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Статті в журналах з теми "Law of properties"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 8 березня 2025

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1

Margellou, Antigoni G., and Philippos J. Pomonis. "Benford's law, Zipf's law and the pore properties in solids." Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 292 (January 2020): 109735. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2019.109735.

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2

Honchar, Yuliya Volodymyrivna. "Law as a result of law-making activity: features and properties." Alʹmanah prava, no. 15 (September 1, 2024): 528–33. https://doi.org/10.33663/2524-017x-2024-15-528-533.

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Анотація:

An important component of the doctrinal study of law is the clarification of its concept, essence and purpose, knowledge of which is impossible without an analysis of the main properties and signs of law. For a long time, there has been ambiguity in the scientific community regarding the definition of the concept of a property and a sign of law. These categories are mostly identified and defined through each other. This approach to understanding the properties and signs of law causes problems in distinguishing the properties of law — its primary internal characteristics, which determine the existence of law as an independent phenomenon, and its signs, which are an external manifestation of the properties of law and with the help of which the relationship of law with other social regulators is carried out. The problem of clarifying the properties of law is also related to the pluralism of concepts (types) of legal understanding, each of which is aimed at distinguishing and characterizing the special properties of law as a social regulator. As a result, there is a certain dissonance regarding the properties of law, since through the prism of natural-law understanding, the system of properties of law will be one, at the same time, the specified characteristics of law will not necessarily be understood as «properties» through the prism of positivist or sociological understanding of law. As a result of the conducted research, the article highlights the main properties of law through the prism of different types of legal understanding. According to the natural-legal understanding of law, the properties of law are natural rights as the original form of the existence of law, the supremacy of law and legal law as the essence of law, justice as a means of regulating social relations. Analysis of the positivist approach allows us to distinguish the following properties of law: the will of the state as the original form of existence of law, the clarity of the content of the law as the basis for determining the limits of freedom, state guarantees as a means of functioning of law. According to the sociological approach, it is possible to distinguish the following properties of law: social relations as the original form of existence, ensuring effective and timely regulation of social relations as a purpose of law. Key words: property of law, sign of law, quality of law, types of legal understanding, rule-making, natural-law legal understanding, positivist legal understanding, sociological legal understanding.

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3

Strzalka, Dominik. "ON SOME PROPERTIES OF BENFORD'S LAW." Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society 47, no. 5 (September 1, 2010): 1055–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4134/jkms.2010.47.5.1055.

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4

Голоскоков, Л. В., and С. Б. Вепрев. "On the fractal properties of law." Вестник Московской академии Следственного комитета Российской Федерации, no. 3(37) (October 2, 2023): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.54217/2588-0136.2023.37.3.003.

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В статье исследуется феномен права на предмет наличия в нём свойств, присущих математическому и физическому понятию фрактала. Делается попытка проследить наличие фрактальных свойств права путём отслеживания закономерностей формирования федерального, регионального и муниципального законодательства, исследуются варианты фрактальных свойств права на примерах правовых и неправовых явлений, делаются выводы о необходимости достижения более глубокого понимания математической природы правовых явлений для более успешной борьбы с преступностью и для формирования эффективной уголовной политики. The article examines the phenomenon of law for the presence in it of properties inherent in the mathematical and physical concept of a fractal. The authors attempt to trace the presence of fractal properties of law by tracking the patterns of formation of federal, regional and municipal legislation, explore options for fractal properties of law on examples of legal and non-legal phenomena, and draw conclusions about the need to achieve a deeper understanding of the mathematical nature of legal phenomena for a more successful fight against crime and for the formation of effective criminal policy.

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5

Sathish, M., Ravikumara Nayaka, C. M. Dinesh, Gavisiddayya Mathad, Deepa Pathar, and Y. Shivaprakash. "Transport Properties of Niobium Doped Silver-Borate Glasses." Indian Journal Of Science And Technology 18, no. 5 (February 19, 2025): 366–71. https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/v18i5.sathish.

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Objective: To create a broad composition range of Nb2O5 doped silver-borate glasses without adding any reducing chemical agents and to achieve ac-dc conduction mechanism. Methods: Borate glasses compositions, (1-x)Nb2O5- 65B2O-(35-x)Ag2O, (Where x=0.1 to 0.5 mol%) have been synthesized by conventional melt-quenching technique. Temperature dependent conductivity over a wide range of frequency (40-10MHz) has been performed. Findings: Only one semicircle is visible in the impedance plots, suggesting the existence of a single kind of conduction mechanism. Fitting the data to the Almond West type power law behavior, 𝜎(𝜔) = 𝜎0 + 𝐴𝜔𝑠 is used for the analysis of the ac conductivity. It is also discovered that the power law exponent ”s” rises as the temperature rises. Indicating the temperature dependence of the conductivity of the samples. Novelty: The preparation of niobium doped silver-borate glass samples is achieved without the reducing agents and established the wide range of conduction mechanism by both Nb+ and Ag+ ions for the first time. Keywords: Glass; Transport Properties; AC-DC Conductivity; Ag-Ions; Almond-West Power Law

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6

Anco, Stephen C. "Symmetry properties of conservation laws." International Journal of Modern Physics B 30, no. 28n29 (November 10, 2016): 1640003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979216400038.

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Symmetry properties of conservation laws of partial differential equations are developed by using the general method of conservation law multipliers. As main results, simple conditions are given for characterizing when a conservation law and its associated conserved quantity are invariant (and, more generally, homogeneous) under the action of a symmetry. These results are used to show that a recent conservation law formula (due to Ibragimov) is equivalent to a standard formula for the action of an infinitesimal symmetry on a conservation law multiplier.

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7

Katz, Leo, and Alvaro Sandroni. "The (Non) Economic Properties of the Law." Games 12, no. 1 (March 16, 2021): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/g12010026.

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This paper shows that the logical properties of constraints imposed by law are fundamentally different from other constraints considered in economics such as budget constraints and bounded rationality constraints, such as the ones based on inattention or shortlisting. This suggests that to fully incorporate law into economics may require a revision of economic theory.

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8

A. Dg. Mataro, Sudirman, M. Taufan B, and Ermawati Ermawati. "Marriage Properties Sharing Based on Islamic Law." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY ISLAMIC LAW AND SOCIETY 3, no. 1 (June 20, 2021): 68–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.24239/ijcils.vol3.iss1.29.

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The aim of this study is to discuss the Sharing of Assets as a Result of Divorce in the Palu Religious Court. This study used qualitative research methods with an emphasis on juridical analysis studies/ The data was gathered through observation, interviews, and documentation. The data analysis technique that the researcher uses is data reduction, data presentation, data verification and conclusion. This study found that, the distribution of shared assets in the Palu Religious Court, the Panel of Judges in completing the distribution of assets referred to Article 35 paragraph (1) of Law Number 1 of 1974 and KHI in article 97. In determining and granting the plaintiff's claim and the plaintiff's reconstruction which contains the Determination of joint assets according to the provisions of the marriage law, that the assets obtained during marriage become joint property. In a legal juridical sense, the understanding of shared property is the property of husband and wife obtained during marriage.

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9

Evans, N. W., and P. T. de Zeeuw. "Observable properties of the power-law galaxies." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 271, no. 1 (November 1, 1994): 202–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/271.1.202.

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10

Yan, C., J. W. Zhang, Y. Zhang, and Y. N. Tang. "Power–law properties of Chinese stock market." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 353 (August 2005): 425–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2005.02.010.

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11

Bolea, Speranta Cecilia, Mironela Pirnau, Silviu-Ioan Bejinariu, Vasile Apopei, Daniela Gifu, and Horia-Nicolai Teodorescu. "Some Properties of Zipf’s Law and Applications." Axioms 13, no. 3 (February 23, 2024): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/axioms13030146.

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The article extends the theoretical and applicative analysis of Zipf’s law. We are concerned with a set of properties of Zipf’s law that derive directly from the power law expression and from the discrete nature of the objects to which the law is applied, when the objects are words, lemmas, and the like. We also search for variations of Zipf’s law that can help explain the noisy results empirically reported in the literature and the departures of the empirically obtained nonlinear graph from the theoretical linear one, with the variants analyzed differing from Mandelbrot and lognormal distributions. A problem of interest that we deal with is that of mixtures of populations obeying Zipf’s law. The last problem has relevance in the analysis of texts with words with various etymologies. Computational aspects are also addressed.

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12

NOH, Sanghyun, and Kyungchul BEOM. "The Properties of Law and the Originals of Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure Law in Genesis." Studies in Religion(The Journal of the Korean Association for the History of Religions) 83, no. 3 (December 31, 2023): 119–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21457/kars.2023.12.83.3.119.

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13

SCIPIONI, R. "GENERALIZED STEFAN LAW." Modern Physics Letters B 07, no. 29n30 (December 30, 1993): 1911–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984993001922.

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We obtain and discuss the properties of the g-deformed Stefan law for the black body radiation of quon particles. We prove that if we consider adiabatic transformations with a particular value of η=VT3, the Stefan law is exactly the same as for the ordinary black body.

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14

Frantz, Carolyn J., and Hanoch Dagan. "Properties of Marriage." Columbia Law Review 104, no. 1 (January 2004): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4099349.

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15

Devroye, Luc, and Lancelot James. "On simulation and properties of the stable law." Statistical Methods & Applications 23, no. 3 (March 12, 2014): 307–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10260-014-0260-0.

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16

Desgranges, Caroline, and Jerome Delhommelle. "Similarity law and critical properties in ionic systems." Chemical Physics Letters 687 (November 2017): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2017.08.061.

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17

Zídek, Martin, and Michal Tupý. "Registered cultural heritage properties and current case law." Zprávy památkové péče 81, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.56112/zpp.2021.1.06.

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18

Ridwan, M., Gugun Gumilar, Amran Suadi, KN Sofyan Hasan, and M. Syaifuddin. "Distribution Of Joint Properties According To Balanced Justice Principle." Jurnal Hukum dan Peradilan 12, no. 1 (March 31, 2023): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.25216/jhp.12.1.2023.57-76.

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Анотація:

The structure of joint property divided governed by Law No. 1 of 1974, and the Compilation of Islamic Law must fully reflect the importance of justice and legal clarity. Based on that, the issue addressed in this journal is how to design a more reasonable and legally specific partition of the joint property after divorce for the community in the relevant marital law in the future. This study is categorized as legal-normative research. According to the study's findings, the future concept of joint property law reconstruction is to incorporate the principle of balanced justice based on Pancasila into Article 37 of Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage and Article 97 of the Compilation of Islamic Law through amendments to Article 37 of Law Number 1 of 1974 and Article 97 of the Compilation of Islamic Law. The notion of balanced justice has been found in various Republic of Indonesia's Supreme Court decisions. As a result, some of the legal rules in the joint property decision must be reviewed while developing joint property law regulations.

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19

Akçam, Taner. "The Spirit of the Law: Following the Traces of Genocide in the Law of Abandoned Property." International Criminal Law Review 14, no. 2 (March 13, 2014): 377–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718123-01401012.

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The aim of the article is to explain how the laws and decrees regarding ‘abandoned properties’ from both the Ottoman and Turkish Republican eras were constructed. The central argument is that, even though these laws and regulations were part of the genocidal program of 1915, they cannot totally deny the rights of Armenians relative to these properties.

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20

Mosin, S. A. "Properties of constitutional principles." Law Enforcement Review 5, no. 3 (October 2, 2021): 126–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.52468/2542-1514.2021.5(3).126-136.

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Анотація:

The subject. The article is devoted to the study of the trinity of properties of constitutional principles.The purpose of the article is to confirm the hypothesis that constitutional principles, often perceived by researchers and law enforcement officials as abstract norms with declarative content, are in fact full-fledged legal institutions that are endowed with all the necessary properties to achieve constitutional goals. In this regard, the article analyzes the property of axiomaticity, the property of presumptivity and the property of fictitiousness of constitutional principles.The methodology. The systemic-structural, comparative, formal-legal and formal-logical methods made it possible to identify and characterize the properties of constitutional principles, such as axiomaticity, presumptivity and fictitiousness. The use of these methods in their combination predetermined the appeal not only to topical problems of constitutional law, but also to issues of the theory of law, as well as other branches of law, which made it possible to most objectively and comprehensively approach the study of the properties of constitutional principles.The main results of the research. The trinity of the properties of the constitutional principle lies in the fact that the constitutional principle formulates the basic rule and determines the direction of development of the legal system and thereby has the property of axiomaticity. At the same time, the constitutional principle has the property of presumptivity due to the duty of the law enforcement officer to proceed from the assumption of compliance with the provisions of such a principle by all subjects of legal relations. Thereby constitutional principle ensures the necessary stability of the legal system of the state. At the same time, in order to achieve full-fledged stability of the legal system, along with the assumption that the subjects of legal relations comply with the provisions of the constitutional principles, it should be possible to monitor such compliance. In the absence of prior control over compliance with the provisions of the law, the solution is the application of legal presumptions. In this regard, within the framework of the presumptive property of constitutional principles, constitutional presumptions are inextricably linked with the corresponding constitutional principles. In turn, having the property of fictitiousness, the constitutional principle allows to interpret the provisions that make up such a constitutional principle and, as a result, create the necessary regulatory legal framework.Conclusions. Constitutional principles are the driving force of the legal system. They fill all legal relations without exception with legal meaning and content and have a special meaning due to their irreplaceability and the obligation to strictly observe them. In turn, the trinity of properties of the constitutional principles reflects their legal essence as fundamental normative provisions that determine the generally binding basic rules and directions of the development of the legal system, ensure the stability of the legal system of the state, and also have the possibility of timely development and adaptation to the changing legal reality.

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21

Beltaos, L. "A critique of Brookes' logarithmic 'law'." Journal of Information Science 11, no. 3 (September 1985): 109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016555158501100302.

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An examination of Brookes' mathematical expression of his logarithmic 'law' yields inconsistencies and mathematical er rors. Brookes' 'tunnel' model of perception incorrectly repre sents perception of physical distance. Brookes' 'affinity' with Shannon is shown to be nonexistent. The most significant result is that Brookes' logarithmic 'law' applies to only one communication system which has properties as defined and assumed by Brookes and can not be generalized to any com munication system with properties different from the Brookes' system.

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22

Li, Meng-Ge, Yan Wu, Qin-Liu Cao, Xin-Yi Yuan, Xiong Chen, Jun-Li Han, and Wei-Tao Wu. "Rheological Properties of Organic Kerosene Gel Fuel." Gels 8, no. 8 (August 14, 2022): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels8080507.

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Gel fuel potentially combines the advantages of solid fuel and liquid fuel due to its special rheological properties, which have essential impacts on the application of gel fuel in propulsion systems. In this paper, we study the rheological property of organic kerosene gel through a series of measurements on its viscosity as a function of the shear rate, temperature, and shear history. The measured datasets are then fitted with constitutive relationships between the viscosity and shear rate at three different levels: the power law shear-thinning model, the power law dependency on both the temperature and shear rate, and the thixotropic property. It is found that intense pre-shear could exhaust thixotropy and reduce viscosity of the kerosene gel. For the power law shear-thinning model, the consistency index increases with the gellant mass fraction, whereas the power law exponent remains constant. The dependence of viscosity on temperature could be well approximated by an empirical power law relationship. As for the thixotropic property of the kerosene gel, the fitted second-order kinetic model corresponds accurately to the viscosity at different shear rates and shear times. The constitutive models fitted in this work at different levels are consistent with each other and provide useful tools for further applications of organic kerosene gel fuel.

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23

Wang, J., H. L. Duan, Z. P. Huang, and B. L. Karihaloo. "A scaling law for properties of nano-structured materials." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 462, no. 2069 (January 17, 2006): 1355–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2005.1637.

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In this brief communication, we identify intrinsic length scales of several physical properties at the nano-scale and show that, for nano-structures whose characteristic sizes are much larger than these scales, the properties obey a simple scaling law. The underlying cause of the size-dependence of these properties at the nano-scale is the competition between surface and bulk energies. This law provides a yardstick for checking the accuracy of experimentally measured or numerically computed properties of nano-structured materials over a broad size range and can thus help replace repeated and exhaustive testing by one or a few tests.

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24

Lacker, Daniel. "Law invariant risk measures and information divergences." Dependence Modeling 6, no. 1 (November 1, 2018): 228–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/demo-2018-0014.

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AbstractAone-to-one correspondence is drawnbetween lawinvariant risk measures and divergences,which we define as functionals of pairs of probability measures on arbitrary standard Borel spaces satisfying a few natural properties. Divergences include many classical information divergence measures, such as relative entropy and convex f -divergences. Several properties of divergence and their duality with law invariant risk measures are characterized, such as joint semicontinuity and convexity, and we notably relate their chain rules or additivity properties with certain notions of time consistency for dynamic law risk measures known as acceptance and rejection consistency. The examples of shortfall risk measures and optimized certainty equivalents are discussed in detail.

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25

Chupordia, V. A., and A. S. Markovs'ka. "On certain properties of fuzzy group product operation." Researches in Mathematics 21 (August 11, 2013): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/241319.

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26

Vassiliev, Valery P., Valery A. Lysenko, and Marcelle Gaune-Escard. "Relationship of thermodynamic data with Periodic Law." Pure and Applied Chemistry 91, no. 6 (June 26, 2019): 879–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0717.

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Abstract Relationships between the various physical and chemical properties of isostructural compounds take place according to the Periodic Table that is a fundamental basis of Chemistry. The systematization of this approach, data vs. the Periodic Table, will contribute to further development of the solid state chemistry theory. The lanthanides and the actinides make up the f block of the Periodic Table. The lanthanides are the elements produced as the 4f sublevel is filled with electrons and the actinides are formed while filling the 5f sublevel. In this paper, we analyze some classes of compounds formed by the lanthanides with other elements of the Periodic Table, which can count into the thousands of binary compounds. The special place of lanthanides in the Periodic System of Elements made it possible to establish strict nonlinear relationships between the standard entropy and the lanthanide atomic number of the compounds Ln2X3 (X = O, S, Se, Te), LnN, LnB4, and LnF3 in the solid state. This relationship, based on tetrad-effect, can be applied to other physical and chemical properties of the isostructural compounds. The thermodynamic properties of actinides have been studied much less than lanthanides, but the similarity of physicochemical properties makes it possible for us to estimate, with sufficient accuracy, unexplored properties using fundamental laws. One of these laws is the tetrad-effect concept that is an effective tool to predict missing thermodynamic values for lanthanide and actinide compounds and to rationally plan experiments.

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27

MIAO, TONGJUN, SUJUN CHENG, AIMIN CHEN, YAN XU, GUANG YANG, JIGUANG WANG, and BOMING YU. "SEEPAGE PROPERTIES OF ROCK FRACTURES WITH POWER LAW LENGTH DISTRIBUTIONS." Fractals 27, no. 04 (June 2019): 1950057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x19500579.

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Fractures with power law length distributions abound in nature such as carbonate oil and gas reservoirs, sandstone, hot dry rocks, etc. The fluid transport properties and morphology characterization of fracture networks have fascinated numerous researchers to investigate for several decades. In this work, the analytical models for fracture density and permeability are extended from fractal fracture network to general fracture network with power law length distributions. It is found that the fracture density is related to the power law exponents [Formula: see text] and the area porosity [Formula: see text] of fracture network. Then, a permeability model for the fracture length distribution with general power law exponent [Formula: see text] and the power law exponent [Formula: see text] for fracture length versus aperture is proposed based on the well-known cubic law in individual fracture. The analytical expression for permeability of fractured networks is found to be a function of power law exponents [Formula: see text], area porosity [Formula: see text] of fracture network, and the micro-structural parameters (maximum fracture length [Formula: see text], fracture azimuth [Formula: see text] and fracture dip angle [Formula: see text]). The present model may shed light on the mechanism of seepage in fracture networks with power law length distributions.

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28

Barron, Anne. "The Legal Properties of Film." Modern Law Review 67, no. 2 (March 2004): 177–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2230.2004.00483.x.

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29

Lane, Jan Erik. "Rule of/by Law." Advances in Politics and Economics 4, no. 2 (April 6, 2021): p17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/ape.v4n2p17.

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One can go the World Justice Project (WJP) to find a valuable set of data on roughly 130 states, constructed from experts’ ranking. A large number of country and international experts have given scores between 0 and 1 of state performance on a set of aspects or manifest variables much discussed. The WJP measures 8 or 9 state properties, which will be reduced to two latent variables here.

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30

Vest, Ambroise. "On the structural properties of an efficient feedback law." Evolution Equations and Control Theory 2, no. 3 (July 2013): 543–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/eect.2013.2.543.

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31

SEKINE, Hideki, Ken TANNO, Toshimi KONDO, and Yoshihito OZAWA. "Law of Mixture for Macroscopic Properties of Composite Materials." Journal of Society of Materials Engineering for Resources of Japan 4, no. 2 (1991): 94–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.5188/jsmerj.4.2_94.

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32

Verheul, Marleen, Sebastianus P. F. M. Roefs, Jorrit Mellema, and Kees G. de Kruif. "Power Law Behavior of Structural Properties of Protein Gels." Langmuir 14, no. 9 (April 1998): 2263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la9708187.

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33

Skorokhod, A. V., and V. I. Stepakhno. "On Some Empirical Properties of a Multidimensional Normal Law." Theory of Probability & Its Applications 36, no. 2 (January 1992): 405–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/1136050.

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34

Kristoufek, Ladislav. "Finite sample properties of power-law cross-correlations estimators." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 419 (February 2015): 513–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2014.10.068.

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35

Lee, B. J., and M. E. Mear. "Effective properties of power-law solids containing elliptical inhomogeneitics." Mechanics of Materials 15, no. 2 (April 1993): 159–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-6636(93)90054-u.

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36

Vervaet, A. A. K., and D. H. J. Baert. "The lead acid battery: semiconducting properties and Peukert's law." Electrochimica Acta 47, no. 20 (August 2002): 3297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0013-4686(02)00249-9.

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37

Onsrud, Helge. "Making a Cadastre law for 3D properties in Norway." Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 27, no. 4 (July 2003): 375–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0198-9715(02)00037-6.

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38

Smirnova, Marina G. "Dynamism and Stability as Functional Attributes of Law in Conjunction with Social Claims." History of state and law 1 (January 26, 2023): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/1812-3805-2023-1-9-13.

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Анотація:

The article examines social claims in relation to such objective properties of law as dynamism and stability. The author believes that these properties are in direct connection with the functions of law. It is from them that the chain of dependencies begins, which passes through the functions of law, the relevant norms of law, legal relations and ends directly with acts of implementation, application of law. It is concluded that dynamism and stability are the functional properties of law, which are in close interaction with social claims. Since the latter act as indicators of the needs of legal regulation and determine, in fact, the vector of its improvement.

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39

Imyanitov, Naum S. "Periodic law: new formulation and equation description." Pure and Applied Chemistry 91, no. 12 (December 18, 2019): 2007–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2019-0802.

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Анотація:

Abstract The atomic weight, nuclear charge, electron configuration of an atom and the total number of i-electrons in an atom belonging to i-block (i = s, or p, or d, or f) are considered as the fundamental characteristics of an element (atom). Only in the latter case, the true periodicity is achieved: the repetitions occur at regular intervals. The total number of i-electrons in an atom belonging to i-block is used as the new basis for the description of the periodicity. This made possible to propose a new formulation of the Periodic law and to describe the Periodic law by an equation. The equation provides opportunities for large-scale prediction of the properties of elements and their compounds; it does not require special knowledge to work with it. Theoretical and applied aspects of the application of the new formulation and equation are outlined. Predictions are made for proton affinity and gas phase basicity of 20 elements, constants of inductive effects of 185 atoms and groups, electronic parameters of 222 neutral ligands. The suitability of the equation is exemplified by the description of the properties of atoms and elements, such as ionization energy, electron affinity, proton affinity, electronegativity, covalent atomic radii and the enthalpy of element formations in the gas phase. The equation makes possible to describe also the properties of compounds and their fragments: the acidic properties of the hydrogen compounds of the elements, the acidic properties of protonated atoms and molecules, gas phase basicity and proton affinity of compounds, inductive effects of ligands in coordination chemistry and substituents in organic chemistry, electronic parameters of neutral ligands, the electron effect constants of coordinating metals.

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40

Mizuno, Hideyuki, Hayato Shiba, and Atsushi Ikeda. "Continuum limit of the vibrational properties of amorphous solids." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 46 (October 31, 2017): E9767—E9774. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1709015114.

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Анотація:

The low-frequency vibrational and low-temperature thermal properties of amorphous solids are markedly different from those of crystalline solids. This situation is counterintuitive because all solid materials are expected to behave as a homogeneous elastic body in the continuum limit, in which vibrational modes are phonons that follow the Debye law. A number of phenomenological explanations for this situation have been proposed, which assume elastic heterogeneities, soft localized vibrations, and so on. Microscopic mean-field theories have recently been developed to predict the universal non-Debye scaling law. Considering these theoretical arguments, it is absolutely necessary to directly observe the nature of the low-frequency vibrations of amorphous solids and determine the laws that such vibrations obey. Herein, we perform an extremely large-scale vibrational mode analysis of a model amorphous solid. We find that the scaling law predicted by the mean-field theory is violated at low frequency, and in the continuum limit, the vibrational modes converge to a mixture of phonon modes that follow the Debye law and soft localized modes that follow another universal non-Debye scaling law.

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41

Mahajan, Puneet, and Robert L. Brown. "A microstructure-based constitutive law for snow." Annals of Glaciology 18 (1993): 287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500011666.

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Анотація:

A constitutive theory of snow is developed to describe the mechanical properties of snow in terms of the properties of the ice grains and the necks that interconnect them. The principle of virtual work is used to calculate the stresses in the particles and necks. A number of different deformation mechanisms are investigated and, depending upon the deformation mechanism which is dominant for given load conditions, different equations are used to calculate the strains in the grains and necks. These strains around a representative ice grain are then averaged and scaled to obtain the global strains in the snow. The theory is then compared with experimental data to determine if the mechanical properties of snow can be adequately represented. Results show that the constitutive theory does work, but that it is cumbersome to implement, and that for practical use substantial computational capability is needed.

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42

Mahajan, Puneet, and Robert L. Brown. "A microstructure-based constitutive law for snow." Annals of Glaciology 18 (1993): 287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500011666.

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Анотація:

A constitutive theory of snow is developed to describe the mechanical properties of snow in terms of the properties of the ice grains and the necks that interconnect them. The principle of virtual work is used to calculate the stresses in the particles and necks. A number of different deformation mechanisms are investigated and, depending upon the deformation mechanism which is dominant for given load conditions, different equations are used to calculate the strains in the grains and necks. These strains around a representative ice grain are then averaged and scaled to obtain the global strains in the snow. The theory is then compared with experimental data to determine if the mechanical properties of snow can be adequately represented. Results show that the constitutive theory does work, but that it is cumbersome to implement, and that for practical use substantial computational capability is needed.

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43

Avi, Intan, Notaricia Sartika F.S.P.N, and Made Ayu Trisnawati. "Status of Waqf Properties As Debt’s Collateral." Notaire 2, no. 1 (July 22, 2019): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ntr.v2i1.13069.

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Анотація:

The lack of understanding on land waqf creates many issues related to waqf itself, i.e. offers endowed land as deb’ts collateral. In Article 40 alphabeth (a) Law Number 41 Year 2004 on Waqf, there is prohibition to include waqf properties as collateral. Waqf properties’ status change that inchorent with Law Number 41 Year 2004 on Waqf, one of it is including land waqf as debt’s collateral will cause unwanted consequence on the collateral agreement itself. In fact, there are still violations on Article 40 alphabeth (a) Law Number 41 Year 2004 on Waqf. These situations are caused by minimum awareness on management of waqf properties from nadzir, heirs and bank as the creditor towards implementation of waqf properties’ status change. Therefore, consequence of waqf properties’ status change that violates Article 40 alphabeth (a) Law Number 41 Year 2004 on Waqf will not immediately null and void; however, debt’s repayment still needs to be fulfilled by debtor corresponds with Article 1131 BW. It required efforts to minimize issues on waqf through socialization of waqf towards nadzir, heirs, bank as creditor and wide community, especially waqf properties’ status change so there will not be any issues on implementation and management of waqf properties in the future.

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44

Drew, Patrick J., and L. F. Abbott. "Models and Properties of Power-Law Adaptation in Neural Systems." Journal of Neurophysiology 96, no. 2 (August 2006): 826–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00134.2006.

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Анотація:

Many biological systems exhibit complex temporal behavior that cannot be adequately characterized by a single time constant. This dynamics, observed from single channels up to the level of human psychophysics, is often better described by power-law rather than exponential dependences on time. We develop and study the properties of neural models with scale-invariant, power-law adaptation and contrast them with the more commonly studied exponential case. Responses of an adapting firing-rate model to constant, pulsed, and oscillating inputs in both the power-law and exponential cases are considered. We construct a spiking model with power-law adaptation based on a nested cascade of processes and show that it can be “programmed” to produce a wide range of time delays. Finally, within a network model, we use power-law adaptation to reproduce long-term features of the tilt aftereffect.

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45

Jayusman, Jayusman. "The decision on joint properties in Bengkulu High Religious Court Jurisdiction." Ijtihad : Jurnal Wacana Hukum Islam dan Kemanusiaan 21, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 99–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/ijtihad.v21i1.99-118.

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Анотація:

Joint property disputes after divorce at the Religious Courts (PA) under the Bengkulu High Religious Court (PTA) jurisdiction are always equally settled by giving half for each ex-spouse, regardless of the domination in working to earn the properties. The decisions refer to the article 97 of the Compilation of Islamic Law (KHI). The decisions do not fulfill sense of justice regarding the ex-wife participating in earning the living. This library research would like to descriptively analyze the progressive law reviews of the decision related to joint properties with working wives set at some Religious Courts under the Bengkulu High Religious Court jurisdiction in 2016-2019 periods, in the context of reforming the Marriage Law in Indonesia. In drawing conclusions, the data are analyzed by applying progressive law theory. The study shows that Religious Courts’ decisions are not regulated in traditional Islamic law, but they are found in contemporary Islamic law by analogizing them as Shirkah with the division based on the agreement between the parties. In positive law perspective, the joint property division has been determined with each equally get half. In the meantime, from the progressive law perspective in the context of reforming the Indonesian Marriage Law, ex-wives participating in earning living should get a larger portion of joint properties than their ex-husbands, to fulfill the sense of justice. Their portions are decided amicably on the agreements of the parties

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46

Nelson, Robert. "Statistical properties of English text produced by Korean and Chinese authors." Journal of Research Design and Statistics in Linguistics and Communication Science 1, no. 1 (August 23, 2013): 47–70. https://doi.org/10.1558/jrds.7207888858.

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Анотація:

This article presents findings from a comparison of the Zipf’s law and Heaps’ law properties of English texts produced by second language writers of English to similar texts produced by native writers. Zipf’s law is a famous statistical law capturing the distribution of words in texts, while Heaps’ law describes the rate at which new words are encountered as one reads a text. The analysis of the Zipf properties of texts by writers whose first language (L1) is Korean shows that the distribution of words and multiword sequences (n-grams) is different from that observed in native speakers’ texts. These differences imply that Korean writers do not fully exploit English pronominals. Analyses also indicate that the Heaps’ law properties of texts produced by the L1 and L2 writers show different rates of lexical innovation. A number of studies have estimated the Zipf’s and Heaps’ properties of native language texts in various contexts (e.g., Li, 1992; Cancho, 2005), while others have considered the consequences of Zipf’s law for second language acquisition (Laufer and Nation, 1995; Meara, 2005; Ellis, 2012). This study is the first attempt to estimate the parameters of these laws for texts produced by different populations of the second language writers.

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47

Ershov, Valentin V. "Legal understanding, law making and law implementation." Pravosudie / Justice 3, no. 1 (March 25, 2021): 14–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.37399/2686-9241.2021.1.14-30.

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Анотація:

Introduction. The article analyses the opinions of a number of scientific and practical workers about the debatable problems of legal understanding, law making and law implementation. Theoretical Basis. Methods. The article uses a systematic approach to the study of theoretical and practical problems of legal understanding, law making and law implementation. A compara- tive legal analysis of works by Russian and foreign authors allowed the establishment of common and different characteristics of these legal categories in the approaches of different scientists. Results. From the position of scientifically grounded concept of an integrated legal understanding the following conclusion is made: each form of national and (or) international law receives its “jus- tification” only as a “moment of the whole” in a unified, developing and multi-level system of legal forms, outside of which it is an “unreasonable assumption or subjective confidence”. In this gen- eral scientific approach the analysis of interrelated and complementary processes of legal un- derstanding, law making and law implementation, self-sufficient legal phenomena, including ele- ments of the system of law forms, should be conducted as the study of “moments of the whole”. Discussion and Conclusion. The following advantages of an evidence-based concept of integrative legal understanding can be identified. Firstly, the possibility of implementing a non-traditional, fundamentally different research strategy on the legal regulators of legal relations. Secondly, to systematically study qualitatively different legal problems (in particular, the elements of the system of legal forms, its integrity, direct and inverse connections), and see new properties of law not inherent in its individual elements. Thirdly to develop concrete, practical answers to contemporary theoretical questions.

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48

Szeto, H. H., P. Y. Cheng, J. A. Decena, Y. Cheng, D. L. Wu, and G. Dwyer. "Fractal properties in fetal breathing dynamics." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 263, no. 1 (July 1, 1992): R141—R147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1992.263.1.r141.

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Анотація:

The dynamic pattern of fetal breathing was studied in 17 fetal lambs with chronically implanted electromyographic electrodes in the diaphragm. The instantaneous breathing rate time series appeared similar on different time scales, with clusters of faster breathing rates interspersed with periods of relative quiescience, suggesting self-similarity. Distribution histograms of the interbreath intervals (IBIs) showed log-normal distribution for IBIs less than 1 s and inverse power-law distribution for IBIs greater than 1 s. The ratio of log-normal distribution to power-law distribution varied from approximately 2 at 102 days to approximately 30 by 130 days of gestation. Fast Fourier transform of the breathing rate time series revealed 1/f beta power spectra for all animals, with beta increasing linearly from 0.43 to 0.88 between 102 and 139 days. Studies in the newborn lamb showed further maturation in both the distribution characteristics of the IBIs, as well as in the 1/f power spectra, with beta approaching 1.0 at 2 days after birth. The inverse power-law relationship in the distribution of the IBIs, together with the 1/f beta power spectra, indicate scale invariance and suggest that fractal mechanisms are involved in the regulation of fetal breathing.

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49

Salim, Samir, and Desika Narayanan. "The Dust Attenuation Law in Galaxies." Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 58, no. 1 (August 18, 2020): 529–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-032620-021933.

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Анотація:

Understanding the properties of dust attenuation curves in galaxies and the physical mechanisms that shape them are among the fundamental questions of extragalactic astrophysics, with great practical significance for deriving the physical properties of galaxies. Attenuation curves result from a combination of dust grain properties, dust content, and the spatial arrangement of dust and different populations of stars. In this review, we assess the state of the field, paying particular attention to extinction curves as the building blocks of attenuation laws. We introduce a quantitative framework to characterize extinction and attenuation curves, present a theoretical foundation for interpreting empirical results, overview an array of observational methods, and review observational results at low and high redshifts. Our main conclusions include the following: ▪ Attenuation curves exhibit a wide range of UV-through-optical slopes, from curves with shallow (Milky Way–like) slopes to those exceeding the slope of the Small Magellanic Cloud extinction curve. ▪ The slopes of the curves correlate strongly with the effective optical opacities, in the sense that galaxies with lower dust column density (lower visual attenuation) tend to have steeper slopes, whereas the galaxies with higher dust column density have shallower (grayer) slopes. ▪ Galaxies exhibit a range of 2175-Å UV bump strengths, including no bump, but, on average, are suppressed compared with the average Milky Way extinction curve. ▪ Theoretical studies indicate that both the correlation between the slope and the dust column as well as variations in bump strength may result from geometric and radiative transfer effects.

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50

Munir, Muhammad. "Suicide attacks and Islamic law." International Review of the Red Cross 90, no. 869 (March 2008): 71–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383108000040.

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Анотація:

AbstractSuicide attacks are a recurrent feature of many conflicts. Whereas warfare heroism and martyrdom are allowed in certain circumstances in times of war, a suicide bomber might be committing at least five crimes according to Islamic law, namely killing civilians, mutilating their bodies, violating the trust of enemy soldiers and civilians, committing suicide and destroying civilian objects or properties. The author examines such attacks from an Islamic jus in bello perspective.

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