Статті в журналах: "Late 3rd millennium"

1

Toolis, Ronan. "Neolithic domesticity and other prehistoric anomalies." Scottish Archaeological Internet Reports, no. 49 (2011): 1–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/issn.2056-7421.2011.49.1-71.

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A series of archaeological evaluations and excavations at Laigh Newton in East Ayrshire (NGR: NS 5937 3684) revealed evidence for intermittent occupation of this valley terrace between the Mesolithic and the Late Iron Age. The plough-truncated archaeology included the remains of a rectangular building and associated features of the mid-late 4th millennium BC, a more ephemeral structure and related pits of the mid-3rd millennium BC, a charcoal-burning pit of the mid-1st millennium AD and two other rectilinear structures of indeterminate date.

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2

Alekseev, A. O., P. I. Kalinin, T. V. Alekseeva, and G. V. Mitenko. "Soil parameters for quantitative estimation of late holocene climate changes in the southern East European Plain." Доклады Академии наук 485, no. 1 (May 24, 2019): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869-5652485183-87.

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The results of studies of the regularities of evolution of soils and the environment in the steppe zone of the East European Plain are presented. Different culture-based chronological stages for the Bronze Age, Iron Age, and Middle Ages (3rd millennium BC-2nd millennium AD) are considered on the basis of buried soils at archeological monuments (burial mounds).

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3

Orchard, Jocelyn, та Gordon Stanger. "Third millennium oasis towns and environmental constraints on settlement in the Al-Hajar region Part I: The Al-Ḥajar Oasis Towns". Iraq 56 (1994): 63–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021088900002825.

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Concentrations of substantial ruins, sometimes occurring as isolated but neighbouring structures, have been recorded at a number of locations in the foothill zone of the al-Ḥajar mountain range in south-eastern Arabia (Fig. 1), an area widely identified with the ancient copper-producing land of Magan. These assemblages are always distinguished by the presence of large, circular structures and may also include the remains of houses and other features, as well as cemeteries either in close proximity to the buildings or sited on nearby hills. They are attributed to the 3rd millennium B.C. by their related pottery, by carbon-14 dates where these are available and, when such criteria are lacking, by their architecture, masonry and brickwork which are notably different from those of adjacent 2nd and 1st millennium buildings. In view of their close environmental relationship with the al-Ḥajar range and in order to separate them from the late 3rd millennium buildings and tombs which were first discovered and excavated on the island of Umm an-Nar, Abu Dhabi, and which have since been located at many sites in the al-Ḥajar zone, I shall refer to these 3rd millennium assemblages as the al-Ḥajar settlements.

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4

Mazurkevich, Andrey N., Ekaterina V. Dolbunova, Aleksandr L. Aleksandrovsky, Jorg W. E. Fassbinder, Mikhail V. Sablin, and Ivan G. Shirobokov. "Preliminary results of an investigation of a single Barrow near the village of Serteya (Smolensk region)." Światowit 57 (December 17, 2019): 41–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.6793.

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A single burial mound is located on the right bank of the Serteyka River (north-western Russia). It was discovered by E.A. Schmidt in 1951 and is attributed to the Old Russian Period. New researches on the burial mound conducted in 2013 and 2014 have uncovered several diachronic constructions. The first stage was connected to a flint knapping site, which was located on a natural ele- vation. It can be attributed to the 6th millennium BC on the basis of the Early Neolithic pottery fragments found nearby. The next period is dated to the second half of the 3rd millennium BC, when a ritual platform was created. Moreover, on another mound, a ditch was created, which can be attributed to the Long Barrow Culture due to a ceramic fragment found there. Samples from burnt bones and charcoal indicate that the first and second stages of this construction could be dated to between the middle and the second half of the 3rd millennium BC – the late stage of the Zhizhitskaya Culture of pile-dwellers and the initial stage of the Uzmenskaya Culture. Animal bones were cremated along with bronze items, as evidenced by the patina visible on the surface of the bones. Such a rite has been recorded for the first time. Furthermore, a ritual fire-place was set on a flat platform, and additional fireplaces were situated on the slope of the burial mound. This complex, which can be interpreted as a site of worship from the Late Neolithic through the Early Bronze Age, existed for a long period of time. Nowadays, it is difficult to find analogies to such ritual complexes from the 3rd millennium BC from the territory of Poland and the Upper Dnepr region; only the kurgans and burial mounds of the Corded Ware Culture dating to the 3rd millennium BC are known. It might also be supposed that some of the sites with such a sepulchral rite, usually attributed to the Long Barrows Culture, could also be ritual sites – this, however, would require further research.

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5

Valera, António Carlos, Tiago do Pereiro, Sofia Nogueira, Lucy Shaw Evangelista, Anne-France Maurer, Cristina Barrocas Dias, Sara Ribeiro, and Carlo Bottaini. "The “Ferradeira” individual burial of Herdade do Álamo (Beja): facets of social change in the late 3rd millennium BC in South Portugal." SPAL. Revista de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad de Sevilla 1, no. 31 (2022): 92–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/spal.2022.i31.04.

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The individual burial of the Herdade do Álamo, located in Beja municipality, South Portugal, is presented along with its bioanthropological study, radiocarbon dating and isotopic approaches on diet and mobility. The results show a male, with a terrestrial diet and youth mobility, dating from the last quarter of the 3rd millennium BC. The archaeometallurgical study of the metal votive assemblage (one tongue dagger and three Palmela points) indicates a copper metallurgy with high values of Arsenic (As), typical of this period of transition. The burial is contextualized in a process of individuation of the funerary practices and in the “Ferradeira Horizon”, considered as a facet of the diversified funerary practices and of the complex social changes of the late 3rd millennium BC in the South of Portugal.

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6

Núñez, Milton, and Patrik Franzén. "Implications of Baltic amber finds in northern Finland 4000–2000 BC." Archaeologia Lituana 12 (March 16, 2011): 10–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/archlit.2011.12.5128.

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Some time during the late 5th millennium cal BC (cal), East Baltic amber imports began to reach Finland, where it occurred associated with the so-called Typical Comb ware (TCW, c. 4100–3500 cal BC). Imports of this rare fossil resin continue through the remaining of the Finnish Middle Neolithic, but seem to dwindle by the end of the 3rd millennium BC (Äyräpää, 1945, 1960; Luho, 1962; Edgren, 1966, 1992; Siiriäinen, 1967; Rankama, 1977; Torvinen, 1979; Koivunen, 1996, 2006; Oikarinen, 1998; Franzén, 2009). [...]

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7

Reid, Malcolm, Ian Brooks, Jim Innes, Stuart Needham, Fiona Roe, Ian Smith, Sam Walsh, and Ann Woodward. "Once a Sacred and Secluded Place: Early Bronze Age Monuments at Church Lawton, near Alsager, Cheshire." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 80 (November 12, 2014): 237–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2014.12.

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Two round barrows were excavated in 1982–3 at Church Lawton near to the eastern edge of the Cheshire and Staffordshire Plain. One of the barrows was defined by a ring of nine glacial boulders and it is possible that these monoliths initially formed a free-standing stone circle. The remains constitute a rare example of the use of stone to enhance a Bronze Age barrow in the lowlands of central western England. Beneath the mound demarcated by the boulders were the burnt remains of a small, roughly rectangular turf stack associated with fragments of clay daub and pieces of timber. No direct evidence of burial was found within the monument. A radiocarbon date suggests that the structural sequence began sometime in the late 3rd–early 2nd millennium calbc. The other barrow was principally a two-phased construction and contained urned and un-urned cremation burials. A battle-axe was placed next to one of the burials. Radiocarbon dates obtained from the cremations and associated deposits indicate that individuals were being interred from the late 3rd or early 2nd millennium calbc, with the practice continuing until the middle of the 2nd millennium. The barrows formed part of a cemetery, consisting of three known mounds.

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8

Lelong, Olivia, Iraia Arabaolaza, Torben Ballin, Jane Evans, Richard P. Evershed, Susanna Kirk, Angela Lamb, Dawn McLaren, Neil Wilkin, and Lucija Šoberl. "Knappach Toll, Balbridie: a late 3rd-millennium bc Beaker burial on Deeside, Aberdeenshire." Scottish Archaeological Internet Reports 83 (June 12, 2019): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/issn.2019.83.

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A short cist discovered during ploughing at Knappach Toll on Balbridie Farm, Aberdeenshire held the remains of an adult accompanied by a Beaker, fragments of a copper awl and 11 struck flints. Little survived of the skeleton except for cranial fragments, but these indicate that the person had been placed with the head to the west, with the artefacts also at that end. While the sex of the person is indeterminate, with the single surviving sexual dimorphic trait suggesting a male, the position of the body and the presence of the awl are more usually indicative of a female. Radiocarbon dating shows that the person died between 3775±35 years bp (SUERC-30852) and 2330–2040 cal bc (95.4% probability). Stable isotope analysis indicates that he or she grew up on basalt geology, like that of the region, or on chalk. Residue analysis of the Beaker has established that it had held ruminant animal fat such as butter or milk, probably for some time, and some of the flint pieces had been lightly used. The composition and constituents of the burial suggest links between north-east Scotland and East Yorkshire. They also evoke the cultural practices that were spreading across eastern Britain in the later 3rd millennium bc through the mechanisms of cultural transmission and migration.

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9

Lelong, Olivia, Iraia Arabaolaza, Torben Ballin, Jane Evans, Richard P. Evershed, Susanna Kirk, Angela Lamb, Dawn McLaren, Neil Wilkin, and Lucija Šoberl. "Knappach Toll, Balbridie: a late 3rd-millennium bc Beaker burial on Deeside, Aberdeenshire." Scottish Archaeological Internet Reports 83 (June 12, 2019): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/issn.2056-7421.2019.83.

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A short cist discovered during ploughing at Knappach Toll on Balbridie Farm, Aberdeenshire held the remains of an adult accompanied by a Beaker, fragments of a copper awl and 11 struck flints. Little survived of the skeleton except for cranial fragments, but these indicate that the person had been placed with the head to the west, with the artefacts also at that end. While the sex of the person is indeterminate, with the single surviving sexual dimorphic trait suggesting a male, the position of the body and the presence of the awl are more usually indicative of a female. Radiocarbon dating shows that the person died between 3775±35 years bp (SUERC-30852) and 2330–2040 cal bc (95.4% probability). Stable isotope analysis indicates that he or she grew up on basalt geology, like that of the region, or on chalk. Residue analysis of the Beaker has established that it had held ruminant animal fat such as butter or milk, probably for some time, and some of the flint pieces had been lightly used. The composition and constituents of the burial suggest links between north-east Scotland and East Yorkshire. They also evoke the cultural practices that were spreading across eastern Britain in the later 3rd millennium bc through the mechanisms of cultural transmission and migration.

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10

Bökönyi, Sándor. "Horse Remains From the Prehistoric Site of Surkotada, Kutch, Late 3rd Millennium B.C." South Asian Studies 13, no. 1 (January 1997): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02666030.1997.9628544.

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11

Emami, Mohammadamin. "Production of Pottery from Esfandaghe and Jiroft, Iran, late 7th - early 3rd Millennium BC." Materials and Manufacturing Processes 35, no. 13 (September 10, 2020): 1446–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2020.1752919.

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12

Barta, Peter, Ján Sládek, Mária Hajnalová, and Ivan Nagy. "Monoxyl z doby laténskej zo Šamorína." Musaica Archaeologica 5, no. 2 (2020): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.46283/musarch.2020.2.04.

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In the article we present preliminary results of research of a logboat housed in the Žitný Ostrov Museum in Dunajská Streda. According to our research the boat comes from the 3rd century or later part of the last third of 1st millennium cal BCE. It is the earliest chronometrically dated vessel countrywide and the second specimen of Late Iron Age logboats known from Slovak and Czech Republics.

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13

Wilson, Penelope. "Human and Deltaic Environments in Northern Egypt in Late Antiquity." Late Antique Archaeology 12, no. 1 (October 9, 2016): 42–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134522-12340066.

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Abstract This paper analyses the relationship between archaeological sites from the Roman-Late Roman period in the north-central Delta of Egypt and the palaeotopography and environmental conditions from the 1st millennium BC to 1st millennium AD. The location of the archaeological sites is mapped according to survey maps of the 19th and 20th c. and digital topographic models from satellite data. The Ptolemaic and Roman context for the apparent ‘boom’ in settlement during the late antique period (3rd–7th c. AD) is described to assess the way in which the diverse environments of floodplain, wetland and marsh, and sand-bars were managed, and to propose a possible reconstruction of the ancient landscape. The results of the correlation are discussed in terms of connectivity to waterways, lagoons and the sea, spatial organisation, hierarchy and site function. The way in which the evidence from this time period may provide a potential proxy for understanding earlier and later settlement density is explored. Throughout, the historical trajectory and the environment will provide the background for the development of the Delta in the Medieval and Modern period.

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14

Vogel, J. C., AnneMarie Fuls, Ebbie Visser, and Bernd Becker. "Pretoria Calibration Curve for Short-Lived Samples, 1930–3350 BC." Radiocarbon 35, no. 1 (1993): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200013825.

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The high-precision radiocarbon calibration curve for short-lived samples (1–4 yr) of the early historical period (3rd millennium BC) presented previously (Vogel et al. 1986) has been further substantiated and extended to link with a similar curve produced by de Jong for part of the 4th millennium BC (de Jong & Mook 1980). The precise dendrochronological age of the sample set measured by de Jong has finally been fixed (de Jong, Mook & Becker 1989), so that the two sets now cover the period 1930–3900 BC, i.e., the Early Bronze Age and Late Chalcolithic periods of the Middle East. The standard calibration curve for the two sets is presented by Vogel and van der Plicht (1993).

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15

Hamilton, Julia Clare Francis. "Hedgehogs and Hedgehog-Head Boats in Ancient Egyptian Religion in the Late 3rd Millennium BCE." Arts 11, no. 1 (February 8, 2022): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/arts11010031.

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Hedgehogs held a special place in ancient Egyptian life like many other desert- and marsh-dwelling animals. Their natural defensive qualities were admired by ancient Egyptians and their bodily parts, notably their hardened spines, were used as ingredients in medico-magical prescriptions. In tomb reliefs of the late 3rd Millennium BCE, hedgehogs are represented being carried alive by offering bearers or as background participants in desert hunting scenes. In later periods of Egyptian history, rattles, small unguent vessels, and scaraboid amulets were made in their shape, all of which are presumed to have had apotropaic purposes. A particular votive object of the Old Kingdom (c. 2686–2181 BCE) is a palm-sized modelled boat with a prow in the shape of a hedgehog head, which has been discovered at sites throughout Egypt. A similar representation of this motif is the so-called ‘Henet’-boat (from the word ḥnt[j]) with a hedgehog head at the prow facing inwards, which is found in late Old Kingdom art. This article reassesses the role of hedgehogs as protective or apotropaic entities and their association with boats, considering how ancient Egyptians understood their ecology and their predation of snakes, scorpions, and similar stinging creatures. An updated list is provided of known representations of hedgehog-head boats, including petroglyphs and as yet unpublished examples from tombs at Giza and Saqqara. The meaning of the ancient Egyptian word ḥnt(j) is also rexamined in relation to the representation of riverine and marsh-water boats in Old Kingdom tombs.

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16

Ozainne, Sylvain, Laurent Lespez, Yann Le Drezen, Barbara Eichhorn, Katharina Neumann, and Eric Huysecom. "Developing a Chronology Integrating Archaeological and Environmental Data from Different Contexts: The Late Holocene Sequence of Ounjougou (Mali)." Radiocarbon 51, no. 2 (2009): 457–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200055855.

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At Ounjougou, a site complex situated in the Yamé River valley on the Bandiagara Plateau (Dogon country, Mali), multidisciplinary research has revealed a rich archaeological and paleoenvironmental sequence used to reconstruct the history of human-environment interactions, especially during the Late Holocene (3500–300 cal BC). Geomorphological, archaeological, and archaeobotanical data coming from different sites and contexts were combined in order to elaborate a chronocultural and environmental model for this period. Bayesian analysis of 54 14C dates included within the general Late Holocene stratigraphy of Ounjougou provides better accuracy for limits of the main chronological units, as well as for some particularly important events, like the onset of agriculture in the region. The scenario that can be proposed in the current state of research shows an increasing role of anthropogenic fires from the 3rd millennium cal BC onwards, and the appearance of food production during the 2nd millennium cal BC, coupled with a distinctive cultural break. The Late Holocene sequence ends around 300 cal BC with an important sedimentary hiatus that lasts until the end of the 4th century cal AD.

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17

Dardeniz, Gonca, and Tayfun Yıldırım. "Metal consumption of a middle-range society in the late 3rd millennium BC Anatolia: A new socioeconomic approach." PLOS ONE 17, no. 6 (June 3, 2022): e0269189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269189.

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This article discusses the socioeconomic dynamics of metal consumption patterns in the 3rd millennium BC north-central Anatolian site of Resuloğlu (Çorum, Turkey). The socio-political structure of the site confirms a nonstate, socially complex community with a range of hierarchical and heterarchical expressions. This study presents the results of archaeological, compositional (n = 307), and isotopic (n = 45) analyses of the complete metal collection of Resuloğlu uncovered through two decades of systematic excavations with a well-established chronology. The elemental compositions of metal objects obtained with pXRF combined with lead isotope analysis denote a high diversity in alloy types and sources. The compositional analysis highlights the consumption of various binary and ternary alloys for different object types. The lead isotope ratios confirm the use of both in proximity to metallic sources and access to macro-regional trade extending from the Black Sea coast towards the Taurus Mountain range. The site appears as a part of linkages whereby goods and valuables were exchanged within decentralized networks of middle-range societies. The diversity in metal consumption suggests group-driven choices and networks rather than top-down control of social elites. This allows us to confront the conventional approach to the role of metals as the primary motivator for social complexity and inequality in all parts of the 3rd millennium BC Anatolia.

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18

Case, Humphrey. "Beakers: Deconstruction and After." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 59 (1993): 241–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00003807.

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Taking grave and non-grave pottery together, five summary regional groups of beaker pottery are proposed for Britain and Ireland: Group A, Ireland; Group B, north Britain and eventually widespread; Group C, north and to some extent south Britain; Group D, south Britain; and Group E, East Anglia and south-east England. It is anticipated that further discoveries and research will enable these groups to be refined regionally.These groups are set in a quarter-millennium calendrical chronology, which suggests that they may all have appeared around or near the mid-3rd millennium BC, and that many of their aspects were long enduring, some surviving to the 2nd quarter of the 2nd millennium BC.Decorative features especially are related to bell-beaker pottery in western Europe, to Single Grave pottery across the North Sea, and to native Late Neolithic pottery. In presenting the chronology of these relationships, it is argued that a widely held view that bell-beaker pottery evolved in north-west Europe requires modification.

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19

Truex, Lise A. "3 Households and Institutions: A Late 3rd Millennium BCE Neighborhood at Tell Asmar, Iraq (Ancient Eshnunna)." Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 30, no. 1 (July 2019): 39–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/apaa.12112.

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20

Blanco-González, Antonio. "Evocative Monuments in the Late 3rd Millennium BC: Reassessing Depositional Practices beyond Funerary and Domestic Realms." Norwegian Archaeological Review 47, no. 1 (January 2, 2014): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00293652.2014.897749.

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21

Ashbee, Paul, and Peter Jewell. "The Experimental Earthworks revisited." Antiquity 72, no. 277 (September 1998): 485–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00086920.

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Few archaeological projects set out with the intention of running for decades. The committee of the Experimental Earthwork project, however, developed an elaborate programme from 1960 until well into the 3rd millennium AD, designed to study the long-term processes of earthwork construction and change. Paul Ashbee and the late Peter Jewell present their personal view of the aims, experiences and some results of this project.Sadly Peter Jewell died on 23 May 1998, and this paper is a fitting tribute to his major role in the enterprise.

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22

Ramis, Damià, Montserrat Anglada, Antoni Ferrer, Lluís Plantalamor, and Mark Van Strydonck. "Faunal Introductions to the Balearic Islands in the Early 1st Millennium Cal BC." Radiocarbon 59, no. 5 (August 29, 2017): 1415–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2017.79.

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AbstractOnly domestic mammals (sheep, goat, cattle, pig, and dog) and two rodent species constituted the faunal package introduced to the Balearic Islands by the early settlers in the 3rd millennium cal BC. Later animal introductions in the archipelago were thought to occur by the end of the 1st millennium cal BC due to contacts with Punic merchants or, more than likely, to the Roman conquest of the islands. Recently, several faunal remains belonging to different vertebrates (red deer, chicken, and rabbit) were found in the Talayotic site of Cornia Nou (Minorca), in contexts that date to the early 1st millennium cal BC. A series of radiocarbon (14C) dates was made directly on samples of small species to exclude the possibility of infiltration into lower layers. The obtained results show that chicken and rabbit were already present on Minorca in the early 1st millennium cal BC. Chicken is recorded in Phoenician colonies in south Iberia as early as the 8th century cal BC. Rabbit, on the other hand, is indigenous to the Iberian Peninsula. These new faunal introductions recorded in Minorca could be related to the Late Bronze and Phoenician maritime activity.

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23

Ivanova, S. V. "BUDZHAK CULTURE OF THE NORTH-WEST PONTIC REGION: CONTACTS AND CONNECTIONS WITH CORDED WARE CULTURE." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 33, no. 4 (December 25, 2019): 32–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2019.04.02.

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The feature of historical and cultural development of the North-Western Pontic region at the end of the 4th—3rd millennium BC are the relations of its population with the bearers of foreign cultures. First of all it concerns the Budzhak culture which is the part of the Yamna cultural and historical area. The integration process in the Late Chalcolithic Age led to the formation the Budzhak culture of Yamna cultural and historical community based on local protobudzhak horizon. The most significant were the connections with Corded Ware culture, Globular amphorae culture, as well as with the cultures of the Carpatho-Danube. Contacts are manifested in two aspects — ceramics of the Budzhak culture (imports, imitations) and in the presence of Yamna culture burials (or with the features of it). They were found in different territories, in South-Eastern and Central Europe. The analysis of the material culture of Budzhak population suggests the establishment of contacts with the Corded Ware culture in the first half of the 3rd millennium BC. This allows us to reconstruct the possible ways along which the movements and contacts of different population groups took place. There has been no invasion of the steppe «Kurgan culture» into the west but trading colonization, based on was an exchange of natural resources — metals of Balkan-Carpathian area and salt from estuaries Northwestern Black Sea. The archaeological situation with the climatic fluctuations allowed the author to create the new model of correct cultural and historical processes in South-Eastern Europe in the 4th—3rd millennium BC, to evaluate both migration and trade colonization of new territories and adaptive capabilities of the ancient population of the North-Western Black Sea. The relations of Budzhak and Corded Ware cultures lasted for quite a while and were substantial in nature.

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Ivanova, Svetlana V., and Gennadiy N. Toschev. "Late Eneolithic and Bronze Age Prologue Pontic Societies. Forest-Steppe Middle Dniester and Prut Drainage Basins in the 4Th/3Rd-2Nd Millennium Bc: A History of Investigations." Baltic-Pontic Studies 20, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 7–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bps-2017-0001.

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Abstract The paper presents a historiographic context helpful in the current investigations of the cultural contacts between the societies of the east and west of Europe in the borderland of Podolia and Moldova in the Late Eneolithic and the prologue of the Bronze Age. The focus is on the state of research (chiefly taxonomic and topogenetic) into the sequence of taxa in the age of early ‘barrow-building’, identified in the funerary rituals of societies settling the forest-steppe of the northwestern Black Sea Coast in the 4th/3rd-2nd millennium BC.

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25

Gibson, McGuire, Muhammad Maktash, Judith A. Franke, Amr Al-Azm, John C. Sanders, Tony Wilkinson, Clemens Reichel, et al. "First season of Syrian-American investigations at Hamoukar, Hasekeh Province." Iraq 64 (2002): 45–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021088900003648.

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In 1999, the joint expedition of the Syrian Directorate General of Antiquities and the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago initiated excavations and surface reconnaissance at the site of Tell Hamoukar in the northeastern corner of Hassekeh Province (Figs. 1–2). We need to acknowledge, with gratitude, the help and encouragement rendered by Dr Sultan Muhesen, then Director General of Antiquities, and by Sayyid Abdul Messieh Bagdo, of the Antiquities office in Hassekeh.McGuire Gibson arrived in Damascus on August 24, 1999 and began to implement logistical arrangements with the co-director, Muhammad Maktash. Actual excavation of the site of Hamoukar began on September 9 and ended on October 31.Hamoukar has been a subject of interest to a number of scholars through the years because of its size and surface pottery, which includes southern Uruk IV types. The presence of even earlier 4th millennium local Late Chalcolithic pottery as well as Ninevite V and mid-3rd millennium types makes the site crucial in addressing a number of important questions. The complexity of settlement in the early 4th millennium, the nature of the Late Uruk occupation and its relation to other sites with similar material in Syria and Turkey, and the history of the site in the Akkadian and post-Akkadian periods can all be elucidated by excavation here.

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26

Moreno Garcia, Juan Carlos. "Early writing, archaic states and nascent administration: ancient Egypt in context (late 4th-early 3rd millennium BC)." Archéo-Nil. Revue de la société pour l'étude des cultures prépharaoniques de la vallée du Nil 26, no. 1 (2016): 149–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/arnil.2016.1107.

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27

Bolger, Diane. "A Matter of Choice: Cypriot Interactions with the Levantine Mainland During the Late 4th–3rd Millennium BC." Levant 45, no. 1 (April 2013): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/0075891413z.00000000014.

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28

Beaulieu, Paul-Alain. "Aspects of Aramaic and Babylonian Linguistic Interaction in First Millennium BC Iraq." Journal of Language Contact 6, no. 2 (2013): 358–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-00602008.

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This article investigates four areas where the influence of Aramaic on the Neo- and Late Babylonian dialects of Akkadian can be detected (8th-3rd centuries BC): the pronominal system, the verbal prefixes, the precative (i.e., jussive) conjugation, and cognate loanwords. In each case Babylonian appears to have replaced native forms with Aramaic equivalents that bore a close morphological, but not necessarily functional similarity to them. Aramaic and Babylonian both belonged to the Semitic family and were in intimate contact for centuries, being spoken and written side by side in the same society. While the changes that occurred in Babylonian can in each instance be analyzed as individual cases of interference and contamination, I propose to view them together as evidence that the close genetic relation between the two languages triggered a process that induced speakers of Babylonian to adopt Aramaic forms in specific cases where morphological similarity between the two languages was the strongest. These changes were highly selective, however, and do not provide evidence for a massive influx of Aramaic on Neo- and Late Babylonian, as has often been argued in the past.

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29

Kim, Ronald I. "Crimean Gothic sada ‘hundred’, hazer ‘thousand’." NOWELE / North-Western European Language Evolution 75, no. 1 (March 16, 2022): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/nowele.00063.kim.

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Abstract The Crimean Gothic numerals sada ‘hundred’ and hazer ‘thousand’ are not of Persian origin, as long assumed in reference works, but loanwords from Alanic or another of the closely related Iranian languages spoken to the north of the Black Sea from the mid-1st millennium BC onwards. With its final vowel, sada reflects Alanic *sade (cf. Ossetic sædæ), whereas hazer can be from Alanic *hazar or *haz(a)re (cf. Ossetic ærzæ ‘countless number, myriad’). The borrowing could have occurred anytime from the 3rd century onwards, with a date in the late 4th century most likely.

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30

Goslar, Tomasz, Viktor I. Klochko, Aleksander Kośko, Piotr Włodarczak, and Danuta Żurkiewicz. "Chronometry of Late Eneolithic and ‘Early Bronze’ Cultures in the Middle Dniester Area: Investigations of the Yampil Barrow Complex." Baltic-Pontic Studies 20, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 257–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bps-2017-0006.

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Abstract The paper discusses the 2010-2015 studies of the radiocarbon chronology of Podolia ‘barrow cultures’ on the left bank of the middle Dniester. The studies have relied on series of 14C dates for the Klembivka 1, Pidlisivka 1, Porohy 3A and Prydnistryanske 1 sites determined in Kyiv and Poznań laboratories. They are the first attempt to construct a regional (‘Yampil’) radiocarbon scale for ‘Early Bronze’ funerary rites (4th/3rd-2nd millennium BC) as practised by barrow builders - the communities of the Tripolye and Yamnaya cultures - and the secondary barrow users - the designers of necropolises located on barrows - belonging to the Catacomb, Babyno and Noua cultures.

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31

D'Andrea, Marta. "Ebla between the Early and Middle Bronze Ages: A Précis (and Some New Data)." Asia Anteriore Antica. Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Cultures 3 (February 24, 2022): 3–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/asiana-1199.

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The discoveries of the 2004-2008 excavations at Tell Mardikh, ancient Ebla, in north-western Syria, and the following processing of the archaeological record have allowed for a re-examination the site’s trajectory between Early Bronze IVB and Middle Bronze I. Not only it was possible to gain a clearer picture of the site’s trajectory during Early Bronze IVB, the phase following the demise of Ebla’s Early Bronze IVA kingdom, but also to re-investigate how the site transitioned from the Early to the Middle Bronze Age at a deeper chronological scale, which was hampered before by the lack of sufficient stratified data. Moving from these insights, this paper offers a summary of the state of research on Ebla between the Early and the Middle Bronze Ages and proposes some ideas concerning this critical nexus in the site’s development. Moreover, unpublished stratified ceramic data are presented and examined that might allow current synchronisms between Ebla, the Middle Euphrates, and the Syrian Jazirah between the late 3rd and the early 2nd millennium BC to be re-considered, and to shed light on the site’s participation and role in region-wide processes that were taking place between the 3rd and the 2nd millennium BC. This way, this crucial connection in the developmental trajectory of Ebla and in the study of ancient Syria will be re-analysed offering insights into archaeology, chronology, and history.

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32

Desset, François, Kambiz Tabibzadeh, Matthieu Kervran, Gian Pietro Basello, and and Gianni Marchesi. "The Decipherment of Linear Elamite Writing." Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie 112, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 11–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/za-2022-0003.

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Abstract Linear Elamite writing was used in southern Iran in the late 3rd/early 2nd millennium BCE (ca. 2300–1880 BCE). First discovered during the French excavations at Susa from 1903 onwards, it has so far resisted decipherment. The publication of eight inscribed silver beakers in 2018 provided the materials and the starting point for a new attempt; its results are presented in this paper. A full description and analysis of Linear Elamite of writing, employed for recording the Elamite language, is given here for the first time, together with a discussion of Elamite phonology and the biscriptualism that characterizes this language in its earliest documented phase.

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33

Ivanova, Svetlana V., and Gennadiy N. Toschev. "The Middle-Dniester Cultural Contact Area of Early Metal Age Societies. The Frontier of Pontic and Baltic Drainage Basins in the 4Th/3Rd-2Nd Millennium Bc." Baltic-Pontic Studies 20, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 337–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bps-2017-0008.

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Abstract The paper discusses the taxonomy and autogenesis of the cycle of early ‘barrow cultures’ developed by the local communities of the Middle Dniester Area or, in a broader comparative context, the north-western Black Sea Coast, in the 4th/3rd-2nd millennium BC. The purpose of the study is to conduct an analytical and conceptual entry point to the research questions of the Dniester Contact Area, specifically the contacts between autochthonous ‘Late Eneolithic’ communities (Yamnaya, Catacomb and Babyno cultures) and incoming communities from the Baltic basin. The discussion of these cultures continues in other papers presented in this volume of Baltic-Pontic Studies.

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34

Kulkova, M., A. Mazurkevich, E. Dolbunova, M. Regert, A. Mazuy, E. Nesterov, and M. Sinai. "Late Neolithic Subsistence Strategy and Reservoir Effects in 14C Dating of Artifacts at the Pile-Dwelling Site Serteya II (NW Russia)." Radiocarbon 57, no. 4 (2015): 611–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/azu_rc.57.18427.

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Radiocarbon dating and research into offset correction for freshwater reservoir effect were conducted at the pile-dwelling site Serteya II, located in the Dvina-Lovat' basin (northwestern Russia). Cultural layers of this site are situated underwater, hence the unique state of preservation of material culture of the 3rd millennium cal BC. 14C dating of different organic materials [wood, hazelnut (Corylus avellana), and elk bones] from this site allows their ages to be correlated and 14C age offsets caused by freshwater reservoir effects (hardwater effects) in the dating of materials such as organic crust, pottery, bones, and lake sediments to be estimated. Consideration of the late Neolithic subsistence strategy underpinning the archaeological finds from this site and analysis of lipid components in ceramic vessels, as well as the determination of 14C activity of modern aquatic and terrestrial samples, allows us to calculate the local freshwater reservoir effect and 14C age offset for charred food crusts from different ceramic vessels more precisely.

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35

Noble, Gordon, Kenneth Brophy, Derek Hamilton, Stephany Leach, and Alison Sheridan. "Cremation Practices and the Creation of Monument Complexes: The Neolithic Cremation Cemetery at Forteviot, Strathearn, Perth & Kinross, Scotland, and its comparanda." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 83 (October 4, 2017): 213–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2017.11.

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Around the beginning of the 3rd millennium cal bc a cremation cemetery was established at Forteviot, central Scotland. This place went on to become one of the largest monument complexes identified in Mainland Scotland, with the construction of a palisaded enclosure, timber structures, and a series of henge monuments and other enclosures. The cemetery was established between 3080 and 2900 cal bc, probably in the 30th century cal bc, which is contemporary with the cremation cemetery at Stonehenge. Nine discrete deposits of cremated bone, representing the remains of at least 18 people, were identified. In most instances they were placed within cut features and, in one case, a series of cremation deposits was associated with a broken standing stone. This paper includes the first detailed assessment of the cremated remains at Forteviot and the features associated with the cemetery, and explores how the establishment of this cemetery may have been both a catalyst and inspiration for the elaborate monument building and prolonged acts of remembrance that occurred at this location over a period of almost 1000 years. The paper also outlines the parallels for Forteviot across Britain and, for the first time, draws together the dating evidence (including Bayesian modelling) for this major category of evidence for considering the nature of late 4th/early 3rd millennium cal bc society. The results and discussion have wide implications and resonances for contemplating the establishment and evolution of monument complexes in prehistoric Britain and beyond.

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36

Höflmayer, Felix, Michael W. Dee, Hermann Genz, and Simone Riehl. "Radiocarbon Evidence for the Early Bronze Age Levant: The Site of Tell Fadous-Kfarabida (Lebanon) and the End of the Early Bronze III Period." Radiocarbon 56, no. 2 (2014): 529–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/56.16932.

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Absolute dates for the end of the Early Bronze Age ancient Near East are of crucial importance for assessing the nature and extent of mid- to late 3rd millennium BC transitions in the Near East and their alleged link to the 4.2ka BP climatic event. This article presents a radiocarbon sequence for the Early Bronze Age site of Tell Fadous-Kfarabida (Lebanon) and argues that the end of the Early Bronze III period has to be dated considerably higher than previously estimated. There is no reason to assume that the 4.2ka BP event might have contributed to or even triggered the collapse of the first urban cities in the southern and central Levant.

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37

Höflmayer, Felix, Michael W. Dee, Hermann Genz, and Simone Riehl. "Radiocarbon Evidence for the Early Bronze Age Levant: The Site of Tell Fadous-Kfarabida (Lebanon) and the End of the Early Bronze III Period." Radiocarbon 56, no. 02 (2014): 529–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200049572.

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Absolute dates for the end of the Early Bronze Age ancient Near East are of crucial importance for assessing the nature and extent of mid- to late 3rd millennium BC transitions in the Near East and their alleged link to the 4.2ka BP climatic event. This article presents a radiocarbon sequence for the Early Bronze Age site of Tell Fadous-Kfarabida (Lebanon) and argues that the end of the Early Bronze III period has to be dated considerably higher than previously estimated. There is no reason to assume that the 4.2ka BP event might have contributed to or even triggered the collapse of the first urban cities in the southern and central Levant.

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38

P., Ankusheva. "The Origins and Development of Textile Culture in the Late Bronze Age in the Southern Urals." Teoriya i praktika arkheologicheskikh issledovaniy 32, no. 4 (December 2020): 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/tpai(2020)4(32).-03.

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At the turn of the 3rd / 2nd millennium BC textile artifacts (fabric impressions on ceramics and organic samples) were widespread in the Southern Urals. The paper is devoted to identifying the possible origins of the Sintashta and Alakul textile technologies by comparing them with the data about the products from adjacent territorial and chronological frames. The comparison criteria are the components of the textile culture (raw materials, technology, decoration and application), according to which the sources of the Trans-Ural Eneolithic, Yamnaya, Catacomb, Andronovo communities are systematized. Such innovative technologies as weaving, woolen threads, madder dyeing were first noted in the South Trans-Urals in the Sintashta materials and find their closest parallels in the catacomb materials. The Sintashta, Petrovka and Alakul antiquities demonstrate a single textile technology, organically integrated into the Srubno-Andronovo “world” of steppe and forest-steppe cattle-breeding cultures of Northern Eurasia.

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39

Moreno García, Juan Carlos. "Elusive “Libyans”: Identities, Lifestyles and Mobile Populations in NE Africa (late 4th–early 2nd millennium BCE)." Journal of Egyptian History 11, no. 1-2 (October 8, 2018): 147–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18741665-12340046.

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Abstract The term “Libyan” encompasses, in fact, a variety of peoples and lifestyles living not only in the regions west of the Nile Valley, but also inside Egypt itself, particularly in Middle Egypt and the Western Delta. This situation is reminiscent of the use of other “ethnic” labels, such as “Nubian,” heavily connoted with notions such as ethnic homogeneity, separation of populations across borders, and opposed lifestyles. In fact, economic complementarity and collaboration explain why Nubians and Libyans crossed the borders of Egypt and settled in the land of the pharaohs, to the point that their presence was especially relevant in some periods and regions during the late 3rd and early 2nd millennium BCE. Pastoralism was just but one of their economic pillars, as trading activities, gathering, supply of desert goods (including resins, minerals, and vegetal oils) and hunting also played an important role, at least for some groups or specialized segments of a particular social group. While Egyptian sources emphasize conflict and marked identities, particularly when considering “rights of use” over a given area, collaboration was also crucial and beneficial for both parts. Finally, the increasing evidence about trade routes used by Libyans points to alternative networks of circulation of goods that help explain episodes of warfare between Egypt and Libyan populations for their control.

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40

Noskevich, Vladislav V., Natalia V. Fedorova, and Fedor N. Petrov. "Reconstruction of the Settlement Levoberezhnoe Plan of the Bronze Age (South Ural, Russia)." Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya (The Volga River Region Archaeology) 3, no. 37 (September 30, 2021): 142–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24852/pa2021.3.37.142.154.

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In the Southern Urals in 2015–2019 research was conducted on the fortified settlement of the Bronze Age Levoberezhnoe (Sintashta II). An asphalt road was drawn through the settlement, during the construction of which about a third of the monument’s area was destroyed. Excavations of the monument have been carried out since 2015. It has been established that the settlement is multi-layered; it functioned in the Late Bronze Age from the turn of the 3rd–2nd millennium BC until the last quarter of the second millennium BC. Detailed magnetic and topographic surveys were performed on the territory that remaining survived the construction of the road. The location of the external moat was reliably determined by linear positive magnetic anomalies. The base of the outer wall of the settlement had a thickness of about 4 m, the width of the outer moat was 2–2.5 m. It was also possible to accurately localize a number of walls of buildings. The settlement had a rectangular shape, inside there were 26 dwellings. As a result of a comprehensive analysis of the data and aerial photographs of the last century, the layout of the entire settlement was reconstructed.

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41

Robinson, Gary. "Is there a British Chalcolithic? People, Place and Polity in the Late 3rd Millennium. Edited by MichaelJ. Allen, JulieGardinerand AlisonSheridan." Archaeological Journal 171, no. 1 (January 2014): 402–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00665983.2014.11078275.

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42

Borzunov, Victor A., and Sergey V. Kuzminykh. "Non-Ferrous Metal Products of the Monument Serny Klyuch in the Mountains of the Middle Urals." Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya (The Volga River Region Archaeology) 1, no. 39 (March 25, 2022): 17–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24852/pa2022.1.39.17.33.

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The paper presents the results of the study of non-ferrous metal products that were found at the hillfort Serny Klyuch with an area of about 1000 m2, located on the top of a high (20–25 m) limestone cliff near Nyazepetrovsk town in the upper reaches of the Ufa River. The hillfort contains materials from the last five millennia. In 1989–1993 archaeologists of the Ural State University uncovered half of the monument with the remains of fortifications, metallurgical furnaces, production sites, industrial and residential premises. Items made from non-ferrous metal were found here as well as wastes of its production (55 specimens). These findings relate to a small camp of metallurgists of the late 3 – early 2 millennium BC of the South Ural Abashevo culture, a non-fortified settlement and a powerful fortified metallurgical center of the 6th/5th – 3rd centuries BC of the aboriginal Itkul’ culture and the ancient fortified settlement of the 8–12 centuries, which belonged to the bearers of the local Petrogrom culture. Spectral analysis of the metal of 34 items, carried out in the laboratory of the Institute of Archeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, showed that tools, weapons and jewelry were cast from “metallurgically” pure and “contaminated” copper (29 pieces) and bronze (5 pieces).

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43

Manzo, Andrea. "Weapons, Ideology and Identity at Kerma (Upper Nubia, 2500–1500 bc)." Annali Sezione Orientale 76, no. 1-2 (November 28, 2016): 3–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24685631-12340001.

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This paper would like to represent a first step in the direction of a more systematic and articulated study of the weapons and their meaning at Kerma and in the ancient Upper Nubian kingdom of Kush in the late 3rd–mid-2nd millennium bc. The main types of weapons recorded at Kerma and in other Kerma sites are described, their diachronic and synchronic distribution is outlined. The problem of their origin is discussed, as well as the social meaning that weapons may have had in Upper Nubia. The importance of military ideology and of weapons in the Kerma society is suggested, as well as their role in the identity building of the kingdom of Kush. Finally, the contribution that the study of weapons can provide for getting a more complete knowledge of the relations between Kush and Egypt is dealt with too.

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44

Scarre, Chris. "Arenas of Action? Enclosure Entrances in Neolithic Western Francec. 3500–2500 BC." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 64 (January 1998): 115–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x0000219x.

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Recent research has led to a re-evaluation of the defensive role formerly assigned to the Late Neolithic enclosures of western France. Excavation of the distinctive pince de crabe entrances which are a feature of many of these enclosures has suggested that these were not single but multi-phase structures, with a purpose which must have been monumental or ceremonial rather than protective. Human remains in the enclosure ditches underline their significance as symbolic as well as physical boundaries. The chronology of the elaborated entrances indicates that they belong to a period of social competition in which decorated pottery had a particular importance. This phase came to an end early in the 3rd millennium BC when the enclosure ditches were backfilled, and western France became integrated into a wider world of social and raw material exchange.

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45

Buckley, D. G., J. D. Hedges, N. Brown, E. Healey, L. Hurcombe, M. Kelly, H. Major, et al. "Excavations at a Neolithic Cursus, Springfield, Essex, 1979–85." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 67 (2001): 101–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00001638.

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A long cropmark enclosure at Springfield, Essex, interpreted as a Neolithic cursus, was investigated betwee 1979–85 to confirm its date and establish a site sequence. The enclosure was c. 690 m long and 37–49 m wide the ditch being uninterrupted in all areas examined, features within the interior at the eastern end included a incomplete ring of substantial post-pits which it is suggested originally formed a complete circle. Peterborou pottery, predominately Mortlake style, Grooved Ware, a small amount of Beaker pottery, earlier Bronze Age urn sherds, and flint artefacts of the late 3rd-early 2nd millennium were recovered from the cursus ditch an other features. Collectively the evidence indicates a prolonged period of use. The results of the excavations a described, the site is discussed in its local and regional context and the implications of the excavation for our understanding of cursus monuments are considered.

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46

Hielte, Maria. "SEDENTARY VERSUS NOMADIC LIFE-STYLES: The 'Middle Helladic People' in southern Balkan (late 3rd & first Half of the 2nd Millennium BC)." Acta Archaeologica 75, no. 2 (December 2004): 27–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0065-001x.2004.00012.x.

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47

Bonora, G. L., G. Rossi Osmida, and A. Cengia. "Seals from the Adji Kui Burials." Archaeological News 32 (2021): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/1817-6976-2021-32-55-68.

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While the catalogue of the graves from Adji Kui is being prepared for the upcoming publication, this paper describes and presents for the first time fifteen seals found in the burials. The seals were manufactured in stone, metal and faience; thirteen of them were one-sided stamp seals, one is a stamp seal atop a pin head in bronze and the last is represented by a two-sided seal in hematite. Their subjects, shape and material as well as their manufacturing techniques highlight that all seals belong to the Oxus Civilization. They find several close comparisons with artefacts from other sites in Margiana and Bactria and their chronological distribution is dated to the late 3rd millennium BC. As evidenced in other Oxus Civilization graveyards, most of the Adji Kui seals were found in graves containing female individuals, surmising then that the place of women in the Middle East and Central Asian communities, among them also Adji Kui, was socially and economically important.

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48

Leary, Jim, Matthew Canti, David Field, Peter Fowler, Peter Marshall, and Gill Campbell. "The Marlborough Mound, Wiltshire. A Further Neolithic Monumental Mound by the River Kennet." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 79 (May 10, 2013): 137–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2013.6.

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Recent radiocarbon dates obtained from two soil cores taken through the Marlborough Castle mound, Wiltshire, show the main body of it to be a contemporaneous monument to Silbury Hill, dating to the second half of the 3rd millennium cal bc. In light of these dates, this paper considers the sequence identified within the cores, which includes two possible flood events early in the construction of the mound. It also describes four cores taken through the surrounding ditch, as well as small-scale work to the north-east of the mound. The topographic location of the mound in a low-lying area and close to rivers and springs is discussed, and the potential for Late Neolithic sites nearby is set out, with the land to the south of the mound identified as an area for future research. The paper ends with the prospect that other apparent mottes in Wiltshire and beyond may well also have prehistoric origins

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49

Koliński, Rafał. "Settlement history of Iraqi Kurdistan: an assessment halfway into the project." Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 26, no. 1 (July 9, 2018): 579–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.1810.

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The objectives of the “Settlement history of Iraqi Kurdistan” project include the identification and recording of archaeological sites and other heritage monuments across an area of more than 3000 km2 located on both banks of the Greater Zab river, north of Erbil. A full survey of the western bank was carried out over three field seasons, in 2013, 2014 and 2015 (leaving the Erbil/Haūler province to be studied in the next two seasons). To date, at least 147 archaeological sites dating from the early Neolithic Hassuna culture to late Ottoman times have been registered. Moreover, the project documented 39 architectural monuments, as well as the oldest rock reliefs in Mesopotamia dating from the mid 3rd millennium BC, located in the village of Gūnduk. Altogether 91 caves and rock shelters were visited in search of Paleolithic and Pre-Pottery Neolithic remains. The paper is an interim assessment of the results halfway into the project, showing the trends and illuminating gaps in the current knowledge.

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Vyazov, Leonid A., Elena V. Ponomarenko, Ekaterina G. Ershova, Yulia A. Salova та Nikolay S. Myasnikov. "Динамика хозяйственного освоения Посурья в I тысячелетии н.э. Часть 1: данные стратиграфического анализа пойменных и балочных отложений". Oriental Studies 14, № 5 (30 грудня 2021): 981–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2021-57-5-981-1005.

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The article summarizes the results of a comprehensive landscape-archaeological study of the dynamics of human-environmental interaction in the Middle Sura region during the first millennium AD. The data resulted from the study of the River Sura floodplain at the former confluence of the Sura and the Malaya Sarka. The analysis of the sediments and buried soils indicates that the period between the first millennium BC and the first millennium AD saw a series of climatic cycles changing each other, with the floodplain periodically being available for various types of economic development. The Early Iron Age (first millennium BC – 2nd–3rd centuries AD) saw the formation of grey forest soils in the part of the floodplain under study. During this period, the area remained uninhabited, while the population was involved in the development of the elevated terraces and riverbanks. In contrast, in the second quarter of the first millennium AD the floodplain covered at the time by broadleaf forest had the most favorable conditions for settlement; the area was developed by the population that belonged to the Middle Volga variant of the Kiev culture. Their economic activity resulted in the gradual deforestation of the floodplain, with meadow landscapes arising instead of the forest. The second half of the 5th century saw drastic intensification of the floods and an increased runoff. The sites assigned to this period represent the developed stage of the Imen´kovo culture; these were located on the elevated terraces. The new stage of low flooding dates to the medieval period (8th–13th centuries), the soils bearing traces of steppe formation and subsequent development of the floodplain. Later, in the late Middle Age and the early Modern period, tillage shifted to watersheds and intensified, while the accumulation of layered alluvial deposits on the floodplain started again, with frequent and intense floods taking place. The study of the dynamics of the moistening of the Sura floodplain is asynchronous with the data of other studied regions of the Russian Plain, which raises the question of a relationship between the availability of floodplains for economic development and migration processes.

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