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Yu, Chunlei, Veronique Cherfaoui, Philippe Bonnifait, and Dian-ge Yang. "Managing Localization Uncertainty to Handle Semantic Lane Information from Geo-Referenced Maps in Evidential Occupancy Grids." Sensors 20, no. 2 (January 8, 2020): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20020352.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Occupancy grid is a popular environment model that is widely applied for autonomous navigation of mobile robots. This model encodes obstacle information into the grid cells as a reference of the space state. However, when navigating on roads, the planning module of an autonomous vehicle needs to have semantic understanding of the scene, especially concerning the accessibility of the driving space. This paper presents a grid-based evidential approach for modeling semantic road space by taking advantage of a prior map that contains lane-level information. Road rules are encoded in the grid for semantic understanding. Our approach focuses on dealing with the localization uncertainty, which is a key issue, while parsing information from the prior map. Readings from an exteroceptive sensor are as well integrated in the grid to provide real-time obstacle information. All the information is managed in an evidential framework based on Dempster–Shafer theory. Real road results are reported with qualitative evaluation and quantitative analysis of the constructed grids to show the performance and the behavior of the method for real-time application.
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Ahn, Seongyong. "A Method for Virtual Lane Estimation based on an Occupancy Grid Map." Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems 21, no. 8 (August 1, 2015): 773–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5302/j.icros.2015.15.0009.
Повний текст джерела
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Kim, Kyu-Won, Jun-Hyuck Im, Moon-Beom Heo, and Gyu-In Jee. "Precise Vehicle Position and Heading Estimation Using a Binary Road Marking Map." Journal of Sensors 2019 (January 20, 2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1296175.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Road markings are always present on roads to guide and control traffic. Therefore, they can be used at any time for vehicle localization. Moreover, they can be easily extracted by using light detection and ranging (LIDAR) intensity because they are brightly colored. We propose a vehicle localization method using a 2D road marking grid map. The grid map inserts the map information into the grid directly. Thus, an additional process (such as line detection) is not required and there is no problem due to false detection. We obtained road marking using a 3D LIDAR (Velodyne HDL-32E) and binarized this information to store in the map. Thus, we could reduce the map size significantly. In the previous research, the road marking grid map was used only for position estimation. However, we propose a position-and-heading estimation algorithm using the binary road marking grid map. Accordingly, we derive more precise position estimation results. Moreover, position reliability is an important factor for vehicle localization. Autonomous vehicles may cause accidents if they cannot maintain their lane momentarily. Therefore, we propose an algorithm for evaluating map matching results. Consequently, we can use only reliable matching results and increase position reliability. The experiment was conducted in Gangnam, Seoul, where GPS error occurs largely. In the experimental results, the lateral root mean square (RMS) error was 0.05 m and longitudinal RMS error was 0.08 m. Further, we obtained a position error of less than 50 cm in both lateral and longitudinal directions with a 99% confidence level.
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Haris, Malik, Jin Hou, and Xiaomin Wang. "Lane Lines Detection under Complex Environment by Fusion of Detection and Prediction Models." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2676, no. 3 (October 23, 2021): 342–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03611981211051334.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The lane lines’ length, width, and direction are very regular, serialized, and structurally associated, which are not easily affected by the environment. To enhance lane detection in a complicated environment, an approach combines visual information with the spatial distribution. Firstly, the grid density of the target detection algorithm YOLOv3 (you only look once V3) is improved from S×S to S×2S, aiming at the particular points in the bird’s-eye view where the lane lines had different densities in the horizontal and vertical directions. The obtained YOLOv3 (S×2S) is more suitable for detecting objects with small and large aspect ratios. It also identifies image features along with balances the detection speed and accuracy. Secondly, based on a bi-directional gated recurrent unit (BGRU), a new lane line prediction model BGRU-Lane (BGRU-L) based on the distribution of lane lines is proposed using the characteristic of lane line serialization and structural correlation. Finally, Dempster-Shafer (D-S) algorithm based on confidence was used to integrate the results of YOLOv3 (S×2S) and BGRU-L to improve the lane line detection ability under complex environments. The experiment was carried out on the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology and Toyota Technological Institute (KITTI) dataset, while Euro Truck Simulator 2 (ETS2) is used as a supplement dataset. After fusing YOLOv3 (S×2S) and BGRU-L models in the D-S model, the detection results have high accuracy in a complex environment by 90.28 mAP. The detection speed is 40.20fps, which enables real-time detection.
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Agrawal, K., M. K. Nigam, S. Bhattacharya, and G. Sumathi. "Ambulance detection using image processing and neural networks." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2115, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2115/1/012036.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Ambulance Detection using Image Processing and Neural Network is a vehicle detection and tracking system, which recognizes the vehicle (i.e., Ambulance in this case) amidst the traffic congestion. Due to the fact from past few years, the range of vehicles usage of the road is growing each day that results in traffic congestion, for better management of this traffic this system is useful. Traffic Congestion, as mentioned above, can be observed at an ever-growing pace in countries like India and Thailand, where the roads’ width and length make it impossible to make a separate lane for the emergency vehicle (like that of ambulance); Hence making it hard for the vehicle to pass through the traffic at the earliest possible time. The Ambulance tracking system is activated at the mapped junctions and that program detects the ambulance coming close to it and turns the traffic light to Green for the next 15 seconds. Geocoding is the practice of transforming addresses (like a physical address) to location information (like longitude and latitude) that can be used to locate a label on a map or to mark a grid. They plan to provide ambulances with this software to make it easy to transform addresses into a programmable format for review and retrieval. This data is converted to a system that shows all the crossings it must pass to meet the endpoint.
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Xu, S., B. Wang, and J. Liu. "On the use of Schwarz–Christoffel conformal mappings to the grid generation for global ocean models." Geoscientific Model Development 8, no. 10 (October 29, 2015): 3471–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-3471-2015.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. In this article we propose two grid generation methods for global ocean general circulation models. Contrary to conventional dipolar or tripolar grids, the proposed methods are based on Schwarz–Christoffel conformal mappings that map areas with user-prescribed, irregular boundaries to those with regular boundaries (i.e., disks, slits, etc.). The first method aims at improving existing dipolar grids. Compared with existing grids, the sample grid achieves a better trade-off between the enlargement of the latitudinal–longitudinal portion and the overall smooth grid cell size transition. The second method addresses more modern and advanced grid design requirements arising from high-resolution and multi-scale ocean modeling. The generated grids could potentially achieve the alignment of grid lines to the large-scale coastlines, enhanced spatial resolution in coastal regions, and easier computational load balance. Since the grids are orthogonal curvilinear, they can be easily utilized by the majority of ocean general circulation models that are based on finite difference and require grid orthogonality. The proposed grid generation algorithms can also be applied to the grid generation for regional ocean modeling where complex land–sea distribution is present.
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Ahmad, Firoz, and Laxmi Goparaju. "Geospatial Approach for Agroforestry Suitability Mapping: To Enhance Livelihood and Reduce Poverty, FAO based Documented Procedure (Case Study of Dumka District, Jharkhand, India)." Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia 14, no. 2 (June 25, 2017): 651–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2491.
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ABSTRACT: Agroforestry has the capacity to reduce the poverty, enhance livelihood, improve food security and mitigate the climate change impact. The agroforestry suitability mapping is performed using geospatial technology based on similar guideline documented by FAO for Land suitability mapping. The study aims for applying remote sensing and GIS technology towards various spatial (soil and environmental) datasets in Dumka district of Jharkhand, India to achieve a nutrient availability and agroforestry suitability map. The Landsat satellite data, ASTER DEM and decadal annual rainfall datasets were utilized to generate wetness, landuse/ land cover (LULC), elevation, slope, and rainfall map. LULC map was utilized to identify the open area land in which agroforestry suitability was evaluated. Various thematic layers such as soil nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), organic carbon (C), pH and sulphur (S) were used for generating nutrient availability map. The agroforestry suitability map was generated utilizing the layers viz. nutrient availability, slope, wetness, rainfall and elevation by GIS integration/modeling in ArcGIS 10.1 software by providing different weight to each thematic layer as per its importance in the study area. The thematic layer weight was calculated based on pairwise comparisons (a standard statistical procedure). Finally agroforestry suitability maps were generated in the form of high, medium and low grid with spacing (1km × 1km). We also generated poverty map, one of the complete watersheds in the part of the study area and drainage map in whole study area to understand its proximity toward high agroforestry suitability grid. The study shows that the total open area land grids were 3421 out of which 50% of grid was found to be highly suitable towards agroforestry. Furthermore a watershed, drainage pattern and poverty map were analyzed based on its proximity toward high agroforestry suitability. The study reveals high agroforestry suitability land grid proximity towards high poverty grid was approximately more than 70%, whereas the proximity to the drainage pattern was roughly 60%. One of the completed watershed in the part of the study area evaluation reveals approximately 50% of the watershed area grid has the proximity of high agroforestry suitable land grid. The high agroforestry suitability and its proximity/relationship with high poverty, drainage pattern and in watershed based analysis provides golden opportunity to the local poor people to harness agroforestry practices by adopting intensive soil and water conservation measures if supported by sufficient funds/technology will largely help in mitigating poverty and enhancing the livelihood. The ongoing agroforestry projects can be further extended in the open areas of high agroforestry suitability grid for long term benefits of diversified output.
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Tian, Yasi. "Mapping Suburbs Based on Spatial Interactions and Effect Analysis on Ecological Landscape Change: A Case Study of Jiangsu Province from 1998 to 2018, Eastern China." Land 9, no. 5 (May 19, 2020): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9050159.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As the transitional area between urban and rural areas, land-use change in suburbs is drastic, which generates negative effects on the ecological environment. However, the identification of the suburbs remains controversial. Usually, the density of the population and residential land is referenced, and the close spatial interactions between urban areas and suburbs are generally neglected. To fill this research gap, this study adopts a case study method to map the suburbs of Jiangsu based on estimating the spatial interactions. First, a regression model is built to estimate the population distribution. Second, a radiation model is utilized to evaluate the spatial interaction at a grid level. After the main urban area is identified based on the high density of the population and construction land, the interaction strength between the main urban grid and other grid areas is calculated, and the grids that share high values of interaction strength with urban grids are identified as suburban areas. Finally, the suburbs of Jiangsu in 1998 and 2018 are mapped, and the ecological landscape pattern metrics are used to verify the effects of suburban expansion. As a result, the suburban expansion of Jiangsu over the 20 years was significant, and the effects of suburban expansion on ecological land fragmentation were evident. On the basis of the results, the enlightenment of mapping suburbs on ecological landscape planning is discussed.
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Jiang, Lei, Lixin Lu, Lingmei Jiang, Yuanyuan Qi, and Aqiang Yang. "Impact of a Detailed Urban Parameterization on Modeling the Urban Heat Island in Beijing Using TEB-RAMS." Advances in Meteorology 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/602528.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Town Energy Budget (TEB) model coupled with the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) is applied to simulate the Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon in the metropolitan area of Beijing. This new model with complex and detailed surface conditions, called TEB-RAMS, is from Colorado State University (CSU) and the ASTER division of Mission Research Corporation. The spatial-temporal distributions of daily mean 2 m air temperature are simulated by TEB-RAMS during the period from 0000 UTC 01 to 0000 UTC 02 July 2003 over the area of 116°E~116.8°E, 39.6°N~40.2°N in Beijing. The TEB-RAMS was run with four levels of two-way nested grids, and the finest grid is at 1 km grid increment. An Anthropogenic Heat (AH) source is introduced into TEB-RAMS. A comparison between the Land Ecosystem-Atmosphere Feedback model (LEAF) and the detailed TEB parameterization scheme is presented. The daily variations and spatial distribution of the 2 m air temperature agree well with the observations of the Beijing area. The daily mean 2 m air temperature simulated by TEB-RAMS with the AH source is 0.6 K higher than that without specifying TEB and AH over the metropolitan area of Beijing. The presence of urban underlying surfaces plays an important role in the UHI formation. The geometric morphology of an urban area characterized by road, roof, and wall also seems to have notable effects on the UHI intensity. Furthermore, the land-use dataset from USGS is replaced in the model by a new land-use map for the year 2010 which is produced by the Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth (RADI), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). The simulated regional mean 2 m air temperature is 0.68 K higher from 01 to 02 July 2003 with the new land cover map.
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Siswanto, Bambang. "SEBARAN UNSUR HARA N, P, K DAN PH DALAM TANAH." BUANA SAINS 18, no. 2 (February 2, 2019): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.33366/bs.v18i2.1184.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Soil nutrient availability maps are needed to be used as a basis for managing fertilizer use, as well as soil acidity (pH) values. If the nutrient status of N, P, K and soil acidity is known, it is expected that the dosage of fertilization of each land can be done in accordance with thenutrient status. It can also reduce the cost of fertilization. This study aims to determine the factors of land affecting the distribution of nutrients N P K and soil pH. The research was conducted in Gugut Village, Rambipuji District, Jember from June to August 2016. The research was conducted by using free grid survey method with semi-detailed survey rate of 1: 25.000 scale. The distribution pattern of each nutrient status was analyzed by matrix method approach to find out the factors that most influence the distribution of nutrients N, P, K and pH. From the result of research, map of nutrient distribution of N, P, K is almost similar to the result of geological map overlay, landform, land use and altitude. According to Wilding and Drees (1983), the diversity of nutrient status can be due to differences in lithology / parent material, climate, erosion, biological influences, and hydrology. The N, P, K soil availability map only meets 32.76% of the elevation map section. Therefore, the temporal nutrient status mapping can not be generated based on existing land map units so it is advisable to use the rigid grid method. While soil pH maps are almost similar to overlays between geological maps, landforms, land use and climate.
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Zhang, H. D., D. S. Yu, Y. L. Ni, L. M. Zhang, and X. Z. Shi. "Matching soil grid unit resolutions with polygon unit scales for DNDC modelling of regional SOC pool." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 8, no. 3 (March 9, 2015): 2653–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-8-2653-2015.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Matching soil grid unit resolution with polygon unit map scale is important to minimize uncertainty of regional soil organic carbon (SOC) pool simulation as their strong influences on the uncertainty. A series of soil grid units at varying cell sizes were derived from soil polygon units at the six map scales of 1:50 000 (C5), 1:200 000 (D2), 1:500 000 (P5), 1:1 000 000 (N1), 1:4 000 000 (N4) and 1:14 000 000 (N14), respectively, in the Tai lake region of China. Both format soil units were used for regional SOC pool simulation with DeNitrification–DeComposition (DNDC) process-based model, which runs span the time period 1982 to 2000 at the six map scales, respectively. Four indices, soil type number (STN) and area (AREA), average SOC density (ASOCD) and total SOC stocks (SOCS) of surface paddy soils simulated with the DNDC, were attributed from all these soil polygon and grid units, respectively. Subjecting to the four index values (IV) from the parent polygon units, the variation of an index value (VIV, %) from the grid units was used to assess its dataset accuracy and redundancy, which reflects uncertainty in the simulation of SOC. Optimal soil grid unit resolutions were generated and suggested for the DNDC simulation of regional SOC pool, matching with soil polygon units map scales, respectively. With the optimal raster resolution the soil grid units dataset can hold the same accuracy as its parent polygon units dataset without any redundancy, when VIV < 1% of all the four indices was assumed as criteria to the assessment. An quadratic curve regression model y = −8.0 × 10−6x2 + 0.228x + 0.211 (R2 = 0.9994, p < 0.05) was revealed, which describes the relationship between optimal soil grid unit resolution (y, km) and soil polygon unit map scale (1:x). The knowledge may serve for grid partitioning of regions focused on the investigation and simulation of SOC pool dynamics at certain map scale.
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Widdicombe, R. C., and B. Carlisle. "Geographic Information and Global Positioning Systems for Tree Management." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 25, no. 3 (May 1, 1999): 175–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1999.024.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Among the number of GIS software packages available, IDRISI and Maplnfo have the most wideranging applications to land use. For this project, Maplnfo was employed to process and store environmental and map data. Three tasks required attention prior to the analysis of data: 1) accurate cartographic survey and grid referencing of the area's features including tree positions; 2) formatting of map data to construct a GIS map; and 3) in-depth tree survey data collection including hazard assessment and amenity valuation.
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Swathi Lakshmi, A., S. Saran, S. K. Srivastav, and Y. V. N. Krishna Murthy. "Geospatial Modelling Approach for Interlinking of Rivers: A Case Study of Vamsadhara and Nagavali River Systems in Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-8 (November 27, 2014): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-8-127-2014.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
India is prone to several natural disasters such as floods, droughts, cyclones, landslides and earthquakes on account of its geoclimatic conditions. But the most frequent and prominent disasters are floods and droughts. So to reduce the impact of floods and droughts in India, interlinking of rivers is one of the best solutions to transfer the surplus flood waters to deficit/drought prone areas. Geospatial modelling provides a holistic approach to generate probable interlinking routes of rivers based on existing geoinformatics tools and technologies. In the present study, SRTM DEM and AWiFS datasets coupled with land-use/land -cover, geomorphology, soil and interpolated rainfall surface maps have been used to identify the potential routes in geospatial domain for interlinking of Vamsadhara and Nagavali River Systems in Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh. The first order derivatives are derived from DEM and road, railway and drainage networks have been delineated using the satellite data. The inundation map has been prepared using AWiFS derived Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI). The Drought prone areas were delineated on the satellite image as per the records declared by Revenue Department, Srikakulam. Majority Rule Based (MRB) aggregation technique is performed to optimize the resolution of obtained data in order to retain the spatial variability of the classes. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) based Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) is implemented to obtain the prioritization of parameters like geomorphology, soil, DEM, slope, and land use/land-cover. A likelihood grid has been generated and all the thematic layers are overlaid to identify the potential grids for routing optimization. To give a better routing map, impedance map has been generated and several other constraints are considered. The implementation of canal construction needs extra cost in some areas. The developed routing map is published into OGC WMS services using open source GeoServer and proposed routing service can be visualized over Bhuvan portal (<a href="http://http://www.bhuvan.nrsc.gov.in/" target="_blank">http://www.bhuvan.nrsc.gov.in/</a>).Thus the obtained routing map of proposed canals focuses on transferring the surplus waters to drought prone areas to solve the problem of water scarcity, to properly utilize the flood waters for irrigational purposes and also help in recharging of groundwater. Similar methodology can be adopted in other interlinking of river systems.
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Al-Hadithi, Shams J., and Ahmed S. Al-Banna. "Using Source Parameter Imaging Technique to the Aeromagnetic Data to Estimate the Basement Depth of Tharthar Lake and Surrounding Area in Central Iraq." Iraqi Geological Journal 55, no. 1F (June 30, 2022): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.46717/igj.55.1f.12ms-2022-06-27.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This research aims to determine the depth of basement rock at Tharthar Lake and its surroundings. The magnetic data were utilized to determine basement depth using the Source Parameter Imaging and the Half-width methods. Using the GeoSoft-Oasis Montaj software version 8.4 application, the total magnetic intensity of the area was converted to the Reduction to Pole, then the Source Parameter Imaging was calculated. Three grids (dx, dy, and dz) were obtained. These grids then are used as input grids for Source Parameter Imaging computations. The resulting Source Parameter Imaging depth map reveals a minimum basement depth of 6 km and a maximum basement depth of 12 km. The basement depth map shows the main basin trending NW-SE from northwest Tharthar Lake to south Falluja City. The basement depth results were compared with the previous information about basement depth in the studied area, and a good result was obtained with the C.G.G. 1974 basement depth map.
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Feng, Deyi, Lingli Tu, and Zhongwei Sun. "Research on Population Spatiotemporal Aggregation Characteristics of a Small City: A Case Study on Shehong County Based on Baidu Heat Maps." Sustainability 11, no. 22 (November 8, 2019): 6276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11226276.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Baidu heat maps can be used to explore the pattern of individual citizens conducting their activities and their agglomeration effects at the city scale. To investigate the spatiotemporal pattern of population aggregation and its relationship with land parcel attributes in small cities, we collected Baidu heat map data for a weekday and a weekend day in Shehong County and used Getis–Ord general G and the raster overlay methods to analyze population aggregation spatiotemporal characteristics. Chi-squared and Pearson correlation tests were used to analyze the correlation between population aggregation and land parcel attributes against three types of land parcel divisions: land use parcels, road network blocks, and grids. The results showed that, (1) for most hours of the workday, the degree of population aggregation was greater than on the weekend, and the fluctuation magnitude on the workday was higher as well. (2) On the weekday, people clustered and dispersed faster than on the weekend. (3) On the weekday and weekend, the spatial position of people aggregation was highly overlapping. (4) The correlation between the degree of population aggregation and the type of parcel was not significant. (5) Regarding different parcel unit sizes, the correlations between population aggregation degree and point of interest (POI) density, floor area ratio, and building density were significant and positively correlated, and the correlation coefficients increased as the grid size increased.
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Dou, Yue, Francesca Cosentino, Ziga Malek, Luigi Maiorano, Wilfried Thuiller, and Peter H. Verburg. "A new European land systems representation accounting for landscape characteristics." Landscape Ecology 36, no. 8 (March 16, 2021): 2215–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10980-021-01227-5.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Context While land use change is the main driver of biodiversity loss, most biodiversity assessments either ignore it or use a simple land cover representation. Land cover representations lack the representation of land use and landscape characteristics relevant to biodiversity modeling. Objectives We developed a comprehensive and high-resolution representation of European land systems on a 1-km2 grid integrating important land use and landscape characteristics. Methods Combining the recent data on land cover and land use intensities, we applied an expert-based hierarchical classification approach and identified land systems that are common in Europe and meaningful for studying biodiversity. We tested the benefits of using this map as compared to land cover information to predict the distribution of bird species having different vulnerability to landscape and land use change. Results Next to landscapes dominated by one land cover, mosaic landscapes cover 14.5% of European terrestrial surface. When using the land system map, species distribution models demonstrate substantially higher predictive ability (up to 19% higher) as compared to models based on land cover maps. Our map consistently contributes more to the spatial distribution of the tested species than the use of land cover data (3.9 to 39.1% higher). Conclusions A land systems classification including essential aspects of landscape and land management into a consistent classification can improve upon traditional land cover maps in large-scale biodiversity assessment. The classification balances data availability at continental scale with vital information needs for various ecological studies.
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Westermann, S., T. I. Østby, K. Gisnås, T. V. Schuler, and B. Etzelmüller. "A ground temperature map of the North Atlantic permafrost region based on remote sensing and reanalysis data." Cryosphere 9, no. 3 (June 23, 2015): 1303–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1303-2015.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Permafrost is a key element of the terrestrial cryosphere which makes mapping and monitoring of its state variables an imperative task. We present a modeling scheme based on remotely sensed land surface temperatures and reanalysis products from which mean annual ground temperatures (MAGT) can be derived at a spatial resolution of 1 km at continental scales. The approach explicitly accounts for the uncertainty due to unknown input parameters and their spatial variability at subgrid scale by delivering a range of MAGTs for each grid cell. This is achieved by a simple equilibrium model with only few input parameters which for each grid cell allows scanning the range of possible results by running many realizations with different parameters. The approach is applied to the unglacierized land areas in the North Atlantic region, an area of more than 5 million km2 ranging from the Ural Mountains in the east to the Canadian Archipelago in the west. A comparison to in situ temperature measurements in 143 boreholes suggests a model accuracy better than 2.5 °C, with 139 considered boreholes within this margin. The statistical approach with a large number of realizations facilitates estimating the probability of permafrost occurrence within a grid cell so that each grid cell can be classified as continuous, discontinuous and sporadic permafrost. At its southern margin in Scandinavia and Russia, the transition zone between permafrost and permafrost-free areas extends over several hundred km width with gradually decreasing permafrost probabilities. The study exemplifies the unexploited potential of remotely sensed data sets in permafrost mapping if they are employed in multi-sensor multi-source data fusion approaches.
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Westermann, S., T. Østby, K. Gisnås, T. V. Schuler, and B. Etzelmüller. "A ground temperature map of the North Atlantic permafrost region based on remote sensing and reanalysis data." Cryosphere Discussions 9, no. 1 (February 2, 2015): 753–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-9-753-2015.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Permafrost is a key element of the terrestrial cryosphere which makes mapping and monitoring of its state variables an imperative task. We present a modeling scheme based on remotely sensed land surface temperatures and reanalysis products from which mean annual ground temperatures (MAGT) can be derived at a spatial resolution of 1 km on continental scale. The approach explicitly accounts for the uncertainty due to unknown input parameters and their spatial variability at subgrid scale by delivering a range of MAGTs for each grid cell. This is achieved by a simple equilibrium model with only few input parameters which for each grid cell allows scanning the range of possible results by running many realizations with different parameters. The approach is applied to the unglacierized land areas in the North Atlantic region, an area of more than 5 million km2 ranging from the Ural mountains in the East to the Canadian Archipelago in the West. A comparison to in-situ temperature measurements in 143 boreholes suggests a model accuracy better than 2.5 °C, with 139 considered boreholes within this margin. The statistical approach with a large number of realizations facilitates estimating the probability of permafrost occurrence within a grid cell so that each grid cell can be classified as continuous, discontinuous and sporadic permafrost. At its southern margin in Scandinavia and Russia, the transition zone between permafrost and permafrost-free areas extends over several hundred km width with gradually decreasing permafrost probabilities. The study exemplifies the unexploited potential of remotely sensed data sets in permafrost mapping if they are employed in multi-sensor multi-source data fusion approaches.
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Madrigal-Martínez, Santiago, and José Luis Miralles i García. "Assessment Method and Scale of Observation Influence Ecosystem Service Bundles." Land 9, no. 10 (October 16, 2020): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9100392.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The understanding of relationships between ecosystem services and the appropriate spatial scales for their analysis and characterization represent opportunities for sustainable land management. Bundles have appeared as an integrated method to assess and visualize consistent associations among multiple ecosystem services. Most of the bundle assessments focused on a static framework at a specific spatial scale. Here, we addressed the effects of applying two cluster analyses (static and dynamic) for assessing bundles of ecosystem services across four different scales of observation (two administrative boundaries and two sizes of grids) over 13 years (from 2000 to 2013). We used the ecosystem services matrix to model and map the potential supply of seven ecosystem services in a case study system in the central high-Andean Puna of Peru. We developed a sensitivity analysis to test the robustness of the matrix. The differences between the configuration, spatial patterns, and historical trajectories of bundles were measured and compared. We focused on two hypotheses: first, bundles of ecosystem services are mainly affected by the method applied for assessing them; second, these bundles are influenced by the scale of observation over time. For the first hypothesis, the results suggested that the selection of a method for assessing bundles have inferences on the interactions with land-use change. The diverse implications to management on ecosystem services support that static and dynamic assessments can be complementary to obtain better contributions for decision-making. For the second hypothesis, our study showed that municipality and grid-scales kept similar sensitivity in capturing the aspects of ecosystem service bundles. Then, in favorable research conditions, we recommend the combination of a municipal and a fine-grid scale to assure robustness and successfully land-use planning processes.
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Maharjan, Sangita, and Ram P. Regmi. "Grid Based Temperature and Relative Humidity Distribution Map of the Kathmandu Valley." Journal of Institute of Science and Technology 19, no. 1 (November 8, 2015): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jist.v19i1.13819.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Kathmandu valley has seen visible transformations in its intrinsic climate in recent decades. The atmosphere of the Kathmandu valley has become increasingly uncomfortable, unhealthy and more susceptible to, so far, unanticipated viral and other diseases. The lack of spatial distribution and temporal variation of potential climatic parameters as well as future scenarios have given rise to serious uncertainties with respect to climate change and development of adaptation strategies for sustainable climate of the valley and beyond. An accurate assessment and gridded documentation of prevailing climate at desired resolution is instrumental. Present study has been carried out to develop a high-resolution gridded map of near surface temperature and humidity for Kathmandu valley and its immediate surrounding areas as a starting point to address the foreseen problem of climate change and adaptation. Grid based seasonal and annual distribution map of near surface temperature and humidity have been developed as predicted by numerical simulation at horizontal resolution of 1km2 with the application of WRF Modeling System initializing with NCEP meteorological and USGS land use and terrain elevation data. Model predictions agree well with the available observation data.Journal of Institute of Science and Technology, 2014, 19(1): 7-13
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Pásztor, László, Gábor Négyesi, Annamária Laborczi, Tamás Kovács, Elemér László, and Zita Bihari. "Integrated spatial assessment of wind erosion risk in Hungary." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 11 (November 24, 2016): 2421–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-2421-2016.
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Abstract. Wind erosion susceptibility of Hungarian soils was mapped on the national level integrating three factors of the complex phenomenon of deflation (physical soil features, wind characteristics, and land use and land cover). Results of wind tunnel experiments on erodibility of representative soil samples were used for the parametrization of a countrywide map of soil texture compiled for the upper 5 cm layer of soil, which resulted in a map representing threshold wind velocity exceedance. Average wind velocity was spatially estimated with 0.5′ resolution using the Meteorological Interpolation based on Surface Homogenised Data Basis (MISH) method elaborated for the spatial interpolation of surface meteorological elements. The probability of threshold wind velocity exceedance was determined based on values predicted by the soil texture map at the grid locations. Ratio values were further interpolated to a finer 1 ha resolution using sand and silt content of the uppermost (0–5 cm) layer of soil as spatial co-variables. Land cover was also taken into account, excluding areas that are not relevant to wind erosion (forests, water bodies, settlements, etc.), to spatially assess the risk of wind erosion. According to the resulting map of wind erosion susceptibility, about 10 % of the total area of Hungary can be identified as susceptible to wind erosion. The map gives more detailed insight into the spatial distribution of wind-affected areas in Hungary compared to previous studies.
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Ke, Y., L. R. Leung, M. Huang, A. M. Coleman, H. Li, and M. S. Wigmosta. "Development of high resolution land surface parameters for the Community Land Model." Geoscientific Model Development 5, no. 6 (November 6, 2012): 1341–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-5-1341-2012.
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Abstract. There is a growing need for high-resolution land surface parameters as land surface models are being applied at increasingly higher spatial resolution offline as well as in regional and global models. The default land surface parameters for the most recent version of the Community Land Model (i.e. CLM 4.0) are at 0.5° or coarser resolutions, released with the Community Earth System Model (CESM). Plant Functional Types (PFTs), vegetation properties such as Leaf Area Index (LAI), Stem Area Index (SAI), and non-vegetated land covers were developed using remotely sensed datasets retrieved in late 1990's and the beginning of this century. In this study, we developed new land surface parameters for CLM 4.0, specifically PFTs, LAI, SAI and non-vegetated land cover composition, at 0.05° resolution globally based on the most recent MODIS land cover and improved MODIS LAI products. Compared to the current CLM 4.0 parameters, the new parameters produced a decreased coverage by bare soil and trees, but an increased coverage by shrub, grass, and cropland. The new parameters result in a decrease in global seasonal LAI, with the biggest decrease in boreal forests; however, the new parameters also show a large increase in LAI in tropical forest. Differences between the new and the current parameters are mainly caused by changes in the sources of remotely sensed data and the representation of land cover in the source data. Advantages and disadvantages of each dataset were discussed in order to provide guidance on the use of the data. The new high-resolution land surface parameters have been used in a coupled land-atmosphere model (WRF-CLM) applied to the western US to demonstrate their use in high-resolution modeling. A remapping method from the latitude/longitude grid of the CLM data to the WRF grids with map projection was also demonstrated. Future work will include global offline CLM simulations to examine the impacts of source data resolution and subsequent land parameter changes on simulated land surface processes.
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Dong, Xuanyan, Yue Xu, Leping Huang, Zhigang Liu, Yi Xu, Kangyong Zhang, Zhongwen Hu, and Guofeng Wu. "Exploring Impact of Spatial Unit on Urban Land Use Mapping with Multisource Data." Remote Sensing 12, no. 21 (November 2, 2020): 3597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12213597.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The ability to precisely map urban land use types can significantly aid urban planning and urban system understanding. In recent years, remote sensing images and social sensing data have been frequently used for urban land use mapping. However, there still remains a problem: what is the best basic unit for fusing remote sensing images with social sensing data? The aim of this study is to explore the impact of spatial units on urban land use mapping, with remote sensing images and social sensing data of Shenzhen City, China. Three different basic units were first applied to delineate urban land use types, and for each unit, a word dictionary was built by fusing natural–physical features from high spatial resolution (HSR) remote sensing images and the socioeconomic semantic features from point of interest (POI) data. The latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) algorithm and random forest methods were then applied to map the land use of the Futian district—the core region of Shenzhen. The experiment demonstrates that: (1) No matter what kind of spatial unit, it is beneficial to fuse multisource data to improve the performance. However, when using different spatial units, the importances of features are different. (2) Using block-based spatial units results in the final map looking the best. However, a great challenge of this approach is that the scale is too coarse to handle mixed functional areas. (3) Using grid- and object-based units, the problem of mixed functional areas can be better solved. Additionally, the object-based land use map looks better from our visual interpretation. Accordingly, the results of this study could give other researchers references and advice for future studies.
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Wang, Jianzhong, and Konstantine P. Georgakakos. "Validation and Sensitivities of Dynamic Precipitation Simulation for Winter Events over the Folsom Lake Watershed: 1964–99." Monthly Weather Review 133, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-2814.1.
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Abstract A total of 62 winter-storm events in the period 1964–99 over the Folsom Lake watershed located at the windward slope of the Sierra Nevada were simulated with a 9-km resolution using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5). Mean areal precipitation (MAP) over the entire watershed and each of four subbasins was estimated based on gridded simulated precipitation. The simulated MAP was verified with MAP estimated (a) by the California Nevada River Forecast Center (CNRFC) for the four subbasins based on eight operational precipitation stations, and (b) for the period from 1980 to 1986, on the basis of a denser precipitation observing network deployed by the Sierra Cooperative Pilot Project (SCPP). A number of sensitivity runs were performed to understand the dependence of model precipitation on boundary and initial fields, cold versus warm start, and microphysical parameterization. The principal findings of the validation analysis are that (a) MM5 achieves a good percentage bias score of 103% in simulating Folsom basin MAP when compared to MAP derived from dense precipitation gauge networks; (b) spatial grid resolution higher than 9 km is necessary to reproduce the spatial MAP pattern among subbasins of the Folsom basin; and (c) the model performs better for heavy than for light and moderate precipitation. The analysis also showed significant simulation dependence on the spatial resolution of the boundary and initial fields and on the microphysical scheme used.
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Kang, Yu Jin, Won-joon Wang, Haneul Lee, Kyung Tak Kim, Soojun Kim, and Hung Soo Kim. "Quantitative Flood Damage Evaluation Using Grid-Based Spatial Analysis Data." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 21, no. 6 (December 31, 2021): 265–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2021.21.6.265.
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In Korea, flood damage occurs every year due to typhoons and heavy rains, resulting in increasing damage to human lives and properties in urban areas. To reduce the scale of flood damage, economic analyses of flood-control work are conducted as part of efficient disaster management in the context of a limited budget. In this study, a quantitative evaluation of flood damage in Ulsan due to Typhoon Chaba was conducted using multi-dimensional flood damage analysis (MD-FDA). However, the land cover map applied to MD-FDA has limited data resolution and update intervals. Examination of domestic and foreign research cases to complement these spatial analysis data showed that grid data were being used in disaster-related fields. This study evaluated whether grid data are suitable for quantitative assessment through economic analyses conducted using new spatial analysis data such as road name address digital maps and 100 × 100 m grid-based spatial analysis data. The results of this study confirm that center-point-method grid data constitute spatial analysis data suitable for economic analysis.
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Harahap, Fitra Syawal, R. Rahmaniah, Simon Haholongan Sidabuke, and Muhammad Zuhirsyan. "EVALUASI KESESUAIAN LAHAN TANAMAN SORGUM (Shorgum bicolor) DI KECAMATAN BILAH BARAT, KABUPATEN LABUHANBATU." Jurnal Tanah dan Sumberdaya Lahan 8, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jtsl.2021.008.1.26.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Sorghum has great potential to be cultivated and developed commercially because it has wide adaptability, high productivity, is resistant to plant pests and is more resistant to marginal conditions. Land evaluation is useful as a basis for sector development in an area that is useful for reorganizing the existing land use to assist in making land use planning decisions. This study that was aimed to evaluate land suitability for sorghum was conducted descriptively using the survey method. The sampling method used was based on a land map unit with a free grid system. The land evaluation was carried out by matching and comparing land characteristics with land suitability class criteria to obtain land suitability classes for sorghum plants in Bilah Barat District, Labuhanbatu Regency. There were six soil sample points collected at a depth of 0-60 cm to determine the value of soil characteristics. The results showed that the cultivated sorghum in Bilah Barat District, Labuhanbatu Regency of 12,829 ha which has the actual land suitability class for sorghum is Nwa with the potential land suitability class is S2tcwa.
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Chow, Fotini Katopodes, Andreas P. Weigel, Robert L. Street, Mathias W. Rotach, and Ming Xue. "High-Resolution Large-Eddy Simulations of Flow in a Steep Alpine Valley. Part I: Methodology, Verification, and Sensitivity Experiments." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 45, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 63–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jam2322.1.
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Abstract This paper investigates the steps necessary to achieve accurate simulations of flow over steep, mountainous terrain. Large-eddy simulations of flow in the Riviera Valley in the southern Swiss Alps are performed at horizontal resolutions as fine as 150 m using the Advanced Regional Prediction System. Comparisons are made with surface station and radiosonde measurements from the Mesoscale Alpine Programme (MAP)-Riviera project field campaign of 1999. Excellent agreement between simulations and observations is obtained, but only when high-resolution surface datasets are used and the nested grid configurations are carefully chosen. Simply increasing spatial resolution without incorporating improved surface data gives unsatisfactory results. The sensitivity of the results to initial soil moisture, land use data, grid resolution, topographic shading, and turbulence models is explored. Even with strong thermal forcing, the onset and magnitude of the upvalley winds are highly sensitive to surface processes in areas that are well outside the high-resolution domain. In particular, the soil moisture initialization on the 1-km grid is found to be crucial to the success of the finer-resolution predictions. High-resolution soil moisture and land use data on the 350-m-resolution grid also improve results. The use of topographic shading improves radiation curves during sunrise and sunset, but the effects on the overall flow are limited because of the strong lateral boundary forcing from the 1-km grid where terrain slopes are not well resolved. The influence of the turbulence closure is also limited because of strong lateral forcing and hence limited residence time of air inside the valley and because of the stable stratification, which limits turbulent stress to the lowest few hundred meters near the surface.
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Pullar, D. "Incorporating level set methods in Geographical Information Systems (GIS) for land-surface process modeling." Advances in Geosciences 4 (August 9, 2005): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-4-17-2005.
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Abstract. Land-surface processes include a broad class of models that operate at a landscape scale. Current modelling approaches tend to be specialised towards one type of process, yet it is the interaction of processes that is increasing seen as important to obtain a more integrated approach to land management. This paper presents a technique and a tool that may be applied generically to landscape processes. The technique tracks moving interfaces across landscapes for processes such as water flow, biochemical diffusion, and plant dispersal. Its theoretical development applies a Lagrangian approach to motion over a Eulerian grid space by tracking quantities across a landscape as an evolving front. An algorithm for this technique, called level set method, is implemented in a geographical information system (GIS). It fits with a field data model in GIS and is implemented as operators in map algebra. The paper describes an implementation of the level set methods in a map algebra programming language, called MapScript, and gives example program scripts for applications in ecology and hydrology.
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Aquilino, Mariella, Cristina Tarantino, Maria Adamo, Angela Barbanente, and Palma Blonda. "Earth Observation for the Implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 11 Indicators at Local Scale: Monitoring of the Migrant Population Distribution." Remote Sensing 12, no. 6 (March 15, 2020): 950. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12060950.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study focused on implementation of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11 indicators, at local scale, useful in monitoring urban social resilience. For this purpose, the study focused on updating the distribution map of the migrant population regularly residing in Bari and a neighboring town in Southern Italy. The area is exposed to increasing migration fluxes. The method implemented was based on the integration of Sentinel-2 imagery and updated census information dated 1 January 2019. The study explored a vector-based variant of the dasymetric mapping approach previously used by the Joint Research Center (JRC) within the Data for Integration initiative (D4I). The dasymetric variant implemented can disaggregate data from census areas into a uniform spatial grid by preserving the information complexity of each output grid cell and ensure lower computational costs. The spatial distribution map of regular migrant population obtained, along with other updated ancillary data, were used to quantify, at local level, SDG 11 indicators. In particular, the map of regular migrant population living in inadequate housing (SDG 11.1.1) and the ratio of land consumption rate to regular migrant population growth rate (SDG 11.3.1) were implemented as specific categories of SDG 11 in 2018. At the local level, the regular migrant population density map and the SDG 11 indicator values were provided for each 100 × 100 m cell of an output grid. Obtained for 2018, the spatial distribution map revealed in Bari a high increase of regular migrant population in the same two zones of the city already evidenced in 2011. These zones are located in central parts of the city characterized by urban decay and abandoned buildings. In all remaining city zones, only a slight generalized increase was evidenced. Thus, these findings stress the need for adequate policies to reduce the ongoing process of residential urban segregation. The total of disaggregated values of migrant population evidenced an increase of 44.5% in regular migrant population. The indicators obtained could support urban planners and decision makers not only in the increasing migration pressure management, but also in the local level monitoring of Agenda 2030 progress related to SDG 11.
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Asnur, Paranita, Achmad Siddik Thoha, and Deni Elfiati. "Mapping of Degraded Soil Properties in Gunung Leuser National Park." Journal of Sylva Indonesiana 2, no. 2 (August 31, 2019): 70–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jsi.v2i2.994.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Deforestation that occurs causes a decrease in soil fertility. Knowing soil fertility in the landscape will provide information on land management. The nature of the soil differs from one point to another, therefore it is necessary to map the properties of the soil. The purpose of this study is to map the distribution of the properties of forest land in areas that have been degraded. The land is a former privately-owned oil palm plantation in the Gunung Leuser National Park (TNGL) forest. The study uses a continuous grid interpolation method, thus forming polygons of soil properties. The soil types are Inseptisol an Ultisol. The results of the study show that most of them belong to the type of soil that is finely textured so that erosion can easily occur if surface runoff occurs in areas that have been exposed. The soil water content range that has the widest area is the range 26.98 - 29.50% with an area of 14.38 ha (42.91% of the research area). The range of land capacity has the widest area, namely the range 42.24 - 49.32% with an area of 13.32 ha (39.76% of the research area). Low organic matter content and acidic soil pH. Based on the results of these studies, the land in the research area is less fertile. However, restoration efforts are very possible because many tree species are adaptive with low soil fertility.
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Bozzo, E., F. Ferraccioli, M. Gambetta, G. Caneva, M. Spano, M. Chiappini, and D. Damaske. "Recent progress in magnetic anomaly mapping over Victoria Land (Antarctica) and the GITARA 5 survey." Antarctic Science 11, no. 2 (June 1999): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102099000279.
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Magnetic anomaly mapping is used to interpret crustal structure and tectonic evolution of Victoria Land and of the adjacent Ross Sea. Previous interpretation of magnetic anomalies verified seismic and gravimetric findings in the Ross Sea by placing additional constraints both on crustal structure and magmatism of the West Antarctic rift system. An aeromagnetic map of the central-southern part of Victoria Land produced in the framework of the GITARA project, provides new crustal images of part of the Transantarctic Mountains rift shoulder. The map was interpreted to study the transition between the Wilson Terrane and the Precambrian East Antarctic Craton, the extent and distribution of Jurassic tholeiitic magmatism, and the occurrence of post- Jurassic faulting oblique to the rift basins. A compilation with adjacent aeromagnetic data was recently used to study the structures inherited from the Palaeozoic terranes and their reactivation as major fault zones separating different crustal blocks along the TAM rift shoulder. Additional aeromagnetic coverage over a 35 500 km2 sector of northern Victoria Land was acquired during the GITARA 5 (1996/97) survey. The flight altitude was 9000 ft and profile line spacing was 4.4 km for the regional grid and 2.2 km for the detailed one, with a tie line interval of 22 km. Standard processing techniques, optimized with microlevelling procedures were applied to the data to produce a 1:250 000 magnetic anomaly map. The processed GITARA 5 magnetic dataset is a new tool to study the structure of the Rennick Graben, and its relationship to the Palaeozoic Wilson Terrane-Bowers Terrane and Robertson Bay Terrane suture zone. The new map also represents important progress towards a magnetic anomaly compilation over the whole of Victoria Land, since it links previous efforts near the Pacific Coast with those near the Ross Sea.
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Kaisara, Wanano, and Umapathi Satish Kumar. "Estimation of Soil Loss in Chhatra II Micro Watershed under Semi-Arid Agro-Climatic Conditions in Raichur District." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 11, no. 3 (March 10, 2022): 265–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2022.1103.031.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The detailed land resource inventorization of Chhatra II micro-watershed was carried out to a scale of 1:8000 using IRS imagery and cadastral map of the area as base map aided by ground truth delineation. The contiguous surface soil sampling was done from the grid, each of the size of 6 ha and profile sampling was done at identified sites considering the factors of slope, topography, physiography and land forms. The results which depicted the variability as well as distribution of the aforesaid physical factors within the micro watershed revealed that slope is (gently sloping, 3-5%) about 293 ha, depth (shallow, 25-50 cm) about 369 ha, texture (sandy loam, 48.2%) about 313 ha and gravelliness (gravelly, 39.63%) about 257 ha, hence resulting in 23 soil phase units. The spatial weighted annual average soil loss rate of Chhatra II micro watershed was 290.1 Mg ha-1yr-1 contrary to 343.6 Mg ha-1yr-1 when considering temporal variation under the prevailing agro-climatic conditions. Several soil and water conservation measures such as contour bunding and graded bunding were then proposed.
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Gelda, Rakesh K., Rajith Mukundan, Emmet M. Owens, and John T. Abatzoglou. "A Practical Approach to Developing Climate Change Scenarios for Water Quality Models." Journal of Hydrometeorology 20, no. 6 (June 1, 2019): 1197–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-18-0213.1.
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Abstract Climate model output is often downscaled to grids of moderately high spatial resolution (~4–6-km grid cells). Such projections have been used in numerous hydrological impact assessment studies at watershed scales. However, relatively few studies have been conducted to assess the impact of climate change on the hydrodynamics and water quality in lakes and reservoirs. A potential barrier to such assessments is the need for meteorological variables at subdaily time scales that are downscaled to in situ observations to which lake and reservoir water quality models have been calibrated and validated. In this study, we describe a generalizable procedure that utilizes gridded downscaled data; applies a secondary bias-correction procedure using equidistance quantile mapping to map projections to station-based observations; and implements temporal disaggregation models to generate point-scale hourly air and dewpoint temperature, wind speed, and solar radiation for use in water quality models. The proposed approach is demonstrated for six locations within New York State: four within watersheds of the New York City water supply system and two at nearby National Weather Service stations. Disaggregation models developed using observations reproduced hourly data well at all locations, with Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency greater than 0.9 for air temperature and dewpoint, 0.4–0.6 for wind speed, and 0.7–0.9 for solar radiation.
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Li, Xiaoting, Tengyun Hu, Peng Gong, Shihong Du, Bin Chen, Xuecao Li, and Qi Dai. "Mapping Essential Urban Land Use Categories in Beijing with a Fast Area of Interest (AOI)-Based Method." Remote Sensing 13, no. 3 (January 29, 2021): 477. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13030477.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Urban land use mapping is critical to understanding human activities in space. The first national mapping result of essential urban land use categories of China (EULUC-China) was released in 2019. However, the overall accuracies in some of the plain cities such as Beijing, Chengdu, and Zhengzhou were lower than 50% because many parcel-based mapping units are large with mixed land uses. To address this shortcoming, we proposed an area of interest (AOI)-based mapping approach, choosing Beijing as our study area. The mapping process includes two major steps. First, grids with different sizes (i.e., 300 m, 200 m, and 100 m) were derived from original land parcels to obtain classification units with a suitable size. Then, features within these grids were extracted from Sentinel-2 spectral data, point of interest (POI), and Tencent Easygo crowdedness data. These features were classified using a random forest (RF) classifier with AOI data, resulting in a 10-category map of EULUC. Second, we superimposed the AOIs layer on classified units to do some rectification and offer more details at the building scale. The overall accuracy of the AOI layer reached 98%, and the overall accuracy of the mapping results reached 77%. This study provides a fast method for accurate geographic sample collection, which substantially reduces the amount of fieldwork for sample collection and improves the classification accuracy compared to previous EULUC mapping. The detailed urban land use map could offer more support for urban planning and environmental policymaking.
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Gleason, Scott, Andrew O’Brien, Anthony Russel, Mohammad M. Al-Khaldi, and Joel T. Johnson. "Geolocation, Calibration and Surface Resolution of CYGNSS GNSS-R Land Observations." Remote Sensing 12, no. 8 (April 22, 2020): 1317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12081317.
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This paper presents the processing algorithms for geolocating and calibration of the Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) level 1 land data products, as well as analysis of the spatial resolution of Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS-R) coherent reflections. Accurate and robust geolocation and calibration of GNSS-R land observations are necessary first steps that enable subsequent geophysical parameter retrievals. The geolocation algorithm starts with an initial specular point location on the Earth’s surface, predicted by modeling the Earth as a smooth ellipsoid (the WGS84 representation) and using the known transmitting and receiving satellite locations. Information on terrain topography is then compiled from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) generated Digital Elevation Map (DEM) to generate a grid of local surface points surrounding the initial specular point location. The delay and Doppler values for each point in the local grid are computed with respect to the empirically observed location of the Delay Doppler Map (DDM) signal peak. This is combined with local incident and reflection angles across the surface using SRTM estimated terrain heights. The final geolocation confidence is estimated by assessing the agreement of the three geolocation criteria at the estimated surface specular point on the local grid, including: the delay and Doppler values are in agreement with the CYGNSS observed signal peak and the incident and reflection angles are suitable for specular reflection. The resulting geolocation algorithm is first demonstrated using an example GNSS-R reflection track that passes over a variety of terrain conditions. It is then analyzed using a larger set of CYGNSS data to obtain an assessment of geolocation confidence over a wide range of land surface conditions. Following, an algorithm for calibrating land reflected signals is presented that considers the possibility of both coherent and incoherent scattering from land surfaces. Methods for computing both the bistatic radar cross section (BRCS, for incoherent returns) and the surface reflectivity (for coherent returns) are presented. a flag for classifying returns as coherent or incoherent developed in a related paper is recommended for use in selecting whether the BRCS or reflectivity should be used in further analyses for a specific DDM. Finally, a study of the achievable surface feature detection resolution when coherent reflections occur is performed by examining a series of CYGNSS coherent reflections across an example river. Ancillary information on river widths is compared to the observed CYGNSS coherent observations to evaluate the achievable surface feature detection resolution as a function of the DDM non-coherent integration interval.
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Liu, Pei, Xiaoying Zhang, Chao Ma, Hebing Zhang, Ruimei Han, and Xiaofeng Lu. "Ecological Security Assessment Based on Remote Sensing and Landscape Ecology Model." Journal of Sensors 2021 (June 29, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6684435.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The various ecological processes of human beings are not only restricted by the landscape pattern on the regional scale but also affect the local and regional landscape together with global climate change. To date, most of the research on ecological security is based on the pressure-state-response (PSR) model, while there were a few studies based on the landscape ecology model approach. In addition, there has been little literature focus on the dynamic change process of ecological security, especially the simulation and prediction of the future development trend of ecological security. The purpose of this research is to establish a landscape ecological security evaluation method based on grid division, be aimed at breaking the inherent drawbacks of the administrative region as a unit mode approach, anticipated to better reflect the landscape ecological security status of the study area. A complex framework was constructed by integrating random forest algorithm, Fishnet model, landscape ecology model, and CA-Markov model. Multitemporal remote sensing data were selected as a data source, and land use maps of the study area were obtained through the random forest machine learning algorithm firstly. And then, the study area is divided into 307 grids of 2 km × 2 km using the Fishnet model. Next, the landscape disturbance index, landscape vulnerability index, and landscape loss index are used on the grid scale to establish a landscape ecological security evaluation model. Finally, ecological security assessment of Zhengzhou city was carried out, and the distribution map of the landscape ecological status in 1986, 1996, 2006, 2016, and predicted for 2026 was obtained. The results of the study showed that, as time goes by, the areas with high ecological safety gradually decrease. It is predicted that by 2026, the ecological security level of Zhengzhou will be dominated by lower ecological security areas. The research results can provide basic information and decision support for government agencies and land use planners to ensure responsible and sustainable development of the urban environment and ecology.
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Buchhorn, Marcel, Myroslava Lesiv, Nandin-Erdene Tsendbazar, Martin Herold, Luc Bertels, and Bruno Smets. "Copernicus Global Land Cover Layers—Collection 2." Remote Sensing 12, no. 6 (March 24, 2020): 1044. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12061044.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In May 2019, Collection 2 of the Copernicus Global Land Cover layers was released. Next to a global discrete land cover map at 100 m resolution, a set of cover fraction layers is provided depicting the percentual cover of the main land cover types in a pixel. This additional continuous classification scheme represents areas of heterogeneous land cover better than the standard discrete classification scheme. Overall, 20 layers are provided which allow customization of land cover maps to specific user needs or applications (e.g., forest monitoring, crop monitoring, biodiversity and conservation, climate modeling, etc.). However, Collection 2 was not just a global up-scaling, but also includes major improvements in the map quality, reaching around 80% or more overall accuracy. The processing system went into operational status allowing annual updates on a global scale with an additional implemented training and validation data collection system. In this paper, we provide an overview of the major changes in the production of the land cover maps, that have led to this increased accuracy, including aligning with the Sentinel 2 satellite system in the grid and coordinate system, improving the metric extraction, adding better auxiliary data, improving the biome delineations, as well as enhancing the expert rules. An independent validation exercise confirmed the improved classification results. In addition to the methodological improvements, this paper also provides an overview of where the different resources can be found, including access channels to the product layer as well as the detailed peer-review product documentation.
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Beldring, S., K. Engeland, L. A. Roald, N. R. Sælthun, and A. Voksø. "Estimation of parameters in a distributed precipitation-runoff model for Norway." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 7, no. 3 (June 30, 2003): 304–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-7-304-2003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. A distributed version of the HBV-model using 1 km2 grid cells and daily time step was used to simulate runoff from the entire land surface of Norway for the period 1961-1990. The model was sensitive to changes in small scale properties of the land surface and the climatic input data, through explicit representation of differences between model elements, and by implicit consideration of sub-grid variations in moisture status. A geographically transferable set of model parameters was determined by a multi-criteria calibration strategy, which simultaneously minimised the residuals between model simulated and observed runoff from 141 Norwegian catchments located in areas with different runoff regimes and landscape characteristics. Model discretisation units with identical landscape classification were assigned similar parameter values. Model performance was evaluated by simulating discharge from 43 independent catchments. Finally, a river routing procedure using a kinematic wave approximation to open channel flow was introduced in the model, and discharges from three additional catchments were calculated and compared with observations. The model was used to produce a map of average annual runoff for Norway for the period 1961-1990. Keywords: distributed model, multi-criteria calibration, global parameters, ungauged catchments.
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O'Sullivan, F., S. Tobin, and D. Hollis. "Land multi-line recording techniques: selected case histories from the People's Republic of China and Western Australia." Exploration Geophysics 20, no. 2 (1989): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/eg989259.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The A-Er-Shan Field, in the Inner Mongolia Region of PRC is a buried hill type structure. The oilfield's nature is such that a detailed grid of 2-D seismic could not adequately map the producing horizons. A 3-D seismic survey of the oilfield was required to provide the proper spatial sampling of the productive horizons to both map the numerous faults in the field and to migrate dipping horizons to their proper spatial position. Thevenard Island in Western Australia is an environmentally sensitive surface feature 6.0 km long by 1.5 km wide within the hydrocarbon rich and environmentally sensitive NW shelf environment. After extensive pre-survey modelling and subsurface fold simulations optimum field geometry was established for each survey using a multi-line Swathe configuration. Infield experimentation was used to determine relevant source, receiver arrays and modelled Varisweep? parameters utilising the Vibroseis seismic source. Following final processing, objectives of vertical and spatial resolution were attained along with significant improvements in S/N over previously recorded data.
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Harahap, Fitra Syawal. "EVALUASI KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK TANAMAN KACANG TANAH DI KELURAHAN PARDAMEAN KECAMATAN RANTAU SELATAN." JURNAL AGROPLASMA 8, no. 1 (May 20, 2021): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.36987/agroplasma.v8i1.2093.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Land evaluation is useful as a basis for sector development in an area that is useful for reorganizing existing land use so as to assist in making land use planning decisions. Peanuts have great potential to be cultivated and developed commercially because they have wide adaptability, high productivity, are resistant to plant pests, and are more resistant to marginal conditions. This research is descriptive with survey methods. The sampling method used is based on land map units with a free grid system for data. climates classified by climate type Schmidt and Ferguson. The land evaluation was carried out using the matching method by matching and comparing land characteristics with land suitability class criteria so that to obtain land suitability classes for peanut plants in Rantau Selatan District, Labuhanbatu Regency, there were 6 sample points so that the determination of soil characteristics values for soil samples was carried out using a soil drill tool. at a depth of 0-60 cm. Research results for peanut plants in Pardamean Village, Rantau Selatan District according to marginal / S3. Land suitability for peanut plants cultivated in Rantau Selatan District Labuhanbatu Regency 2.017 ha. The actual land suitability class for peanut plants is Nwa, while the potential land suitability class is S2tcwa.Keywords: Land Evaluation, Peanut Plants, Rantau Selatan, Labuhanbatu
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Harahap, Fitra Syawal. "Evaluasi Kesesuaian Lahan Untuk Tanaman Kacang Tanah Di Kelurahan Pardamean Kecamatan Rantau Selatan." JURNAL AGROPLASMA 8, no. 1 (August 5, 2021): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.36987/agroplasma.v8i1.1956.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Land evaluation is useful as a basis for sector development in an area that is useful for reorganizing existing land use so as to assist in making land use planning decisions. Peanuts have great potential to be cultivated and developed commercially because they have wide adaptability, high productivity, are resistant to plant pests and are more resistant to marginal conditions. This research is descriptive with survey methods. The sampling method used is based on land map units with a free grid system for data. climates classified by climate type Schimdt and Ferguson. Land evaluation was carried out using the matching method by matching and comparing land characteristics with land suitability class criteria so that to obtain land suitability classes for peanut plants in Rantau Selatan District, Labuhanbatu Regency, there were 6 sample points so that the determination of soil characteristics values for soil samples was carried out using a soil drill tool. at a depth of 0-60 cm. Research results for peanut plants in Pardamean Village, Rantau Selatan District according to marginal / S3. Land suitability for peanut plants cultivated in Rantau Selatan District Labuhanbatu Regency 2.017 ha. The actual land suitability class for peanut plants is Nwa, while the potential land suitability class is S2tcwa. Keywords: Land Evaluation, Peanut Plants, Rantau Selatan, Labuhanbatu
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Anderson, K. R., P. Englefield, J. M. Little, and Gerhard Reuter. "An approach to operational forest fire growth predictions for Canada." International Journal of Wildland Fire 18, no. 8 (2009): 893. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf08046.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper presents an operational approach to predicting fire growth for wildland fires in Canada. The approach addresses data assimilation to provide predictions in a timely and efficient manner. Fuels and elevation grids, forecast weather, and active fire locations are entered into a fire-growth model; then predicted fire perimeters are mapped and presented on the web. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (NOAA/AVHRR) satellite-based detection systems are used to detect current wildland fires (referred to as hotspots). For selected regions, fire-growth simulation environments are assembled. Fuel type data from several fire management agencies are available in grid format at a resolution of 100 m or less; in areas where such data are not available, a national fuels map based on Satellite Pour l’Observation de la Terre Vegetation sensor (SPOT VGT) land cover and forest inventory is used. Similarly, terrain data are available from a variety of sources. Current hotspots are used as ignition points while past hotspots are used to delineate area burned. Surface wind, temperature, and dew-point values (forecast by Environment Canada) are used to determine the fire weather conditions at the fire location. A case study of two large fires in Canada consisting of 54 fire simulation days is used to test these hypotheses.
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Peel, M. C., B. L. Finlayson, and T. A. McMahon. "Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 11, no. 5 (October 11, 2007): 1633–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Although now over 100 years old, the classification of climate originally formulated by Wladimir Köppen and modified by his collaborators and successors, is still in widespread use. It is widely used in teaching school and undergraduate courses on climate. It is also still in regular use by researchers across a range of disciplines as a basis for climatic regionalisation of variables and for assessing the output of global climate models. Here we have produced a new global map of climate using the Köppen-Geiger system based on a large global data set of long-term monthly precipitation and temperature station time series. Climatic variables used in the Köppen-Geiger system were calculated at each station and interpolated between stations using a two-dimensional (latitude and longitude) thin-plate spline with tension onto a 0.1°×0.1° grid for each continent. We discuss some problems in dealing with sites that are not uniquely classified into one climate type by the Köppen-Geiger system and assess the outcomes on a continent by continent basis. Globally the most common climate type by land area is BWh (14.2%, Hot desert) followed by Aw (11.5%, Tropical savannah). The updated world Köppen-Geiger climate map is freely available electronically in the Supplementary Material Section.
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Peel, M. C., B. L. Finlayson, and T. A. McMahon. "Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 4, no. 2 (March 1, 2007): 439–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-4-439-2007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Although now over 100 years old, the classification of climate originally formulated by Wladimir Köppen and modified by his collaborators and successors, is still in widespread use. It is widely used in teaching school and undergraduate courses on climate. It is also still in regular use by researchers across a range of disciplines as a basis for climatic regionalisation of variables and for assessing the output of global climate models. Here we have produced a new global map of climate using the Köppen-Geiger system based on a large global data set of long-term monthly precipitation and temperature station time series. Climatic variables used in the Köppen-Geiger system were calculated at each station and interpolated between stations using a two-dimensional (latitude and longitude) thin-plate spline with tension onto a 0.1°×0.1° grid for each continent. We discuss some problems in dealing with sites that are not uniquely classified into one climate type by the Köppen-Geiger system and assess the outcomes on a continent by continent basis. Globally the most common climate type by land area is BWh (14.2%, Hot desert) followed by Aw (11.5%, Tropical savannah). The updated world Köppen-Geiger climate map is freely available electronically at https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/????.
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Munene, Prisca, Lydia M. Chabala, and Alice M. Mweetwa. "Land Suitability Assessment for Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) Production in Kabwe District, Central Zambia." Journal of Agricultural Science 9, no. 3 (February 13, 2017): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v9n3p74.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), is a high value crop that can generate income for households. As a legume, soybean is incorporated in cropping systems to improve soil fertility. Soybean productivity is however limited by factors including declined soil fertility, climate change and partly due to inadequate land suitability information. This study aimed at identifying suitable land for soybean production in Kabwe district. Data layers of selected attributes relevant to soybean production were generated with slope and wetness data layers extracted from the digital elevation model (DEM). Elevation was used as a proxy for climate (rainfall and temperature) and was generated by reclassifying the elevation grid into elevation classes. Data layers for soil reaction (pH), soil organic carbon, phosphorus and texture were generated by inverse distance weighting interpolation method based on soil point data. A distance to roads layer was created using the euclidean distance tool. A spatial process model based on multi-criteria evaluation was used to integrate data layers in a weighted sum overlay to generate a soybean suitability map, whose quality was assessed using an error matrix. Results showed that 15.07% of the investigated area was highly suitable for soybean production, whereas 26.53% was suitable and 25.18% was moderately suitable. The other 20.57% was marginally suitable, 10.74% was currently not suitable and 1.92% was permanently not suitable. Based on ground truth data, the overall classification accuracy of the suitability map was 65%. The map was therefore good enough for use as a guide in selecting suitable sites for soybean production.
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Stilla, Donato, Mehrez Zribi, Nazzareno Pierdicca, Nicolas Baghdadi, and Mireille Huc. "Desert Roughness Retrieval Using CYGNSS GNSS-R Data." Remote Sensing 12, no. 4 (February 24, 2020): 743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12040743.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of this paper is to assess the potential use of data recorded by the Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS-R) Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) constellation to characterize desert surface roughness. The study is applied over the Sahara, the largest non-polar desert in the world. This is based on a spatio-temporal analysis of variations in Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) data, expressed as changes in reflectivity (Γ). In general, the reflectivity of each type of land surface (reliefs, dunes, etc.) encountered at the studied site is found to have a high temporal stability. A grid of CYGNSS Γ measurements has been developed, at the relatively fine resolution of 0.03° × 0.03°, and the resulting map of average reflectivity, computed over a 2.5-year period, illustrates the potential of CYGNSS data for the characterization of the main types of desert land surface (dunes, reliefs, etc.). A discussion of the relationship between aerodynamic or geometric roughness and CYGNSS reflectivity is proposed. A high correlation is observed between these roughness parameters and reflectivity. The behaviors of the GNSS-R reflectivity and the Advanced Land Observing Satellite-2 (ALOS-2) Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) backscattering coefficient are compared and found to be strongly correlated. An aerodynamic roughness (Z0) map of the Sahara is proposed, using four distinct classes of terrain roughness.
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Akbar, Muh, Burhanuddin Rasyid, and Sartika Laban. "ANALISIS INDEKS PRODUKTIVITAS LAHAN UNTUK PENGEMBANGAN TANAMAN PANGAN DIBAGIAN HILIR DAERAH IRIGASI KAMPILI." Jurnal Ecosolum 8, no. 2 (December 30, 2019): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/ecosolum.v8i2.8663.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The large population growth of Indonesia encourages the transition of the function of agricultural land into non-agricultural land. The demand for land from time to time always increased, while the available land limited in number. This caused the conversion of agricultural land into non-agricultural land. This phenomenon certainly could bring serious problems. This study aimed to determine the land productivity index for rice and green beans cultivation and to find out the factors that influence production. The productivity indexes analyzed based on the Storie Approach. Soil sampling was carried out by an open grid method divided based on five land map units which spread across three different villages in Kampili irrigation area. The results of the study indicate that the highest productivity index is shown in SPT 5 where the productivity index is 47 and the lowest productivity index is shown in SPT 2 where the productivity index is 21,6. The land productivity index in the downstream of the Kampili irrigation area, which is located in the district of West Bajeng is poor to sufficient level. The low value of land productivity was strongly influenced due to poor soil quality, especially soil chemical properties. The results of the laboratory analysis show that nutrients in those areas are low.
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Krysiak, Stanisław, Elżbieta Papińska, Anna Majchrowska, Maciej Adamiak, and Mikołaj Koziarkiewicz. "Detecting Land Abandonment in Łódź Voivodeship Using Convolutional Neural Networks." Land 9, no. 3 (March 13, 2020): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9030082.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The wide availability of multispectral satellite imagery through projects such as Landsat and Sentinel, combined with the introduction of deep learning in general and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) in particular, has allowed for the rapid and effective analysis of multiple classes of problems pertaining to land coverage. Taking advantage of the two phenomena, we propose a machine learning model for the classification of land abandonment. We designed a Convolutional Neural Network architecture that outputs a classification probability for the presence of land abandonment in a given 15–25 ha grid element by using multispectral imaging data obtained through Sentinel Hub. For both the training and validation of the model, we used imagery of the Łódź Voivodeship in central Poland. The main source of truth was a 2009 orthophoto study available from the WMS (Web Map Service) of the Geoportal site. The model achieved 0.855 auc (area under curve), 0.47 loss, and 0.78 accuracy for the test dataset. Using the classification results and the Getis–Ord Gi* statistic, we prepared a map of cold- and hotspots with individual areas that exceed 50 km2. This thresholded heatmap allowed for an analysis of contributing factors for both low and intense land abandonment, demonstrating that common trends are identifiable through the interpretation of the classification results of the chosen model. We additionally performed a comparative field study on two selected cold- and hotspots. The study, along with the high-accuracy results of the model’s validation, confirms that CNN-type models are an effective tool for the automatic detection of land abandonment.
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Li, Zhaoling, Hasi Bagan, and Yoshiki Yamagata. "Analysis of spatiotemporal land cover changes in Inner Mongolia using self-organizing map neural network and grid cells method." Science of The Total Environment 636 (September 2018): 1180–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.361.
Повний текст джерела
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Bounoua, Lahouari, Ping Zhang, Kurtis Thome, Jeffrey Masek, Abdelmounaime Safia, Marc L. Imhoff, and Robert E. Wolfe. "Mapping Biophysical Parameters for Land Surface Modeling over the Continental US Using MODIS and Landsat." Dataset Papers in Science 2015 (April 6, 2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/564279.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In terms of the space cities occupy, urbanization appears as a minor land transformation. However, it permanently modifies land’s ecological functions, altering its carbon, energy, and water fluxes. It is therefore necessary to develop a land cover characterization at fine spatial and temporal scales to capture urbanization’s effects on surface fluxes. We develop a series of biophysical vegetation parameters such as the fraction of photosynthetically active radiation, leaf area index, vegetation greenness fraction, and roughness length over the continental US using MODIS and Landsat products for 2001. A 13-class land cover map was developed at a climate modeling grid (CMG) merging the 500 m MODIS land cover and the 30 m impervious surface area from the National Land Cover Database. The landscape subgrid heterogeneity was preserved using fractions of each class from the 500 m and 30 m into the CMG. Biophysical parameters were computed using the 8-day composite Normalized Difference Vegetation Index produced by the North American Carbon Program. In addition to urban impact assessments, this dataset is useful for the computation of surface fluxes in land, vegetation, and urban models and is expected to be widely used in different land cover and land use change applications.