Дисертації: "Law enforcement"

1

Cortrite, Michael David. "Servant leadership for law enforcement." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1467893891&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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2

Garland, Denise Michelle. "Law enforcement instructor effectiveness guidebook." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2001. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1840.

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3

O'Neill, Will. "Law Enforcement Leadership Training Strategies." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1800.

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Senior law enforcement leaders are looking for leadership training strategies to develop future law enforcement leaders. The purpose of this single case study was to explore U.S. law enforcement leaders' training strategies to develop future leaders. The sample was comprised of 18 senior Northern Virginia executive law enforcement leaders who have leadership development strategies currently in use. The conceptual framework for this study was human capital theory. The data collection process included semistructured interviews, a review of training documentation, and direct observation related to leadership development. Based on methodological triangulation of the data sources and analysis of the data, 3 emergent themes were identified. Recruitment, retention, and mentoring surfaced from recruiting officers for managerial leadership positions. Training and technology grew out of the need to optimize training resources and incorporate new training solutions. Strategic partnerships stemmed from the opportunities for partnering and joint training exercises with other law enforcement organizations. Although this was a single case study, the findings of this study have utility for other, similar contexts. Specifically, these findings suggest that including leadership training strategies in training programs may contribute to social change by providing other law enforcement leaders with the training strategies that result in safer communities.

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4

Browning, Samuel Lee. "Risk and Resilience in Law Enforcement Stress: Contributions of the Law Enforcement Officer Stress Survey (LEOSS)." Thesis, NSUWorks, 2013. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/cps_stuetd/14.

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Law enforcement is a high-risk profession associated with myriad sources of stress. Stressors from the law enforcement agency, family, law enforcement subculture, special assignments, and critical incidents encountered on the job result in a wide range of negative psychological and physical sequelae for large numbers of law enforcement officers (LEOs). LEOs have increased rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and substance abuse compared to the general population. While nearly all officers are exposed to critical incidents, not all develop posttraumatic stress symptomatology. Research addressing resilience to law enforcement stress remains nascent; however, a growing body of research, borrowing from positive psychology, resilience research, and spirituality, has begun to identify several protective factors. Identifying negative stress reactions is a critical step in prevention, intervention, and recovery for LEOs. Several assessment measures have been proposed over the years to address this issue. One such measure, the Law Enforcement Officer Stress Survey (LEOSS) has shown promise in early detection of law enforcement stress, and has demonstrated strong psychometric properties with regard to validity and internal consistency. The purpose of the current study was to further evaluate psychometric properties of the LEOSS vis-a-vis construct validity. This study utilized archival data from a non-clinical sample of LEOs, who completed the LEOSS, among other measures of law enforcement stress and resilience, in order to identify predictors of both negative stress reactions and positive coping. To assess construct validity, principal components factor analysis was employed. Results indicated strong loadings with other measures of law enforcement and general stress measures, as well as differential loadings for the LEOSS and resilience measures. A correlation matrix was constructed to address specific aspects of convergent and discriminant validity. Findings indicated moderate correlations between the LEOSS and measures of law enforcement stress, as well as a lack of significant correlations with measures assessing resilience and social desirability. Finally, multiple regression analyses were used to reveal predictors of law enforcement stress and resilience. Results from the LEOSS were relatively consistent with other stress measures. Clinical implications and directions for future research are discussed.

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5

Roberts, Nathan T. "Musculoskeletal injuries in tactical law enforcement." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10450/11120.

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6

Badi, Yvonne Tankiso. "Survival of women in law enforcement." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020179.

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This study seeks to investigate the underlying ideologies and practices behind the perception that women who are in command positions are unable to command and control, especially those who are in the operational environment. The study was executed in the Eastern Cape Province (Eastern Cape), in Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality (BCM). The research participants (respondents) were constituted by 33 police officers from diverse police stations within the BCM. The participants were divided according to gender, i.e. 24 females and 9 males. With regards to objectives of the study, the aim was to investigate the following issues: i) to understand factors that make women not to be accepted in their positions as SAPS' operational commanders, by their male subordinateslcolleagues and community members. ii) To understand factors that make women not to be accepted in their positions as SAPS' operational commanders, by their male subordinates/colleagues and community members, and iii) to explore strategies to utilize in making SAPS' women operational commanders, survive while managing their day-te-day respective units/components effectively and efficiently. Regarding research design, this study mainly used a qualitative research method combined with a bit of a quantitative approach. And then the data collection method involved making use of semi structured interviews to all the respondents. The results of this study show that there is still a huge difference in the number of women who are commanders compared to their male counterparts, especially in those environments that were previously regarded as male dominated. Further, despite the necessary training being provided by the SAPS to women officers, the necessary support in particular from management is still a challenge. Lastly, the argument of this study is that there is still not a fair representation of women in command positions within the SAPS, especially, in the previously male dominated environments.

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7

Della-Rossa, Irina. "Stress and coping in law enforcement." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/50102.

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Stress at work is related to a decrease in performance, psychological disorders and errors made under impaired conditions, and it affects one’s personal life. Police officers experience stress-provoking situations, such as high-speed chases, car accidents, shootings, and crimes in progress. They are also exposed to witnessing a range of traumatic events, such as death or injuries, as a part of their job. The consequences of stress for the police officers include physical and psychological disorders, decreased performance, and in some cases inability to perform their duties. The purpose of this study was to examine the occupational stress of police officers in a large metropolitan area in Western Canada; to examine the differences in stressful experiences of men and women police officers; and to explore the differences and patterns in coping strategies employed by men and women police officers in this sample. A package of surveys and questionnaires were administered to police officers from all of the sections of Operational Division of the Police department. The findings indicated that the officers experienced more stress from the organizational part of their work, than operational, and there was no difference found between men and women. Male and female officers also did not differ in the frequency of the use of coping strategies, except in the usage of instrumental support (for example, seeking assistance, information, or advice about what to do). Women used this coping strategy more often than men did. Men and women differed in patterns of coping with the stress. Implications for counselling and future research are discussed.
Education, Faculty of
Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of
Graduate

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8

Cortez, Mario Martin. "Cross cultural relations in law enforcement." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1998. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1505.

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9

McGibbon, Henry M. Nault Mark Stephen. "Law Enforcement and Vehicle Registration Administration System /." Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1995. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA303860.

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Thesis (M. S. in Information Technology Management) Naval Postgraduate School, September 1995.
Thesis advisor(s): Shu S. Liao, William B. Short. "September 1995." Bibliography: p. 193. Also available online.

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10

Welsh, Brandon. "Street prostitution: Law enforcement and alternative responses." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/9690.

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This study examines law enforcement and alternative responses to street prostitution in those areas where street prostitution has been found to be most problematic: inner-city residential communities. Although not regarded as a serious concern to the majority of Canadians, street prostitution's impact and associated problems are shown to be of serious concern to this population. Traditional police suppression measures have demonstrated few gains in curbing street prostitution activities. A failure to employ other models of dealing with street prostitution--community re-design and social development--are found to be serious impediments to current policing policy. Limitations are as well noted by the police not engaging valuable community resources and expertise. To overcome these barriers this study proposes a multi-agency approach; bringing together police, residents' groups, and other key agencies in a systematic framework for the delivery of proactive interventions. A review of the literature on multi-agency approaches to address street prostitution reveals a few successes internationally. Findings of an examination of the response to street prostitution in the cities of Calgary and Edmonton reveal traces of success (and potential for) in the use of a multi-agency approach. Questions over the applicability of demonstrated successes to other settings and weak and sparse evaluation work of the initiatives in Calgary and Edmonton are sure to present significant barriers to any advancement of this approach. Recommendations are presented for a number of policy and academic directions to test these hurdles.

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11

Dillard, Darin. "GJXDM documents and small law enforcement agencies." [Denver, Colo.] : Regis University, 2008. http://165.236.235.140/lib/DDillard2008.pdf.

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12

McGibbon, Henry M., and Mark Stephen Nault. "Law Enforcement and Vehicle Registration Administration System." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/35167.

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The Computer On-Line Police System (COPS) is a vehicle registration and ticket management system used at the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) security Department, which was designed by the Naval Computer and Telecommunications Station, San Diego, in 1991. COPS is an inadequate information system (IS) possessing the following weaknesses: severely limited query capabilities, outdated system hardware, software design errors, fimetionality gaps, antiquated graphical user interfaces (GUI), and no computerized data archiving capability. This thesis will try to alleviate these deficiencies. Using the System Development Methodology (SDM), the authors hope to provide NPS, and potentially other Department of Defense (DoD) security forces, with a significantly improved vehicle registration database system. A baseline Assessment of COPS verified that a new IS was necessary. A new IS, called the Law Enforcement and Vehicle Registration Administration System (LEVRAS), was designed, programmed, and developed. The fully operational LEVRAS met all of the requirement specifications, and replaced COPS after a parallel conversion was conducted. Users were trained, and the NPS Security Department accepted the new database system for its daily operations. Fully supporting the LEVRAS lifecycle, maintenance will be performed by the NPS Management Information System (MIS) Department.

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13

Holtgrave, Vanessa M. "Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Traits in Law Enforcement." Thesis, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3673014.

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This research provides original data on the study of obsessive-compulsive personality traits in law enforcement. The study explored prevalence of obsessive-compulsive personality traits (OCPT) in law enforcement (compared to the general population) in association with the occupational need for such characteristics in that profession (orderliness, organized, attentive to detail, display restricted affect, adhere to laws and regulations, and assume leadership roles). While many studies seek to explain police personality, no literature could be found regarding prevalence of OCPT in sworn peace officers. Degree of OCPT was measured by the total mean score on the Five Factor Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (FFOCI) and compared using a one-tailed independent samples t-test. Differences between two groups across 12 subscales were analyzed retroactively using a MANOVA for qualitative descriptions of each group. Research revealed, with statistically significant results (p<.01), that prevalence of OCPT is significantly higher overall in law enforcement peace officers when compared to non-law enforcement participants. Results from this study contribute meaningfully to police psychology within the field of forensic psychology. Results have the potential to influence supplemental assessment for peace officer candidacy screening.

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14

Chen, Hsinchun, Daniel Zeng, Homa Atabakhsh, Wojciech Wyzga, and Jennifer Schroeder. "CopLink: Managing Law Enforcement Data And Knowledge." ACM, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/105522.

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Artificial Intelligence Lab, Department of MIS, University of Arizona
In response to the September 11 terrorist attacks, major government efforts to modernize federal law enforcement authorities’ intelligence collection and processing capabilities have been initiated. At the state and local levels, crime and police report data is rapidly migrating from paper records to automated records management systems in recent years, making them increasingly accessible. However, despite the increasing availability of data, many challenges continue to hinder effective use of law enforcement data and knowledge, in turn limiting crime-fighting capabilities of related government agencies. For instance, most local police have database systems used by their own personnel, but lack an efficient manner in which to share information with other agencies. More importantly, the tools necessary to retrieve, filter, integrate, and intelligently present relevant information have not yet been sufficiently refined. According to senior Justice Department officials quoted on MSNBC, Sept. 26, 2001, there is “justifiable skepticism about the FBI’s ability to handle massive amounts of information,” and recent anti-terrorism initiatives will create more data overload problems. As part of nationwide, ongoing digital government initiatives, COPLINK is an integrated information and knowledge management environment aimed at meeting some of these challenges.

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15

Massirer, Tammie Ann. "Interoperability Performance Among Campus Law Enforcement Agencies." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4871.

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The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks exposed considerable breakdowns in communications interoperability and information sharing among first responders. Multijurisdictional responses to the active-shooter incidents at the University of Texas in 2010; Sandy Hook Elementary of Newtown, Connecticut in 2012, and the Reynolds High School shooting of Multnomah County, Oregon in 2014 were replete with interoperability failures as well. Recent multijurisdictional response events continue to illuminate difficulties with first-responder interoperability and minimal research exists to promote understanding of the interoperability challenges of university police departments. The purpose of this study was to explore the barriers that impede communications of campus based law enforcement agencies during multiagency or multijurisdictional response. General systems theory and the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology model provided the conceptual framework for this qualitative case study. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 10 leaders of university public safety agencies in California. Data were collected, inductively coded, and thematically analyzed. Key findings indicate that participants perceived barriers of funding, policy, inclusiveness, and training that affect communications interoperability performance. The positive social change implications from this study include recommendations of policy change for improved interoperability during multiagency or multijurisdictional response which can contribute to increased first-responder safety, more efficient multijurisdictional response, and improved safety of students and society at large.

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16

Funn, Nashira. "Law Enforcement Officer Knowledge of Mental Illness." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4057.

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Media and activist groups have recently exposed the problem of negative interactions between law enforcement officers and civilians. Many of these civilians have a mental illness. Various researchers attribute these negative interactions to insufficient officer knowledge of mental illness due to a lack of training, education, and personal experiences. Very little research addresses how insufficient knowledge of mental illness may influence interactions. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore and analyze self reported law enforcement knowledge using Malcolm Knowles' conceptualization of adult learning theory and andragogy as the theoretical framework. This framework bases self-directed learning/training on a needs assessment of the individual's knowledge. The main research question was: 'What factors related to officer knowledge of mental illness impact interactions between law enforcement and people with mental illness?' Data were collected through recorded and then transcribed in-depth interviews with 8 law enforcement officers with experience interacting with mentally ill people. Using aspects of modified Van Kaam method of data analysis, word recognition computer programing identified repetitive words and phrases from the data. This resulted in significant common themes, namely: the need for more effective formal training on mental illness and the influence of personal lived experiences in the interaction with people with mental illness. The implications for social change are positive for officers and people with mental illness, as this study will inform the development of more effective officer training models about mental health, which will reduce the number of negative interactions.

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17

WANG, Yanchen. "Essays on market competition and law enforcement." Digital Commons @ Lingnan University, 2018. https://commons.ln.edu.hk/otd/37.

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My Ph.D. dissertation contains both theoretical and empirical studies on market competition and law enforcement. The first study, entitled “Piracy, Counterfeiting, and Market Competition”, is a theoretical study and investigates the economic consequences of intellectual property law enforcement by looking at two types of intellectual property infringement, piracy and counterfeiting. To investigate how the market power changes in the presence of piracy, we start with a static model made up of two horizontally and vertically differentiated goods, genuine product and pirated product. The representative consumer's utility is a function of the consumption of the two goods. The consumer can choose to buy one out of the two differentiated goods but faces a potential legal cost if he purchases the pirated product. The legal cost is exogenous and decided by the policy maker. We show that, as the level of law enforcement enhances, the substitutability between genuine product and pirated product decreases, and the market power of the genuine product producer increases. This makes the two products less likely to belong to the same antitrust relevant market, confirming the conjecture raised by Lin (2018). Next, we explore how anti-counterfeiting efforts under the intellectual property law affect market competition, by setting up a two-stage game made up of four firms: two branded firms and two counterfeiters. In the first stage, each branded firm can take anti-counterfeiting effort independently and simultaneously, which only affects its corresponding counterfeiter. In the second stage, four firms compete in the Cournot’s framework. We show that two branded firms’ decision variables are strategic substitutes, and the negative externality exists for branded firm to take anti¬-counterfeiting efforts. Due to the negative externalities, we confirm that the private anti-counterfeiting efforts chosen by branded-good producers are higher than the industrial optimum. The second study, entitled ^The Volcker Rule, Bank Stability and Bank Liquidity^, is an empirical study and focuses on the latest bank regulation, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. Specifically, we focus on section 619of Dodd-Frank Act, which is commonly known as “Volcker Rule” and imposes restrictions on banks’ ability to engage in proprietary trading activities. Using the passage of the Volcker Rule as an exogenous shock, we employ the difference-in¬differences analysis to investigate the effect of Volcker Rule on bank risk and liquidity creation. We find a significant reduction on proprietary trading among regulated bank holding companies (BHCs). In the meantime, we find that the enforcement of Volcker Rule induces a significant increase in liability-side liquidity creation and a decrease in the off-balance sheet liquidity creation. Our findings shed light on the trade-off of Volker Rule implementation in the United States.

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18

Ioannidou, Maria. "Consumer involvement in private EU competition law enforcement : evaluating and reshaping the enforcement toolbox : towards acceptable mechanisms." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:7c3aae7a-7aba-45de-9f50-d59241218666.

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EU competition law rhetoric attributes particular importance to ‘consumer interest’. However, despite these often repeated pronouncements, final consumers and their respective interests play only an ancillary role in EU competition law enforcement. This thesis embarks from this observation with the aim of strengthening the importance attributed to ‘consumer interest’ in the application and enforcement of EU competition law. Taking into account the difficulty in adopting a ‘final consumer welfare standard’ as the substantive enforcement standard in EU competition law, the thesis shall explore an alternative route and focus predominantly on consumer participation in private competition law enforcement. The analysis is conducted at three levels. First normative justifications for the advocated consumer involvement are provided (‘added value spectrum’ of consumer participation); these include deterrence of competition law violations and compensation to affected consumers (principal aims), as well as aligning the substantive enforcement standard with policy pronouncements, legitimise EU competition policy and contribute to empowering and informing EU consumers (derivative aims). Second, practical proposals in relation to remedial and procedural measures enabling consumer involvement are formulated. Third, in so far as institutional and political limitations impede the adoption of effective measures in the field of private enforcement, alternative routes of consumer participation in public competition law enforcement (that possess the potential to promote the ‘added value spectrum’) are also examined. In light of the above, practical proposals will also be formulated.

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19

Carter, James W. II. "Local Law Enforcement in the Realm of Cyberspace: The Role of Local Law Enforcement Agencies in Controlling Internet Crime." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1299008028.

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20

Lickiss, Stephanie J. "Pre-Employment Integrity Testing with Law Enforcement and Security Applicants| A Closer Look at the Law Enforcement Applicant Inventory (LEAI)." Thesis, Alliant International University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3639877.

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Law enforcement agencies face the difficult task of identifying suitable individuals to take on jobs that require certain skills and characteristics. Training new hires requires these agencies' resources, so an important aspect of the hiring process is maximizing these resources and ensuring that as many of these individuals as possible will succeed. Pre-employment screening tools can assist with hiring by identifying notable characteristics, pathology, and attitudes either related to, or vastly different from, the position. Many assessment exist that can contribute to the pre-employment screening process, such as the Law Enforcement Applicant Inventory (LEAI).

The goal of this study was to explore the relationships between scales on the LEAI to better understand how these different areas of interest correlate. Pearson's r statistics were compiled to identify the correlations between each of the eight LEAI scales, including the Honesty, Nonviolence, Drug Avoidance, Risk Avoidance, Safety, Stress Tolerance, Criminal Justice Orientation (CJO), and Candidate Potential Index (CPI) scales. The results showed that all of the LEAI scales were statistically significantly correlated, p < .01, with large effect sizes, r² < .14. A post-hoc power analysis was also run to further investigate these correlations. Each post-hoc analysis yielded a power = 1.00, which may have been affected by the large sample size. Additionally, this study focused on expanding the readily available reliability statistics for the LEAI. Reliability statistics were provided for the Honesty, Nonviolence, Drug Avoidance, Risk Avoidance, Safety, Stress Tolerance, and CJO scales in the form of Cronbach's alpha coefficient and split-half reliability.

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21

Green, Elisabet. "Law Enforcement Cooperation in the Baltic Sea States." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Euroasian Studies, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-112885.

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The aim of the present study is to investigate a multilateral law enforcement cooperation, theBaltic Sea Task Force, and explain some of the factors that may be the reasons for itssuccessful implementation. Choosing to see the Baltic Sea Task Force framework similar toan attempt to create a cooperation forming one international epistemic community fromseveral national ones, I investigate how and to what extent knowledge has been transferredbetween the communities, and how this was planned for in the original mission mandate. Iinvestigate problems of knowledge transfer across the network of communities (national lawenforcement agencies). Since knowledge is context based, the specific context encodes theknowledge, reflecting the nature of the subject area and the community’s norms and values.Explicit knowledge needs embedded tacit understanding to fully work. In turn, embeddednessneeds trust, common processes, joint norms and values. Consequently, there must also be atransfer of these norms and values in order for the embeddedness to take place. I investigatehow this context-dependent knowledge is received, and how such decoding is assisted by theframework. Where decoding seems to have been slow, I examine possible reasons for this,and study how the framework has dynamically altered its modi operandi to achieve itspurpose. I conclude that the Baltic Sea Task Force framework’s enterprise policy contains abroad and holistic perspective, conforming to definitions of a holistic epistemic community.

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22

Primlani, Monisha. "Drugs, crime and law enforcement : the economic connection." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/30643.

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23

Decker, Christopher. "Economic expertise in competition law enforcement : collective dominance." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.433391.

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24

Topadzhikyan, Tigran. "School shootings: law enforcement and school district networking." Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/39025.

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CHDS State/Local
School shootings have happened in the past and will happen again. The history of school shootings prompts all stakeholders to look at ways to prevent them from happening, and if they do happen, to be resilient. Change is needed in the prevention of school shootings. The case studies of Virginia Tech, Sandy Hook, E. O. Green Junior High, and Beslan school shootings reveal that the lack of information sharing and lack of communication were flaws; and the incidents might have been preventable. Prevention is a key element that both schools and law enforcement need to improve upon. In order to make strides in prevention, there needs to be advanced planning, continuous information sharing amongst stakeholders regarding those individuals that conduct themselves in ways that cause concern, a change in organizational culture with law enforcement and schools regarding sharing information, legal solutions, as well as resiliency if a shooting does occur. School shootings can never be completely preventable; however, it is feasible to have systems that prevent school shootings and increase the safety of the students and the community.

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25

Garoupa, Nuno Manuel Soares de Oliveria da Rosa. "Essays on the theory of optimal law enforcement." Thesis, University of York, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387575.

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26

PAES, RODRIGO DE BARROS. "REGULATING AGENT S INTERACTION: A LAW ENFORCEMENT APPROACH." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2005. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=6662@1.

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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
Nesta dissertação, apresenta-se uma abordagem para regular a interação dos agentes que fazem parte de um sistema multi-agente aberto. Em sistemas abertos, os agentes podem ser não-cooperativos, estão imersos em um ambiente altamente imprevisível e, freqüentemente, os outros agentes que compõem o sistema não são conhecidos a priori. Para algumas classes de aplicações, esta imprevisibilidade não é adequada, podendo levar a falhas de software. Desta forma, é proposta uma abordagem baseada em leis de interação para construir sistemas multi-agentes abertos, onde um controle sobre o comportamento dos agentes é esperado. Propõe-se um modelo conceitual para a especificação da forma como as interações são reguladas em um sistema multi-agente. Este modelo conceitual trata conceitos como cenas, normas e restrições de forma integrada. Além disso, a interação entre os agentes deve ser monitorada e as leis que foram especificadas devem ser aplicadas. Para isto, propõe-se uma linguagem declarativa para a especificação da interação de acordo com os elementos do modelo conceitual e uma infra-estrutura de software que age como mediador das interações garantindo que elas estejam de acordo com as especificações.
In this work, we propose an approach for regulating agents interaction on an open multi-agent system. In open systems, agents are immersed in a highly unpredictable environment, they can be self-interested, and other agents are frequently unknown beforehand. We argue that, in some applications, unexpected behavior may lead to system faults. For this reason, we propose a law enforcement approach to build open multi-agent systems where a certain degree of control over agents behavior is desirable. A conceptual model is proposed to specify how the interactions of an open multi-agent system should happen. This model deals with concepts such as norms, constraints and scenes in a integrated way. We also propose a declarative language that allows the interaction s specification according to the elements that compose the conceptual model, and a software infrastructure that acts as a mediator monitoring and enforcing agents interaction.

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27

Inzunza, Miguel. "Suitability in law enforcement : Assessing multifaceted selection criteria." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Beteendevetenskapliga mätningar (BVM), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-111044.

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When selecting applicants for professions with job descriptions involving complex human interaction, identifying suitable candidates is essential. This strongly applies in police selection, because police officers must act appropriately at all times, deal with difficult and sometimes dangerous work situations, and come into contact with people who are in highly emotional states, such as anxiety, fear, excitement, and shock. However, suitability is a broad and vague concept that cannot be even defined without understanding the value of various personal skills and qualities for specific duties, ways that such skills are manifested during life as an officer (potentially both on- and off-duty), and appropriate ways to assess them. The overall aim of this thesis was to explore the personal skills and qualities that are relevant to suitability for the police profession with a special focus on the concept of empathy, and to investigate how it can be conceptualized and measured in the context of selection. Two of the four studies focused on different perspectives regarding the personal skills and qualities of a good police officer, while the other two focused on theoretical aspects and practical measurement of empathy. Mixed methods were used, in acknowledgement of the value of using different forms of data collection, material, and analytical methods to achieve valid information. The results and findings support several of the personal skills and qualities that have been identified in previous research and also can be found as criteria in police selection. Empathy should be considered in the selection process, but it is also important to ensure that there is an alignment between the definition of the concept and practical outcomes in police work. The findings indicate that empathy could be conceptualized in a relevant way using a social cognitive neuroscience (SCN) approach. In particular, a modified, Swedish 4-factor version of the Empathy Assessment Index (based on recent theoretical advances in SCN) appears to have considerable potential for further development. Future studies will focus on areas identified as requiring further research, such as the development of this instrument by adding complementary measures focusing on manifestations of empathy and other relevant qualities in actual work-related situations. Other aspects that require further attention include the definition, assessment, and impact of social desirability in selection contexts.

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Fouche, H. "Prosecuting the Somali pirates: The law enforcement approach." Southern African Journal of Criminology, 2010. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001171.

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Media reports that Somali pirates are holding seafarers to ransom in the Gulf of Aden, the Red Sea and the Western Indian Ocean are, unfortunately, not an infrequent occurrence. Robust action by the naval fleets of various states and naval alliances operating in the area since 2008 has led to the capture of many pirates. More than half of the detained suspected pirates, however, have been released without being prosecuted. Clearly the states prosecuting pirates captured at sea in the region face considerable difficulties. This paper examines those difficulties and suggests that following the law enforcement approach will produce the desired outcome, namely successful prosecution. In reaching this conclusion, the law enforcement approach is analysed in terms of arrest, investigation and prosecution.

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Obilor, Tiffanie Chika, and Tiffanie Chika Obilor. "Domestic Violence: The Racial Divide In Law Enforcement." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621960.

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Domestic abuse is “the willful use of an intimidating action [physical assault, battery, sexual assault, and/or other abusive behavior as part of a systematic pattern] to exert power and control perpetrated by one intimate partner against another” (“What Is Domestic Violence?”, 2016). For African American women in the United States, “some studies have found that negative racial and sexist stereotypes portray African American women as aggressors rather than as victims due to their perceived rough, aggressive, and outspoken characteristics. Because of these persistent stereotypes of African American survivors, police can mistake the victim as the aggressor, thus reducing the amount of legal action taken to aid them. The past and present domestic violence responses have little positive economic or social effects on African American survivors. This thesis argues for educational changes to improve the legal response from law enforcement agencies for African American survivors of domestic violence. Realistic solutions such as, changing the stereotypical image of African American survivors, having law enforcement agencies enforce laws in domestic violence cases, and incorporating mandatory implicit bias and cross cultural communication trainings in a variety of educational areas can help resolve the low amount of law enforcement being used for African American domestic violence victims, unconscious racism in courtrooms, and ineffective mandatory arrest policies.

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Brabham, Sofia C. "Law Enforcement Training and Perceptions of Mental Illness." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2018. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1404609/.

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This thesis analyzes the training and perceptions on mental health of a particular population. Through the use of previous research and literature, a survey was generated and distributed to the population. The findings were used to generate policy implications for the specific population that was analyzed.

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31

Lakoev, Giorgi. "Theoretical and law enforcement systems of regulatory acts." Thesis, Тернопіль: Вектор, 2020. http://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/43909.

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The concept of "regulatory legal acts" includes a set of legislative acts issued by legislative and executive authorities. Normative legal acts are issued by state authorities only in a certain form and within the competence of a particular law-making body. Hence the legal force of a normative legal act is determined by the place in the system of state bodies of the body on behalf of which it was issued. They are called legal because they contain norms of law of a generally binding nature. In essence, this concept is synonymous with the concept of “legislation” in the broad sense of the word. Thus, a normative legal act is a generally binding official decision of a specially authorized entity, adopted in a certain order, which establishes new legal norms, changes or cancels existing ones.

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32

Michel, Erin Kelley. "Law Enforcement Response to Human Trafficking in Ohio." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1281107195.

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33

Sharma, Dushyant. "Speech assessment and characterization for law enforcement applications." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/10737.

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Speech signals acquired, transmitted or stored in non-ideal conditions are often degraded by one or more effects including, for example, additive noise. These degradations alter the signal properties in a manner that deteriorates the intelligibility or quality of the speech signal. In the law enforcement context such degradations are commonplace due to the limitations in the audio collection methodology, which is often required to be covert. In severe degradation conditions, the acquired signal may become unintelligible, losing its value in an investigation and in less severe conditions, a loss in signal quality may be encountered, which can lead to higher transcription time and cost. This thesis proposes a non-intrusive speech assessment framework from which algorithms for speech quality and intelligibility assessment are derived, to guide the collection and transcription of law enforcement audio. These methods are trained on a large database labelled using intrusive techniques (whose performance is verified with subjective scores) and shown to perform favorably when compared with existing non-intrusive techniques. Additionally, a non-intrusive CODEC identification and verification algorithm is developed which can identify a CODEC with an accuracy of 96.8 % and detect the presence of a CODEC with an accuracy higher than 97 % in the presence of additive noise. Finally, the speech description taxonomy framework is developed, with the aim of characterizing various aspects of a degraded speech signal, including the mechanism that results in a signal with particular characteristics, the vocabulary that can be used to describe those degradations and the measurable signal properties that can characterize the degradations. The taxonomy is implemented as a relational database that facilitates the modeling of the relationships between various attributes of a signal and promises to be a useful tool for training and guiding audio analysts.

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34

Irving, Antionette V. "Occupational Stress and Law Enforcement Officer Significant Relationships." Thesis, Northcentral University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10600665.

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The purpose of this study was to explore the occupational stress on law enforcement officer relationships and if there is a positive or negative impact. Researchers suggest that law enforcement officers carry occupational stress and work- related behaviors home, which may cause negative impacts on their relationships. To accomplish this task a mixed method study examined occupational stress as perceived by law enforcement personnel assignments throughout the Tri-cities of Richmond Virginia to include the County of Henrico and the City of Richmond to determine the existence of stress experienced and relationships. There is not enough known about the difficulties officers experience in their relationships with their loved ones resulting from occupational stress and whether such factors have negative or positive impacts on their emotions and behaviors when at home. A qualitative method of research included one-on-one interviews with 15 full time active law enforcement officers from various ranks, genders, and assignments. Additionally, quantitative methods of research included the usage of Police Stress Questionnaire (PSQ-Op and PSQ-Org) to measure both operational and organizational stress, and the Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale (RDAS) to measure the influence on relationships of the officers. These surveys were administered to 89 full time active law enforcement officers from various ranks, genders, and assignments from the City of Richmond and the County of Henrico.

The conceptual themes endorsed by the law enforcement officers were (1) impact of occupational stress, (2) communication and stress (3) whether occupational stress is negative or positive, and (4) resources and support system for significant others. The differences in how the law enforcement officers perceived their stress and the implications on their relationships include (1) lack of resources for significant others, (2) officers finding ways to manage stress, (3) significant others finding ways to manage stress, (4) officer need to communicate with significant other, (5) providing informational and educational sessions for significant others (6) support system for significant others and family members and (7) department providing a support system of resources to manage stress for officers.

The results found suggest implications for law enforcement departments to implement several items to assist with officer occupational stress and their significant relationships. The results of the study described the need for programs, services and resources for officers and their significant others. This includes (1) orientation for officer significant others to assist with understand work schedules and work demands of officers, (2) provide counseling sessions and peer network groups for significant others, (3) provide appreciation and reward to officers that will create a positive work environment, (4) improving training programs to assist officers with physical, emotional and psychological stressors, and (5) intervention measures to assist officers to perform at their highest level and reduce a stressful home environment for their families reducing strain on relationships.

The law enforcement officers perceived that their departments should do more to assist their significant others in understanding their work demands. Additionally, officers explained the departments must do more to ensure that their significant understand what to do if the officer is experiencing occupational stress or a traumatic incident. The officers expressed that their occupational stress have both negative and positive implications in their significant relationships. The officers explained the importance of communication with their significant other as it relates to occupational stress and their relationships

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35

Keeler, Jason Michael. "PREDICTORS OF ARTERIAL STIFFNESS IN LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS." UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/khp_etds/48.

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The prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among law enforcement officers (LEOs) is slightly higher than the general population. Furthermore, the prevalence of CVD doubles among LEOs following retirement compared to the general population. The measure of arterial stiffness serves as an independent risk factor that has prognostic value for future incidence of CVD. However, there is limited research on lifestyle, occupational, and demographic factors that may be associated with increased arterial stiffness in LEOs. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to compare the level of arterial stiffness among LEOs versus the general population and to identify lifestyle, occupational, and demographic predictors of arterial stiffness in LEOs. Seventy male career LEOs between the ages of 24 to 54 years from Kentucky and southwest Ohio participated in this study. LEOs completed a variety of questionnaires related to health/occupational histories, occupational stress, and diet. LEOs’ body composition (bioelectrical impedance), central and brachial blood pressures, and physical activity (triaxial accelerometers) were assessed. The dependent variable of arterial stiffness was measured by carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV). A variety of statistical techniques including 1 sample t-tests, Pearson product moment correlations, and multiple linear regression were utilized in study analyses, with a level of significance set at p < 0.05. Compared to the general population cfPWV was significantly lower among LEO’s under 30 years of age (mean difference = -0.6 m·s-1), but significantly higher among LEOs 50-55 years of age (mean difference = 1.1 m·s-1). Utilizing stepwise multiple linear regression, age, relative body fat, and diastolic blood pressure explained the most variance in LEO’s cfPWV (adj. R2 = 0.56, p < 0.001). The primary findings of this investigation demonstrate that arterial stiffness may progress more rapidly in LEOs compared to the general population and that LEOs should focus on maintaining appropriate levels of relative body fat and blood pressure to regulate arterial stiffness and risk of CVD.

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36

Tolbert, Harrison. "The effects of higher education on law enforcement." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2004. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2537.

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This paper focused on many aspects of higher education, and how this complex topic is affeccting law enforcement today and will continue to affect it in the future. The role of police officers has changed over the preceding two hundred years from watchman to professional peacekeeper. Experts attribute this change to increases in societal awareness of crime, the implementation of civil service protection, and educational advances.

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Brodeur, Vanessa. "FEMALE LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICER'S EXPERIENCES OF WORKPLACE HARASSMENT." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/621.

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Prior research shows that female police officers experience more incidents of harassment than male police officers, and these experiences of harassment have been shown to have negative effects on their mental and physical health, retention, and job satisfaction. The current study examined the experiences of harassment of 20 female police officers from agencies around Southern California. A survey interview was used, and it was found that none of the women had experienced quid pro quo harassment, but every woman recalled experiencing environmental harassment at some point throughout their career. Hostility towards women was more commonly experienced than harassment which was sexual in nature. Several themes arose from responses to open-ended questions. Female police officers reported that: gender related comments/jokes are not “unwanted”; that they participate in the jokes; gender related jokes are part of the policing culture; and that female officers are negatively targeted because of their sex. Some women stated they did not want to report the harassment and risk ruining their career.

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38

Fisk, Roxann Marie. "Society's Views of Law Enforcement Use of Force." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4286.

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Individuals observe their surroundings and naturally judge others by what they observe or hear. In recent media portrayals, law enforcement officers were scrutinized for use of force and individuals were quick to verbalize their interpretation of events. Bandura's social learning theory served as a focal lens to guide the study. This qualitative phenomenological study examined lived experiences and what factors influence public perception of law enforcement use of force. Interviews were conducted with 10 participants who have encountered or witnessed law enforcement officers utilize use of force during a citizen encounter. NVivo software was used to code and analyze themes from interviews. The findings indicated lived experiences and emotions were high and did influence perception of use of force. Participants explained a variety of emotions when discussing their lived experiences. In addition, social media and mainstream news media played an important role in shaping perception of police officer use of force. This study promotes social change by presenting law enforcement agencies and society insight on how to improve on public perception and understanding of use of force so community relationships with law enforcement can flourish.

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39

Mash, Parisa Tiana. "Symptoms of Depression and Stressors in Law Enforcement." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7406.

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Policing has long been recognized by experts in the field as a stressful, unpredictable, emotionally exhausting, and dangerous occupation. Stress and contributing risk factors have lasting and sometimes fatal results among police officers. The purpose of this quantitative study was to determine if there is a relationship between symptoms of depression and 3 constructs of the Personal Observation Wellness and Evaluation Report--Power Portfolio (PP) survey, specifically administrative and organizational pressures, emotional, physical, psychological threats, and lack of administrative support. Archival data from the National Police Suicide Foundation were used. The independent variable was symptoms of depression as measured by the PP. The dependent variables were administrative and organizational pressures, physical and psychological threats, and lack of support as measured by the work-related problems domain of the PP. The participants (N = 150) consisted of officers employed by local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies throughout the United States. The results of the regression analysis and ANOVA were significant for the 3 research questions. The independent variable depression was related to work-related problems, work-related punishments, and the overall score reflecting participants feelings about their work as police officers. The results illustrate that police officers encounter organizational/administration demands with added stressors that accumulatively can develop into maladaptive coping mechanism and skills. Implications for positive social change include the development of mandatory interventions tailored to meet the need of individual police officers. These and other regulations, training, and protocols may reduce officers' work-related stress and improve the relationship between line and administrative personnel.

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40

Presnell, J. Ryan. "Local Law Enforcement's Counter Terrorism Capabilities." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2008. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2014.

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The purpose of this study was to analyze local law enforcement's counter-terrorism capabilities as it relates to the varying size of United States local law enforcement agencies. Data for the study came from a study entitled "Impact of Terrorism on State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies and Criminal Justice Systems in the United States, 2004". Statistical analysis revealed that there are large disparities in the allocation of resources to intelligence gathering, analyzing, and sharing between smaller local law enforcement agencies and their larger counterparts. Furthermore, smaller agencies are not interacting with federal agencies in a manner consistent with the interactions between larger agencies and federal authorities. However, the study did reveal officers in smaller local law enforcement agencies have undertaken the duties of homeland security on a level commensurate with those in larger local law enforcement agencies.

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41

Hillstead, Coy J. "A comprehensive literature review and critical analysis of human resource management trends in law enforcement." Menomonie, WI : University of Wisconsin--Stout, 2007. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2007/2007hillsteadc.pdf.

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42

Dawidowicz, Martin Henry. "Public law enforcement for international law : the development of third-party countermeasures." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.611767.

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43

Salters, Gregory A. "A Phenomenological Exploration of Black Male Law Enforcement Officers' Perspectives of Racial Profiling and Their Law Enforcement Career Exploration and Commitment." FIU Digital Commons, 2013. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/877.

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This phenomenological study explored Black male law enforcement officers’ perspectives of how racial profiling shaped their decisions to explore and commit to a law enforcement career. Criterion and snow ball sampling was used to obtain the 17 participants for this study. Super’s (1990) archway model was used as the theoretical framework. The archway model “is designed to bring out the segmented but unified and developmental nature of career development, to highlight the segments, and to make their origin clear” (Super, 1990, p. 201). Interview data were analyzed using inductive, deductive, and comparative analyses. Three themes emerged from the inductive analysis of the data: (a) color and/or race does matter, (b) putting on the badge, and (c) too black to be blue and too blue to be black. The deductive analysis used a priori coding that was based on Super’s (1990) archway model. The deductive analysis revealed the participants’ career exploration was influenced by their knowledge of racial profiling and how others view them. The comparative analysis between the inductive themes and deductive findings found the theme “color and/or race does matter” was present in the relationships between and within all segments of Super’s (1990) model. The comparative analysis also revealed an expanded notion of self-concept for Black males – marginalized and/or oppressed individuals. Self-concepts, “such as self-efficacy, self-esteem, and role self-concepts, being combinations of traits ascribed to oneself” (Super, 1990, p. 202) do not completely address the self-concept of marginalized and/or oppressed individuals. The self-concept of marginalized and/or oppressed individuals is self-efficacy, self-esteem, traits ascribed to oneself expanded by their awareness of how others view them. (DuBois, 1995; Freire, 1970; Sheared, 1990; Super, 1990; Young, 1990). Ultimately, self-concept is utilized to make career and life decisions. Current human resource policies and practices do not take into consideration that negative police contact could be the result of racial profiling. Current human resource hiring guidelines penalize individuals who have had negative police contact. Therefore, racial profiling is a discriminatory act that can effectively circumvent U.S. Equal Employment Opportunities Commission laws and serve as a boundary mechanism to employment (Rocco & Gallagher, 2004).

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44

BERLUSCONI, GIULIA. "LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CRIMINAL NETWORK RESILIENCE: THE IMPACT OF LAW ENFORCEMENT ACTION ON THE STRUCTURE OF MAFIA-RELATED DRUG TRAFFICKING NETWORKS." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/2457.

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Per comprendere la capacità delle organizzazioni criminali di resistere alle indagini da parte delle forze di polizia, alcuni studiosi hanno introdotto il concetto di resilienza nel campo della ricerca sul crimine organizzato. Il termine si riferisce alla capacità di un gruppo criminale di affrontare le pressioni esterne e riorganizzarsi. Adottando un approccio di rete e facendo riferimento a precedenti ricerche sulla resilienza dei gruppi criminali, il presente studio analizza l’evoluzione nel corso del tempo di due gruppi legati alla ‘Ndrangheta. L’obiettivo consiste nel comprendere come questi gruppi si sono adattati alla pressione da parte delle forze dell’ordine e nell’identificare i meccanismi che hanno favorito la loro evoluzione e i cambiamenti che hanno riguardato la loro struttura organizzativa. I risultati mostrano che i due gruppi criminali hanno potuto fare affidamento su diverse fonti di resilienza. La presenza di legami di natura non economica, che non sono conseguenza della loro partecipazione nei mercati illegali, ha consentito ai gruppi mafiosi di sostituire i soggetti arrestati in modo rapido ma parziale. Una minor importanza attribuita alla struttura gerarchica da parte dei gruppi mafiosi coinvolti in traffici internazionali ha invece permesso a questi gruppi di dotarsi di una organizzazione interna più flessibile.
To understand mafia persistence over time and address the problem of the impact of law enforcement interventions on criminal groups, some scholars have introduced the concept of resilience into organized crime research; this refers to the ability of criminal groups to deal with ongoing changes and reorganize themselves accordingly. Adopting a network approach to organized crime and drawing on previous studies on criminal network resilience, this study analyses the evolution of two ‘Ndrangheta criminal groups over around two years, seeking to understand how they adapted to the external pressure of law enforcement agencies, and to identify the mechanisms that drove their evolution and the structural changes that they experienced. The results show that the two mafia groups had several sources of resilience. The possibility to rely on non-economic ties, which are not the consequence of their participation in illegal markets, enabled the mafia groups to rapidly, though partially, replace the actors arrested. A less prominent role of the formal hierarchy of the ‘Ndrangheta in criminal networks mainly involved in drug trafficking instead gave rise to a more flexible internal configuration.

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45

BERLUSCONI, GIULIA. "LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CRIMINAL NETWORK RESILIENCE: THE IMPACT OF LAW ENFORCEMENT ACTION ON THE STRUCTURE OF MAFIA-RELATED DRUG TRAFFICKING NETWORKS." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/2457.

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Анотація:

Per comprendere la capacità delle organizzazioni criminali di resistere alle indagini da parte delle forze di polizia, alcuni studiosi hanno introdotto il concetto di resilienza nel campo della ricerca sul crimine organizzato. Il termine si riferisce alla capacità di un gruppo criminale di affrontare le pressioni esterne e riorganizzarsi. Adottando un approccio di rete e facendo riferimento a precedenti ricerche sulla resilienza dei gruppi criminali, il presente studio analizza l’evoluzione nel corso del tempo di due gruppi legati alla ‘Ndrangheta. L’obiettivo consiste nel comprendere come questi gruppi si sono adattati alla pressione da parte delle forze dell’ordine e nell’identificare i meccanismi che hanno favorito la loro evoluzione e i cambiamenti che hanno riguardato la loro struttura organizzativa. I risultati mostrano che i due gruppi criminali hanno potuto fare affidamento su diverse fonti di resilienza. La presenza di legami di natura non economica, che non sono conseguenza della loro partecipazione nei mercati illegali, ha consentito ai gruppi mafiosi di sostituire i soggetti arrestati in modo rapido ma parziale. Una minor importanza attribuita alla struttura gerarchica da parte dei gruppi mafiosi coinvolti in traffici internazionali ha invece permesso a questi gruppi di dotarsi di una organizzazione interna più flessibile.
To understand mafia persistence over time and address the problem of the impact of law enforcement interventions on criminal groups, some scholars have introduced the concept of resilience into organized crime research; this refers to the ability of criminal groups to deal with ongoing changes and reorganize themselves accordingly. Adopting a network approach to organized crime and drawing on previous studies on criminal network resilience, this study analyses the evolution of two ‘Ndrangheta criminal groups over around two years, seeking to understand how they adapted to the external pressure of law enforcement agencies, and to identify the mechanisms that drove their evolution and the structural changes that they experienced. The results show that the two mafia groups had several sources of resilience. The possibility to rely on non-economic ties, which are not the consequence of their participation in illegal markets, enabled the mafia groups to rapidly, though partially, replace the actors arrested. A less prominent role of the formal hierarchy of the ‘Ndrangheta in criminal networks mainly involved in drug trafficking instead gave rise to a more flexible internal configuration.

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46

Leung, Kwok Wing. "A review of environmental law enforcement in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B23427115.

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47

Ncume, Ali Zuko. "The programmatic enforcement of affirmative action." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/5521.

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Historically, racism was deeply rooted in the workplace in South Africa where white people were largely afforded better opportunities than their black counterparts. This position changed after South Africa became a democratic country. In the new South Africa, legislation has been adopted to combat unfair discrimination. This legislation is founded upon the equality clause contained in section 9 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa. Section 9 prohibits unfair direct or indirect discrimination against any person on any of the listed grounds. It also makes provision for protection against unfair discrimination on unlisted grounds. The Employment Equity Act was enacted to bring equality to the workplace and to give effect to section 9(2) of the constitution. The Employment Equity Act promotes equal opportunities and fair treatment and seeks to eliminate unfair discrimination. Section 6 of the Employment Equity Act contains the main thrust of the Act’s prohibition against unfair discrimination. However not all discrimination is unfair. Section 6(2) of the Employment Equity Act provides that discrimination based on the inherent requirements of a job or in terms of affirmative action measures will not be unfair. This section implies that there are grounds of justification which may cause discrimination to be fair. These grounds are affirmative action and inherent requirements of a job. Affirmative action is a purposeful and planned placement and development of competent or potentially competent persons in or to positions from which they were debarred in the past. Affirmative action is an attempt to redress past population, on local and national level. One of the requirements of affirmative action in South Africa is that it must target persons who have been discriminated by unfair discrimination in the past. There are affirmative action measures incorporated in the Employment Equity Act. There exists also a designed programmatic enforcement of affirmative action measures.

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48

Thornlow, Christopher C. "Fusing intelligence with law enforcement information : an analytic imperative." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Mar%5FThornlow.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Homeland Security and Defense))--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2005.
Thesis Advisor(s): Robert L. Simeral, Steven B. Ashby. Includes bibliographical references (p. 55-57) Also available online.

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49

Niemann, Grant Robert, and grant niemann@flinders edu au. "Shared Responsibility for the Enforcement of International Criminal Law." Flinders University. Law, 2010. http://catalogue.flinders.edu.au./local/adt/public/adt-SFU20100709.100429.

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This thesis is concerned with international criminal law. It examines the historical development of this body of law. This thesis also examines the record of enforcement of international criminal law. Historically the enforcement of international criminal law has primarily been a matter for states. States possess the capacity and lawful means of coercion necessary to enforce the criminal law. On occasions states have acted in concert with other states to enforce international criminal law by means of international criminal tribunals.

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Dekker, Guido Ramon den. "The law of arms control international supervision and enforcement /." [S.l. : Amsterdam : s.n.] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2001. http://dare.uva.nl/document/60930.

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