Дисертації з теми "Langage – Compréhension – Effets du bruit"
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Cucis, Pierre-Antoine. "Influence de l’interaction inter-électrodes sur l’intelligibilité de la parole chez les patients implantés cochléaires : importance de la stratégie de codage." Thesis, Lyon, 2021. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03789606.
Повний текст джерелаSince the end of the 1970s, cochlear implants have been gradually acknowledged as a conventional method for the rehabilitation of deafness which significantly improves quality of life. Nowadays, people with profound hearing loss can recover or have access to hearing. Every year in France, approximately 1,000 people benefit from a cochlear implantation. However, great disparities persist and there is a "continuous spectrum" of performances in implanted patients, ranging from total failure to the restoration of a near-normal speech comprehension. Several physiological and technical factors help to explain some of the variability in the results. In this work we investigated the effect of the bioelectric interaction between the electrodes and the cochlear cells as well as the impact of the sound coding strategy in the understanding of speech in noise. A first study evaluates, with a general point of view, the understanding of speech in noise, function of the coding strategy with or without channel selection. We used two approaches; a direct evaluation with cochlear implant patients and a simulation study with normal-hearing subjects. In both populations, a difference was observed in favor of the strategy without channel selection. Thus, under the most common signal-to-noise ratio conditions, delivering information from all channels can lead to better recognition percentages than with a selection strategy. The second study introduces the problem of channel interaction. The aim of this study is to evaluate the understanding of speech in noise to the setting of a channel selection strategy and the phenomenon of interaction. Once again, we set up a simulation protocol with normal-hearing subjects and a protocol with cochlear implants. On one hand, we measured the understanding of speech in noise as a function of the number of selected channels, and on the other hand, we evaluated the degree of interaction by measuring frequency selectivity. The part concerning cochlear implant patients is still ongoing and we need to collect data from a larger number of subjects. The part with normal-hearing subjects is finished and it gives us a first approach of what we can expect with the implanted patients. The results of this part show a threshold effect at which performance decreases. Furthermore, by varying the interaction, an intra-subject correlation was observed between frequency selectivity and speech comprehension
Brébion, Janie. "Mémoire de travail, compréhension de textes et vieillissement." Paris 5, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA05H025.
Повний текст джерелаA survey of litterature introduces working memory concept, and shows its role in complex cognitive operations, such as reading comprehension. The effects of aging on working memory capacity and functioning are presented as well. Four experiments are described. All for them require linguistic processing and concurrent mnemonic load, so that both functions -processing and storage- of working memory are involved. A paradigm of new word production is used in the first experiment, while a paradigm of incongruous sentence detection is used in the other three. Results reveal a decline in older subjects' cognitive resources, so that they are compelled to cope differently with the simultaneous requirements of the task: in the processing storage trade-off, they sacrifice concurrent mnemonic load in order to perform the processing task, in which they meet specific difficulties as regards their young counterparts. In the speed accuracy trade off, they tend to be more cautious, and favour accuracy to the detriment of speed
Dommes, Aurélie. "La compréhension d'ambiguïtés lexicales présentées dans différents contextes phrastiques et discursifs chez des adultes jeunes et âgés : effets des contraintes contextuelles introduites et de la familiarité des sens des mots ambigus." Paris 10, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA100096.
Повний текст джерелаOur researches studied the comprehension of sentences and utterances containing lexical ambiguities by younger and older adults according to the constraints involved by context and the familiarity of the meanings of the ambiguous words in the two age groups. The results indicated that older adults tend to rely more than the younger ones on the contextual constraints to access the appropriate meaning of the ambiguous word. In both groups, the dominant meaning of the ambiguous word seemed to be available at an early processing stage, independently of the contextual constraints. In the younger group, the dominant meaning activation appeared to decrease with time when this sense revealed to be incompatible with context. That decrease was attributed to the efficiency of the inhibitory mechanisms. However, the temporal pattern observed in the older group seemed to indicate that the suppression mechanisms are altered, especially when the meaning to be inhibited is the dominant sense
Tremblay, Christina. "Effets de la stimulation cérébrale sur la compréhension des métaphores dans la maladie de Parkinson." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25855.
Повний текст джерелаDifferent language deficits are often observed in Parkinson's disease (PD), including difficulties to understand metaphors. These difficulties seem to be associated with a decreased activation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), possibly caused by fronto-striatal network dysfunctions. Polysemy (the property of a word to have multiple related meanings) is a linguistic factor intrinsic to the composition of a metaphor and could have an impact on this deficit, but its influence is unknown. Metaphor comprehension is also likely to be influenced by different brain stimulation technics that may have an impact on the fronto-striatal loops and the DLPFC, including Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) (a surgical treatment producing subcortical continuous electrical stimulation) and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) (a noninvasive experimental approach that can influence brain activity by transient magnetic pulses). According to several studies evaluating both the effects of electrical stimulation and surgery, DBS generally impairs language abilities. However, differentiated effects of electrical stimulation on language, including metaphor comprehension, are still unclear. Additionally, TMS could potentially improve the DLPFC dysfunction, but its effects on metaphor comprehension deficits in PD have never been evaluated. Thus, the aim of this thesis is to evaluate the effects of DBS and TMS on metaphor comprehension in PD. The results of the first study, evaluating the influence of polysemy, showed how to properly control the impact of this factor when evaluating metaphor comprehension in this disease. In the second study, which focused on DBS effects, we observed no impact of electrical stimulation on metaphor comprehension. Finally, in the third study, the application of a particular TMS protocol on the DLPFC improved metaphor comprehension in a participant with PD. Overall, this thesis has contributed to advance knowledge on metaphor comprehension in PD and on the influence of different brain stimulation technics on this ability. It also provided new neuroanatomical hypotheses that could be used in future studies.
Dekerle, Marie. "L’impact de la dégradation du signal de parole sur le langage, de sa représentation à sa compréhension." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10290/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis aims at investigating the effect of speech degradation on language processing and representation. Speech signal can be degraded temporary (i.e., speech in noise) or continually, when central auditory processes are deficient. Experimental work was therefore based on two main axes. The first one got interested in the effect of noise on semantic processing, despite preserved intelligibility. Two studies showed that semantic processing is less efficient when speech is presented in noisy condition. In light of the Effortfulness Hypothesis, we suggest that semantic processing relies on cognitive resources. When signal is degraded these resources are reallocated to low level processes and therefore few are left available to perform higher level processes. Axe 2 aims at evaluating links between continuous speech degradation because of immaturity of central auditory processes or Auditory Processing Disorder (APD) and language representation. Two studies investigated the effect of auditory processing development on language on a children population (6-11 years old) and the effect of APD on language representation in an adult dyslexic population. Both populations were evaluated using the BECAC (Donnadieu et al. 2014). This battery aims at evaluating central auditory processes using non-verbal material so that auditory performances can be related to language competences. Results evidenced that central auditory processes mature until adulthood, and at some point in development (8-9 years old) are linked to language representation. Results of the last study showed that dyslexic adults are impaired in tests involving spectral and temporal processes; in addition these abilities are related with phonological awareness. Altogether, these results indicate that speech degradation has distinct effects on language depending on its nature. Therefore when temporary, speech degradation impacts its comprehension despite intelligibility. When continuous, speech degradation’s impact evolves during development and disappears in normal adults. However, it stays for dyslexics
Chalard, Marylène. "Effets de l'âge d'acquisition et de la fréquence objective en production verbale orale et écrite de mots isolés." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002CLF20002.
Повний текст джерелаLaberge, Carl. "Effets d'une séquence de prise de conscience des processus d'écoute menée auprès de personnes peu scolarisées ou peu alphabétisées apprenant le français." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66329.
Повний текст джерелаDuboc, Martin. "Etude multi-échelle du crissement : dispositif expérimental et éléments de compréhension." Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10101/document.
Повний текст джерелаSliding contact can cause sound vibrations like squeal for example. The aim of this PHD is to study the influence of geometric parameters, material and friction evolution of squeal occurrences. An experimental set-up has been specially developed. It is based on a simplified architecture which allows a control of the dynamic behavior. Specific instrumentation has also been taken into account. An other hand, a finite element model has been introduced to help to design and permit to conduct to parametric studies. For this study, two kinds of material were used. The first one was specifically developed for this study with a reduced formulation while the second one was a typical commercial material. Firstly, the influence of contact geometry between the pin and the disk was performed. It has shown that the contact length deeply changes the dynamic behavior. The finite element model showed the keyrole of the non-linear aspect of the material. This aspect has been taken into account in a semi- analytical model. Secondly, the study has been devoted to the influence of the material, the evolution of friction and thermal loading. Results showed different behaviors for each material. The commercial material is more sensitive to the friction evolution. Numerical simulations enriched by material characterizations were allowed to bring some understanding to the observed dynamic behavior. Finally, the study concludes with an implementation of the commercial material on a different experimental set-up. A detailed analysis of the contact surface was achieved during tests interrupted in noisy and silent states. The results show little influence of the evolution of the contact area on the occurrence of squeal
Amar, Jennifer. "Vers une meilleure compréhension des effets de la typographie en comportement du consommateur : de la lisibilité de l’information à la persuasion publicitaire." Thesis, Lorient, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORIL349/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn this research, we study the effects of typography in a marketing context.In a first study, we assess the level of legibility for food packaging information on 196 consumers while shopping at a point of purchase. The results show a low ability of individuals to process this information. More specifically, we find that individuals have more difficulty to read legal and nutritional information. For the elderly respondents questioned, results were even more alarming. In a second study, based on an experiment administered to 420 young people, we test the persuasive effect of typography in a print advertising context. We manipulate typography (Clarendon and Garamond: typography rather informational, Artistic and French Script: typography rather positive emotional, Gabrielle and Times New Roman: typography both informational and positive emotional). Results show that attitude toward the typography has a significant influence on advertising responses, while the physical characteristics of typography have no direct influence. This second work highlights the importance of typography in advertising and enriches it with a new variable: attitude toward the typography
Alamri, Shuaa. "Les usages et effets des TIC sur le développement de la compétence de compréhension orale de futures interprètes français-arabe : une recherche expérimentale menée à l'Université du Roi Saoud sur un dispositif numérique à visée professionnalisante." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2021. https://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/ulprive/DDOC_T_2021_0014_ALAMRI.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis aims to assess the efficiency of the use of ICT for the acquisition of listening comprehension skills, as part of the French-Arabic interpreting training provided to Saudi students of the women’s section at the King Saud University (Riyadh). Having noted that the current training does not sufficiently equip students with the necessary skills for interpreting as a professional practice, notably as regards the listening comprehension of authentic oral speeches, the research has developed and tested a didactic device based on use of digital tools. This device aims, on the one hand, at confronting the students with authentic documents which allow them to better understand the French language and culture, and on the other hand, to allow them to develop new uses of ICT so that their learning practices meet the requirements of the profession. To asses this device, a quantitative and qualitative experimental approach has been choosen to compare progress in the listening comprehension skills of an experimental group of learners - using the device - with that of a control group - not using it – by means of performance tests carried out before and after the experiment. these results were crossed with data collected by a survey questioning the students’ use of ICTs before the experimentation, and a satisfaction questionnaire after the experimentation. It has been noted that the device has effect on the improvement of the listening comprehension skills of learners. Also, the device has been favorably received by the students who appreciated the use of ICT being part of their training. Moreover, the used device would allow us to address both the training needs in listening comprehension skills in the interpreting activity, and the attractiveness of Saudi female students for ICT. In a context in which Saudi women are entering the labor market, and are trained in single-sex education system, this research takes into account the gender dimension
Gautreau, Aurore. "Compréhension de la parole dans la parole : une approche inter-langues pour évaluer les interférences linguistiques durant la compréhension." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO20124/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis research aimed to explore the linguistic interference that occurs during the speech-in-speech situation, by comparing the masking effects of speech backgrounds that were produced in an intelligible language for the participants (i.e., French), to the masking effects of speech backgrounds that were produced in unknown foreign languages (i.e., Irish and Italian), on the identification of French target words. At -5 dB SNR, a lexical decision task revealed significantly divergent results with the unknown languages (i.e., Irish and Italian), with Italian and French speech backgrounds hindering French target word identification to a similar extent, whereas Irish speech backgrounds led to significantly better performances. Using fluctuating noise backgrounds derived from each speech background signals, showed that only the speech backgrounds generated in an intelligible language (i.e., French) produced linguistic interference of high level in addition to acoustic interference and linguistic interference of low level. Thus, the difference observed between the speech backgrounds in Irish and Italian can be explained at an acoustic level but not at a linguistic level. Moreover, although the speech backgrounds in French and in Italian had equivalent masking effects on French word identification, the nature of their interference was different. When Italian became intelligible to the participants, the speech backgrounds in Italian produced linguistic interference of high level like those generated in French, with the target words produced in the native language to the participants or in their second language
Grataloup, Claire. "La reconstruction cognitive de la parole dégradée : étude de l'intelligibilité comme indice d'une capacité cognitive humaine." Lyon 2, 2007. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2007/grataloup_c.
Повний текст джерелаThis study investigated degraded speech comprehension. Using psycholinguistic and neurophysiologic approaches, behavioural studies and auditory tests were conducted among healthy adult participants and dyslexic adult participants. Behavioural experiments explored the participants' abilities to restore artificially degraded speech. Two types of degradation were used : reversed speech and speech in speech. The results evidence a cognitive capacity to reconstruct degraded speech that depends on the degradation level of the original speech signal but also on some cognitive system parameters. These parameters are specific to each individual, such as the ability to activate lexical mechanisms and possibly the hemispheric lateralization. Psycholinguistic characteristics of target words affect their comprehension in a situation where speech is difficult to understand. During speech in speech perception, psycholinguistic characteristics of words from the competing babble influence the target's restitution. Auditory tests have shown correlations between the participants' lateralization of auditory descending pathways and their abilities to understand degraded speech. Results from dyslexic individuals in the reconstruction of degraded speech exhibit reduced performances associated with a symmetric pattern of descending auditory pathways. These results support the hypothesis of a link between cortical asymmetry and language processing skills
Varnet, Léo. "Identification des indices acoustiques utilisés lors de la compréhension de la parole dégradée." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10221/document.
Повний текст джерелаThere is today a broad consensus in the scientific community regarding the involvement of acoustic cues in speech perception. Up to now, however, the precise mechanisms underlying the transformation from continuous acoustic stream into discrete linguistic units remain largely undetermined. This is partly due to the lack of an effective method for identifying and characterizing the auditory primitives of speech. Since the earliest studies on the acoustic–phonetic interface by the Haskins Laboratories in the 50’s, a number of approaches have been proposed; they are nevertheless inherently limited by the non-naturalness of the stimuli used, the constraints of the experimental apparatus, and the a priori knowledge needed. The present thesis aimed at introducing a new method capitalizing on the speech-in-noise situation for revealing the acoustic cues used by the listeners.As a first step, we adapted the Classification Image technique, developed in the visual domain, to a phoneme categorization task in noise. The technique relies on a Generalized Linear Model to link each participant’s response to the specific configuration of noise, on a trial-by-trail basis, thereby estimating the perceptual weighting of the different time-frequency regions for the decision. We illustrated the effectiveness of our Auditory Classification Image method through 2 examples: a /aba/-/ada/ categorization and a /da/-/ga/ categorization in context /al/ or /aʁ/. Our analysis confirmed that the F2 and F3 onsets were crucial for the tasks, as suggested in previous studies, but also revealed unexpected cues. In a second step, we relied on this new method to compare the results of musical experts (N=19) or dyslexics participants (N=18) to those of controls. This enabled us to explore the specificities of each group’s listening strategies.All the results taken together show that the Auditory Classification Image method may be a more precise and more straightforward approach to investigate the mechanisms at work at the acoustic-phonetic interface
Salamé, Pierre. "Contribution des effets de diverses ambiances acoustiques a l'analyse des mecanismes de la memoire visuelle immediate chez l'homme." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988STR13130.
Повний текст джерелаRichard, Céline. "Etude de l’encodage des sons de parole par le tronc cérébral dans le bruit." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO20116/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe major purpose of my thesis was the investigation of brainstem structures implications into speech in noise processing, particularly by identifying the impact of acoustic cues on normal speech perception. Firstly, we were involved in the engineering of the speech auditory brainstem responses (SABR) recording system. SABR are similar to brainstem auditory evoked responses to clicks, but require different acquisition and signal processing set-ups, due to the difference between the French and the American stimuli used by the American reference team. The different studies presented here, permitted to emphasize the role of brainstem structures into the subcortical processing of acoustical cues, such as the temporal enveloppe, or the voicing, with a possible evidence of a corticofugal effect on SABR. These experimentations lead us to a more fundamental question on the best conditions required for PEASP collection, in particular, the best stimulation intensity needed. The results of the experiment on intensity effect showed a non linear relation between the stimulation intensity and PEASP characteristics. Even if an intensity of only 20 dB SL seems enough for SABR recording, individual results are still highly variable so that diagnostic application of SABR on, for example, children with language learning problems or subject suffering from speech in noise perception impairment remains difficult
Kallel, Fathi. "Algorithmes de réduction du bruit en vue d'une amélioration de l'intelligibilité de la parole : cas de la prothèse cochléaire." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO10293.
Повний текст джерелаCochlear prostheses are intended for persons suffering from deep or total deafness where conventional prostheses proved ineffective. In quiet listening conditions, most bilateral cochlear implant (BCI) users can now achieve even more than 80% word recognition scores regardless the used device. However, under more challenging listening conditions, BCI recipients perform poorly, compared to normal-hearing listeners. In this work, we proposed three speech processing approaches for speech intelligibility improvement. The first is based on shifted bilateral cochlear implant stimulation; the second is based on dual-channel spectral subtraction algorithm and finally the cross power spectral subtraction algorithm was considered. Experimental results showed a speech intelligibility improvement between 4% and 10% when the shifted bilateral cochlear implant stimulation is considered. Performance amelioration was observed when the dual-channel spectral subtraction based speech enhancement algorithm was considered and the improvement was between 10% and 17%. The better performance was obtained when noisy speech signals were processed using cross power spectral subtraction algorithm and the improvement was between 15% and 27%
Gauthier, Louise-Josée. "L'action médiatrice du langage et ses effets dans Matroni et moi, Oreille, tigre et bruit et Révolutions d'Alexis Martin." Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/20120.
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