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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Late 3rd millennium"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 березня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Late 3rd millennium"

1

Toolis, Ronan. "Neolithic domesticity and other prehistoric anomalies." Scottish Archaeological Internet Reports, no. 49 (2011): 1–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/issn.2056-7421.2011.49.1-71.

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A series of archaeological evaluations and excavations at Laigh Newton in East Ayrshire (NGR: NS 5937 3684) revealed evidence for intermittent occupation of this valley terrace between the Mesolithic and the Late Iron Age. The plough-truncated archaeology included the remains of a rectangular building and associated features of the mid-late 4th millennium BC, a more ephemeral structure and related pits of the mid-3rd millennium BC, a charcoal-burning pit of the mid-1st millennium AD and two other rectilinear structures of indeterminate date.

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2

Alekseev, A. O., P. I. Kalinin, T. V. Alekseeva, and G. V. Mitenko. "Soil parameters for quantitative estimation of late holocene climate changes in the southern East European Plain." Доклады Академии наук 485, no. 1 (May 24, 2019): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869-5652485183-87.

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The results of studies of the regularities of evolution of soils and the environment in the steppe zone of the East European Plain are presented. Different culture-based chronological stages for the Bronze Age, Iron Age, and Middle Ages (3rd millennium BC-2nd millennium AD) are considered on the basis of buried soils at archeological monuments (burial mounds).

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3

Orchard, Jocelyn, та Gordon Stanger. "Third millennium oasis towns and environmental constraints on settlement in the Al-Hajar region Part I: The Al-Ḥajar Oasis Towns". Iraq 56 (1994): 63–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021088900002825.

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Concentrations of substantial ruins, sometimes occurring as isolated but neighbouring structures, have been recorded at a number of locations in the foothill zone of the al-Ḥajar mountain range in south-eastern Arabia (Fig. 1), an area widely identified with the ancient copper-producing land of Magan. These assemblages are always distinguished by the presence of large, circular structures and may also include the remains of houses and other features, as well as cemeteries either in close proximity to the buildings or sited on nearby hills. They are attributed to the 3rd millennium B.C. by their related pottery, by carbon-14 dates where these are available and, when such criteria are lacking, by their architecture, masonry and brickwork which are notably different from those of adjacent 2nd and 1st millennium buildings. In view of their close environmental relationship with the al-Ḥajar range and in order to separate them from the late 3rd millennium buildings and tombs which were first discovered and excavated on the island of Umm an-Nar, Abu Dhabi, and which have since been located at many sites in the al-Ḥajar zone, I shall refer to these 3rd millennium assemblages as the al-Ḥajar settlements.

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4

Mazurkevich, Andrey N., Ekaterina V. Dolbunova, Aleksandr L. Aleksandrovsky, Jorg W. E. Fassbinder, Mikhail V. Sablin, and Ivan G. Shirobokov. "Preliminary results of an investigation of a single Barrow near the village of Serteya (Smolensk region)." Światowit 57 (December 17, 2019): 41–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.6793.

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A single burial mound is located on the right bank of the Serteyka River (north-western Russia). It was discovered by E.A. Schmidt in 1951 and is attributed to the Old Russian Period. New researches on the burial mound conducted in 2013 and 2014 have uncovered several diachronic constructions. The first stage was connected to a flint knapping site, which was located on a natural ele- vation. It can be attributed to the 6th millennium BC on the basis of the Early Neolithic pottery fragments found nearby. The next period is dated to the second half of the 3rd millennium BC, when a ritual platform was created. Moreover, on another mound, a ditch was created, which can be attributed to the Long Barrow Culture due to a ceramic fragment found there. Samples from burnt bones and charcoal indicate that the first and second stages of this construction could be dated to between the middle and the second half of the 3rd millennium BC – the late stage of the Zhizhitskaya Culture of pile-dwellers and the initial stage of the Uzmenskaya Culture. Animal bones were cremated along with bronze items, as evidenced by the patina visible on the surface of the bones. Such a rite has been recorded for the first time. Furthermore, a ritual fire-place was set on a flat platform, and additional fireplaces were situated on the slope of the burial mound. This complex, which can be interpreted as a site of worship from the Late Neolithic through the Early Bronze Age, existed for a long period of time. Nowadays, it is difficult to find analogies to such ritual complexes from the 3rd millennium BC from the territory of Poland and the Upper Dnepr region; only the kurgans and burial mounds of the Corded Ware Culture dating to the 3rd millennium BC are known. It might also be supposed that some of the sites with such a sepulchral rite, usually attributed to the Long Barrows Culture, could also be ritual sites – this, however, would require further research.

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5

Valera, António Carlos, Tiago do Pereiro, Sofia Nogueira, Lucy Shaw Evangelista, Anne-France Maurer, Cristina Barrocas Dias, Sara Ribeiro, and Carlo Bottaini. "The “Ferradeira” individual burial of Herdade do Álamo (Beja): facets of social change in the late 3rd millennium BC in South Portugal." SPAL. Revista de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad de Sevilla 1, no. 31 (2022): 92–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/spal.2022.i31.04.

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The individual burial of the Herdade do Álamo, located in Beja municipality, South Portugal, is presented along with its bioanthropological study, radiocarbon dating and isotopic approaches on diet and mobility. The results show a male, with a terrestrial diet and youth mobility, dating from the last quarter of the 3rd millennium BC. The archaeometallurgical study of the metal votive assemblage (one tongue dagger and three Palmela points) indicates a copper metallurgy with high values of Arsenic (As), typical of this period of transition. The burial is contextualized in a process of individuation of the funerary practices and in the “Ferradeira Horizon”, considered as a facet of the diversified funerary practices and of the complex social changes of the late 3rd millennium BC in the South of Portugal.

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6

Núñez, Milton, and Patrik Franzén. "Implications of Baltic amber finds in northern Finland 4000–2000 BC." Archaeologia Lituana 12 (March 16, 2011): 10–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/archlit.2011.12.5128.

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Some time during the late 5th millennium cal BC (cal), East Baltic amber imports began to reach Finland, where it occurred associated with the so-called Typical Comb ware (TCW, c. 4100–3500 cal BC). Imports of this rare fossil resin continue through the remaining of the Finnish Middle Neolithic, but seem to dwindle by the end of the 3rd millennium BC (Äyräpää, 1945, 1960; Luho, 1962; Edgren, 1966, 1992; Siiriäinen, 1967; Rankama, 1977; Torvinen, 1979; Koivunen, 1996, 2006; Oikarinen, 1998; Franzén, 2009). [...]

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7

Reid, Malcolm, Ian Brooks, Jim Innes, Stuart Needham, Fiona Roe, Ian Smith, Sam Walsh, and Ann Woodward. "Once a Sacred and Secluded Place: Early Bronze Age Monuments at Church Lawton, near Alsager, Cheshire." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 80 (November 12, 2014): 237–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2014.12.

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Two round barrows were excavated in 1982–3 at Church Lawton near to the eastern edge of the Cheshire and Staffordshire Plain. One of the barrows was defined by a ring of nine glacial boulders and it is possible that these monoliths initially formed a free-standing stone circle. The remains constitute a rare example of the use of stone to enhance a Bronze Age barrow in the lowlands of central western England. Beneath the mound demarcated by the boulders were the burnt remains of a small, roughly rectangular turf stack associated with fragments of clay daub and pieces of timber. No direct evidence of burial was found within the monument. A radiocarbon date suggests that the structural sequence began sometime in the late 3rd–early 2nd millennium calbc. The other barrow was principally a two-phased construction and contained urned and un-urned cremation burials. A battle-axe was placed next to one of the burials. Radiocarbon dates obtained from the cremations and associated deposits indicate that individuals were being interred from the late 3rd or early 2nd millennium calbc, with the practice continuing until the middle of the 2nd millennium. The barrows formed part of a cemetery, consisting of three known mounds.

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8

Lelong, Olivia, Iraia Arabaolaza, Torben Ballin, Jane Evans, Richard P. Evershed, Susanna Kirk, Angela Lamb, Dawn McLaren, Neil Wilkin, and Lucija Šoberl. "Knappach Toll, Balbridie: a late 3rd-millennium bc Beaker burial on Deeside, Aberdeenshire." Scottish Archaeological Internet Reports 83 (June 12, 2019): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/issn.2019.83.

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A short cist discovered during ploughing at Knappach Toll on Balbridie Farm, Aberdeenshire held the remains of an adult accompanied by a Beaker, fragments of a copper awl and 11 struck flints. Little survived of the skeleton except for cranial fragments, but these indicate that the person had been placed with the head to the west, with the artefacts also at that end. While the sex of the person is indeterminate, with the single surviving sexual dimorphic trait suggesting a male, the position of the body and the presence of the awl are more usually indicative of a female. Radiocarbon dating shows that the person died between 3775±35 years bp (SUERC-30852) and 2330–2040 cal bc (95.4% probability). Stable isotope analysis indicates that he or she grew up on basalt geology, like that of the region, or on chalk. Residue analysis of the Beaker has established that it had held ruminant animal fat such as butter or milk, probably for some time, and some of the flint pieces had been lightly used. The composition and constituents of the burial suggest links between north-east Scotland and East Yorkshire. They also evoke the cultural practices that were spreading across eastern Britain in the later 3rd millennium bc through the mechanisms of cultural transmission and migration.

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9

Lelong, Olivia, Iraia Arabaolaza, Torben Ballin, Jane Evans, Richard P. Evershed, Susanna Kirk, Angela Lamb, Dawn McLaren, Neil Wilkin, and Lucija Šoberl. "Knappach Toll, Balbridie: a late 3rd-millennium bc Beaker burial on Deeside, Aberdeenshire." Scottish Archaeological Internet Reports 83 (June 12, 2019): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/issn.2056-7421.2019.83.

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Анотація:

A short cist discovered during ploughing at Knappach Toll on Balbridie Farm, Aberdeenshire held the remains of an adult accompanied by a Beaker, fragments of a copper awl and 11 struck flints. Little survived of the skeleton except for cranial fragments, but these indicate that the person had been placed with the head to the west, with the artefacts also at that end. While the sex of the person is indeterminate, with the single surviving sexual dimorphic trait suggesting a male, the position of the body and the presence of the awl are more usually indicative of a female. Radiocarbon dating shows that the person died between 3775±35 years bp (SUERC-30852) and 2330–2040 cal bc (95.4% probability). Stable isotope analysis indicates that he or she grew up on basalt geology, like that of the region, or on chalk. Residue analysis of the Beaker has established that it had held ruminant animal fat such as butter or milk, probably for some time, and some of the flint pieces had been lightly used. The composition and constituents of the burial suggest links between north-east Scotland and East Yorkshire. They also evoke the cultural practices that were spreading across eastern Britain in the later 3rd millennium bc through the mechanisms of cultural transmission and migration.

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10

Bökönyi, Sándor. "Horse Remains From the Prehistoric Site of Surkotada, Kutch, Late 3rd Millennium B.C." South Asian Studies 13, no. 1 (January 1997): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02666030.1997.9628544.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Late 3rd millennium"

1

Colantoni, Carlo. "Traces of tradition : northern Mesopotamian urbanism from the late 3rd through early 2nd millennium BC." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.615172.

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2

Goulder, Jill Rosamund. "Modern development studies as a resource for understanding working animal use in later human prehistory : the example of 4th-3rd millennium BC Mesopotamia." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2018. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10053639/.

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This thesis develops and employs a novel interdisciplinary tool for examining the practical implications of early systematic working-animal use in prehistoric contexts, on which only fragmentary evidence is otherwise available. I explore the potential of this tool – modern development studies – through an extended case study: the use of working animals in Mesopotamia, in the 4th and 3rd millennium BC. The aim throughout is to broaden substantially the range of archaeological and historical inference, rather than to propose new high-level models. For achieving this aim, I use close qualitative analysis of the large body of published official and NGO studies of working-animal use today, particularly in regions where working cattle and donkeys are recent adoptions and mechanisation is minimal. These data, little-used as yet in archaeology, shed light on the day-to-day practicalities of working-animal adoption and management – breeding, supply, and maintenance. They further provide significant new bottom-up insights into common community-level social and economic levelling mechanisms such as hiring and lending of working animals, suggesting a revision to established models of social inequality relating to their adoption. One major outcome of this analysis is the argument for greater recognition of the donkey – multi-function, low-maintenance – as a significant working force in late prehistoric Mesopotamia, challenging the established ox-focused models upon which many current reconstructions rely. The scarcity of donkey remains in food-middens has contributed to this neglect. Donkeys – and female cows – are widely employed in many modern developing regions for tilling light soils, and ploughing is often a minority element of working-animal use. Here the case is made for a similar range of roles in early Mesopotamia, for example in the myriad short-distance transportation tasks that form a central element of their use today, and in the rural ‘private sector’ now recognised as present outside the purview of elite, urban texts.

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3

ORSI, VALENTINA. "Persistenze e discontinuita' nella tradizione ceramica dell'Alta Mesopotamia tra la fine del Terzo e l'inizio del Secondo millennio a.C.. il contributo degli scavi di Tell Barri e Tell Mozan (Siria)." Doctoral thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/560486.

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Il periodo tra la fine del III e l'inizio del II millennio a.C. in Alta Mesopotamia rappresenta nella storia e nell'archeologia del Vicino Oriente Antico una 'Media Aetas', un'età oscura tra la fioritura delle culture urbane del Bronzo Antico a metà del III millennio a.C. e lo sviluppo degli stati amorrei del Bronzo Medio, alla fine del XIX sec. a.C. L'identificazione nella sequenza archeologica di Tell Barri, l'antica città di Kahat, dell'orizzonte ceramico coevo alla 'crisi urbana' che precede la diffusione della ceramica dipinta del Khabur, associata ad un nuovo fenomeno di sedentarizzazione, permette di ridefinire la cronologia degli eventi nella regione, e di delineare i processi di interazione tra le diverse realtà sociali alto mesopotamiche in quella fase formativa che sta alla base del successivo sviluppo culturale di II millennio a.C.

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Книги з теми "Late 3rd millennium"

1

Is there a British chalcolithic?: People, place and polity in the later 3rd millennium. Oakville, CT: The Prehistoric Society and Oxbow Books, 2012.

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2

Kleijne, Jos. Embracing Bell Beaker: Adopting New Ideas and Objects Across Europe During the Later 3rd Millennium BC. Sidestone Press, 2019.

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3

Kleijne, Jos. Embracing Bell Beaker: Adopting New Ideas and Objects Across Europe During the Later 3rd Millennium BC. Sidestone Press, 2019.

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4

Lopes, Susana Soares, and Sérgio Alexandre Gomes. Between the 3rd and 2nd Millennia BC: Exploring Cultural Diversity and Change in Late Prehistoric Communities. Archaeopress, 2021.

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5

Between the 3rd and 2nd Millennia BC: Exploring Cultural Diversity and Change in Late Prehistoric Communities. Archaeopress, 2021.

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Частини книг з теми "Late 3rd millennium"

1

Yuryeva, Tatyana V., and Galina E. Veresotskaya. "SEM Study of Decorative Elements of the Late 3rd Millennium BCE Mosaic from the Royal Tomb No. 3230 of Gonur Depe." In Springer Proceedings in Earth and Environmental Sciences, 185–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16544-3_18.

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2

Raue, Dietrich. "Cultural Diversity of Nubia in the Later 3rd–Mid 2nd Millennium BC." In Handbook of Ancient Nubia, edited by Dietrich Raue, 293–334. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110420388-014.

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3

Rutkowski, Łukasz. "Late 3rd millennium BC painted pottery from Tell Arbid." In Stories told around the fountain. Papers offered to Piotr Bieliński on the occasion of his 70th birthday. Warsaw University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/uw.9788323541714.pp.619-656.

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4

Grigson, Caroline. "Culture, ecology, and pigs from the 5th to the 3rd millennium BC around the Fertile Crescent." In Pigs and Humans. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199207046.003.0014.

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By the 5th millennium BC people in the Middle East were dependent for their meat on four domestic ungulates: sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs, all considerably smaller than their wild ancestors (Bökönyi 1977; Uerpmann 1979; Flannery, K.V. 1983; Laffer 1983; Meadow 1983; Stampfli 1983; Grigson 1989; Ducos 1993; Horwitz & Tchernov 1998; Vigne & Buitenhuis 1999; Peters et al. 2000; Ervynck et al. 2001; and many others). It is uncertain whether equids had been domesticated at this date, but their remains are so few in most sites of the 5th, 4th, and 3rd millennia that they can be discounted in any discussion relating to the domestic economy. On the small number of sites where their remains are plentiful they are thought to be derived from wild onagers or wild asses (Uerpmann 1986). In these three millennia the numerical proportion of pig remains compared with those of other domestic artiodactyls varies from site to site. In view of the later pig prohibitions of Islam and Judaism it is of particular interest to know, for the prehistory of the area, when and where pigs were present or absent, and if absent whether this can already be accounted for by any developing social or cultural attitude, in the millennia before the establishment of these religions, or whether it must be explained by simpler economic or environmental factors. All dates in the present work are based on uncalibrated radiocarbon years BC, simply because even when radiocarbon dates for the sites are available (which is by no means always the case), many have not been published in calibrated form. The period studied in the present work starts with the later pottery cultures of the 5th millennium BC which are usually designated as Early Chalcolithic (Late Halaf, Amuq E, and Ubaid 2 and 3) although in the southern Levant most authorities refer to the contemporary Wadi Rabah culture as the Late Neolithic. The 4th millennium is the period of the Chalcolithic (or Late Chalcolithic), typically the Ghassoul-Beersheva culture of the southern Levant and the Uruk and Late Ubaid periods in Mesopotamia, northern Syria, and south-eastern Turkey.

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5

Bettencourt, Ana M. S., Sara Luz, Nuno Oliveira, Pedro P. Simões, Maria Isabel C. Alves, and Emílio Abad-Vidal. "Produção de sal marinho na Idade do Bronze do noroeste Português. Alguns dados para uma reflexão." In Arqueologia em Portugal 2020 - Estado da Questão - Textos, 987–99. Associação dos Arqueólogos Portugueses e CITCEM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21747/978-989-8970-25-1/arqa71.

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The first signs of salt production on the northern coast of Portugal are usually attributed to the Iron Age. However, there is evidence that this activity took place in the region at least between the late 3rd millennium, early 2nd millennium BCE. Data from two archaeological sites are presented and the so-called removable sinks and the sinks excavated in the rock are re-evaluated. Their execution techniques are also discussed. The data set was articulated with the natural and topographic conditions of the coast and the known climatic conditions for the time. They were also articulated with the occupation strategies during the Bronze Age.

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6

Tsirtsoni, Zoï. "Chapter 1. The chronological framework in Greece and Bulgaria between the late 6th and the early 3rd millennium BC, and the “Balkans 4000” project." In The Human Face of Radiocarbon, 13–39. MOM Éditions, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/books.momeditions.503.

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7

"Mesopotamian women’s cultic roles in late 3rd–early 2nd millennia bce." In Women in Antiquity, 100–112. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315621425-16.

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8

"The MBH Project and the Systematic Study of Late Mediaeval Hebrew Bibles: New Perspectives and 3D Experiments." In The Hebrew Bible Manuscripts: A Millennium, 349–73. BRILL, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004499331_013.

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"The Role of Metal Procurement in the Wide Interregional Connections of Arslantepe during the Late 4th–Early 3rd Millennia bc." In Overturning Certainties in Near Eastern Archaeology, 186–210. BRILL, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004353572_014.

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10

Fant, Clyde E., and Mitchell G. Reddish. "Tarsus." In A Guide to Biblical Sites in Greece and Turkey. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195139174.003.0047.

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Tarsus, best known as the home of the Apostle Paul, was the principal city of the eastern Cilician plain. A city renowned in antiquity as a center of culture and learning, Tarsus was visited by such figures as Julius Caesar, Mark Antony, and Cleopatra. Recent excavations have uncovered more remains of the city from Hellenistic and Roman times, including a paved, colonnaded street. Tarsus, the capital of the ancient province of Cilicia, is located near the eastern Mediterranean coast of Turkey. Situated today 10 miles inland from the sea, Tarsus served as a port city because the Cydnus River (today the Tarsus Çayï) passed through Tarsus on its way to the sea. The river was navigable by ships from the Mediterranean coast to Tarsus. Lake Rhegma, a lagoon near the Mediterranean coast into which the river flowed, served as the harbor for Tarsus. During the 6th century C.E., Emperor Justinian moved the course of the Cydnus River to the east of Tarsus, while leaving several minor branches of the river to flow through the city. The city of Tarsus belonged to the region of Asia Minor known as Cilicia. Ancient Cilicia was composed of two parts, Cilicia Pedias (“flat” or “smooth” Cilicia) and Cilicia Trachaei (“rough” Cilicia). Cilicia Pedias was a fertile plain in the eastern part of the region, whereas Cilicia Trachaei was a rugged, heavily forested mountainous region in the western part, dominated by the Taurus Mountains. Tarsus, the major city of Cilicia Pedias, was located just south of the Cilician Gates, the main pass through the Taurus Mountains. Through this pass ran the major road connecting Syria to Asia Minor, thus providing Tarsus access to trade and travel over land as well as over the Mediterranean. The earliest settlement at Tarsus was likely at Gözlü Kule, a tumulus on the southeast side of modern Tarsus. Excavations under the direction of Hetty Goldman of Princeton University before and immediately after World War II at the tumulus discovered evidence that the site was occupied from Neolithic to Islamic times. At least as early as the 3rd millennium B.C.E., a fortified town existed at the site of Tarsus.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Late 3rd millennium"

1

Kircho, Lyubov’. "CONTACTS OF THE POPULATION OF ALTYN-DEPE AND SOUTHWESTERN TURKMENISTAN IN THE LATE 4TH — 3RD MILLENNIUM BC." In ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL CULTURES OF CENTRAL ASIA (THE FORMATION, DEVELOPMENT AND INTERACTION OF URBANIZED AND CATTLE-BREEDING SOCIETIES). Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/978-5-907298-09-5-77-82.

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2

Veresotskaya, Galina, and Anna Mazina. "Research of the mosaic decoration technique of the late 3rd millennium bC from the royal tombs of gonur Depe." In Antiquities of East Europe, South Asia and South Siberia in the context of connections and interactions within the Eurasian cultural space (new data and concepts). Institute for the History of Material Culture Russian Academy of Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/978-5-907053-34-2-80-81.

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Coulson, K. E. W., T. C. Slimmon, and M. A. Murray. "A Structured Approach to Supplier Performance Measurement." In 2000 3rd International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2000-116.

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Анотація:

The start of the new millennium will see companies in the oil and gas industry faced with a dual challenge. Not only will they have to undertake exploration in more demanding terrain and environments, but they also face far more competition in what they previously regarded as their traditional marketplace. The goal of meeting both shareholder and customer needs, while simultaneously attempting to increase market share by becoming more competitive, will be paramount if this success is to be achieved. While a number of strategies have been developed over the last decade in an attempt to achieve and balance these financial goals, the control and reduction of costs play a significant part in all such ‘cost effective’ programs. Past approaches have targeted the organisational structure, internal processes and strategic advantage through acquisitions, mergers and downsizing. However, any gains realised by such programs must be continuously improved upon by implementing innovative approaches to future reductions and controlling costs. Some companies have shifted the focus from internal cost scrutiny to influencing and ultimately controlling external factors of cost. The supply chain offers a tremendous opportunity to drive out costs, one such approach being to partner with the best suppliers of key components to shorten delivery times while minimizing life cycle costs. It is therefore paramount that one distinguishes between those who are simply suppliers and that smaller group who are the best suppliers, all the while fostering a win-win relationship by sharing growth and profitability. This paper will introduce the concepts of the Supplier Performance Measurement Process (SPMP), which NOVA / TransCanada introduced in late 1997 to measure and manage its suppliers’ performance in the provision of a few strategically critical commodities. To provide context for this paper two such commodities, high pressure line pipe and high integrity pipe coatings are addressed in some detail. The application of the process to these commodities alone yielded a capital cost reduction of 6%. The paper explains in practical terms, the steps involved in the implementation of SPMP, and provides a simple process for eliciting feedback on the efficacy of the procurement process.

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Kircho, Lyubov’. "Ancient farmers of Central asia: the settlement system and the structure of house building in the late 7th–3rd millennia BC (environmental and socio-economic factors)." In ntiquities of East Europe, South Asia and South Siberia in the context of connections and interactions within the Eurasian cultural space (new data and concepts). Institute for the History of Material Culture Russian Academy of Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/978-5-907053-34-2-16-19.

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