Статті в журналах з теми "Language and languages Web-based instruction Evaluation"

Hanyu Pinyin (Romanised Mandarin) is taught as part of the teaching Mandarin as a third language in UiTM. The time allocated to teach the sound system of Hanyu Pinyin is insufficient for learners. Hence, it is suggested a web-based instruction incorporate into the curriculum as a self-learning material for learners to enable them to manage their learning process in the absence of instructor. The objective of this paper is to describe the process of designing and developing a Hanyu Pinyin WBI to teach non-native learners (Malay Mandarin learners) in learning Mandarin at a Malaysian university (UiTM). The Hanyu Pinyin WBI is tailored to tackle the weaknesses and to meet the specific needs of Malay learners. Hanyu Pinyin WBI is designed on the basis of Instructional System Design (ISD) methodology. This approach involves four phases: (1) analysis and design, (2) development, (3) implementation, and (4) evaluation of the instruction.

This paper reports on a large-scale project designed to replicate an earlier investigation of tertiary students (Felix, 2001) in a secondary school environment. The new project was carried out in five settings, again investigating the potential of the Web as a medium of language instruction. Data was collected by questionnaires and observational procedures to ascertain student perceptions of the usefulness of Web-based learning, their views on its advantages and disadvantages, their personal comfort and enjoyment when working with the Web, their preferred mode of delivery, their evaluation of the quality of resources used, and their learning styles and study preferences. Results of both studies showed that students were on the whole positively inclined to working with the Web and found it useful, with the majority preferring to use the Web as an add-on to face-to-face teaching. Reported advantages in both studies outweighed disadvantages. The secondary students felt significantly more comfortable on the Web, worked longer hours and reported more evenly distributed study preferences. Most favoured a kinesthetic learning style and significant relationships between learning style and mode preference were found. Differential findings related to gender emerged in the two studies.

This paper reports on a large-scale study carried out in four settings that investigates the potential of the Web as a medium of language instruction, both to complement face-to-face teaching and as a stand-alone course. Data was collected by questionnaires and observational procedures to ascertain student perceptions of the usefulness of Web-based learning, their views on its advantages and disadvantages, their personal comfort and enjoyment when working with the Web, their preferred mode of delivery, their evaluation of the quality of resources used, and their learning strategies and study preference. Results showed that students were on the whole positively inclined to working with the Web and found it useful, with the majority preferring to use the Web as an add-on to face-to-face teaching. Reported advantages fell into the broad categories of time flexibility, reinforced learning, privacy and wealth of information; disadvantages into distraction, absence of teacher and personal interaction and lack of speaking practice. Significant differences for age and gender were found relating to clarity of objectives, number of hours worked, mode of delivery, perception of comfort and appreciation of graphics. Very few significant findings relating to strategy strength emerged.

CSIEC (Computer Simulation in Educational Communication), is not only an intelligent web-based human-computer dialogue system with natural language for English instruction, but also a learning assessment system for learners and teachers. Its multiple functions—including grammar-based gap filling exercises, scenario show, free chatting and chatting on a given topic—can satisfy the various requirements for students with different backgrounds and learning abilities. After a brief explanation of the conception of our dialogue system, as well as a survey of related works, we will illustrate the system structure, and describe its pedagogical functions with the underlying AI techniques in detail such as NLP and rule-based reasoning. We will summarize the free Internet usage within a six month period and its integration into English classes in universities and middle schools. The evaluation findings about the class integration show that the chatting function has been improved and frequently utilized by the users, and the application of the CSIEC system on English instruction can motivate the learners to practice English and enhance their learning process. Finally, we will conclude with potential improvements.

The purpose of this study is to examine validity and reliability of the web based test designed to measure listening skills of the 5th graders. The test's content validity supplied 27 of 36 listening objectives described in the curriculum for the 5th graders' Turkish course. After, the constructs were prepared for measuring if the students can gain the listening objectives. Firstly 56 items were prepared. Then two experts working on the fields of Turkish instruction and two experts working on the fields of measurement and evaluation were asked for their opinion about content validity. After making necessary corrections proposed by the experts, eventually, 41 items were left in the test and pilot studies were conducted. KR-20 and Cronbach Alpha coefficients were estimated both being as .77 in an attempt to determine internal consistency of the test. The reliability coefficient calculated by means of Spearman-Brown prophecy formula was found as .80. Such findings point out that the test is reliable. It was also observed during the study that students tend to have higher motivation and concentration level when they engage in web based systems. Therefore, it could be said that web-based environments could be used for measuring and evaluating language skills.

Recent developments in cognitive and psycholinguistic research postulate that language learning is essentially the learning of grammatical construc-tions. An important type of grammatical construction with wide-ranging pedagogical implications is grammar patterns as laid out in Pattern Gram-mar. While grammar patterns have seen increasing adoption in language pedagogy, existing applications typically follow a paper-based, teacher-centered approach to instruction, which is known to be less effective in grammar learning than blended, learner-centered approaches. In this paper, we propose a blended learning model that integrates web-based technology with classroom-based instruction to facilitate efficient, personalized grammar learning. We present the design and implementation of a blended grammar learning system that provides customizable learning materials for individual learners by discovering important grammar patterns from corpora in an unsupervised manner. Preliminary evaluation shows that the proposed system achieves an accuracy in pattern discovery comparable to systems that rely on manually precompiled pattern lists and hard-coded rules. With a flexible architecture and an easy-to-use interface, the system can play a key role in the creation of a blended learning environment that can be integrated into a wide range of language learning curricula.

The notion of abilities in colleges and universities is undergoing a substantial transition, and the accompanying curricular view is also evolving in response to the demands of social and economic development. Students who are not English majors in college or university play a critical role in growing their knowledge of foreign languages, improving the quality of foreign languages, and fostering their capacity to use the language in real-world situations. As a result, one of the most important methods to assess the quality of a college's curriculum is to look at how well it teaches English. Consequently, how to evaluate collegiate English instruction has become a major concern. This research offers a neural network (NNs) for evaluating collegiate English education based on the BP network’s application principle. The main work is as follows: (1) based on the peculiarities of college English teaching assessment, the weights and thresholds of the BP network are tuned using the global optimization ability of the ant colony algorithm. (2) To improve optimization ability of ACO, an update of pheromone is realized by combining global as well as local methods. In formula of the global update pheromone, a function is added to adjust the information residual coefficient according to the distribution of the solution. The residual coefficient of the local pheromone is adjusted according to the way of the minimum error judgment. (3) Optimize the BP algorithm with the improved ant colony optimization (IACO), build the IACO-BP network, and comprehend the optimal selection of weights and thresholds. Optimized BP algorithm is applied to the English teaching evaluation.

This paper brings task-based language teaching (TBLT) curriculum development principles into the blended learning context, presenting processes and outcomes from a project to develop a task-based thematic unit — asking and giving directions — in a hybrid web-based university-level class focused on listening and speaking skills in Mandarin Chinese. The authors follow the principled task-based curriculum design phases informed by Long and Crookes (1993) and Long and Norris (2000). Unit-based development made the workload manageable and provided an important experimental space for the instructors to best align task-based principles with online language instruction. First, the context of the project and its theoretical TBLT curriculum development framework are established. The distinct processes of needs analysis, materials development, task sequencing and teaching methods, and assessment methods adopted to meet the special requirements of the class are presented, along with a preliminary formative and summative evaluation of the teaching model. The conclusion discusses the theoretical and practical implications of the project.

Producing an accurate translation means communicating meaning successfully to target text's recipients. It also implies preserving the various relations (i.e., how each linguistic form suggests meaning with regard to a specific context) that the source text exhibits. Hence, translators should first analyze the source text before producing its translation. Medical translation is a technical translation and includes various text types that do not form a homogenous group. However, translator trainers focus only on one text type in class, and less exposure to other text types is expected. The current proposal is based on a needs analysis, based on two types of questionnaires, unstructured interviews, and document analysis of course descriptions and specifications, that aimed at identifying translators' target needs at the English Language Program at the college of Languages and Translation (COLT). Thus, this article suggests an integrated approach of Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT) and (Genre-Based Pedagogy) GBP for medical translation instruction where attention is paid to text analysis. As TBLT enhances interactivity, critical thinking, problem solving, learner autonomy, etc., GBP encourages the exposure to various genre conventions and enhances textual analysis. The suggested integrated model is of three stages (i.e., pre-tasking, tasking, post-tasking including reporting, analysis, revision, and reflection) and ensures activating a number of components in the translation competence. Besides proposing a model to follow in class, the researcher designed a syllabus that gives importance to certain genres (e.g., forms, emails, policies, terms and conditions, reports, etc.), skills (e.g., using dictionaries, having good research skills, using technology, and time management), and evaluation criteria.

Evaluation has a critical part in instruction and it features a basic part within the instructing prepare. Through fitting evaluation, instructors can classify and review their understudies, deliver criticism and structure their educating appropriately. As of late, teachers and scientists have been getting to be more fascinated by the necessities of evaluation methods within the scope of outside dialect educating and the learning handle, as forms of evaluation have been changing. The evaluation strategies relate to authenticity, common sense, unwavering quality, legitimacy and wash back, and are considered the essential standards of appraisal in remote dialect instructing and learning. The most esteem of these previously mentioned standards is to recognize the impacts of appraisal and audit any classroom based issues between the instructor and the understudy. As the evaluation prepare influences both instructors and understudies, centrality and thought ought to be given to appraisal strategies in outside dialect educating.

Kemajuan teknologi dan fasilitas infrastruktur saat ini seringkali mengakibatkan seseorang sulit untuk mengingat semua jalan menuju ke tempat tertentu. Lebih dari 75% sebagian orang menghabiskan waktu dalam ruangan. Ketika mereka pergi ke tempat didalam bangunan dengan dimensi dan ukuran yang berbeda-beda, seperti, bangunan bertingkat, pusat perdagangan, pusat perbelanjaan, bandara, rumah sakit dan universitas, seringkali mereka bingung untuk menuju tempat yang diinginkan dalam waktu cepat dan tepat berdasarkan informasi yang terbatas. Pertanyaan yang akan dijawab dalam paper ini, bagiamana menganalisa prinsip dasar navigasi dan mendefinisikan instruksi dalam suatu domain model. Kemudian menentukan algoritma untuk menghasilkan rute terpendek. Terakhir mengimplementasikan algoritma dalam suatu aplikasi berbasis web dengan javascript. Solusinya adalah membuat model navigasi dengan unified modeling language peta digital, algoritma A-start dipilih sebagai solusi dalam menentukan rute untuk navigasi dalam peta serta membangun dan mengevaluasi aplikasi dengan javascript dan jasmine unit test. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukan bahwa model yang dipilih tepat untuk dapat diimplementasikan menjadi aplikasi berbasis web dan lolos evaluasi dengan 75 test case sebesar 100%, semua fungsionalitas aplikasi berjalan sesuai disain dan menghasilkan aplikasi tanpa anomaly.Kata Kunci — Navigasi, Indoor, Rute Terpendek, A-Star.Advances in technology and infrastructure facilities today often make it difficult for people to remember all the way to a particular place. More than 75% of people spend time indoors. When they go to places in buildings of different dimensions and sizes, such as, multilevel buildings, commercial centers, shopping centers, airports, hospitals and universities, they are often confused to get to the desired place in quick and precise time based on information limited. Questions to be answered in this paper, how to analyze the basic principles of navigation and define instruction in a domain model. Then determine the algorithm to generate the shortest route. Last implemented algorithm in a web based application with javascript. The solution is to create a navigation model with a unified modeling language digital map, A-start algorithm selected as a solution in determining the route for navigation in the map as well as build and evaluate applications with javascript and jasmine unit tests. The results of the research show that the chosen model is appropriate to be implemented into web-based applications and pass the evaluation with 75 test cases of 100%, all application functionality runs according to design and produces application without anomaly.Keywords— Navigation, Indoor, Shortest Route, A-Star.

It is the great honor for us to edit proceedings of “10th World Conference on Learning, Teaching and Educational Leadership (WCLTA-2019)” held on 01-03 November, at the Novotel Conference Center Athens –Greece. This privileged scientific event has contributed to the field of educational sciences and research for ten years. As the guest editors of this issue, we are glad to see variety of articles focusing on the Active Learning, Administration of Education, Adult Education, Affective Learning, Arts Teaching, Asynchronous Learning, Behaviorist Learning, Biology Education, Blended Learning, Chemistry Education, Classroom Assessment, Classroom Management, Classroom Teacher Education, Collaborative Learning, College and Higher Education, Constructivist Learning, Content Development, Counseling Underperformers, Course and Programme Evaluation, Critical Thinking and Problem Solving Development, Curriculum and Instruction, Democracy Education, Desktop Sharing, Developmental Psychology, Digital Content, Creation, Preservation and Delivery, Distance Learning, E-administration, E-assessment, Education and Culture, Educational Administration, Educational Technology, E-learning, E-Learning Strategies, E-Library and Learning Resources, Embedding Soft Skills in Curriculum Development, Enhancing and Integrating Employability, Environmental Education, ESL Education, E-teaching, Evaluation of e- Learning Technologies, Evaluation of Student Satisfaction, Faculty Development and Support, Future Learning Trends and Globalization, Gaming, Simulation and, Virtual Worlds, Guiding and Counseling, Healthy Education, High School Teacher Education, History Education, Human Resources in Education, Human Resources Management, Human Rights Education, Humanistic Learning, Information Literacy Support for Teaching, Learning and Assessment, Innovation and Changing in Education, Innovations in e-Assessment, Innovative Teaching Strategies, Institutional Audit and Quality Assurance, Institutional Performance, Instructional Design, Instructional Design,, Knowledge Management in Education, Language Learning and Teaching, Language Teacher Education, Learner Centered Strategies, Learners Diversity, Inclusiveness and Inequality, Learning and Teaching Research Methods, Learning Assessment and Evaluation, Learning Disabilities, Learning Psychology, Learning Skills, Learning Theories, Lifelong Learning Strategies, Mathematics Learning and Teaching, Measurement and Evaluation in Education, Middle School Teacher Education, Mobile Learning, Multi-cultural Education, Multiple Intelligences, Music Learning and Teaching, New Learning Environments, New Learning Web Technologies, Nursery Education, Outcome-based Education, Performance Assessment, Physics Education, Portfolio Assessment, Pre-school Education, Primary School Education, Professional Development, School Administration, Science Education, Science Teaching, Social Networking and Interactive, Participatory Applications and Services, Social Sciences Teaching, Special Education, Sport and Physical Education, Strategic Alliances, Collaborations and Partnerships, Student Diversity, Student Motivation, Supporting Students Experience, Table of Specifications, Teacher skills, Teacher Training, Technology and the Learning Environment, Virtual Classroom Management, Vocational Education, Web Conferencing and etc. Furthermore, the conference is getting more international each year, which is an indicator that it is getting worldwide known and recognized. Scholars from all over the world contributed to the conference. Special thanks are to all the reviewers, the members of the international editorial board, the publisher, and those involved in technical processes. We would like to thank all who contributed to in every process to make this issue actualized. A total of 82 full papers or abstracts were submitted for this conference and each paper has been peer reviewed by the reviewers specialized in the related field. At the end of the review process, a total of 26 high quality research papers were selected and accepted for publication. I hope that you will enjoy reading the papers. Guest Editors Prof. Dr. Jesús Garcia Laborda, University of Alcala, Spain Editorial Assistant Zeynep Genc, Phd. Istanbul Aydin University, Istanbul, Turkey

In this paper, we notice the fact that a human learning process is characterized by a process under a natural language environment, and discuss an approach of learning based on indirect linguistic instructions. An instruction is interpreted through some meaning elements and each trend. Fuzzy evaluation rules are constructed for the searched meaning elements of the given instruction, and the performance of a system to be learned is improved by the evaluation rules. In this paper, we propose a framework of learning based on indirect linguistic instruction based learning using fuzzy theory: FULLINS(FUzzy-Learning based on Linguistic INStruction). The validity of FULLINS is shown by applying it to two control examples: truck backer-upper control and helicopter flight control problem.

Recently, within the increasing implementation of the communicative language teaching (CLT) approach to teaching English as a foreign language (EFL), the Yemeni EFL secondary school curriculum has adopted the CLT approach. This qualitative exploratory case study aimed at examining whether or not the Yemeni English for Science and Technology (EST) senior secondary reading instructional implementation is a communicative-based instruction in nature as it is labelled. The data were collected from reading classroom observations and analysed in terms of student-teacher interaction pattern as well as teacher and learner roles based on Richards’ and Rodgers’ Model (2001). The coding scheme used for coding the features of the Initiation-Response-Evaluation method (IRE) and the Communicative Reading Instructional method (CRI) was developed from previous studies. The findings showed that the traditional IRE and the teacher role as a director are extensively represented in the Yemeni EST senior secondary school reading instruction more than the CRI. This finding contradicts the communicative-label of the Yemeni English language curriculum. The findings are discussed in terms of the alignment of the curriculum communicative-label with regards to the EST senior secondary school reading classroom instructional implementation. Keywords: Communicative Language Teaching approach (CLT); Initiation-Response-Evaluation Approach (IREA); Communicative Reading Instructional Approach (CRIA).

ESL classroom implements the use of instructional materials to support instruction in classroom. Instructional material is defined as anything which is deliberately used to increase the learners’ knowledge and/or experience of the language (Tomlinson, 2011). Textbook, video, newspaper can be used as materials in the English instruction. This research aims to evaluate the instructional material for Peer Assisted Learning Program (PALP) based on Mukundan’s categorization in the form of English Language Teaching Textbook Evaluation Checklist (ELT-TEC) (2013) and to find whether the material is useful or not the material for PALP. Peer Assisted Learning Program (PALP) is a peer tutoring program initiated by the English Education Department to encourage the students to speak English fluently and to perform better. The data of this descriptive quantitative research are taken from the instructional material for PALP and these are classified based on the categorization checklist of Mukundan’s English Language Teaching Textbook Evaluation Checklist (ELT-TEC). The total score will be the consideration of the materials’ usefulness. Based on the analysis, it is found that the instructional material for PALP is on the moderate usefulness. This finding can give a significant contribution the PALP itself.

This article outlines a proposal for evaluating educational policy and planning for multilingual school systems. Often, debates on language policy in education suffer from a restricted perspective that elevates socio-political considerations above all others. Assigning secondary importance to language learning constraints and developmental principles of second language learning renders the discussion incomplete and incoherent. Bilingual instructional models need to be based on current research findings that prioritize both an early introduction of content-based second language instruction (immersion), and the development of higher-order language abilities through a language that children understand.

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to determine whether the use of online puzzles in the instructional process has an effect on student achievement and learning retention. This study examined students ' perception and experiences on use of puzzle as an alternative evaluation tool. To achieve this aim, the following hypotheses were tested: using puzzle activities in lessons increases student achievement, using puzzle activities in lessons increases retention of information learned by the students and students have positive attitudes toward using puzzle activities in lessons. This study uses an online puzzle system (OPS) by which instructors can prepare puzzle activities for students to solve online. The technical and functional properties of the OPS developed and used are beyond the scope of this study. Design/methodology/approach – A pre- and post-test with control group experimental research design was implemented. Study participants were tenth-grade students in the Information Technologies Department of Gazi Anatolia Technical and Industrial Vocational School in Elazig during the 2011-2012 year. Thirty students each were chosen for the experimental and control groups, totaling 60 students. During the study, a traditional instruction method was used for the control group, while the experimental group received both traditional instruction and performed activities using the OPS. The subject Fundamentals of Networking was chosen, and the implementation period lasted six weeks. Four weeks after completion of the study, the achievement level of students was calculated again to test learning retention. Findings – The first hypothesis of the study is, “Using puzzle activities in the lessons increases the achievement of the students”. In the teaching of the Networking Fundamentals Module of Information Technologies Course for tenth graders, a significant difference in favor of the experimental group was seen, where online puzzle activities were used in terms of student achievement. The second hypothesis of the study is, “Using puzzle activities in the lessons increase the retention of the information learned by the students”. Four weeks after completion of the study, the achievement levels of the students were calculated again to test learning retention. The learning retention of the students in the experimental group is higher than that of the students in the control group. In addition, students in the experimental group had positive attitudes toward online puzzle activities. Doing online puzzle activities accelerates learning for students and helps them learn networking terms by creating an enjoyable environment. Research limitations/implications – The current study was limited to six weeks of implementation during the 2011-2012 school year at Gazi Anatolia Technical and Industrial Vocational High School in Elazig. Similar studies could be conducted in other schools for longer periods and at different levels, so the findings can be compared with those of the current study. This study is further limited to an Information Technologies Course. Studies can be conducted with various courses using appropriate online puzzle activities. Puzzle types other than the crossword used in the OPS of the current study should be developed and added. The system should also be developed by visual multimedia objects, allowing it to be more interactive. Moreover, in the development process of such an OPS, educators, software designers, psychologists and scholars from other fields should work together. Usability tests should be conducted to improve user-friendliness of the system by adding various features related to functionality and visuality. Practical implications – From the findings of the study, it can be concluded that online puzzle activities help students understand subjects better and aid in exam preparation. Moreover, these activities are effective for students in terms of increasing understanding and retention of learned terms in and outside class, forming valuable learning experiences. Doing online puzzle activities in class as a course-end activity can be said to be more effective in students’ learning than doing them outside of class. Crossword puzzles offer opportunities for students to accelerate learning by quickly mastering new words and phrases and by directing students to more actively interact with computer-related vocabulary and terminology as compared with the rote learning method. Originality/value – Paper-based puzzles are frequently used, and there are few Web-based puzzles. Despite their frequent use, preparing and evaluating paper-based puzzles can require a significant time investment; another disadvantage is the lack of immediate feedback. Based on the literature review, there is no dynamic OPS used for educational purposes. This study uses an OPS by which instructors can prepare puzzle activities for students to solve online. The originality of this study is OPS features and puzzle generation mechanism. The system presents a user-friendly interface with Turkish character (or any language) support and number-writing properties.

AbstractThis study reports on a qualitative study which explored 32 pre-service teachers’ evaluations of two online seven-week introductory courses in corpus linguistics (CL). Data were gathered through questionnaires, participants’ written journals, post-course semi-structured email interviews, and discussion forum entries. The qualitative analysis of data revealed that for successful integration of CL into online language teacher education programs, several procedures should be employed. These include: providing the necessary technological infrastructure in educational settings; incorporating CL instruction in initial stages of language teacher education degree programs and extending it throughout the whole curriculum; focusing more on the practical aspects of CL with much emphasis placed on the necessary pedagogical knowledge and skills for successful exploitation of CL; introducing user-friendly tools and encouraging indirect use of corpora in the absence of necessary technological facilities; providing adequate and effective instructional materials (text-based reading materials, screen capture videos, hands-on activities, etc.) along with sufficient instructor support; and encouraging the participants to reflect on the approach critically. The findings may promise implications for language teacher educators to effectively introduce CL to student teachers in virtual learning environments.

Linguistics as the scientific study of language has very crucial role in running language instruction. Changes in language teaching-learning method reflect the development of linguistic theories. This paper describes how the three broad views of linguistic theories, namely traditional grammar, generative grammar, and functional grammar work in relation to English language teaching and learning. Since both linguistics and language learning have the same subject to talk about, the knowledge of the language, then, is the core. Linguistic features analyzed are on the levels of Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics and Discourse as the basic components, supported by Psycholinguistics and Sociolinguistics. In relation to language teaching and learning, especially English, such knowledge on the English language gives learners the chance to apply in social communication and in any occasion. The use depends on the viewing of linguistic theories (English) in certain era, which reflects the need of learners in using English. It is assumed that the more linguistic competence someone has, the easier he/she can run his/her instructional activities. As the consequence, in the English language learning, the syllabus designer should notify the mentioned levels of linguistic components while constructing English instructional materials, methods, and evaluation based on the stage of learners to avoid misunderstanding in use. In this case, English instructors/teachers should also update their linguistic competence, especially on Psycholinguistic and Sociolinguistic points of view. Key words/phrases: linguistics, English, language instruction, linguistic competence

As a typical artificial intelligence algorithm, the convolutional neural network (CNN) is widely used in the Internet of Things (IoT) system. In order to improve the computing ability of an IoT CPU, this paper designs a reconfigurable CNN-accelerated coprocessor based on the RISC-V instruction set. The interconnection structure of the acceleration chain designed by the predecessors is optimized, and the accelerator is connected to the RISC-V CPU core in the form of a coprocessor. The corresponding instruction of the coprocessor is designed and the instruction compiling environment is established. Through the inline assembly in the C language, the coprocessor instructions are called, coprocessor acceleration library functions are established, and common algorithms in the IoT system are implemented on the coprocessor. Finally, resource consumption evaluation and performance analysis of the coprocessor are completed on a Xilinx FPGA. The evaluation results show that the reconfigurable CNN-accelerated coprocessor only consumes 8534 LUTS, accounting for 47.6% of the total SoC system. The number of instruction cycles required to implement functions such as convolution and pooling based on the designed coprocessor instructions is better than using the standard instruction set, and the acceleration ratio of convolution is 6.27 times that of the standard instruction set.

This article reports findings of an evaluation study examining the instructional effectiveness of varying software environments for 120 preschool special needs children. Cognitive distancing principles were applied to classify children according to symbolic competence prior to instruction and to classify child-software interactions during instruction. An aptitude-by-treatment interaction design contrasted children's learning in either Logo or instructional software contexts with a control condition. Dependent measures included indicators of preschool problem solving, skill acquisition, language development, cognitive development and affective development. Results indicated that a Logo-based environment enhanced children's problem-solving skills and their acquisition of linguistic pragmatics as compared to counterparts in a control condition. In contrast, an instructional software condition promoted children's acquisition of specific skills. Neither software environment enhanced children's global levels of cognitive or of affective development. We conclude with a caution that the medium is not the message.

The critical evaluation of systematic planning, development and review practices of instructional materials intend to improve the quality of teaching and learning. This study investigates the objectives of communicative language teaching and curricular components of two important textbooks which are widely studied in Iran: the New Headway Advanced Series (2015), the Iran Language Institute (ILI) Advanced1 (2008). The evaluation is done in terms of two prospects; firstly, the interpretation of communicative language teaching objectives and secondly, curricular components of the books. To this aim, a checklist of 5 Cs standards and seven curricular components evaluation developed by American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL) was employed. The evaluation reveals that the New Headway advanced series is more preferable and desirable than the ILI Advanced 1 due to the design and organization, authenticity, attractiveness, functionality, practicality and the other qualities mentioned above regarding communication, cultures, connection, comparison, and community in all aspects. The evaluation based on the seven curricular components- language systems, communication strategies, cultural knowledge, learning strategies, content from other subject areas, critical thinking skills, technology and the other features- indicates that the ILI textbook enjoys low standards and is not well developed in all components. The ILI textbook is highly reading and writing oriented and not appropriate for transactional and interactional learning purposes. This study acquaints language teachers and learners with the more desirable and cogent book.

Component Display Theory—(Merrill 1983; Merrill, Kowallis, and Wilson 1981) has been developed to be an analytical theory-based instructional design guide. It was the rationale underlying the design of the TICCIT computer-assisted learning system. It forms also a major foundation for hundreds of hours of instruction designed by Courseware, Inc. This paper discusses step-by-step procedures of its use in designing a goal-oriented Computer Assisted Language Instruction (CALI), and in quantifying the effectiveness of the instruction as a preliminary evaluation tool.

With this volume, Acta linguistica is entering its 5th year. We would like to announce, with our great pleasure, that the journal has undergone some changes and will from now be published twice a year, with its summer and winter volume. This summer volume includes researches with a common topic of practicing a language, whether in educational, and religious institutions, or in the languages primary surroundings. In this spirit, the volume is divided into two parts, with the first devoted to the methodology of language teaching, focusing mainly on Chinese and Japanese language and presently still under-researched dyslexia role in language studies, and the second focusing on under-documented languages and their gap between language policies and the actual state of language use.The first paper by Katja Simončič, entitled Evaluating Approaches to Teaching and Learning Chinese Vocabulary from the Learning Theories Perspective: An Experimental Case Study, discusses two basic approaches to teaching Chinese vocabulary, and evaluates them based on the results of experimental study on Slovene students of Chinese.The next two papers deal with the different lexica in Japanese language. Nataliia Vitalievna Kutafeva's research, entitled Japanese Onomatopoeic Expressions with Quantitative Meaning analyzes the lexical mode of expression of quantitative meanings and their semantics with the help of onomatopoeic (giongo) and mimetic (gitaigo) words, and based on it proposes the new arrangement of semantic groups.Kiyomi Fujii’s research, entitled Blogging Identity: How L2 Learners Express Themselves, discusses identity expression in blogs by Japanese language learners on the intermediate and advanced level.The paper by Nagisa Moritoki Škof, Japanese Language Education and Dyslexia: On the Necessity of Dyslexia Research, shows an insight to dyslexia and through an outline of the present state of accepting and treating leaning disabilities in the Japanese education system stresses the importance of incounting dyslexia in language education in general.Manel Herat in his paper Functions of English vs. Other Languages in Sri Lankan Buddhist Rituals in the UK, analyzes the language shifts from the Sinhala and Pali languages to English at Buddhist festivals and sermons in UK. Next paper by Ali Ammar and his colleagues, Language Policy and Medium of Instruction Issue in Pakistan, briefly re-explores the situation of languages in the country and studies the latest language policy of Pakistan and its implications for local languages.The last research paper in this volume Bhadarwahi: A Typological Sketch was written by Amitabh Vikram Dwivedi and is an attempt to describe phonological and morphosyntactic features of the under-documented Bhadarwahi language belonging to Indo-Aryan language family.Finally, in the context of describing under-documented languages, the influence of the existing language policy is also noticed by Erwin Soriano FERNANDEZ and his book review on Pangasinan, entitled Panuntunán na Ortograpiya éd salitan PANGASINAN 2012. Manila: Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino.

Pipelines, in Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) microprocessors, are expected to provide increased throughputs in most cases. However, there are a few instructions, and therefore entire assembly language codes, that execute faster and hazard-free without pipelines. It is usual for the compilers to generate codes from high level description that are more suitable for the underlying hardware to maintain symmetry with respect to performance; this, however, is not always guaranteed. Therefore, instead of trying to optimize the description to suit the processor design, we try to determine the more suitable processor variant for the given code during compile time, and dynamically reconfigure the system accordingly. In doing so, however, we first need to classify each code according to its suitability to a different processor variant. The latter, in turn, gives us confidence in performance symmetry against various types of codes—this is the primary contribution of the proposed work. We first develop mathematical performance models of three conventional microprocessor designs, and propose a symmetry-improving nonlinear optimization method to achieve code-to-design mapping. Our analysis is based on four different architectures and 324,000 different assembly language codes, each with between 10 and 1000 instructions with different percentages of commonly seen instruction types. Our results suggest that in the sub-micron era, where execution time of each instruction is merely in a few nanoseconds, codes accumulating as low as 5% (or above) hazard causing instructions execute more swiftly on processors without pipelines.

The ever-increasing need for securing computing systems using cryptographic algorithms is spurring interest in the efficient implementation of common algorithms. While the algorithms can be implemented in software using base instruction sets, there is considerable potential to reduce memory cost and improve speed using specialized instructions and associated hardware. However, there is a need to assess the benefits and costs of software implementations and new instructions that implement key cryptographic algorithms in fewer cycles. The primary aim of this paper is to improve the understanding of the performance and cost of implementing cryptographic algorithms for the RISC-V instruction set architecture (ISA) in two cases: software implementations of the algorithms using the rv32i instruction set and using cryptographic instructions supported by dedicated hardware in additional functional units. For both cases, we describe a RISC-V processor with cryptography hardware extensions and hand-optimized RISC-V assembly language implementations of eleven cryptographic algorithms. Compared to implementations with only the rv32i instruction set, implementations with the cryptography set extension provide a 1.5× to 8.6× faster execution speed and 1.2× to 5.8× less program memory for five of the eleven algorithms. Based on our performance analyses, a new instruction is proposed to increase the implementation efficiency of the algorithms.

Project-based instruction has gained some popularity in general education and in second-language (L2) education. However, a review of the literature shows discrepancies between teachers' and students' evaluations of this activity. For example, general education teachers and students find that project-based instruction creates opportunities for in-depth learning of subject-matter content, which fosters student independence and problem-solving skills. However, English as a Second Language (ESL) teachers' and students' evaluations show mixed results. Although some anecdotal reports and one systematic research study show ESL teachers endorsing project-based instruction because it provides opportunities for comprehensible output and integrated language teaching, there is evidence that ESL students and at least one ESL teacher are frustrated by this form of instruction. These students felt that project-based instruction prevented them from learning from the teacher and textbooks and from focusing on language skills. The ESL teacher felt a loss of student respect and noted a drop in student attendance. These discrepancies are discussed from philosophical, cultural, and linguistic perspectives. Recommendations for research and pedagogy are proposed. For example, it is suggested that a framework be developed to aid ESL teachers in assisting their multicultural students to understand the benefits of project-based instruction in L2 learning.

Abstract Multilingual task-oriented dialogue (ToD) facilitates access to services and information for many (communities of) speakers. Nevertheless, its potential is not fully realized, as current multilingual ToD datasets—both for modular and end-to-end modeling—suffer from severe limitations. 1) When created from scratch, they are usually small in scale and fail to cover many possible dialogue flows. 2) Translation-based ToD datasets might lack naturalness and cultural specificity in the target language. In this work, to tackle these limitations we propose a novel outline-based annotation process for multilingual ToD datasets, where domain-specific abstract schemata of dialogue are mapped into natural language outlines. These in turn guide the target language annotators in writing dialogues by providing instructions about each turn’s intents and slots. Through this process we annotate a new large-scale dataset for evaluation of multilingual and cross-lingual ToD systems. Our Cross-lingual Outline-based Dialogue dataset (cod) enables natural language understanding, dialogue state tracking, and end-to-end dialogue evaluation in 4 diverse languages: Arabic, Indonesian, Russian, and Kiswahili. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of cod versus an equivalent translation-based dataset demonstrate improvements in data quality, unlocked by the outline-based approach. Finally, we benchmark a series of state-of-the-art systems for cross-lingual ToD, setting reference scores for future work and demonstrating that cod prevents over-inflated performance, typically met with prior translation-based ToD datasets.

This article describes and recommends an approach to CALL-related research and development activities in which the CALL portion of the learning process is not addressed in isolation but as part of a total instructional system which also includes the live teacher, textbooks and other print materials, outside-of-class learning opportunities, and numerous other non-technological components. In order to determine the optimum instructional strategy (including CALL) to be used in a given language learning situation, the instructional developer must first assemble detailed information about the intended outcome goals of the instruction, as well as about the language background, language learning aptitude, and other input characteristics of the students to be taught. Only after these crucial initial steps have been taken does it become possible to meaningfully and effectively consider the appropriate instructional strategies to be used in developing the intended outcome performance abilities on the students' part. Eight major procedural steps are discussed for developing, refining, and evaluating the efficiency and effectiveness of language teaching programs based on the input-process-output model described.

Students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often exhibit challenges with reading development. Evidence-based interventions and specialized approaches to reading instruction are currently being implemented across educational contexts for learners with ASD ( Machalicek et al., 2008 ), yet there is limited understanding of how core ASD features may impact effective delivery of instruction and student participation. We begin to address this need by evaluating the reciprocity between instructional talk and student participation within a reading intervention utilizing a scripted language approach that was being piloted on students with ASD. Method This study used archival video-recorded observations from the beginning of a reading intervention to examine the interactions between 20 students (18 boys, two girls) with ASD (7–11 years old, M = 9.10, SD = 1.74) and their interventionists ( n = 7). Lag sequential analysis was used to examine the frequency of student initiations and responses following the interventionists' use of responsive, open-ended, closed-ended, and directive language. Results Findings describe the types of and illustrate the variability in interactions between students and their interventionists, as well as highlight language categories that are linked to student participation. Conclusions These data provide a snapshot of the nature and quality of interactions between students with ASD and their interventionists. Findings suggest that delivery of instruction, including the language that interventionists use, may be an important area of focus when evaluating the effectiveness of reading-based practices across educational settings for learners with ASD, even within the confines of highly structured interventions.

Improving the teaching of viewing, listening, and speaking courses is the key to produce better workers for society. Improving teaching quality is therefore a key teaching objective. One way to improve the quality of English instruction is to conduct a scientific evaluation of videos, audios, and spoken language instructions. This paper investigates the neural network model and the evaluation of teaching effect in depth in order to solve the complex nonlinear problem of evaluating the impact of English viewing, listening, and speaking. The DA-BP neural network model is proposed as a result of the existing research’s shortcomings. The BP neural network is basically an algorithm which is multilayered feed-forward network that is trained actually to the error back propagation algorithm. The accuracy of the BP neural network’s evaluation is influenced by its parameter selection in this paper, and the dragonfly algorithm (DA) is used to optimize the BP model’s initial connection weight and threshold parameters. According to the research results, DA-BP improves the accuracy of evaluating the viewing, listening, and speaking classroom teaching quality in college English and offers a new approach for evaluating the audio-visual classroom teaching effect in college English.

Purpose:This study explores the effectiveness of a collaborative, classroom-based model in enhancing the development of vocabulary and phonological awareness skills for kindergarten and first-grade children in an inner-city school district.Method:Four regular education teachers from the neighborhood school were randomly selected for participation. Children were randomly assigned to classrooms following usual school procedures. Two classrooms served as standard practice controls. In the other two classrooms, a collaborative service delivery model was implemented. One certified speech-language pathologist taught in each experimental classroom 2½ days per week. The speech-language pathologist and the regular education teachers engaged in joint curriculum planning on a weekly basis. Vocabulary and phonological awareness instruction was embedded into ongoing curricular activities. Additionally, explicit instruction in phonological awareness was planned for a 25-minute small-group activity center weekly.Results:Following the 6-month intervention, superior gains were noted in receptive vocabulary, expressive vocabulary, beginning sound awareness, and letter-sound associations for children in the experimental classrooms as compared to children in the standard practice control classrooms. The children in the experimental classrooms also showed greater improvement on a deletion task in comparison to the children in the standard practice classrooms. Importantly, this task was never used as an instructional activity, and thus demonstrated generalization to a novel phonological awareness task.Clinical Implications:The results are discussed with regard to the positive benefits of collaboration in facilitating the language abilities of inner-city children who are at risk for academic difficulties in the early elementary grades.

Digital game-based foreign language learning has grown as a popular topic in recent years. Vocabulary knowledge has been prioritized in this research, particularly in the application of several skill areas in foreign language teaching. However, with the rapid growth of technology and the game business, this circumstance may necessitate the study of language skills in a variety of fields. In recent years, digital game-based foreign language learning has grown as a popular topic. This study seeks to conduct a comprehensive investigation of the skill areas of digital game-based foreign language acquisition in diverse educational and non-educational situations throughout the world. The evaluation of the literature covers current investigations completed between 2010 and 2021. The research is in the scanning model, and it is being examined using the content analysis approach. Within the scope of the study, 145 academic papers were investigated, and 57 studies were classified according to the defined criteria, omitting those that were unrelated to the issue. IBM SPSS 26.0 was used to compute the data as frequency - percentage. To confirm the study's reliability, the coding reliability was computed and determined to be 91%. According to the findings of the study, the number of studies on digital game-based foreign language instruction has grown in recent years, with the majority of these studies focusing on vocabulary. As a consequence of this research, it is advised that future studies on digital game-based foreign language instruction should include reading, writing, and listening abilities in addition to vocabulary. This study is expected to contribute to the literature by assessing skill areas in digital game-based foreign language instruction.

ABSTRACT This paper describes the implementation of a task-based approach in an advanced Korean language program, the Flagship MA program in the Korean Language Flagship Center (KLFC) at the University of Hawaii at Mānoa (UHM). The paper will introduce seven stages of Task-based Language Teaching (TBLT) and how KLFC implements these stages in its MA program (i.e., Needs analysis, target task types, pedagogic tasks, sequencing tasks, appropriate methodology and pedagogy, assessments, and program evaluation, Long 1998). Some key principles of learning by doing, providing rich input, focus on form, negative feedback, and individualized instruction will also be discussed with regard to how these are incorporated in the program. The courses of the KLFC MA program and some of the materials will be introduced. These sample materials will show the interconnectivity of the series of pedagogic tasks, which will lead to a successful performance of a target task at the end of the week and eventually in the real target tasks. The main focus of the study is real TBLT classes and their components, not TBLT theory per se, although some part of it will be discussed in the explanations of the materials and program.

ABSTRACT This paper describes the implementation of a task-based approach in an advanced Korean language program, the Flagship MA program in the Korean Language Flagship Center (KLFC) at the University of Hawaii at Mānoa (UHM). The paper will introduce seven stages of Task-based Language Teaching (TBLT) and how KLFC implements these stages in its MA program (i.e., Needs analysis, target task types, pedagogic tasks, sequencing tasks, appropriate methodology and pedagogy, assessments, and program evaluation, Long 1998). Some key principles of learning by doing, providing rich input, focus on form, negative feedback, and individualized instruction will also be discussed with regard to how these are incorporated in the program. The courses of the KLFC MA program and some of the materials will be introduced. These sample materials will show the interconnectivity of the series of pedagogic tasks, which will lead to a successful performance of a target task at the end of the week and eventually in the real target tasks. The main focus of the study is real TBLT classes and their components, not TBLT theory per se, although some part of it will be discussed in the explanations of the materials and program.

Retaining quality teachers and declining numbers of language programs that will help students reach the goal of high proficiency levels for their success in today’s world has been a challenge in recent years. Language teachers have a great role to play in addressing the 21st-century learning needs of the students, e.g., critical thinking skills, which greatly rely on their innovative teaching pedagogies. This current study aimed to investigate the preparedness and effectiveness of the preservice English teachers with their instructional strategies in integrating critical thinking skills in language instruction. The population of the study was comprised of preservice English teachers assigned in secondary schools during their practice teaching stage. A modified researcher-made questionnaire-checklist was developed and validated with items on a four-point Likert Scale used to evaluate the strategies employed in integrating critical thinking skills in English language teaching through consecutive actual classroom teaching observations by the two (2) groups of mentors and by the preservice teachers themselves. The data revealed that based on the three (3) raters, the preservice English teachers have extensively integrated critical thinking skills in language instruction through the use of the higher-order- level of questioning along with analyzing, evaluating, and creating. The reported highest mean was in creating, and the lowest was in evaluating. The PSETs' extent of integration of critical thinking skills was secondly manifested through the provision of communicative tasks. The PSETs have signified three (3) communicative tasks that obtained the highest mean scores: [24] role plays (mean=3.53), [25] paired-shared activities (mean=3.52), and [19] small group work (mean=3.51). Likewise, they have identified the three (3) communicative activities with the lowest means, namely: [23] keeping a diary (mean=2.54), [6] interviews (mean=2.55), and jigsaw activities (mean=2.62). It was concluded that the preservice English teachers have extensively integrated critical thinking skills in English language teaching though there are instructional strategies along with questioning strategy through the use of higher-order-level of questions and the provision of communicative tasks that garnered low mean scores which recommend preservice English teachers to enhance maximum utilization of these teaching skills for effective integration of critical thinking skills in language instruction and eventually cater the learning needs of the 21st-century language learners. Hence, a capability enhancement program or training on the integration of critical thinking skills to preservice English teachers was also recommended based on the findings of the study.

The university teaching and learning of Journalism and Communication in Ethiopia offers many challenges equally both for the teachers and students. One of the challenges is that the undergraduates usually face language difficulties in an English-medium setting. Task based instruction (TBI) as a panacea refers to an approach based on the use of tasks as the core unit of planning and instruction in the teaching learning process. This article critically reviews the fuzzy concept of ‘task’ and how it is different from ‘activities’; the evolution of TBI as an approach; how the objectives are formulated in task based approach; how sequencing and grading of syllabus content is organized in the task format; what is the modus operandi of teachers and learners in task based instruction; which varieties of instructional materials are required to run the show of task-based classroom; and how the learners’ performance and syllabus itself will pass through the process of evaluation. At the end, the article attempts to propose advantages, disadvantages and challenges of TBI for the curriculum/syllabus developers.

<p>Classroom instruction provides a limited amount of quality speaking practice for language learners. Asynchronous multimedia-based oral communication is one way to provide learners with quality speaking practice outside of class. Asynchronous multimedia-based oral communication helps learners develop presentational speaking skills and raise their linguistic self-awareness. Twenty-two peer-reviewed journal articles studying the use of asynchronous multimedia-based oral communication in language learning were reviewed, (1) to explore how asynchronous oral communication has been used to improve learner speaking skills, and (2) to investigate what methodologies are commonly used to measure and analyze language gains from using asynchronous multimedia-based oral communication to improve learner speaking skills. In this study we present three principal findings from the literature. First, asynchronous multimedia-based oral communication has been used in conjunction with a variety of instructional methods to promote language gains in terms of fluency, accuracy and pronunciation. Second, the methods found in this review were technical training, preparatory activities, project-based learning, and self-evaluation with revision activities. Third, the majority of previous studies demonstrating the effectiveness of these methods have relied on learner perceptions of language gains rather than on recordings of learner speech.</p>

Curriculum material is generally considered the subject matter of information, talents, dispositions, understandings, and principles that make up research programs in the field. At a more complex level, the curricula need to contain historical and socio-political strengths, traditions, cultural views, and goals with wide differences in sovereignty, adaptation, and local understanding that encompass a diversity of cultures, laws, metaphysics, and political discourse This study aims to develop a curriculum with local content as a new approach in early childhood science learning. The Local Content Curriculum (LCC) is compiled and developed to preserve the uniqueness of local culture, natural environment, and community crafts for early childhood teachers so that they can introduce local content to early childhood. Research and model development combines the design of the Dick-Carey and Dabbagh models with qualitative and quantitative descriptive analysis. 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A modern foreign language teacher is expected to practice using skillfully a variety of teaching approaches, methods, forms, techniques, and tools, including project-based learning method. Practical application of project-based instruction is emphasised in Ukrainian national educational standards and teacher training curricula. According to the Ukrainian national curriculum of external independent evaluation of in-service primary teachers’ professional development, a school teacher needs to know about the projectbased pedagogy, project-based instructional methodology, teaching techniques at project-based model steps, and be able to engage pupils into project work, make up driving questions, use Socratic discussion method, prepare project-based lesson plans, assess pupil project works, i.e. must be ready to implement project-based learning in school. In this regard, the problem of developing foreign language teachers’ project competency as an integral part of their professional methodological expertise is a current isssue. The aim of the elective course “English language teaching through pupils’ project-based learning” from the curriculum for students majoring in specialty 014 Secondary education is to familiarise preservice English teachers with the theory and practice of project-based teaching methodology and to develop their professional methodological skills of planning, organising, coordinating, and assessing pupil project works. This publication briefly describes the objectives and contents of the elective course, specifies suggested instructional types, teaching and assessment methods. Examples of theoretical and practical professional methodological training activities are given.

The research purposes were to: 1) develop lesson plans for content-based instruction; 2) evaluate the students&rsquo; perceptions of the effectiveness of content-based instruction; and 3) investigate the effects of content-based instruction on English language performance of Thai undergraduate students in a non-English program. The sample group was 19 Thai undergraduate students. The research instruments were: 1) lesson plans for content-based instruction; 2) an evaluation form of lesson plans; 3) an effectiveness questionnaire on content-based instruction; and 4) English language performance tests. Data were analysed the mean, standard deviation, content analysis and a t-test. The research results were: 1) the lesson plans were developed and evaluated by experts as applicable for use at a high level and pilot-tested with 14 non-targeted Thai undergraduate students with the perceived effectiveness at a high level; 2) the 19 targeted Thai undergraduate students perceived the content-based instruction as an effective methodology and essential aid in generating opportunities to use English at a high level. They thought that it was fun and helped them practice, have a better attitude and gain more courage to express themselves in English; and 3) the post-course English language performance were significantly (P &lt; 0.05) higher than the pre-course English language performance. In conclusion, content-based instruction produced positive results and could be used as an effective methodology and essential aid in generating opportunities to use English, which resulted in increased English language performance.

This study aimed to determine the validation of Andro-web comics on Work and Energy topic. To achieve the objective, this study was designed referring to ADDIE model, i.e, Analysis, Design, Development or Production, Implementation or Deliver, and Evaluations. The Andro-web comics could be accessed using a digital comic application, Webtoon. It is downloadable in Play store or App store. The Andro-web comics is compatible with all devices including mobile devices (phone, tablet, iPod, PDA, and smartphone) and PC/Mac. Based on the expert judgment, the Andro-web comics is suitable for learning. The Instructional-Based Andro-Web Comics is alternative instructional materials for teachers to attract students’ attention and help them studying easily and practically as it provides an interesting illustration with simple language. It could also be used wherever and whenever without teacher’s guidance. Both teachers and students could communicate on the comment column which is available in the application without time and place limitation.

This research focuses on deaf students in the United Arab Emirates. The proposed classroom assessment using sign language communicator (CASC) for special needs students (SN) in the United Arab Emirates is based on artificial intelligence (AI) tools. This research provides essential services for teaching evaluations, learning outcome assessments, and the development of learning environments. CASC model is composed of two models. The first model converts the speech to a sign language, which contains a speech recognizer, sign language recognizer. The second model converts the sign language to written text. This model generates a report for students' understanding and class evaluation in advance before ending the course based on the sign language recognition and image processing tools. This model will have a significantly positive impact on SN students' success and on effective lecturing and optimizing teaching and learning in the classroom. The accuracy of the model is 92%. The analysis of the student's feedback in real-time provides effective instructional strategies.

In this survey paper the field of language curriculum development is defined as encompassing the processes of needs analysis, goal setting, syllabus design, methodology and evaluation. Each of these curriculum processes is surveyed and issues and practices in each area are discussed. Needs analysis is discussed in relation to language program planning and evaluation and different needs analysis procedures are examined. Different approaches to the planning of program objectives in language teaching are illustrated and a distinction between behavioral, process, content and proficiency-based objectives is made. The status of methodology within curriculum development is discussed in terms of a distinction between content oriented methods and those concerned primarily with instructional processes. The role of a syllabus within each approach is illustrated.

Тhe article considers the influence of assessment of students’ foreign language communicative competence on their motivation to master a foreign language. The authors of the article analyzed modern forms of assessment used to increase students’ motivation while learning a foreign language; compared the opinions of teachers and students on effective types of assessment of foreign language communicative competence; identified strategies which proved effective to motivate students to study foreign language on a regular basis. The purpose of the study was to examine possible causal connections between introduction of high level formative assessment and motivation of students to study foreign languages. It has been established that while employing high level formative assessment teacher takes into account diiferent level of students’ language proficiency, directs their efforts in mastering a Vjforeign language and provodes positive feedback. Such assessment is meant to be a process aimed to provide information that teachers can utilize to tailor instruction in order to meet students’ needs so that students can progress more in their learning. Here teachers have important tasks of establishing rapport and collaboration with students thus making them aware of their learning achievememts based on comprehensible criteria and objectives as well as delivering constructive feedback while assessing and evaluating. It is also essential to create an atmosphere in which students will be active participants of learning, not afraid of making mistakes and taking responsibilities for their successes and failures. The results of the study confirmed the research hypothesis that higher level formative assessment serves to enhance students’ motivation to learn a foreign language and has a significant impact on the development of foreign language communicative competence.

The purposes of this study were to identify the students’ and teacher’s needs for student worksheets for teaching local culture content drama scripts writing based on the verses of Sultan Abdul Muluk (SAM), to design a prototype of the worksheets, to obtain expert validation of the prototype, to determine the worksheets’ practicality, and to examine the effectiveness of the developed worksheets. The research procedures were based on Plomp's model and Tessmer's modified model of Research & Development. Data were collected employing multiple techniques. To obtain information on the student and teacher needs, questionnaires were administered and an interview was conducted. To ascertain the validity of the worksheets, an expert validation was carried out. To determine practicality of the worksheets, a small group evaluation was conducted, and questionnaires were administered. To examine the effectiveness of the worksheets, field tests of script writing were carried out. Results of the need analysis revealed that all students and teachers needed elearning-based student worksheets on drama scripts writing based on SAM verses. Based on expert validation, the developed worksheet was categorized as valid. Based on the small group evaluation, the worksheet was considered practical. Results of the field tests indicated that the worksheet was effective. The implication is that the worksheet is of great importance and, therefore, will likely become a major instructional material for teaching drama script writing based on SAM verses.

A Review of: Grabowsky, A. (2015). Library instruction in communication disorders: Which databases should be prioritized? Issues in Science and Technology Librarianship 79(Winter). doi:10.5062/F4707ZFB Abstract Objective – There are two objectives in this research article. The first is to identify databases that librarians usually recommend to students for searching topics in communication disorders. The second is to compare these databases’ indexing of core journals in communication disorders, with the purpose of ascertaining which databases should be taught first in a one-shot information literacy session. Design – A comparative database evaluation using citation analysis. Setting – 10 universities in the United States of America offering LibGuides for their audiology or speech language pathology programs. Subjects – Six databases: CINAHL, ERIC, Linguistics and Language Behavior Abstracts (LLBA), PsycINFO, PubMed/Medline, and Web of Science/Web of Knowledge. Methods – The author selected 10 universities from the top 20 included in the graduate school rankings for audiology and/or speech language pathology from U.S. News & World Report. The 10 universities selected were chosen because their librarians published online subject guides using LibGuides that suggest databases students can use for searching topics in communication disorders. The LibGuides were then examined to identify the most popular recommended databases that the author subsequently used for comparing coverage of core journals in communication disorders. The author generated a core journals list by selecting the top 20 audiology and speech-language pathology journals from Journal Citation Reports, SCImago Journal & Country Rank, and Google Scholar Top Publications. These three sources produced lists of influential journals in different subject areas by looking at the number of citations the journals have received, alongside other factors. The author searched for 33 journals in total in each of the subject databases previously identified. Main Results – The author found six databases that were mentioned in the LibGuides of at least half the universities investigated. None of the 6 databases indexed all 33 core journals. The breakdown of the number of journals indexed in each database is as follows: Web of Science/Web of Knowledge indexed 32 of 33 core journals (97%); PubMed/Medline indexed 28 (85%); PsycINFO indexed 27 (82%); CINAHL indexed 25 (76%); LLBA indexed 23 (70%); and ERIC indexed 9 journals (27%). Conclusion – The author discovered that pairing certain databases allows for coverage of all 33 core journals. These pairings are: PubMed/Medline with PsycINFO, PubMed/Medline with LLBA, PubMed/Medline with Web of Science, Web of Science with PsycINFO, and Web of Science with LLBA. The author suggests that librarians can create instructional materials for all recommended databases, “but use information from this study together with institution-specific factors to decide which databases to prioritize in face-to-face instruction sessions for speech-language pathology and audiology students” (Conclusion).

As educators realized that in order to successfully complete an academic task, second language (L2) learners have to master both English as a language form (grammar, vocabulary, etc.).There have been different approaches used in the reacquisition of mastery of the English language. One of which is the computer-based instruction. CBI is student-centered. One of its goals is to keep the interest and motives of the students by generating stimulating content instruction and materials, which can be done with the help of computers. The use of computer-based instruction in language learning serves as a tool in facilitating learning. It helps learners to progress at their own pace. This computer-based instruction can be programmed to be interactive and individualized. It can also be in the form of a stand-alone course to enhance or reinforce classroom learning. This kind of interactive learning using online activities to enhance language proficiency helps the teachers to achieve their goals in language learning and at the same time provide comprehensible input from discourse context. Though there are also limitations to this kind of learning but those limitations are expected to be addressed inside the classroom where the teacher is around. With this, research studies about CBI emerged evaluating its effectiveness. This is the second phase of our study, which is an online course using content-based instruction. It is a computer-assisted, interactive platform for English language learning, which targets language skills, such as reading, writing, and grammar using a variety of content-based materials from different sources like science, history, and social sciences. Lessons hosted were planned and developed for 1st-year students of BPSU to pave the way in achieving BPSU’s mission of making its academic offerings and its students globally competitive. The selection of reading texts used as part of the lesson was carefully written as well as adapted to suit the needs of the students. There were 10 lessons available hosted on the site for the students to try and for the researchers to evaluate the course. This was trialed for a month with the control and experimental group. The researchers would like to make an in-depth analysis on the effectiveness of the online courses in English using content-based instruction.

The greatly diversified English ability of the African international students in China poses a great challenge to their English writing teachers. Traditional Chinese college English writing instruction failed to bridge teaching writing practice and evaluating writing. Teachers tend to merely provide language input, writing techniques, and writing tasks. They seldom design a series of language experience activities for students. The assessment is based on one-time grading rather than a formative evaluation through which students can experience, hypothesize, assimilate and eventually improve their writing. African international students may fail to adapt to this type of writing instruction. To address this issue, the current study designed the Mini-Study Writing Instruction (MSWI), i. e. , 21 African international students utilized Wenjuanxing software as the platform to conduct a survey and produced a series of writing tasks. MSWI bridged the gap between language knowledge and writing tasks. The portfolio assessment data revealed that the participants thought highly of MSWI and gradually adapted to it. The students' final output showed a significant decline in grammar errors and an increase in sentence complexity as well as in sentence length.

The present paper argues that while the Spanish for Heritage Learners (SHL) profession has given ample attention to sociolinguistic issues such as linguistic standards and language variation in teacher training, it has not yet given sufficient attention to the promotion of dialect awareness among heritage learners themselves. After discussing the role of dialect in heritage language pedagogy, I review some of the ways in which dialect awareness has been fostered in existing SHL textbooks and ancillary materials. I argue that these approaches can be sharpened by attending to the social functions of language variation. I present a critical applied linguistic approach to dialect awareness that focuses on the indexical aspects of language variation in society. I discuss three strands of this approach to dialect awareness: functions of dialects, distributions of dialects, and evaluation of dialects. Finally, I suggest some activities to present these strands in a first year college level Spanish for heritage learners class.