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Статті в журналах з теми "Lane Grid Map"
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Yu, Chunlei, Veronique Cherfaoui, Philippe Bonnifait, and Dian-ge Yang. "Managing Localization Uncertainty to Handle Semantic Lane Information from Geo-Referenced Maps in Evidential Occupancy Grids." Sensors 20, no. 2 (January 8, 2020): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20020352.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Occupancy grid is a popular environment model that is widely applied for autonomous navigation of mobile robots. This model encodes obstacle information into the grid cells as a reference of the space state. However, when navigating on roads, the planning module of an autonomous vehicle needs to have semantic understanding of the scene, especially concerning the accessibility of the driving space. This paper presents a grid-based evidential approach for modeling semantic road space by taking advantage of a prior map that contains lane-level information. Road rules are encoded in the grid for semantic understanding. Our approach focuses on dealing with the localization uncertainty, which is a key issue, while parsing information from the prior map. Readings from an exteroceptive sensor are as well integrated in the grid to provide real-time obstacle information. All the information is managed in an evidential framework based on Dempster–Shafer theory. Real road results are reported with qualitative evaluation and quantitative analysis of the constructed grids to show the performance and the behavior of the method for real-time application.
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Ahn, Seongyong. "A Method for Virtual Lane Estimation based on an Occupancy Grid Map." Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems 21, no. 8 (August 1, 2015): 773–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5302/j.icros.2015.15.0009.
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Kim, Kyu-Won, Jun-Hyuck Im, Moon-Beom Heo, and Gyu-In Jee. "Precise Vehicle Position and Heading Estimation Using a Binary Road Marking Map." Journal of Sensors 2019 (January 20, 2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1296175.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Road markings are always present on roads to guide and control traffic. Therefore, they can be used at any time for vehicle localization. Moreover, they can be easily extracted by using light detection and ranging (LIDAR) intensity because they are brightly colored. We propose a vehicle localization method using a 2D road marking grid map. The grid map inserts the map information into the grid directly. Thus, an additional process (such as line detection) is not required and there is no problem due to false detection. We obtained road marking using a 3D LIDAR (Velodyne HDL-32E) and binarized this information to store in the map. Thus, we could reduce the map size significantly. In the previous research, the road marking grid map was used only for position estimation. However, we propose a position-and-heading estimation algorithm using the binary road marking grid map. Accordingly, we derive more precise position estimation results. Moreover, position reliability is an important factor for vehicle localization. Autonomous vehicles may cause accidents if they cannot maintain their lane momentarily. Therefore, we propose an algorithm for evaluating map matching results. Consequently, we can use only reliable matching results and increase position reliability. The experiment was conducted in Gangnam, Seoul, where GPS error occurs largely. In the experimental results, the lateral root mean square (RMS) error was 0.05 m and longitudinal RMS error was 0.08 m. Further, we obtained a position error of less than 50 cm in both lateral and longitudinal directions with a 99% confidence level.
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Haris, Malik, Jin Hou, and Xiaomin Wang. "Lane Lines Detection under Complex Environment by Fusion of Detection and Prediction Models." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2676, no. 3 (October 23, 2021): 342–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03611981211051334.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The lane lines’ length, width, and direction are very regular, serialized, and structurally associated, which are not easily affected by the environment. To enhance lane detection in a complicated environment, an approach combines visual information with the spatial distribution. Firstly, the grid density of the target detection algorithm YOLOv3 (you only look once V3) is improved from S×S to S×2S, aiming at the particular points in the bird’s-eye view where the lane lines had different densities in the horizontal and vertical directions. The obtained YOLOv3 (S×2S) is more suitable for detecting objects with small and large aspect ratios. It also identifies image features along with balances the detection speed and accuracy. Secondly, based on a bi-directional gated recurrent unit (BGRU), a new lane line prediction model BGRU-Lane (BGRU-L) based on the distribution of lane lines is proposed using the characteristic of lane line serialization and structural correlation. Finally, Dempster-Shafer (D-S) algorithm based on confidence was used to integrate the results of YOLOv3 (S×2S) and BGRU-L to improve the lane line detection ability under complex environments. The experiment was carried out on the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology and Toyota Technological Institute (KITTI) dataset, while Euro Truck Simulator 2 (ETS2) is used as a supplement dataset. After fusing YOLOv3 (S×2S) and BGRU-L models in the D-S model, the detection results have high accuracy in a complex environment by 90.28 mAP. The detection speed is 40.20fps, which enables real-time detection.
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Agrawal, K., M. K. Nigam, S. Bhattacharya, and G. Sumathi. "Ambulance detection using image processing and neural networks." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2115, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2115/1/012036.
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Abstract Ambulance Detection using Image Processing and Neural Network is a vehicle detection and tracking system, which recognizes the vehicle (i.e., Ambulance in this case) amidst the traffic congestion. Due to the fact from past few years, the range of vehicles usage of the road is growing each day that results in traffic congestion, for better management of this traffic this system is useful. Traffic Congestion, as mentioned above, can be observed at an ever-growing pace in countries like India and Thailand, where the roads’ width and length make it impossible to make a separate lane for the emergency vehicle (like that of ambulance); Hence making it hard for the vehicle to pass through the traffic at the earliest possible time. The Ambulance tracking system is activated at the mapped junctions and that program detects the ambulance coming close to it and turns the traffic light to Green for the next 15 seconds. Geocoding is the practice of transforming addresses (like a physical address) to location information (like longitude and latitude) that can be used to locate a label on a map or to mark a grid. They plan to provide ambulances with this software to make it easy to transform addresses into a programmable format for review and retrieval. This data is converted to a system that shows all the crossings it must pass to meet the endpoint.
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Xu, S., B. Wang, and J. Liu. "On the use of Schwarz–Christoffel conformal mappings to the grid generation for global ocean models." Geoscientific Model Development 8, no. 10 (October 29, 2015): 3471–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-3471-2015.
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Abstract. In this article we propose two grid generation methods for global ocean general circulation models. Contrary to conventional dipolar or tripolar grids, the proposed methods are based on Schwarz–Christoffel conformal mappings that map areas with user-prescribed, irregular boundaries to those with regular boundaries (i.e., disks, slits, etc.). The first method aims at improving existing dipolar grids. Compared with existing grids, the sample grid achieves a better trade-off between the enlargement of the latitudinal–longitudinal portion and the overall smooth grid cell size transition. The second method addresses more modern and advanced grid design requirements arising from high-resolution and multi-scale ocean modeling. The generated grids could potentially achieve the alignment of grid lines to the large-scale coastlines, enhanced spatial resolution in coastal regions, and easier computational load balance. Since the grids are orthogonal curvilinear, they can be easily utilized by the majority of ocean general circulation models that are based on finite difference and require grid orthogonality. The proposed grid generation algorithms can also be applied to the grid generation for regional ocean modeling where complex land–sea distribution is present.
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Ahmad, Firoz, and Laxmi Goparaju. "Geospatial Approach for Agroforestry Suitability Mapping: To Enhance Livelihood and Reduce Poverty, FAO based Documented Procedure (Case Study of Dumka District, Jharkhand, India)." Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia 14, no. 2 (June 25, 2017): 651–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2491.
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ABSTRACT: Agroforestry has the capacity to reduce the poverty, enhance livelihood, improve food security and mitigate the climate change impact. The agroforestry suitability mapping is performed using geospatial technology based on similar guideline documented by FAO for Land suitability mapping. The study aims for applying remote sensing and GIS technology towards various spatial (soil and environmental) datasets in Dumka district of Jharkhand, India to achieve a nutrient availability and agroforestry suitability map. The Landsat satellite data, ASTER DEM and decadal annual rainfall datasets were utilized to generate wetness, landuse/ land cover (LULC), elevation, slope, and rainfall map. LULC map was utilized to identify the open area land in which agroforestry suitability was evaluated. Various thematic layers such as soil nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), organic carbon (C), pH and sulphur (S) were used for generating nutrient availability map. The agroforestry suitability map was generated utilizing the layers viz. nutrient availability, slope, wetness, rainfall and elevation by GIS integration/modeling in ArcGIS 10.1 software by providing different weight to each thematic layer as per its importance in the study area. The thematic layer weight was calculated based on pairwise comparisons (a standard statistical procedure). Finally agroforestry suitability maps were generated in the form of high, medium and low grid with spacing (1km × 1km). We also generated poverty map, one of the complete watersheds in the part of the study area and drainage map in whole study area to understand its proximity toward high agroforestry suitability grid. The study shows that the total open area land grids were 3421 out of which 50% of grid was found to be highly suitable towards agroforestry. Furthermore a watershed, drainage pattern and poverty map were analyzed based on its proximity toward high agroforestry suitability. The study reveals high agroforestry suitability land grid proximity towards high poverty grid was approximately more than 70%, whereas the proximity to the drainage pattern was roughly 60%. One of the completed watershed in the part of the study area evaluation reveals approximately 50% of the watershed area grid has the proximity of high agroforestry suitable land grid. The high agroforestry suitability and its proximity/relationship with high poverty, drainage pattern and in watershed based analysis provides golden opportunity to the local poor people to harness agroforestry practices by adopting intensive soil and water conservation measures if supported by sufficient funds/technology will largely help in mitigating poverty and enhancing the livelihood. The ongoing agroforestry projects can be further extended in the open areas of high agroforestry suitability grid for long term benefits of diversified output.
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Tian, Yasi. "Mapping Suburbs Based on Spatial Interactions and Effect Analysis on Ecological Landscape Change: A Case Study of Jiangsu Province from 1998 to 2018, Eastern China." Land 9, no. 5 (May 19, 2020): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9050159.
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As the transitional area between urban and rural areas, land-use change in suburbs is drastic, which generates negative effects on the ecological environment. However, the identification of the suburbs remains controversial. Usually, the density of the population and residential land is referenced, and the close spatial interactions between urban areas and suburbs are generally neglected. To fill this research gap, this study adopts a case study method to map the suburbs of Jiangsu based on estimating the spatial interactions. First, a regression model is built to estimate the population distribution. Second, a radiation model is utilized to evaluate the spatial interaction at a grid level. After the main urban area is identified based on the high density of the population and construction land, the interaction strength between the main urban grid and other grid areas is calculated, and the grids that share high values of interaction strength with urban grids are identified as suburban areas. Finally, the suburbs of Jiangsu in 1998 and 2018 are mapped, and the ecological landscape pattern metrics are used to verify the effects of suburban expansion. As a result, the suburban expansion of Jiangsu over the 20 years was significant, and the effects of suburban expansion on ecological land fragmentation were evident. On the basis of the results, the enlightenment of mapping suburbs on ecological landscape planning is discussed.
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Jiang, Lei, Lixin Lu, Lingmei Jiang, Yuanyuan Qi, and Aqiang Yang. "Impact of a Detailed Urban Parameterization on Modeling the Urban Heat Island in Beijing Using TEB-RAMS." Advances in Meteorology 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/602528.
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The Town Energy Budget (TEB) model coupled with the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) is applied to simulate the Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon in the metropolitan area of Beijing. This new model with complex and detailed surface conditions, called TEB-RAMS, is from Colorado State University (CSU) and the ASTER division of Mission Research Corporation. The spatial-temporal distributions of daily mean 2 m air temperature are simulated by TEB-RAMS during the period from 0000 UTC 01 to 0000 UTC 02 July 2003 over the area of 116°E~116.8°E, 39.6°N~40.2°N in Beijing. The TEB-RAMS was run with four levels of two-way nested grids, and the finest grid is at 1 km grid increment. An Anthropogenic Heat (AH) source is introduced into TEB-RAMS. A comparison between the Land Ecosystem-Atmosphere Feedback model (LEAF) and the detailed TEB parameterization scheme is presented. The daily variations and spatial distribution of the 2 m air temperature agree well with the observations of the Beijing area. The daily mean 2 m air temperature simulated by TEB-RAMS with the AH source is 0.6 K higher than that without specifying TEB and AH over the metropolitan area of Beijing. The presence of urban underlying surfaces plays an important role in the UHI formation. The geometric morphology of an urban area characterized by road, roof, and wall also seems to have notable effects on the UHI intensity. Furthermore, the land-use dataset from USGS is replaced in the model by a new land-use map for the year 2010 which is produced by the Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth (RADI), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). The simulated regional mean 2 m air temperature is 0.68 K higher from 01 to 02 July 2003 with the new land cover map.
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Siswanto, Bambang. "SEBARAN UNSUR HARA N, P, K DAN PH DALAM TANAH." BUANA SAINS 18, no. 2 (February 2, 2019): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.33366/bs.v18i2.1184.
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Soil nutrient availability maps are needed to be used as a basis for managing fertilizer use, as well as soil acidity (pH) values. If the nutrient status of N, P, K and soil acidity is known, it is expected that the dosage of fertilization of each land can be done in accordance with thenutrient status. It can also reduce the cost of fertilization. This study aims to determine the factors of land affecting the distribution of nutrients N P K and soil pH. The research was conducted in Gugut Village, Rambipuji District, Jember from June to August 2016. The research was conducted by using free grid survey method with semi-detailed survey rate of 1: 25.000 scale. The distribution pattern of each nutrient status was analyzed by matrix method approach to find out the factors that most influence the distribution of nutrients N, P, K and pH. From the result of research, map of nutrient distribution of N, P, K is almost similar to the result of geological map overlay, landform, land use and altitude. According to Wilding and Drees (1983), the diversity of nutrient status can be due to differences in lithology / parent material, climate, erosion, biological influences, and hydrology. The N, P, K soil availability map only meets 32.76% of the elevation map section. Therefore, the temporal nutrient status mapping can not be generated based on existing land map units so it is advisable to use the rigid grid method. While soil pH maps are almost similar to overlays between geological maps, landforms, land use and climate.
Дисертації з теми "Lane Grid Map"
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Sanchez, Corentin. "A world model enabling information integrity for autonomous vehicles." Thesis, Compiègne, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022COMP2683.
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Pour conduire dans des environnements urbains complexes, les véhicules autonomes doivent comprendre leur environnement de conduite. Cette tâche, également connue sous le nom de “connaissance de la situation”, repose sur une représentation virtuelle interne du monde fait par le véhicule, appelée “World Model”. Cette représentation est généralement construite à partir d’informations fournies par de multiples sources. Les cartes de navigation haute définition fournissent des informations préalables telles que la topologie du réseau routier, la description géométrique de la route et des informations sémantiques, en incluant le code de la route. Le système de perception fournit une description de l’espace et des usagers de la route ´évoluant dans l’environnement du véhicule. Conjointement, ils fournissent des représentations de l’environnement (statique et dynamique) et permettent de modéliser les interactions. Dans des situations complexes, un “World Model” fiable et non trompeur est nécessaire pour éviter des prises de décision inappropriées et assurer la sécurité. L’objectif de cette thèse est de proposer un nouveau formalisme sur le concept de “World Model” qui répond aux exigences de “connaissance de la situation” pour un véhicule autonome. Ce “World Model” intègre des connaissances préalables sur la topologie du réseau routier, une représentation basée grille au niveau des voies, sa prédiction dans le temps et surtout un mécanisme de contrôle et de surveillance de l’intégrité des informations. Le concept de “World Model” est présent dans de nombreuses architectures de véhicules autonomes, mais il peut prendre des formes très diverses et parfois seulement implicites. Dans certains travaux, il fait partie du processus de perception alors que dans d’autres, il fait partie d’un processus de décision. La première contribution de cette thèse est une étude sur le concept de “World Model” pour la conduite autonome couvrant différents niveaux d’abstraction pour la représentation de l’information et le raisonnement. Ensuite, une nouvelle représentation est proposée pour le “World Model” au niveau tactique combinant des objets dynamiques et des informations d’occupation spatiale. Tout d’abord, une approche descendante basée sur les graphes utilisant une carte haute d´définition est proposée pour extraire les zones d’intérêt par rapport à la situation du point de vue du véhicule. Elle est ensuite utilisée pour construire une “Lane Grid Map” (LGM), qui est une représentation intermédiaire de l’état de l’espace du point de vue de l’ego véhicule. Cette approche descendante est choisie pour évaluer et caractériser les informations pertinentes de la situation. En plus des états occupés et libres classiques, nous caractérisons davantage l’état inconnu par les notions de zones dites neutralisées et sûres qui fournissent un niveau plus profond de compréhension de la situation. Une autre contribution au “World Model” est un mécanisme de gestion de l’intégrité qui est construit sur la représentation Lane Grid Map. Il consiste à gérer l’échantillonnage spatial des cellules de la grille afin de prendre en compte les erreurs de localisation et de perception et d’éviter les informations trompeuses. Indépendamment de la confiance accordée aux informations de localisation et de perception, la LGM doit être capable de fournir des informations fiables au module de prise de décisions afin de ne pas prendre de décisions dangereuses. La dernière partie de la stratégie de “connaissance de la situation” est la prédiction du “World Model” basée sur la représentation LGM. La principale contribution est de montrer comment une prédiction classique au niveau des objets s’adapte à cette représentation et que l’intégrité peut également être étendue au stade de la prédiction. Il est également décrit comment une zone neutralisée peut être utilisée dans l’étape de prédiction pour fournir une meilleure prédiction de la situationTo drive in complex urban environments, autonomous vehicles need to understand their driving context. This task, also known as the situation awareness, relies on an internal virtual representation of the world made by the vehicle, called world model. This representation is generally built from information provided by multiple sources. High definition navigation maps supply prior information such as road network topology, geometric description of the carriageway, and semantic information including traffic laws. The perception system provides a description of the space and of road users evolving in the vehicle surroundings. Conjointly, they provide representations of the environment (static and dynamic) and allow to model interactions. In complex situations, a reliable and non-misleading world model is mandatory to avoid inappropriate decision-making and to ensure safety. The goal of this PhD thesis is to propose a novel formalism on the concept of world model that fulfills the situation awareness requirements for an autonomous vehicle. This world model integrates prior knowledge on the road network topology, a lane-level grid representation, its prediction over time and more importantly a mechanism to control and monitor the integrity of information. The concept of world model is present in many autonomous vehicle architectures but may take many various forms and sometimes only implicitly. In some work, it is part of the perception process when in some other it is part of a decisionmaking process. The first contribution of this thesis is a survey on the concept of world model for autonomous driving covering different levels of abstraction for information representation and reasoning. Then, a novel representation is proposed for the world model at the tactical level combining dynamic objects and spatial occupancy information. First, a graph based top-down approach using a high-definition map is proposed to extract the areas of interests with respect to the situation from the vehicle's perspective. It is then used to build a Lane Grid Map (LGM), which is an intermediate space state representation from the ego-vehicle point of view. A top-down approach is chosen to assess and characterize the relevant information of the situation. Additionally to classical free-occupied states, the unknown state is further characterized by the notions of neutralized and safe areas that provide a deeper level of understanding of the situation. Another contribution to the world model is an integrity management mechanism that is built upon the LGM representation. It consists in managing the spatial sampling of the grid cells in order to take into account localization and perception errors and to avoid misleading information. Regardless of the confidence on localization and perception information, the LGM is capable of providing reliable information to decision making in order not to take hazardous decisions.The last part of the situation awareness strategy is the prediction of the world model based on the LGM representation. The main contribution is to show how a classical object-level prediction fits this representation and that the integrity can also be extended at the prediction stage. It is also depicted how a neutralized area can be used in the prediction stage to provide a better situation prediction. The work relies on experimental data in order to demonstrate a real application of a complex situation awareness representation. The approach is evaluated with real data obtained thanks to several experimental vehicles equipped with LiDAR sensors and IMU with RTK corrections in the city of Compi_egne. A high-definition map has also been used in the framework of the SIVALab joint laboratory between Renault and Heudiasyc CNRS-UTC. The world model module has been implemented (with ROS software) in order to fulfll real-time application and is functional on the experimental vehicles for live demonstrations
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Thornton, Douglas Anthony. "High Fidelity Localization and Map Building from an Instrumented Probe Vehicle." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1483637485442285.
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NOVOTNÁ, Jana. "Vyhodnocení mapových podkladů v dané lokalitě, překrývání map různých kvalit, příprava podkladů pro projekt pozemkových úprav." Master's thesis, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-44765.
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This diploma work is concerned in evaluation of map bases, superposition of different quality maps and preparation of basic materials for the project of land adjustment. The main attention was given to cadastral maps of Land Registr of Czech Republic. The part of the cadastral unit Staré Hodějovice was chosen as given locality, where was proclaimed the beginning of land consolidation in 2004.
Книги з теми "Lane Grid Map"
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Anderson, Moira. Grid coordinates by land, air, and sea. Mankato, Minn: Capstone Press, 2010.
Знайти повний текст джерелаЧастини книг з теми "Lane Grid Map"
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Mohamed-Ghouse, Zaffar Sadiq, Cheryl Desha, and Luis Perez-Mora. "Digital Earth in Australia." In Manual of Digital Earth, 683–711. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9915-3_21.
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Abstract Australia must overcome a number of challenges to meet the needs of our growing population in a time of increased climate variability. Fortunately, we have unprecedented access to data about our land and the built environment that is internationally regarded for its quality. Over the last two decades Australia has risen to the forefront in developing and implementing Digital Earth concepts, with several key national initiatives formalising our digital geospatial journey in digital globes, open data access and ensuring data quality. In particular and in part driven by a lack of substantial resources in space, we have directed efforts towards world-leading innovation in big data processing and storage. This chapter highlights these geospatial initiatives, including case-uses, lessons learned, and next steps for Australia. Initiatives addressed include the National Data Grid (NDG), the Queensland Globe, G20 Globe, NSW Live (formerly NSW Globe), Geoscape, the National Map, the Australian Geoscience Data Cube and Digital Earth Australia. We explore several use cases and conclude by considering lessons learned that are transferrable for our colleagues internationally. This includes challenges in: 1) Creating an active context for data use, 2) Capacity building beyond ‘show-and-tell’, and 3) Defining the job market and demand for the market.
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Romer, Stephen. "The Man with the Bracelet." In French Decadent Tales. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199569274.003.00033.
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October: the ambiguous and sinister aspect of certain outlying streets during these rainy and livid days of the late season, especially at dusk when, once the sickening grind of the daily task has been acquitted, the bestial instincts inside us come to...
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Duncan, Ian. "The Form of Man." In Human Forms, 31–54. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691175072.003.0002.
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This chapter examines how the science of man became the natural history of man, a history not of individuals or nations but of the human species. A new biological conception of species “as an entity distributed in time and space,” released from the synchronic grid of Linnaean taxonomy as well as from a providential cosmology, comprised what Philip Sloan has called the “Buffonian revolution.” That revolution would be as consequential for literary genres, especially the novel, as it was for the natural and human sciences, in part due to Buffon's recourse to a literary style and techniques of “speculative thought experiment,” probabilistic reasoning, “analogical reasoning, and divination” in his scientific method. The chapter then looks at the debate over the history of man that broke out in the mid-1780s between Immanuel Kant and Gottfried Herder. One of the great intellectual quarrels of the late Enlightenment, it signposted the forking paths of Kant's critical philosophy, on the one hand, and the scientific project of natural history on the other.
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Chen, Yu. "Application of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) Methods in Mapping Flood-Prone Areas." In Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications. IOS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/faia210274.
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The first step of formulating flood risk management strategies is to identify the flood at-hazard areas. This study aims to map flood-prone areas with different hazard levels in the Dadu River basin, using simple additive weighting (SAW) and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) methods and the geographic information systems (GIS) tool. The grid map of selected criteria, rainfall, topography, drainage, and the usage of land were processed and applied to estimate the flood hazard index (FHI) values in the basin in the GIS environment. The resultant map illustrates the spatial distribution of basin-scale flood at-hazard areas, can be used as powerful guidance of implementing preventing and alleviating flood risk for decision-makers and managers, and extended application in other basins or disaster fields.
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Ferreira da Silva, Rafael, Tristan Glatard, and Frédéric Desprez. "Self-Management of Operational Issues for Grid Computing." In Advances in Systems Analysis, Software Engineering, and High Performance Computing, 187–221. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8213-9.ch006.
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Science gateways, such as the Virtual Imaging Platform (VIP), enable transparent access to distributed computing and storage resources for scientific computations. However, their large scale and the number of middleware systems involved in these gateways lead to many errors and faults. This chapter addresses the autonomic management of workflow executions on science gateways in an online and non-clairvoyant environment, where the platform workload, task costs, and resource characteristics are unknown and not stationary. The chapter describes a general self-management process based on the MAPE-K loop (Monitoring, Analysis, Planning, Execution, and Knowledge) to cope with operational incidents of workflow executions. Then, this process is applied to handle late task executions, task granularities, and unfairness among workflow executions. Experimental results show how the approach achieves a fair quality of service by using control loops that constantly perform online monitoring, analysis, and execution of a set of curative actions.
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Crouch, Dora P. "Urban Patterns in the Greek Period: Athens, Paestum, Morgantina, Miletus/Priene, and Pergamon as Formal Types." In Water Management in Ancient Greek Cities. Oxford University Press, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195072808.003.0013.
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In order to assess the impact of the delivery and drainage of water on the urban pattern in the ancient Greek world, it is necessary to have clear ideas of what forms their cities took. Thus a brief discussion of urban patterns will be useful. Traditional descriptions of ancient Greek cities characterize them by typical street patterns, usually two major types: the Hippodamean grid of Miletus of the fifth century, and the terraces like the blades of a fan found at Pergamon of the late third and second centuries, called “scenographic urbanism.” Yet a more careful examination of the evidence suggests that for different centuries B.C., there are many more urban types than two. Examples standing for both the repertory of physical patterns and the changes in those patterns over time that we may cite are: 1. 7th century B.C.—Akragas (frontispiece): irregular hill-top site of the archaic period 2. 6th century—Paestum (Fig. 5.IB): “bar and stripes” 3. 5th century—Athens (Fig. 5.1A): organic, focused on central acropolis and agora, similar to Akragas pattern 4. 5th century—Morgantina (Fig. 5.1C): typical West Greek pattern of two flat hills with residential quarters grid platted and lower agora between them 5. 4th and 3rd centuries—Priene (Fig. 51.D): based on prototype grid at Miletus (early 5th century—Fig. 22.4) and refinement of grid as used at Rhodes (mid to late 5th century—Fig. 8.3), an adaption of Hippodamean regularity to a small plateau 6. 3rd and 2nd centuries—Pergamon (Fig. 5.1E): scenographic urbanism, with wedge-shaped terraces It is difficult to classify urban plans solely by pattern or by century. This is because the changes did not go together in any simple fashion. Inspection of the street patterns of ancient Greek cities, and the relation of those patterns to the sites, allows them to be classified into five basic types, which for easy remembrance I name after representative cities of each type: 1. Athens-type. A general rule for cities of a[n ancient] culture states that “the capital city is unlike the others in form.” Athens, a seemingly formless, organic city, is quite unlike the well-regulated cities (many of them colonies) of the other types.
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Rossetti, Chip. "Translating Cairo’s Hidden Lines: The City as Visual Text in Magdy El Shafee’s Metro." In The City in Arabic Literature, edited by Nizar F. Hermes and Gretchen Head, 306–25. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474406529.003.0016.
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An examination of the visual language used in Magdy El Shafee’s 2008 graphic novel, which narrates an Egyptian computer programmer’s frustration with a rigged political and economic system in late-Mubarak-era Egypt, and his discovery of official corruption. In Metro, Cairo serves both as an urban canvas for text that visually assaults the reader and as a grid that organizes and reinforces the novel’s thematic elements. This essay analyses how Metro employs a language of verticality to emphasize the disparity between the powerful and powerless. Drawing on Walter Benjamin’s concept of the map as offering an “infrared,” abstracted knowledge of a city, this essay also examines the running motif of Cairo’s Metro stations as a symbol of the city’s hidden lines of power, a horizontal network of connections and corruption.
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"Benthic Habitats and the Effects of Fishing." In Benthic Habitats and the Effects of Fishing, edited by Peter W. Barnes, Guy W. Fleischer, James V. Gardner, and Kristen M. Lee. American Fisheries Society, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569605.ch15.
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<strong><em>Abstract. </em></strong>As part of a strategy to reestablish native stocks of lake trout <em>Salvelinus namaycush</em>, six areas of offshore and coastal Lake Michigan benthic habitat were mapped with a bathymetric laser system. This allowed us to visualize and map morphologic detail by at least an order of magnitude over existing data. Decimeter elevation–bathymetric data, referenced to the International Great Lakes datum of 1985, were obtained on a 4-m grid over a total area of about 200 km<sup>2</sup> in water depths from 0 to 30 m. Based on the laser-derived morphology, regional geology and sparse samples, three geologic regimes were used for substrate–habitat classification: (1) bedrock carbonates of Silurian through Devonian age, indicated by bedding scarps and lineations at or near the surface at all of the mapped areas; (2) glacial deposits that appear as compacted clay till lineations and cobble and boulder moraines with outwash features; and (3) modern sand deposits seen in thin down-drift (to the east) bedforms, sand sheets, and depositional lobes. Preferred spawning substrate—clean cobble and gravel deposits with adjacent deep water—is present in sections of all mapped areas. However, laser data cannot discern cleanliness, and video data indicate the cleanliness on this substrate may be compromised by recent algal and mussel growth.
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Traub, Valerie. "Anatomy, Cartography, and the New World Body." In Geographies of Embodiment in Early Modern England, 64–112. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198852742.003.0004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter explores a particular epistemological orientation towards the human body shared by early modern literature, anatomy, and cartography. Beginning with the confluence of anatomical and cartographical metaphors in a range of literary and visual texts, it scrutinizes pervasive and mutually sustaining analogies among the body, the land, and maps. It then tracks how the discursive intimacy between anatomy and cartography morphed from an analogical relationship into an interactive one. Through a detailed reading of anatomical illustrations, voyage illustrations, and ethnographic country, continent, and world maps, the essay demonstrates that anatomy and cartography produced a graphic idiom of the body dedicated to abstraction and a ‘logic of the grid’. In so doing, they contributed to cognitive conditions that provided the epistemological wherewithal to begin to conceptualize humans by means of classification and comparison, and to apply this systematizing (yet non-binary) habit of thought to diverse populations across the globe.
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Meiton, Fredrik. "Statehood and Statelessness." In Electrical Palestine, 209–17. University of California Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520295889.003.0008.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Chapter 7 follows the role of the grid in the emergence of partition as the preferred solution to the Palestine question. The deliberations over partition re-actualized the question of borders, dormant since the period of intense negotiation in the early 1920s. Again, the power supply system figured prominently in the deliberations. At this point, the network of power stations and electrical wire crisscrossing the land provided a thick materialization of the Zionist vision. This material reality was reflected in British deliberations and carried over into the U.N. Resolution 181 for the partition of Palestine, adopted by the General Assembly in November 1947. The same considerations played out on the battlefield, as the resolution triggered the 1948 War, from which the state of Israel and the statelessness of the Palestinians emerged in May 1948.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Lane Grid Map"
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Heidmann, James D., and Scott D. Hunter. "Coarse Grid Modeling of Turbine Film Cooling Flows Using Volumetric Source Terms." In ASME Turbo Expo 2001: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/2001-gt-0138.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The recent trend in numerical modeling of turbine film cooling flows has been toward higher fidelity grids and more complex geometries. This trend has been enabled by the rapid increase in computing power available to researchers. However, the turbine design community requires fast turnaround time in its design computations, rendering these comprehensive simulations ineffective in the design cycle. The present study describes a methodology for implementing a volumetric source term distribution in a coarse grid calculation that can model the small-scale and three-dimensional effects present in turbine film cooling flows. This model could be implemented in turbine design codes or in multistage turbomachinery codes such as APNASA, where the computational grid size may be larger than the film hole size. Detailed computations of a single row of 35 degree round holes on a flat plate have been obtained for blowing ratios of 0.5, 0.8, and 1.0, and a density ratios of 1.0 and 2.0 using a multiblock grid system to resolve the flows on both sides of the plate as well as inside the hole itself. These detailed flow fields were spatially averaged to generate a field of volumetric source terms for each conservative flow variable. Solutions were also obtained using three coarse grids having streamwise and spanwise grid spacings of 3d, 1d, and d/3. These coarse grid solutions used the integrated hole exit mass, momentum, energy, and turbulence quantities from the detailed solutions as volumetric source terms. It is shown that a uniform source term addition over a distance from the wall on the order of the hole diameter is able to predict adiabatic film effectiveness better than a near-wall source term model, while strictly enforcing correct values of integrated boundary layer quantities.
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Yang, Hong, and Leiyong Jiang. "A Dual-Mesh Approach to Enhance Accuracy of the Boundary Conditions for Unstructured Grid Modeling of Turbomachinery Flows." In ASME Turbo Expo 2010: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2010-23390.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Although unstructured grids have gained wide acceptance in many engineering applications, they still suffer from difficulties in achieving high accuracy at the inflow, outflow and mixing-plane interface boundaries of multi-stage turbomachinery configurations. To overcome these difficulties and hence to increase the accuracy of unstructured grid methods, a novel dual mesh approach is proposed. In contrast to conventional CFD techniques, the dual mesh approach works on two sets of meshes at the boundaries: one is the original mesh and the other is an auxiliary surface mesh created at run time. By properly coupling of such double meshes, the dual mesh approach can effectively increase the accuracy and conservation of the solutions at the inflow, outflow and mixing-plane interface boundaries, and it can also enjoy most of the sophisticated numerical algorithms originally developed for the structured-grid boundary conditions. With both compressor and turbine test cases, the dual mesh approach is demonstrated to be superior to the conventional method while its CPU-time penalty is marginal. Additionally the dual mesh approach may be also useful for any structured CFD solvers subject to some restrictions on the structured grid distributions at the inflow, outflow and mixing-plane interface boundaries, e.g. mesh uniformity in the circumferential direction.
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Kumar, Vikas, Sandip Chakraborty, Ferdous A. Barbhuiya, and Sukumar Nandi. "Detection of stealth Man-in-the-Middle attack in wireless LAN." In 2012 2nd IEEE International Conference on Parallel, Distributed and Grid Computing (PDGC). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pdgc.2012.6449834.
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Sivagnanasundaram, Subenuka, Stephen Spence, Juliana Early, and Bahram Nikpour. "An Investigation of Compressor Map Width Enhancement and the Inducer Flow Field Using Various Configurations of Shroud Bleed Slot." In ASME Turbo Expo 2010: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2010-22154.
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This paper describes an investigation of various shroud bleed slot configurations of a centrifugal compressor using CFD with a manual multi-block structured grid generation method. The compressor under investigation is used in a turbocharger application for a heavy duty diesel engine of approximately 400hp. The baseline numerical model has been developed and validated against experimental performance measurements. The influence of the bleed slot flow field on a range of operating conditions between surge and choke has been analysed in detail. The impact of the returning bleed flow on the incidence at the impeller blade leading edge due to its mixing with the main through-flow has also been studied. From the baseline geometry, a number of modifications to the bleed slot width have been proposed, and a detailed comparison of the flow characteristics performed. The impact of slot variations on the inlet incidence angle has been investigated, highlighting the improvement in surge and choked flow capability. Along with this, the influence of the bleed slot on stabilizing the blade passage flow by the suction of the tip and over-tip vortex flow by the slot has been considered near surge.
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Kersken, Hans-Peter, Christian Frey, Christian Voigt, and Graham Ashcroft. "Time-Linearized and Time-Accurate 3D RANS Methods for Aeroelastic Analysis in Turbomachinery." In ASME Turbo Expo 2010: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2010-22940.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A computational method for performing aeroelastic analysis using either a time-linearized or an unsteady time-accurate solver for the compressible Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations is described. The time-linearized solver employs the assumption of small time-harmonic perturbations and is implemented via finite differences of the nonlinear flux routines of the time-accurate solver. The resulting linear system is solved using a parallelized Generalized Minimal Residual (GMRES) method with block-local preconditioning. The time accurate solver uses a dual time stepping algorithm for the solution of the unsteady RANS equations on a periodically moving computational grid. For either solver, and both flutter and forced response problems, a mapping algorithm has been developed to map structural eigenmodes, obtained from finite element structural analysis, from the surface mesh of the finite element structural solver to the surface mesh of the finite volume flow solver. Using the surface displacement data an elliptic mesh deformation algorithm, based on linear elasticity theory, is then used to compute the grid deformation vector field. The developed methods are validated first using standard configuration ten. Finally, for an ultra high bypass ratio fan the results of the time-linearized and the unsteady module are compared. The gain in prediction time using the linearized methods is highlighted.
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Corral, Roque, Juan Manuel Gallardo, and Carlos Vasco. "Linear Stability Analysis of LPT Rotor Packets: Part II — Three-Dimensional Results and Mistuning Effects." In ASME Turbo Expo 2004: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2004-54120.
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Part II of this paper compares the aerodynamic damping of a modern Low Pressure Turbine (LPT) interlock bladed-disc to the one obtained when the blades are welded in pairs through the lateral face of the shroud. The damping is computed using the linearized Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations on a moving grid. It is concluded that the increase in stability of the welded-pair with respect the cantilever configuration due to the modification of the mode-shapes, is smaller than the one due to the overall raise of the reduced frequencies of a bladed-disc with an interlock design. The modification of the flutter boundaries due to mistuning effects is taken into account using the reduced order model known as the Fundamental Mistuning Model (FMM). It is shown that the modification on the stability limit of a interlock bladed-disc is negligible, while for a welded-pair configuration an increase of 0.15% on the critical damping may be expected. Two realistic welded-pair bladed-discs are analysed in this work. It is shown that both are aerodynamically unstable, which is in agreement with the experimental observations. Critical reduced frequency stability maps accounting for mistuning effects are derived for both, freestanding and welded in pairs airfoils. The airfoils are assumed to be identical and mechanically uncoupled. The stabilizing effect of mistuning is also retained in these maps.
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Alizadeh, Sohail, and Barrie Moss. "Modelling Sub-Grid Scale Features in Congested Engine Ventilation Zones." In ASME Turbo Expo 2006: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2006-90461.
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In the increasingly congested accessory zones of gas turbine engine casings, it is important that the several temperature-sensitive components, like the electronic engine control unit (EEC), are bathed in an appropriate ventilation environment. Additionally it must be ensured that heat sources, like the geometrically complex gear box components, furthest from the inflows do not sit in stagnant zones. In this paper CFD methods have been used to study in detail the ventilation and heat transfer environment of one particular zone — that of the fan casing in the engine nacelle of a high by-pass turbofan. A particular challenge was the appropriate modelling of the extensive pipe systems that existed in this environment, ensuring that their impact on the flow field and heat transfer was suitably taken into account. Whilst in past practice large components and ducts have been modelled in CFD studies, the small scale pipe systems and electrical harnesses do not lend themselves easily to explicit modelling strategies. In this work a methodology is presented whereby the effects of all small scale pipe systems within the zone are represented using a sub-grid modelling approach. The momentum drag and heat release associated with all small scale pipes have been modelled and their impact on the ventilation and heat transfer characteristics of the accessory zone environment assessed. Comparisons made with the explicit methodology, not employing sub-grid models, have revealed that the small scale pipe systems have a significant impact on the flow and heat distribution, particularly around the EEC. Finally, limited comparisons with similar test rig flow visualisation data have been made, confirming the overall flow pattern within the zone. The work also suggests approaches in which the sub-grid methodology may be extended and verified for engine design purposes.
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Hellstrom, Fredrik, and Laszlo Fuchs. "Effects of Inlet Conditions on the Turbine Performance of a Radial Turbine." In ASME Turbo Expo 2008: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2008-51088.
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For a turbocharger working under internal combustion engine operating conditions, the flow will be highly pulsatile and the efficiency of the radial turbine will vary during the engine cycle. In addition to effects of the inflow unsteadiness, there is also always a substantial unsteady secondary flow component at the inlet to the turbine depending on the geometry upstream. These secondary motions may consist of swirl, Dean vortices and other cross-sectional velocity components formed in the exhaust manifold. The strength and the direction of the vortices vary in time depending on the unsteady flow in the engine exhaust manifold, the engine speed and the geometry of the manifold itself. The turbulence intensity may also vary during the engine cycle leading to a partially developed turbulent flow field. The effect of the different perturbations on the performance of a radial nozzle-less turbine is assessed and quantified by using Large Eddy Simulations. The turbine wheel is handled using a sliding mesh technique, whereby the turbine wheel, with its grid is rotating, while the turbine house and its grid are kept stationary. The turbine performance has been compared for several inflow conditions. The results show that an inflow-condition without any perturbations gives the highest shaft power output, while a turbulent flow with a strongly swirling motion at the inlet results in the lowest power output. An unexpected result is that a turbulent inflow yields a lower shaft power than a turbulent inflow with a secondary flow formed by a pair of Dean vortices. The flow field for the different cases is investigated to give a better insight into the unsteady flow field and the effects from the different inlet conditions.
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Grishkin, V., E. Zhivulin, A. Khokhriakova, and S. Karimov. "DETECTION OF FERTILE SOILS BASED ON SATELLITE IMAGERY PROCESSING." In 9th International Conference "Distributed Computing and Grid Technologies in Science and Education". Crossref, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54546/mlit.2021.13.12.001.
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The paper proposes a method for detecting fertile soils based on the processing of satellite images. Asa result of its application, a map of the location of fertile and infertile soils for a given region of theearth's surface is formed and the corresponding areas are calculated. The method for detecting fertilesoils is based on the fact that fertile soil includes areas covered with vegetation in the spring-summerperiod. Therefore, by measuring the spectral characteristics of these areas in the late autumn period,when there is no vegetation on them, it is possible to obtain objective parameters of fertile soils. Fordetection, a number of classifiers are being built that recognize two classes - fertile soil and sand,which is especially important when monitoring areas prone to desertification. The feature vector usedfor classification is a set of indices similar to the well-known NDVI index. This set of indices iscalculated for each pixel of the image by its values in different spectral channels. Classifiers areimplemented using CUDA parallel computing technology on a GPU. Based on the results of theexperimental study, a classifier is selected that has shown the best characteristics of the recognitionquality.
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Miniello, G., and M. La Salandra. "HIGH RESOLUTION IMAGE PROCESSING AND LAND COVER CLASSIFICATION FOR HYDRO- GEOMORPHOLOGICAL HIGH-RISK AREA MONITORING." In 9th International Conference "Distributed Computing and Grid Technologies in Science and Education". Crossref, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54546/mlit.2021.12.40.001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
High-resolution image processing for land surface monitoring is fundamental to analyze the impact ofdifferent geomorphological processes on Earth surface for different climate change scenarios. In thiscontext, photogrammetry is one of the most reliable techniques to generate high-resolutiontopographic data, being key to territorial mapping and change detection analysis of landforms inhydro-geomorphological high-risk areas. An important issue arises as soon as the main goal is toconduct analyses over extended areas of the Earth surface (such as fluvial systems) in a short time,since the need to capture large datasets to develop detailed topographic models may limit thephotogrammetric process, due to the high demand of high-performance hardware. In order toinvestigate the best set up of computing resources for these very peculiar tasks, a study of theperformance of a photogrammetric workflow based on a FOSS (Free Open-Source Software) SfM(Structure from Motion) algorithm using different cluster configurations was conducted, leveragingthe computing power of ReCaS-Bari data center infrastructure, which hosts several services such asHTC, HPC, IaaS, PaaS. Exploiting the high-computing resources available at clusters and choosingspecific set up for the workflow steps, an important reduction of several hours in the processing timewas recorded, especially compared to classic photogrammetric programs processed on a singleworkstation with commercial softwares. The high quality of the image details can be used for landcover classification and preliminary change detection studies using Machine Learning techniques. Asubset of the datasets used for the workflow implementation has been considered to test theperformance of different Convolutional Neural Networks, using progressively more complex layersequences, data augmentation and callback functions for training the models. All the results are givenin terms of model accuracy and loss and performance evaluation.
Звіти організацій з теми "Lane Grid Map"
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Lanik, Amanda, Jason Rogers, and Ronald Karpilo. Lake Clark National Park and Preserve: Geologic resources inventory report. National Park Service, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2288490.
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Geologic Resources Inventory reports provide information and resources to help park managers make decisions for visitor safety, planning and protection of infrastructure, and preservation of natural and cultural resources. Information in GRI reports may also be useful for interpretation. This report synthesizes discussions from a scoping meeting held in 2005 and a follow-up conference call in 2018. Chapters of this report discuss the geologic setting and significance, geologic features and processes, and geologic resource management issues within Lake Clark National Park and Preserve. Information about the previously completed GRI map data is also provided. GRI map posters (separate product) illustrate these data. Geologic features, processes, and resource management issues identified include volcanoes and volcanic hazards, bedrock, faults and folds, landslides and rockfall, earthquakes, tsunamis, mineral development and abandoned mineral lands, paleontological resources, glaciers and glacier monitoring, lakes, permafrost, and coastal features.
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Ruiz, Pablo, Craig Perry, Alejando Garcia, Magali Guichardot, Michael Foguer, Joseph Ingram, Michelle Prats, Carlos Pulido, Robert Shamblin, and Kevin Whelan. The Everglades National Park and Big Cypress National Preserve vegetation mapping project: Interim report—Northwest Coastal Everglades (Region 4), Everglades National Park (revised with costs). National Park Service, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2279586.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Everglades National Park and Big Cypress National Preserve vegetation mapping project is part of the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP). It is a cooperative effort between the South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD), the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), and the National Park Service’s (NPS) Vegetation Mapping Inventory Program (VMI). The goal of this project is to produce a spatially and thematically accurate vegetation map of Everglades National Park and Big Cypress National Preserve prior to the completion of restoration efforts associated with CERP. This spatial product will serve as a record of baseline vegetation conditions for the purpose of: (1) documenting changes to the spatial extent, pattern, and proportion of plant communities within these two federally-managed units as they respond to hydrologic modifications resulting from the implementation of the CERP; and (2) providing vegetation and land-cover information to NPS park managers and scientists for use in park management, resource management, research, and monitoring. This mapping project covers an area of approximately 7,400 square kilometers (1.84 million acres [ac]) and consists of seven mapping regions: four regions in Everglades National Park, Regions 1–4, and three in Big Cypress National Preserve, Regions 5–7. The report focuses on the mapping effort associated with the Northwest Coastal Everglades (NWCE), Region 4 , in Everglades National Park. The NWCE encompasses a total area of 1,278 square kilometers (493.7 square miles [sq mi], or 315,955 ac) and is geographically located to the south of Big Cypress National Preserve, west of Shark River Slough (Region 1), and north of the Southwest Coastal Everglades (Region 3). Photo-interpretation was performed by superimposing a 50 × 50-meter (164 × 164-feet [ft] or 0.25 hectare [0.61 ac]) grid cell vector matrix over stereoscopic, 30 centimeters (11.8 inches) spatial resolution, color-infrared aerial imagery on a digital photogrammetric workstation. Photo-interpreters identified the dominant community in each cell by applying majority-rule algorithms, recognizing community-specific spectral signatures, and referencing an extensive ground-truth database. The dominant vegetation community within each grid cell was classified using a hierarchical classification system developed specifically for this project. Additionally, photo-interpreters categorized the absolute cover of cattail (Typha sp.) and any invasive species detected as either: Sparse (10–49%), Dominant (50–89%), or Monotypic (90–100%). A total of 178 thematic classes were used to map the NWCE. The most common vegetation classes are Mixed Mangrove Forest-Mixed and Transitional Bayhead Shrubland. These two communities accounted for about 10%, each, of the mapping area. Other notable classes include Short Sawgrass Marsh-Dense (8.1% of the map area), Mixed Graminoid Freshwater Marsh (4.7% of the map area), and Black Mangrove Forest (4.5% of the map area). The NWCE vegetation map has a thematic class accuracy of 88.4% with a lower 90th Percentile Confidence Interval of 84.5%.
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Bonfil, David J., Daniel S. Long, and Yafit Cohen. Remote Sensing of Crop Physiological Parameters for Improved Nitrogen Management in Semi-Arid Wheat Production Systems. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7696531.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
To reduce financial risk and N losses to the environment, fertilization methods are needed that improve NUE and increase the quality of wheat. In the literature, ample attention is given to grid-based and zone-based soil testing to determine the soil N available early in the growing season. Plus, information is available on in-season N topdressing applications as a means of improving GPC. However, the vast majority of research has focused on wheat that is grown under N limiting conditions in sub-humid regions and irrigated fields. Less attention has been given to wheat in dryland that is water limited. The objectives of this study were to: (1) determine accuracy in determining GPC of HRSW in Israel and SWWW in Oregon using on-combine optical sensors under field conditions; (2) develop a quantitative relationship between image spectral reflectance and effective crop physiological parameters; (3) develop an operational precision N management procedure that combines variable-rate N recommendations at planting as derived from maps of grain yield, GPC, and test weight; and at mid-season as derived from quantitative relationships, remote sensing, and the DSS; and (4) address the economic and technology-transfer aspects of producers’ needs. Results from the research suggest that optical sensing and the DSS can be used for estimating the N status of dryland wheat and deciding whether additional N is needed to improve GPC. Significant findings include: 1. In-line NIR reflectance spectroscopy can be used to rapidly and accurately (SEP <5.0 mg g⁻¹) measure GPC of a grain stream conveyed by an auger. 2. On-combine NIR spectroscopy can be used to accurately estimate (R² < 0.88) grain test weight across fields. 3. Precision N management based on N removal increases GPC, grain yield, and profitability in rainfed wheat. 4. Hyperspectral SI and partial least squares (PLS) models have excellent potential for estimation of biomass, and water and N contents of wheat. 5. A novel heading index can be used to monitor spike emergence of wheat with classification accuracy between 53 and 83%. 6. Index MCARI/MTVI2 promises to improve remote sensing of wheat N status where water- not soil N fertility, is the main driver of plant growth. Important features include: (a) computable from commercial aerospace imagery that include the red edge waveband, (b) sensitive to Chl and resistant to variation in crop biomass, and (c) accommodates variation in soil reflectance. Findings #1 and #2 above enable growers to further implement an efficient, low cost PNM approach using commercially available on-combine optical sensors. Finding #3 suggests that profit opportunities may exist from PNM based on information from on-combine sensing and aerospace remote sensing. Finding #4, with its emphasis on data retrieval and accuracy, enhances the potential usefulness of a DSS as a tool for field crop management. Finding #5 enables land managers to use a DSS to ascertain at mid-season whether a wheat crop should be harvested for grain or forage. Finding #6a expands potential commercial opportunities of MS imagery and thus has special importance to a majority of aerospace imaging firms specializing in the acquisition and utilization of these data. Finding #6b on index MCARI/MVTI2 has great potential to expand use of ground-based sensing and in-season N management to millions of hectares of land in semiarid environments where water- not N, is the main determinant of grain yield. Finding #6c demonstrates that MCARI/MTVI2 may alleviate the requirement of multiple N-rich reference strips to account for soil differences within farm fields. This simplicity will be less demanding of grower resources, promising substantially greater acceptance of sensing technologies for in-season N management.
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Njå, Ove, and Kirsti Russell Vastveit. Norske kommuners planlegging, gjennomføring og bruk av risiko- og sårbarhetsanalyse i forbindelse med samfunnssikkerhetsarbeidet. University of Stavanger, October 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.164.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
I prosjektet; «Helhetlig ROS-analyse i norske kommuner» analyserer vi hvordan kommuner utvikler, bruker og oppdaterer ROS-analyser og risikoforestillinger i sitt samfunnssikkerhetsarbeid. Det legges vekt på hvordan kommuner integrerer ROS-arbeidet og risikoforestillinger i eksisterende plan- og arbeidsprosesser. Hvilke utfordringer opplever kommunene i dette arbeidet? Etter å ha jobbet med risiko og sikkerhet i mer enn 20 år, og en vesentlig del av disse opp mot kommuner, er det etter vårt syn et gjennomgående trekk at kommunalt ansatte som jobber med sikkerhet og beredskap har stor skepsis til akademikere på dette feltet. Den teoretiske «verden» er ikke i stand til å kommunisere med den praktiske og vice versa. Denne utfordringen mener vi står sterkt også i dag, og dermed ble det i prosjektet viktig å finne ut hvordan begrepene ble brukt i kommunene. Hvor kritiske er begrepene for omfanget av bruken av analysene? Står vi ved et markant skille nå med innføring av ny veileder for helhetlig ROS-analyse i kommuner? Eller, er arbeidet omkring samfunnssikkerhet og beredskap fastnet i en praksis uten påvirkning fra ROS-analyse? Datamateriale fra 26 kommuner er inkludert i studien. Kommunene dekker alle landsdelene og de har varierte demografiske og geografiske profiler. Blant deltagerne er kommuner med storulykkesindustri, større bykommuner, mindre øykommuner og grensekommuner. Opptil fem personer med ulikt ansvar for samfunnssikkerhets- og beredskapsarbeidet er intervjuet i hver kommune. En viktig del av prosjektet er forholdet mellom ROS-analyser på ulike forvaltningsnivåer, hvordan ROS-analysene kommuniserer risikoforestillinger og hvordan kommunene kan bygge på og hente innspill fra hverandre i ROS-analysearbeidet. Siden 2010 har Lov om kommunal beredskapsplikt, sivile beskyttelsestiltak og Sivilforsvaret (sivilbeskyttelsesloven) og underliggende Forskrift om kommunal beredskapsplikt stilt krav til kommunenes ROS-analyse og samfunnssikkerhetsarbeid i stort. Likevel er det ikke opplagt hva det innebærer. Forskriften snakker om begreper og konsepter som; - Jobbe systematisk og helhetlig med samfunnssikkerhet; - Forankring i kommunestyret; - Eksisterende og fremtidige risiko- og sårbarhetsfaktorer; - Særlige utfordringer; - Langsiktige mål, strategier, prioriteringer og plan for oppfølging av samfunnssikkerhets- og beredskapsarbeidet; - Vurdere forhold som bør integreres i planer og prosesser; og - Overordnet beredskapsplan. Det stiller store krav til kommunens ansattes kunnskap og kompetanse til å fortolke hva alle disse konseptene skal bety for kommunen og hvordan ansatte skal jobbe med kravene. Her ligger kjernen av vår studie. Studien vår viser at det legges betydelig med ressurser og arbeid ned i kommuners helhetlige ROS-analyser, samfunnssikkerhets og beredskapsarbeid. Risikoinformert styring og risikotenkning er en krevende filosofi, hvor det forutsettes at de ansatte med ansvar for kommunens systemer og samfunnssikkerhets- og beredskapsarbeidet har høy kompetanse på området. I kommunene som deltok i studien synes det å være enklere for kommunene å konkretisere hvordan de arbeidet med beredskap enn med samfunnssikkerhet. Kommunene hadde i varierende grad oversikt over hvordan beredskapsarbeidet var satt i system på tvers av etater. Materialet ble analysert ut fra fire forhold: - Begrepsforståelser og bruk av begreper for å uttrykke samfunnssikkerhet - Planlegging og gjennomføring av ROS-analyseprosesser - Presentasjon av resultater fra ROS-analysearbeidet - Implementering av analyseresultatene i kommunens aktiviteter Datamaterialet viser at kommunene og de fleste respondentene våre er i liten grad bekymret over begrepene de bruker. I hovedsak er det risiko, ROS-analyse (eller andre koplinger av ROS), hendelser, akseptkriterier, beredskap, kriseplaner og tiltak som er konseptene i bruk. Usikkerhet var et begrep som fulgte med, men det var i liten grad reflektert over utover at det var en egenskap med hele ROS-analyseprosessene. Samfunnssikkerhet, ytelse av beredskapstiltak, sårbarhet, resiliens, barrierer, system er begreper som får lite eller ingen omtale i kommunenes befatning med samfunnssikkerhet og beredskap. Kommunene er veldige instrumentelle i arbeidet med å utvikle produktene (helhetlig) ROS-analyse og beredskap- og kriseplaner. Beslutningsprosessene som den helhetlige ROS-analysen er en del av, trekkes ikke frem som førende for hvordan ROS-analyser og samfunnssikkerhetsarbeidet gjøres. Fylkesmannen sin rolle som pådriver, rådgiver og tilsynsmyndighet var for de aller fleste kommunene beskrevet med positive fortegn. Alle analysene vi har hatt tilgang til er utført som grovanalyser (hazid-gjennomganger, scenariobeskrivelser, gruppediskusjoner), men med relativt små variasjoner innenfor hvordan risiko måles og uttrykkes. Enkelte kommuner inspireres av innholdet i FylkesROS-analyse eller Nasjonalt Risikobilde, mens andre har et større fokus på lokale forhold og hendelser. I forbindelse med bruk av tiltak fra helhetlig ROS-analyse var det en klar trend at kommunene synes det var vanskelig å sikre implementering av tiltak. Dette skyldes blant annet at det var utfordrende å sikre at den ansvarlige etat tok ansvar for tiltak, at beredskapskoordinatorer ikke anså tiltak som skulle implementeres i enkeltetater som sitt ansvar og at kommunene i mange tilfeller ikke hadde midler til gjennomføring av tiltak. Problemet kan trolig også spores til at helhetlig ROS-analyse ikke var et dokument som var i aktiv bruk i hverdagen til kommunenes ansatte, og som det i de fleste tilfeller ikke ble laget aksjonsplaner for å følge opp. På tiltakssiden var det også tydelig at flere kommuner gjorde det vanskelig for seg selv, ettersom de beskrev svært generelle tiltak i rapportene sine, tiltak som egentlig var på plass i den ansvarlige etat og som var dekket av andre internkontrollrutiner, eller som andre offentlige etater var ansvarlige for. Kommunene i prosjektet hadde i varierende grad koblet beredskapsplanene sine opp mot de helhetlige ROS-analysene. En annen utfordring i forbindelse med «bruk» til beredskapsplanlegging var at kommunene ikke var sikre på hvordan dette skulle tolkes. Skulle man lage øvelser basert på hendelsene som var brukt i helhetlig ROS-analyse, skulle det lages tiltakskort som passet til scenarioene i helhetlig ROS-analyse? Enkelte kommuner hadde inkludert hendelser fra helhetlig ROS-analyse i beredskapsplanverket sitt, mens andre hadde fokusert mer på felles kapasiteter i helhetlig ROS-analyse. Å se sammenhengen mellom helhetlig ROS-analyse og beredskapsplanlegging var et vanskelig tema for kommunene. Beredskapsanalyse og vurdering av «godheten» av beredskapstiltak er også en stor utfordring. Den største utfordringen og det viktigste funnet som har kommet fram gjennom studiet er at prinsippene i risikobasert styring er nærmest fraværende i kommunene. Funksjonelle krav til sikkerhet mangler, en levende diskusjon om samfunnssikkerhet og beredskap mangler, og analysene brukes i svært liten grad. ROS-analyse og intensjoner om risikobasert styring har vært i norske kommuner i mer enn 20 år, og basert på dette mener vi at det er kompetanse og reguleringsregimet det må gjøres noe med, heller enn å innføre nye veiledere og tilsynsaktiviteter. Ansvaret for kommunens samfunnssikkerhets- og beredskapsarbeid må knyttes opp mot spesifikk kompetanse. Det krever at kommunene endrer praksis på i den administrative ledelsen og virksomhetene som eier systemene, tjenestene og aktivitetene, så vel som i kommunikasjonen mellom administrativ og politisk ledelse når det gjelder samfunnssikkerhet og beredskap. Vi mener at politikeren fra bykommune 1 langs kysten i Nord-Norge illustrerer behovet på en betegnende måte: «Veldig få i beredskapsrådet har lest dokumentene. I vårt fylke tror jeg vi er noen av de som har kommet lengst, og det sier etter mitt skjønn sitt». «Vi må involvere oss på et mye tidligere stadium. Skaffe oss oversikt over hva som er beredskapsplanene, og hvor flaskehalsene er. Det tror jeg at jeg deler med veldig mange. Vi strykes med hårene i alt for stor grad. Vi får for mye ros.»
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Kløcker Larsen, Rasmus, and Maria Boström. “Renen får aldrig betesro”: Konsekvenser av Bolidens gruva och vägen i Stihkeområdet för Voernese sameby. Stockholm Environment Institute, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2021.008.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Denna rapport presenterar en studie av Voernese samebys erfarenheter av de konsekvenser som gruvan i Stihkeområdet fört med sig, en gruva som drevs av Boliden Mineral AB mellan år 1976–1988. Det finns i dag ett stort kunskapsglapp angående vilka de faktiska konsekvenserna är av gruvindustri på renskötsel och annan samisk markanvändning. Detta är så vitt vi vet första gången som forskningen empiriskt belyser konsekvenserna av gruvindustrin och försöken till efterbehandling av gruvområdet utifrån en samebys egna erfarenheter och kunskap. Studien genomfördes 2019–2020 i ett samarbete mellan samebyn, Svenska Samernas Riksförbund och SEI. Datainsamlingen har bestått av arbetsmöten, intervjuer, workshops, dokumentanalys och kartering med stöd av RenGIS och forskning om störningszoner. Fokus i denna rapport är på just Voernese samebys erfarenheter, gruvans konsekvenser för andra samebyar eller icke-renskötande samer i området har därför inte inkluderats. Resultaten visar den omfattande påverkan som gruvan haft på samebyn, dels under driftperioden men i högsta grad också efteråt. Eftersom samebyn bedriver samrenskötsel i Stihkeområdet med Vilhelmina Södra sameby, på vars mark gruvverksamheten bedrevs, har samebyn påverkats både av direkta markförluster och betesskador från gruvområdet liksom andra störningarna under drifttiden. I nutid handlar de största konsekvenserna om påverkan från vägen som drogs i tidigare väglöst land och störningarna på renen från besöksnäringen. Detta har försvårat för renen att finna betesro, inneburit omfattande merarbete och ökade kostnader för samebyn vid samling och flytt, samt medfört stress och oro för samebyns medlemmar liksom även förlust av traditionell kunskap. Renskötseln försvåras även av kvarlämnade borrör och järnskrot från SGU:s provborrningar. Studien visar också hur samebyn exkluderades från beslutsfattandet när Bolidens gruva etablerades på 1970-talet och nu återigen har marginaliserats i samband med tillståndsprövningen för Vilhelmina Minerals planer för återupptagning av brytningen. Dessa forskningsresultat är viktiga för att korrigera en vanlig missuppfattning i den politiska och offentliga debatten kring gruvindustrin: att gruvindustri och renskötsel skulle kunna samexistera utan någon större påverkan på renskötseln. De bidrar också till en ökad förståelse för den omfattande påverkan som ett gruvprojekt, samt dess följdeffekter, kan ha på en grannsameby trots det att själva gruvområdet ligger utanför samebygränsen. I ett vidare perspektiv bidrar studien med ytterligare ett empiriskt baserat exempel på hur gruvbolag och stat marginaliserar samisk kunskap och missbrukar samebyars deltagande i miljöbedömningar. Dessa problem härrör främst från det faktum att svensk lagstiftning inte ger tillräckligt skydd för samiska rättigheter. Det hänger även ihop med statens tvetydiga roll i hanteringen av de intressekonflikter som uppstår när man både har en skyldighet att skydda samiska rättigheter och ska tillgodose olika samhälls- och företagsekonomiska intressen i utvinningen av mineraler. Denna brist på ansvarstagande, som samebyn upplever från statens sida, visar med all tydlighet att den koloniala exploateringen av naturresurserna i Sápmi inte är ett historiskt fenomen utan något som i högsta grad fortgår än i dag. Som ett exempel har inga ansträngningar gjorts för att se över om den begränsade ekonomiska ersättningen som staten genomförde under 1960–70 talet verkligen motsvarar de faktiska skador som samebyn fått uthärda. På kortare sikt skulle många förbättringar troligen kunna åstadkommas genom enskilda insatser för att adressera de problem som samebyn har i Stihkeområdet. Exempelvis skulle kommun och länsstyrelse kunna ingripa för att hantera de problem som besöksnäringen och friluftslivet orsakar och regeringen skulle kunna ge SGU i uppdrag att återställa tidigare prospekteringsverksamhet i Stihkeområdet. Vad denna studie främst belyser är dock behovet av en mer genomgripande strategi från statens sida för att komma till rätta med konsekvenserna av Bolidens gruvprojekt och dess följdeffekter. Utifrån senaste årens rättsutveckling torde det numera finnas goda möjligheter för staten att se över sitt ansvar för de skador som framkommit i Stihkeområdet.
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Kløcker Larsen, Rasmus, and Maria Boström. “Låt renen få igen landet som det var”: Konsekvenser av gruvan och vägen på Stihken för Vilhelmina Södra sameby. Stockholm Environment Institute, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2021.007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Denna rapport presenterar en studie av Vilhelmina Södra samebys erfarenheter av de konsekvenser som gruvan på Stihken fört med sig, en gruva som drevs av Boliden Mineral AB 1976–1988. Det finns i dag ett stort kunskapsglapp angående vilka de faktiska konsekvenserna är av gruvindustri på samisk markanvändning, inklusive renskötseln. Detta är så vitt vi vet första gången som forskningen empiriskt belyser konsekvenserna av gruvindustrin, och de faktiska utfallen av försöken till efterbehandling, utifrån en samebys egna erfarenheter och kunskap. Studien genomfördes 2019–2020 i ett samarbete mellan samebyn, Svenska Samernas Riksförbund och Stockholm Environment Institute. Datainsamlingen har bestått av arbetsmöten, intervjuer, workshops, dokumentanalys och kartering med stöd av RenGIS och forskning om störningszoner. Fokus i denna rapport ligger på just Vilhelmina Södra samebys erfarenheter och gruvans konsekvenser för andra samebyar eller icke-renskötande samer i området har därför inte inkluderats. Resultaten visar den omfattande påverkan som gruvan haft på samebyn, dels under driftperioden men i högsta grad också efteråt. Under drifttiden förorsakade gruvan stora direkta och indirekta markförluster, med störningar från brytningen och trafiken, damning på betet, blockering av det naturliga flyttstråket och förlust av stora delar av samebyns renar in i Norge eller in på grannbyarnas mark på svensk sida. I nutid handlar de största konsekvenserna om en omfattande störning från besöksnäringen på grund av vägen som drogs i tidigare väglöst land. Detta föranleder i sin tur stort betesbortfall; försämrad djurhälsa och kondition för renen; förhöjd arbetsbelastning, fysiska påfrestningar, och arbetsmiljörisker för renskötarna; ökade kostnader för renskötselaktiviteter; samt förlust av samiska kulturminnen, ökad psykisk påfrestning, försämrade möjligheter för samebyns unga att satsa på renskötseln, och förlust av traditionell kunskap. Dessa forskningsresultat är viktiga för att korrigera vanligt förekommande missuppfattningar i den politiska och offentliga debatten kring gruvindustrin: nämligen att gruvindustrin och renskötseln kan samexistera utan någon större påverkan på renskötseln. De visar också tydligt vem som har bäst kunskap att bedöma riskerna vid en gruvetablering: samebyn identifierade redan på 1960-talet, och det ganska så exakt, de risker som denna studie nu kunnat visa blivit verklighet medan försöken från statens representanter var långt mindre precisa. Exempelvis antog statens experter en total störningszon på 500 meter runt gruvområdet och 100 meter på bägge sidor om vägen. Detta står i stark kontrast till de störningszoner som samebyn faktiskt har upplevt, nämligen upp mot 10 kilometer för gruvan och 1,5 kilometer för vägen. Problemen härrör främst från det faktum att svensk lagstiftning inte ger tillräckligt skydd för samiska rättigheter. De hänger även ihop med statens tvetydiga roll i hanteringen av de intressekonflikter som uppstår när man både har en skyldighet att skydda samiska rättigheter och ska tillgodose olika samhälls- och företagsekonomiska intressen i utvinningen av mineraler. Denna brist på ansvarstagande, som samebyn upplever från statens sida, visar med all tydlighet att den koloniala exploateringen av naturresurserna i Sápmi inte är ett historiskt fenomen utan något som i allra högsta grad fortgår än i dag. Som ett exempel har inga ansträngningar som helst gjorts för att se över huruvida den begränsade ekonomiska ersättningen som staten genomförde under 1960–70 talet verkligen motsvarar de faktiska skador som samebyn fått uthärda. Det finns flera sätt att åtgärda problemen i området vid Stihken. Exempelvis skulle regeringen kunna ge SGU i uppdrag att återställa området från tidigare prospekteringsverksamhet och kommun och länsstyrelse skulle i sin tur kunna ingripa för att hantera besöksnäringen och friluftslivet. Vad denna studie främst belyser är dock behovet av en genomgripande strategi från statens sida för att komma till rätta med konsekvenserna av Bolidens gruvprojekt och dess följdeffekter. Utifrån senaste årens rättsutveckling torde det numera finnas goda möjligheter för staten att se över sitt ansvar för de skador som framkommit på området vid Stihken.