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Статті в журналах з теми "Languages"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 31 серпня 2024

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1

Dymet, Marcin. "Digital Language Divide in the European High North: The Level of Online Presence of Minority Languages from Northern Finland, Norway and Sweden." Yearbook of Polar Law Online 10, no. 1 (2019): 245–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116427_010010012.

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Анотація:

One of the inequalities generated by the introduction of information and communication technologies (ICTs) is the digital language divide, that is, differences in the online presence of languages and unequal access to information due to the lack of understanding of the available content. The digital language divide is particularly visible in the case of small languages with a low number of speakers. There is a large group of languages with non-existent or irrelevant online presence. This is often the case of the endangered minority languages. The number of language speakers or the level of knowledge of a given language is not sufficient to generate a vital online community. This article presents the current language situation in the European High North with a focus on minority languages: Sámi and Meänkieli languages in Sweden, Sámi and Kven languages in Norway, and Sámi languages in Finland. It also introduces the phenomenon of digital language divide. The article explores the current situation of the minority languages in the European High North in light of their online presence. It responds to the following questions: Is there online presence of the studied minority languages? Is there a need amongst the minorities’ members for more extensive presence? To conclude, the article discusses the possible effects of a language’s underrepresentation.

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2

Chistanov, Marat N. "Networked Language Communities: From Constructed Languages to Natural Languages." Humanitarian Vector 17, no. 4 (December 2022): 176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/1996-7853-2022-17-4-176-183.

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Activities for the preservation and development of ethnic minority languages are considered as the most important part of the actions to preserve the cultural heritage of the peoples inhabiting the Russian Federation. The obligatory nature of such activities is enshrined in our country constitutionally. For the ethnic intelligentsia, any attempts to infringe on the linguistic rights of their peoples turn out to be very painful. This problem in domestic science is most often considered in the tradition of linguistic relativism. This approach comes from the Humboldtian tradition in linguistics and in modern practice is associated with the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. With all the advantages of this approach, it is not without a number of disadvantages. The theory of a unique linguistic world view leads to the sacralization of the language, conserving and ritualizing it, depriving it of vitality. The situation with the functioning of regional languages will change either with the revitalization of old language communities, or with the formation of new language communities in which the language can function as a real means of communication and will gain a new lease on life. Accepting the fact that it is hardly possible to return to traditional economic systems in which the languages of ethnic minorities were rooted, it seems interesting to study the experience of the functioning of communities of modern artifi cial languages. The network forms of organization of such communities are interesting, because in the context of globalization, the emergence and functioning of local linguistic communities based on a geographical principle becomes diffi cult. This turn makes us take a different look at the problems of the functioning of natural and artifi cial languages: it is not its internal structure, semantics and syntactics that comes to the fore but the conditions for its use and the reasons that make people turn to it, that is, pragmatics. In other words, the problem of the viability of a language is not so much a question of its morphology and syntax, and not even a question of its expressive possibilities and means, but a question of the motives of people’s linguistic behavior.

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3

Weaire, Denis L. "Of Language and Languages." MRS Bulletin 19, no. 6 (June 1994): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400036848.

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4

Giri, Ram Ashish. "Languages and language politics." Language Problems and Language Planning 35, no. 3 (December 31, 2011): 197–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.35.3.01gir.

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One of the most linguistically and culturally diversified countries in the world, Nepal is in the midst of linguistic and cultural chaos. Linguistic and cultural diversity itself is at its centre. One explanation for the sad situation is that the ruling elites, who have held power since Nepal’s inception in the eighteenth century, have conducted an invisible politics of privileging languages and of deliberately ignoring issues related to minority and ethnic languages to promote the languages of their choice. While this invisible politics of ‘unplanning’ of languages has been responsible for the loss of scores of languages, it has helped the elites to achieve ‘planned’ linguistic edge over the speakers of other languages. In the changed political climate, the Nepalese people have embarked upon a debate about what language policy the country should have and what roles and statuses should be accorded to the local/regional, national and international languages. The socio-political and linguistic context of the current language policy debate and the lack of a clear and consistent language policy allow the ruling elites to adopt an approach which in the existing situation does more harm than good.

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5

Haynes, K. "Milton's Languages, Milton's Language." Literary Imagination 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/litimag/2.1.93.

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6

Tonkin, Humphrey. "Language Planning and Planned Languages: How Can Planned Languages Inform Language Planning?" Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems 13, no. 2 (2015): 193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.7906/indecs.13.2.1.

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7

Robnik-Šikonja, Marko, Kristjan Reba, and Igor Mozetič. "Cross-lingual transfer of sentiment classifiers." Slovenščina 2.0: empirical, applied and interdisciplinary research 9, no. 1 (July 6, 2021): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/slo2.0.2021.1.1-25.

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Анотація:

Word embeddings represent words in a numeric space so that semantic relations between words are represented as distances and directions in the vector space. Cross-lingual word embeddings transform vector spaces of different languages so that similar words are aligned. This is done by mapping one language’s vector space to the vector space of another language or by construction of a joint vector space for multiple languages. Cross-lingual embeddings can be used to transfer machine learning models between languages, thereby compensating for insufficient data in less-resourced languages. We use cross-lingual word embeddings to transfer machine learning prediction models for Twitter sentiment between 13 languages. We focus on two transfer mechanisms that recently show superior transfer performance. The first mechanism uses the trained models whose input is the joint numerical space for many languages as implemented in the LASER library. The second mechanism uses large pretrained multilingual BERT language models. Our experiments show that the transfer of models between similar languages is sensible, even with no target language data. The performance of cross-lingual models obtained with the multilingual BERT and LASER library is comparable, and the differences are language-dependent. The transfer with CroSloEngual BERT, pretrained on only three languages, is superior on these and some closely related languages.

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8

Garg, Rakesh, and Supriya Raheja. "Fuzzy Distance-Based Approach for the Assessment and Selection of Programming Languages." International Journal of Decision Support System Technology 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijdsst.315761.

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The desire to develop software with more and more functionalities to make human work easier pushes the industry towards developing various programming languages. The existence of the various programming languages in today's scenario raises the need for their evaluation. The motive of this research is the development of a deterministic decision support framework to solve the object-oriented programming (OOP) language's selection problem. In the present study, OOP language's selection problem is modeled as a multi-criteria decision-making, and a novel fuzzy-distance based approach is anticipated to solve the same. To demonstrate the working of developed framework, a case study consisting of the selection of seven programming languages is presented. The results of this study depict that Python is the most preferred language compared to other object-oriented programming languages. Selection of OOP languages helps to select the most appropriate language, which provides better opportunities in the business domain and will result in high success for engineering students.

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9

Axatovna, Safina Farida, and Baymatov Abduaziz Abdujabbarovich. "WHY LATIN LANGUAGE IS FUNDAMENTAL IN STUDYING EUROPEAN LANGUAGES." American Journal of Philological Sciences 3, no. 12 (December 1, 2023): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ajps/volume03issue12-16.

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The development of language is a fascinating study. The ancient Chinese and Egyptians used pictographic languages which took years for the priests and scholars to master. The common working citizen had no time for such study and so remained powerless and able to be exploited. About 1500BC the Phoenicians developed a phonetic alphabet which could be used by the common merchants to conduct their trading businesses. The Greeks learned it from them and further developed it by adding vowels. This phonetic alphabet made people think differently. It encouraged analysis and the developmentof awhole written language of interchangeable components.All the languages that developed from the Latin and Greek root vocabularies function like that. If we don’t teach the root meaning of those components, we burden ourselves with the task of learning thousands of individual English words as wholes. By studying Latin can master the components of many languages, including English.

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10

Iqbal, Muhammad, Husni Thamrin, Restu Dessy Maulida, and Erik Rusmana. "Figurative Language Analysis on Efek Rumah Kaca’s Song Lyrics at Sinestesia 2015 Album." Jomantara: Indonesian Journal of Art and Culture, Vol. 3 No. 1 January 2023 (January 31, 2023): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.23969/jijac.v3i1.7060.

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Анотація:

Figurative language is one kind of the language styles to make the expression and the message of the speaker or writer is strengthened. Figurative language usually used in song lyrics. Sometimes, figurative languages existed in song lyrics can’t be understandable. One of the song lyrics that has a lot of figurative languages is songs from Sinestesia album by Efek Rumah Kaca. Therefore, this research is trying to analyze figurative languages existed in song lyrics on Efek Rumah Kaca’s album titled Sinestesia. The research is focused on analyzing type of figurative languages with its meaning by using Kennedy’s theory of classification of figurative language (1983) and Ogden and Richard’s theory of meaning (1923). Qualitative descriptive is the method that used for this research. The result of this research is 4 type of figurative languages is found, which is 25 personifications, 18 metaphors, 15 overstatements, and 2 apostrophes with each of figurative language’s meaning is elaborated. Besides of it, the writer found that figurative languages existed in the Sinestesia album’s song lyrics has a connection to the song itself.

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11

Iqbal, Muhammad, Husni Thamrin, Angga Maulana, and Erik Rusmana. "AN ANALYSIS OF FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE ON EFEK RUMAH KACA’S SONG LYRICS: SINESTESIA 2015." English Education and Applied Linguistics Journal (EEAL Journal) 5, no. 2 (August 19, 2022): 104–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31980/eealjournal.v5i2.2520.

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Анотація:

Figurative language is one kind of the language styles to make the expression and the message of the speaker or writer is strengthen. Figurative language usually used in song lyrics. Sometimes, figurative languages existed in song lyrics can’t be understandable. One of the song lyrics that has a lot of figurative languages is songs from Sinestesia album by Efek Rumah Kaca. Therefore, this research is trying to analyze figurative languages existed in song lyrics on Efek Rumah Kaca’s album titled Sinestesia. The research is focused on analyzing type of figurative languages with its meaning by using Kennedy’s theory of classification of figurative language (1983) and Ogden and Richard’s theory of meaning (1923). Qualitative descriptive is the method that used for this research. The result of this research is 4 type of figurative languages is found, which is 25 personifications, 18 metaphors, 15 overstatements, and 2 apostrophes with each of figurative language’s meaning is elaborated . Besides of it, the writer found that figurative languages existed in the Sinestesia album’s song lyrics has a connection to the song itself.

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12

Iqbal, Muhammad, Husni Thamrin, Angga Maulana, and Erik Rusmana. "AN ANALYSIS OF FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE ON EFEK RUMAH KACA’S SONG LYRICS: SINESTESIA 2015." English Education and Applied Linguistics Journal (EEAL Journal) 5, no. 2 (July 19, 2022): 104–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31980/eeal.v5i2.62.

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Анотація:

Figurative language is one kind of the language styles to make the expression and the message of the speaker or writer become clearer. Figurative language usually used in song lyrics. Sometimes, figurative languages existed in song lyrics can’t be understandable. One of the song lyrics that has a lot of figurative languages is songs from Sinestesia album by Efek Rumah Kaca. Therefore, this research is trying to analyze figurative languages existed in song lyrics on Efek Rumah Kaca’s album titled Sinestesia. The research is focused on analyzing type of figurative languages with its meaning by using Kennedy’s theory of classification of figurative language (1983) and Ogden and Richard’s theory of meaning (1923). Qualitative descriptive was the method that used for this research. The results of this research show that 4 type of figurative languages were found, which were 25 personifications, 18 metaphors, 15 overstatements, and 2 apostrophes with each of figurative language’s meaning is elaborated. Besides of it, the writer found that figurative languages existed in the Sinestesia album’s song lyrics has a connection to the song itself.

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13

Sivan, Pavita, and Farhana Muslim Mohd Jalis. "'Into the Unknown': a Comparative Study of Figurative Language in German, Tamil, and English." International Journal of Pedagogical Language, Literature, and Cultural Studies (i-Plural) 1, no. 2 (July 18, 2024): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.63011/ip.v1i2.16.

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Figurative language is vocabulary that is used creatively, departing from its literal meaning. Song is one of the resources used by language learners to fill in the gaps between one another. This study was done for non-native speakers of foreign languages who might have trouble understanding figurative language. Finding the most common figurative language among the three languages is the goal of this study. Perrine's theory is applied in this study to analyze the kind of figurative language. Furthermore, Tilly's theory was applied to analyze the figurative language's contextual meaning. The types of figurative language were analyzed in this study using a qualitative method. There are 37 types of figurative language from the English version, 22 types from the Tamil version, and 29 types from the German version. The English version is the most frequently used figurative language among the three languages. Therefore, researchers in the future should examine the parallels, differences, and trends in these languages' use of figurative language, according to this study.

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14

Shimi, G., C. Jerin Mahibha, and Durairaj Thenmozhi. "An Empirical Analysis of Language Detection in Dravidian Languages." Indian Journal Of Science And Technology 17, no. 15 (April 16, 2024): 1515–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/v17i15.765.

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Анотація:

Objectives: Language detection is the process of identifying a language associated with a text. The proposed system aims to detect the Dravidian language that is associated with the given text using different machine learning and deep learning algorithms. The paper presents an empirical analysis of the results obtained using the different models. It also aims to evaluate the performance of a language agnostic model for the purpose of language detection. Method: An empirical analysis of Dravidian language identification in social media text using machine learning and deep learning approaches with k-fold cross validation has been implemented. The identification of Dravidian languages, including Tamil, Malayalam, Tamil Code Mix, and Malayalam Code Mix, is performed using both machine learning (ML) and deep learning algorithms. The machine learning algorithms used for language detection are Naive Bayes (NB), Multinomial Logistic Regression (MLR), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Random Forest (RF). The supervised Deep Learning (DL) models used include BERT, mBERT and language agnostic models. Findings: The language agnostic model outperform all other models considering the task of language detection in Dravidian languages. The results of both the ML and DL models are analyzed empirically with performance measures like accuracy, precision, recall, and f1-score. The accuracy associated with different machine learning algorithms varies from 85% to 89%. It is evident from the experimental result that the deep learning model outperformed with an accuracy of 98%. Novelty: The proposed system emphasizes on the use of the language agnostic model to implement the process of detecting Dravidian languages associated with the given text which provides a promising result of 98% accuracy which is higher than the existing methodologies. Keywords: Language, Machine learning, Deep learning, Transformer model, Encoder, Decoder

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15

Korbozerova, Nina. "MULTIPLANNING OF THE METHOD OF THE INTERLINGUAL COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE RELATED / UNRELATED LANGUAGES." PROBLEMS OF SEMANTICS, PRAGMATICS AND COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS, no. 42 (2022): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2663-6530.2022.42.01.

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In the era of globalization and the expansion of language contacts, the interest of linguists in typological studies of related and unrelated languages is growing, which allows to reveal and clarify the national picture of the world in any language. In the field of comparative research, linguistics of the 21st century is characterized by the differentiation of the directions. When conducting a comparative analysis of languages, scientists use the following basic methods that have become traditional: comparative-historical, comparative, typological, contrastive. Recently, the latest research methods have been added to them, thanks to which the comparison of languages turns into a deeper, brighter and multifaceted one. First of all, it concerns areal typology and taxonomic typology. Comparative-historical linguistics studies genetically related languages in a diachronic aspect. In the 19th century, this direction is associated with the names of F. Bopp, J. Grimm, R. Raskov, A. Meillet, and F. Dietz. The goal of research in comparative-historical linguistics is the reconstruction of ancient platforms common to all related languages. In this direction, the indisputable achievement of the Romanistic school of F. Dietz is the discovery of Romano-Latin archetypes. The kinship of the languages of the world is established according to the main feature of their common origin, which makes it possible to classify languages into families/subfamilies, branches, groups and directly into languages. At the same time, accidental coincidences and lexical borrowings are not taken into account. A language family is a basic language structure, according to which closely related and distantly related languages are defined. Languages that make up one language family have common features, are the result of one language that historically preceded them, and belong to the group of related languages. This gives rise to the concept of the genealogical tree of languages and the concept of linguistic divergence. Related languages are considered variants of one continuous language tradition, different in time and space. An example is the Indo-European family of languages that share a common language, or proto-language (Indo-European). Within related languages, subgroups are distinguished, which include languageы that are closest in origin (for example, Spanish and Italian languages). In turn, languages that belong to different groups of the same family are distantly related (eg, Ukrainian and Spanish). The group of unrelated languages consists of languages that originate from different protolanguages and belong to different language families. Linguistic, or comparative, typology arose within the framework of comparative-typological linguistics and is associated with the names of A. Schlegel, A. Schleicher, V. Humboldt. Thanks to the research of representatives of the school of linguistic typology, the question of the type of language was first raised and resolved.

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16

Dal Negro, Silvia. "Language contact and dying languages." Revue française de linguistique appliquée IX, no. 2 (2004): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rfla.092.0047.

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17

Isa, Baba Zanna, HajjaKaru Ahmed, and Yagana Grema. "Language Death and Endangered Languages." IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science 19, no. 10 (2014): 46–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/0837-191064648.

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18

Clements, J. Clancy, and Shelome Gooden. "Language change in contact languages." Language Change in Contact Languages 33, no. 2 (May 15, 2009): 259–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.33.2.01cle.

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19

Leonard, Laurence B. "Specific Language Impairment Across Languages." Child Development Perspectives 8, no. 1 (November 8, 2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12053.

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20

Fesl, E. D. "Language death among Australian languages." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 10, no. 2 (January 1, 1987): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.10.2.02fes.

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Abstract This paper looks at the history of language policy formulation and implementation in conjunction with social factors influencing attitudes to both Koorie1 people and their languages. It endeavours to trace the process of enforced language shift, with consequent language death, in the social history of Australia. Factors which aid or are hastening language death in the contemporary period are also discussed. Attention is drawn to the rapidity with which language death has occurred and will continue to occur if measures are not taken to curb the current trends.

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21

Edwards, John. "Language Families and Family Languages." Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 26, no. 2 (March 15, 2005): 173–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01434630508668403.

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22

Cormier, Kearsy, Adam Schembri, and Bencie Woll. "Diversity across sign languages and spoken languages: Implications for language universals." Lingua 120, no. 12 (December 2010): 2664–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2010.03.016.

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23

Pascaud, A. "MINORITY LANGUAGES, MARGINALIZED LANGUAGES, MINORITIZED LANGUAGES OR LANGUAGE IN A MINORITIAL SITUATION? ATTEMPTED DEFINITION AND PERFORMANCES." RUDN Journal of Language Studies, Semiotics and Semantics 8, no. 4 (2017): 1084–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2299-2017-8-4-1084-1102.

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24

Bar-Asher, Moshe. "Jewish Languages and the Hebrew Language." Journal of Jewish Languages 4, no. 2 (August 16, 2016): 125–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134638-12340067.

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Анотація:

This study focuses on the relationship between Jewish languages and Hebrew. It includes a short discussion of a number of topics dealt with in the research literature since the beginning of the study of these languages, with a presentation of my perspective on these issues. Due to space constraints I will deal with only eight of these topics: A. The functional division between Jewish languages and Hebrew in Jewish communities; B. The distinction between ancient and new Jewish languages; C. The special status of Aramaic; D. The Hebrew and Aramaic component in Jewish languages and its extent; E. Semantic fields where the Hebrew component is used; F. Secret languages; G. The Hebrew component’s contribution to the study of Hebrew language traditions; H. Hebrew as a living language in Jewish languages.

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25

Dolukhanov, Pavel. "Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts, Languages and Texts:Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts, Languages and Texts." American Anthropologist 103, no. 1 (March 2001): 218–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.2001.103.1.218.

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26

SELIHEY, P. O. "INTERNATIONAL AND GLOBAL LANGUAGES: CRITERIA, RATINGS, FORECASTS." Movoznavstvo 320, no. 5 (October 28, 2021): 17–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33190/0027-2833-320-2021-5-002.

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Анотація:

The article examines the criteria on the basis of which ratings of international languages are compiled and their future is predicted. Language’s chances of becoming international are not highly dependent on its demographic power, structural advantages or ease of learning. What matters most is the influence that speakers of the language have on other peoples. The criteria of «internationality» of the language actually coincide with the criteria of its influence, communicative value, social prestige, sociolinguistic weight. The ratings of the influence of national languages are based on various criteria: state status, communicative potential, economic power, the number of people studying it as a foreign language. These ratings reveal more essential criteria of an international language: prevalence on several continents, the status of an official language in international organizations, value as a source of modern knowledge, a large number of its speakers as a second. A specific feature that brings the international language to the class of world languages should be recognized as its worldwide prevalence. This language is used all over the world, it is spoken (as the first or second) by the majority of the world’s population, its world status is recognized in all countries. The composition of the club of leading languages is constantly changing: some languages come to it, others decrease — depending on the military-political, demographic, economic and cultural success of their speakers. Although the number of speakers of English as a second language is growing steadily, its dominance should be considered as temporary. A new hierarchy of languages may emerge in the middle of 21st century, with other major languages — Chinese, Spanish, Arabic, Hindi/Urdu, competing equally with English in their respective regions. Although state status of the Ukrainian language creates favorable preconditions for its development, it could spread much faster due to its informational value, intellectual power, cultural attractiveness and economic success of Ukraine.

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27

Shi, Haizhong, and Yue Shi. "Random graph languages." Discrete Mathematics, Algorithms and Applications 09, no. 02 (April 2017): 1750020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793830917500203.

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There tend to be no related researches regarding the relationships between graph theory and languages ever since the concept of graph-semigroup was first proposed in 1991. In 2011, after finding out the inner co-relations among digraphs, undirected graphs and languages, we proposed certain concepts including undirected graph language and digraph language; moreover, in 2014, we proposed a broaden concept–(V,R)-language and proved: (1) both undirected graph language and digraph language are (V,R)-languages; (2) both undirected graph language and digraph language are regular languages; (3) natural languages are regular languages. In this paper, we propose a new concept–Random Graph Language and build the relationships between random graph and language, which provides researchers with the possibility to do research about languages by using random graph theory.

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28

GrangÃ©, Philippe. "THE EXPRESSION OF POSSESSION IN SOME LANGUAGES OF THE EASTERN LESSER SUNDA ISLANDS." Linguistik Indonesia 33, no. 1 (February 25, 2015): 35–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/li.v33i1.28.

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The possessor-possessed, or â€œpreposed possessorâ€ syntactic order, has long been considered a typological feature common to many Eastern Lesser Sunda Islands, labelled either â€œCentral-Malayo Polynesian languagesâ€ or â€œEast Nusantara languagesâ€, although these groupings do not exactly coincide. In this paper, the syntax and semantism of possession in some languages of the Eastern Lesser Sunda Islands are described. There is a wide variety of possession marking systems in the Eastern Lesser Sunda Islands, from purely analytic languages such as Lio to highly flexional languages such as Lamaholot. The morphological contrast between alienable and inalienable possession is widespread among the languages of this area. The study focuses on Lamaholot, spoken at the eastern-most end of Flores, and the three neighbouring islands of Adonara, Solor and Lembata. This language has a complex possessive system, involving suffixes, free morphemes, a specific preposition, and possessive pronouns, along with person agreement and morpho-phonological features. Lamaholot can be considered a highly representative example of East NusantaraÂ languages.

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Sefotho, Malephole, Erasmus Charamba, and Genevieve Quintero. "TRANSLINGUALISM ACROSS LANGUAGES: A TEXTUAL ANALYSIS OF LANGUAGES INTERACTION." Education. Innovation. Diversity. 1, no. 6 (June 26, 2023): 16–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/eid2023.1.6968.

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The myth of a pure form of language is so deep-rooted in many people that, even though they accept the existence of different languages, they cannot accept the reality that there is no language that is fully independent of other languages. People believe that there is language contamination across languages and most of the time it is their own language contaminated by others. This confirms the colonial principle of compartmentalization or distribution of languages. Even in the post-colonial era, language isolation remains a serious challenge, especially in bi/multilingual classroom settings, where learners are discouraged to translanguage or code-mesh languages. It is against this background that this paper examines adaptation of several vocabularies and concepts from other languages in developing a language, usually through merging of cultures or colonization. This study looks at examples in Southern Africa and the Philippines of existing fusion that has taken place between those languages and other surrounding languages. Therefore, this study argues that boundaries between languages are fluid - not fixed. The boundaries do not exist. They are therefore uncalled for because they destabilize the fluidity between languages, yet there is autonomous fusion between languages. We further argue that indigenization of languages can work well in translanguaged classrooms where learners are allowed to utilize indigenized versions of loan words to express ideas and concepts. This can encourage a more liberal use of language and self-expression in formal classroom settings.

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ACHEE, B. L., and DORIS L. CARVER. "OBJECT EXTENSIONS TO Z: A SURVEY." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 06, no. 03 (September 1996): 507–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194096000211.

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Formal specification languages provide assistance to solving the problem of high maintenance costs caused by ineffective communication of a system’s requirements. Using a sound mathematical basis, a formal specification language provides a precise and definitive system description that can serve as a binding contract. Additionally, the integration of the object-oriented paradigm with a formal specification language provides increased potential for software reuse, conceptually cleaner specifications and a framework for defining interfaces. To this end, there has been significant work done to extend existing specification languages to allow object-oriented specifications. This paper provides a comparison of such object-oriented specification languages, specifically, those extending Z. The paper is organized into five major sections. After a brief introduction to the concepts of formal specification languages and Z, a simple library system is defined and used as an example throughout the paper. Each of the object-oriented specification languages is introduced and classified as either using Z in an object-oriented style or providing a true object-oriented extension of Z. For each language, the specification of the example library system is presented following a brief overview of the language’s features. An in-depth comparison is made of each of the languages which provide a true object-oriented extension of Z.

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Abdelbaky Abdelbaky ALY, Emad. "LANGUAGES, LANGUAGE SECURITY AND IDENTITY MAINTENANCE." Route Educational and Social Science Journal 6, no. 45 (January 1, 2019): 775–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17121/ressjournal.2464.

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32

Lawrance, Benjamin Nicholas. "Language between powers, power between languages." Cahiers d'études africaines 41, no. 163-164 (January 1, 2001): 517–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/etudesafricaines.107.

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33

Bratman, David. "Philology and Language Studies: Invented Languages." Tolkien Studies 13, no. 1 (2016): 290–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tks.2016.0027.

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34

Walter, Stephen L., and Kay R. Ringenberg. "Language Policy, Literacy, and Minority Languages." Review of Policy Research 13, no. 3-4 (September 1994): 341–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-1338.1994.tb00611.x.

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35

Vella, Alexandra. "Languages and language varieties in Malta." International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 16, no. 5 (September 2013): 532–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2012.716812.

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Kiefer, Ferenc. "Languages within Language: An Evolutive Approach." Journal of Pragmatics 36, no. 4 (April 2004): 795–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-2166(03)00110-3.

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LEONARD, LAURENCE B. "Fillers across languages and language abilities." Journal of Child Language 28, no. 1 (February 2001): 257–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900004499.

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CERVONE, DANIEL, and DYLAN T. LOTT. "Language and the Languages of Personality." European Review 15, no. 4 (September 18, 2007): 419–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798707000427.

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Although inquiry in philosophy and some social sciences has attended closely to the question of how investigators use language to describe and explain phenomena of interest, less attention has been devoted to questions of language use in psychological science. This essay explores language use in a major subfield of psychology, the psychology of personality. We identify three descriptive and explanatory languages in the field and critique them from the perspective of scholarship outside of psychology that has explored language use. We conclude with a call for greater exchange between investigators who embrace discursive accounts of persons and social action, and those who posit social-cognitive accounts of the knowledge that individuals use when they create discourse in their efforts to understand the world and to direct their experiences and actions.

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Macías, Reynaldo F. "Bilingualism, Language Contact, and Immigrant Languages." Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 10 (March 1989): 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0267190500001185.

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This essay covers the literature on bilingualism over the last decade with emphasis on those publications issued between 1985 and 1989. Since this essay must be very selective, it concentrates on English language publications. There has been quite a growth in the descriptive literature of different multilingual areas of the world. This literature has been published in many of the major languages. The selection of publications in English somewhat distorts the distrigution of the literature by region and language, especially the growth of multilingualism-related publications in countries like the Soviet Union and East Germany. Access to some of these works, however, can best be obtained through Linguistics and Language Behavior Abstracts.

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40

Ibarra, Oscar H., and Ian McQuillan. "On store languages of language acceptors." Theoretical Computer Science 745 (October 2018): 114–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tcs.2018.05.036.

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41

Hawthorne, John. "A note on ‘languages and language’." Australasian Journal of Philosophy 68, no. 1 (March 1990): 116–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00048409012340233.

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Nagy, Naomi. "Heritage languages: a language contact approach." Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 41, no. 10 (April 11, 2020): 900–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2020.1749774.

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Xia, Fei, Carrie Lewis, and William Lewis. "Language ID for a Thousand Languages." LSA Annual Meeting Extended Abstracts 1 (May 2, 2010): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/exabs.v0i0.504.

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ODIN, the Online Database of INterlinear text, is a resource built over language data harvested from linguistic documents (Lewis, 2006). It currently holds approximately 190,000 instances of Interlinear Glossed Text (IGT) from over 1100 languages, automatically extracted from nearly 3000 documents crawled from the Web. A crucial step in building ODIN is identifying the languages of extracted IGT, a challenging task due to the large number of languages and the lack of training data. We demonstrate that a coreference approach to the language ID task significantly outperforms existing algorithms as it provides an elegant solution to the unseen language problem. We also discuss several issues that make automated Language ID and the maintenance of ODIN very difficult.

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Yamasaki, Hideki. "Language-theoretical representations of ω-languages". Theoretical Computer Science 66, № 3 (серпень 1989): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3975(89)90152-7.

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45

Bao, Zhiming, Ruiqing Shen, and Kunmei Han. "Languages and language contact in China." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 38, no. 1 (May 5, 2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00101.bao.

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Abstract China is ethnically and linguistically diverse. There are 56 officially recognized ethnic groups in the country, including the majority Han, with a 1.2 billion-strong population and Tatar, the smallest minority group with only 3,556 people residing in Xinjiang, according to the 2010 Population Census of the People’s Republic of China, the latest census data available on the government’s website (www.stats.gov.cn). The Han accounts for 91.6% of the population, with the minorities taking up the balance of 8.4%. Most ethnic groups have their own languages, which fall into typologically distinct language families, the largest being Altaic and Sino-Tibetan. Ethnologue lists 299 languages in China and rates the country 0.521 in linguistic diversity, compared with 0.035 for Japan and 0.010 for South Korea (Simons & Fennig 2017). A few ethnic groups, such as the Hui (Chinese Muslims) and the Manchus, who founded the last imperial dynasty of Qing (1644–1912), have lost their indigenous languages over the centuries. They speak the language of the Han majority. Linguistic diversity in China is manifested in two ways: across the ethnic groups and within the Han majority. In what follows, we give a schematic description of the languages and briefly summarize the papers in this issue that offer a snapshot of language contact in China.

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Gamallo, Pablo, José Ramom Pichel, and Iñaki Alegria. "Measuring Language Distance of Isolated European Languages." Information 11, no. 4 (March 27, 2020): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info11040181.

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Phylogenetics is a sub-field of historical linguistics whose aim is to classify a group of languages by considering their distances within a rooted tree that stands for their historical evolution. A few European languages do not belong to the Indo-European family or are otherwise isolated in the European rooted tree. Although it is not possible to establish phylogenetic links using basic strategies, it is possible to calculate the distances between these isolated languages and the rest using simple corpus-based techniques and natural language processing methods. The objective of this article is to select some isolated languages and measure the distance between them and from the other European languages, so as to shed light on the linguistic distances and proximities of these controversial languages without considering phylogenetic issues. The experiments were carried out with 40 European languages including six languages that are isolated in their corresponding families: Albanian, Armenian, Basque, Georgian, Greek, and Hungarian.

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47

Bimler, David. "From Color Naming to a Language Space: An Analysis of Data from the World Color Survey." Journal of Cognition and Culture 7, no. 3-4 (2007): 173–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853707x208477.

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AbstractThe World Color Survey was a large-scale cross-cultural experiment in which informants used the color lexicons of 110 non-written languages to label a standard set of stimuli. Here those data are explored with a novel analysis which focuses on the averaged location of boundaries within the stimulus set, revealing the system of color categories native to each language. A quantitative index of inter-language similarity was defined, comparing these average boundaries. Analyzing the similarities among color-naming patterns led to a 'language space', in which languages are grouped into clusters according to linguistic families (i.e., descent from common ancestors). This implies that each language's departures from the cross-cultural consensus about color categories are systematic (non-random). Given the non-unanimity about the color lexicon within languages, the persistence of these language families across the course of linguistic evolution is paradoxical.

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Kiss, Attila. "Language Ideologies and Learning Historical Minority Languages." Apples - Journal of Applied Language Studies 9, no. 1 (January 27, 2015): 87–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.17011/apples/2015090105.

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Language ideologies surrounding the learning of historical minority languages deserve more/closer attention because due to the strong nation state ideology, the relation between majority and minority languages has long been problematic, and native speakers of majority languages do not typically learn the languages of the minorities voluntarily. This article discusses the language ideologies of voluntary learners of Swedish and Hungarian in two contexts where these languages are historical minority languages. Data was collected at evening courses in Oradea, Romania and Jyväskylä, Finland on which a qualitative analysis was conducted. In the analysis, an ethnographic and discourse analysis perspective was adopted, and language ideologies were analyzed in their interactional form, acknowledging the position of the researcher in the co-construction of language ideologies in the interviews. The results show that the two contexts are very different, although there are also similarities in the language ideologies of the learners which seem to be significantly influenced by the prevailing historical discourses in place about the use and role of these languages. In the light of resilient historical metanarratives, I suggest that the challenges related to the learning of historical minority languages lie in the historical construction of modern ethnolinguistic nation-states and the present trajectories of such projects. At the same time, the learning of historical languages in contemporary globalized socio-cultural contexts can build on new post-national ideologies, such as the concept of learning historical languages as commodities.

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Fesl, E. "Language Death and Language Maintenance: Action Needed to Save Aboriginal Languages." Australian Journal of Indigenous Education 13, no. 5 (November 1985): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0310582200014061.

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Language death can occur naturally, and in different ways, or it can be caused by deliberate policy. This is how deliberate practices and policies brought it about in Australia. •Diverse linguistic groups of Aborigines were forced into small missions or reserves to live together; consequently languages that were numerically stronger squeezed the others out of use.•Anxious to ‘Christianise’ the Aborigines, missionaries enforced harsh penalties on users of Aboriginal languages, even to the point of snatching babies from their mothers and institutionalising them, so they would not hear their parental languages.•Aboriginal religious ceremonies were banned; initiations did not take place, and so liturgical, ceremonial and secret languages were unable to be passed on. As old people died, their languages died with them.•Assimilationist/integrationist policies were enforced which required Aborigines to attend schools where English-only was the medium of instruction.•Finally, denigration of the Aboriginal languages set the seal on their fate in Victoria (within forty years of white settlement, all Gippsland languages had become extinct), most of New South Wales, South Australia and Queensland. Labelling the languages “rubbish”, “heathen jargon”, “primitive jibberish”, and so on, made Aboriginal people reluctant to use their normal means of communication.

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Ali Awan, Malik Daler, Sikandar Ali, Ali Samad, Nadeem Iqbal, Malik Muhammad Saad Missen, and Niamat Ullah. "Sentence Classification Using N-Grams in Urdu Language Text." Scientific Programming 2021 (November 22, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1296076.

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The usage of local languages is being common in social media and news channels. The people share the worthy insights about various topics related to their lives in different languages. A bulk of text in various local languages exists on the Internet that contains invaluable information. The analysis of such type of stuff (local language’s text) will certainly help improve a number of Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. The information extracted from local languages can be used to develop various applications to add new milestone in the field of NLP. In this paper, we presented an applied research task, “multiclass sentence classification for Urdu language text at sentence level existing on the social networks, i.e., Twitter, Facebook, and news channels by using N-grams features.” Our dataset consists of more than 1,00000 instances of twelve (12) different types of topics. A famous machine learning classifier Random Forest is used to classify the sentences. It showed 80.15%, 76.88%, and 64.41% accuracy for unigram, bigram, and trigram features, respectively.

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