide may help to defend body weight by stimulating eating after weight loss.

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48

Chaput, J. P., A. Tremblay, B. Pereira, Y. Boirie, M. Duclos, and D. Thivel. "Food intake response to exercise and active video gaming in adolescents: effect of weight status." British Journal of Nutrition 115, no. 3 (November 24, 2015): 547–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114515004602.

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AbstractAlthough a few data are available regarding the impact of video games on energy intake (EI) in lean adolescents, there is no evidence on the effect of passive and active video gaming on food intake in both lean and obese youth. It is also unknown whether isoenergetic active video games and exercise differently affect food consumption in youth. In all, twelve lean and twelve obese adolescent boys (12–15 years old) had to complete four 1-h sessions in a cross-over design study: control (CON; sitting), passive video game (PVG; boxing game on Xbox 360), active video game (AVG; boxing game on Xbox Kinect 360) and exercise (EX; cycling). The exercise and active video game activities were designed to generate the same energy expenditure (EE). EE was measured using a K4b2 portable indirect calorimeter. Ad libitum food intake and appetite sensations were assessed following the sessions. AVG and EX-EE were significantly higher in obese participants and significantly higher compared with PVG and CON in both groups. Obese participants significantly ate more than lean ones in all four conditions (P<0·001). EI did not differ between conditions in obese participants (CON: 4935 (sd 1490) kJ; PVG: 4902 (sd 1307) kJ; AVG: 4728 (sd 1358) kJ; EX: 4643 (sd 1335) kJ), and was significantly lower in lean participants after EX (2847 (sd 577) kJ) compared with PVG (3580 (sd 863) kJ) and AVG (3485 (sd 643) kJ) (P<0·05). Macronutrient intake was not significantly different between the groups or conditions. Hunger was significantly higher and satiety was lower in obese participants but no condition effect was observed. Overall, moderate-intensity exercise provides better effect on energy balance than an isoenergetic hour of active video gaming in lean adolescent boys by dually affecting EE and EI.

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49

Yen, Yin-Ju, and Sheng-Heng Chung. "Lean-electrolyte lithium–sulfur electrochemical cells with high-loading carbon nanotube/nanofiber–polysulfide cathodes." Chemical Communications 57, no. 16 (2021): 2009–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cc08276g.

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A carbon-nanotube/nanofiber–polysulfide cathode achieves long-term cycle stability and explores the failure mechanism of a lithium–sulfur cell with high sulfur loading/content at a lean electrolyte condition.

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50

Totzke, U., A. Hubinger, and F. Bairlein. "Glucose utilization rate and pancreatic hormone response to oral glucose loads are influenced by the migratory condition and fasting in the garden warbler (Sylvia borin)." Journal of Endocrinology 158, no. 2 (August 1, 1998): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1580191.

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Substrate utilization and regulatory mechanisms of metabolism were studied in migratory garden warblers by measuring plasma levels of glucose, free fatty acids (FFAs), beta-hydroxybutyrate, insulin and glucagon in response to oral glucose loads. Three different physiological states were examined: (a) the autumnal migratory period on a high and (b) on a fasted low body mass level, and (c) the postmigratory period with low body mass. Glucose tolerance was better in the postmigratory lean than fat condition. However, total food deprivation of 5-7 days with fat birds reaching their lean body mass further reduced the glucose utilization rate. Initial levels of FFAs were highest in the starved, intermediate in the fat and lowest in the lean condition. Changes in plasma FFAs during glucose tolerance tests were opposite to those of the glucose levels. Ten minutes after the glucose load plasma glucagon levels decreased and insulin increased. These effects were larger in the fat than in the postmigratory lean condition. There were no differences between sexes. It appears that during premigratory and migratory periods glucose utilization may be inhibited by a more favorable oxidation of fatty acids as would be predicted by the glucose fatty acid cycle. However, the inhibition of glucose utilization seems to be counterregulated by stronger responses of insulin and glucagon. These results may be important also in the consideration of food selection during premigratory periods and refueling abilities of birds crossing ecological barriers.

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