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1
Briedis, Tim. "“The NOSCA Mafia”: overseas student activism in Australia, 1985–1994." History of Education Review 49, no. 2 (March 18, 2020): 117–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/her-08-2019-0030.
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PurposeThe purpose of the paper is to explore and analyse the history of the predominantly Malaysian Network of Overseas Students Collectives in Australia (NOSCA), that existed from 1985–1994.Design/methodology/approachThe paper is based on extensive archival research in the State Library of New South Wales, the National Library of Australia and the University of New South Wales (UNSW) Archives. It makes particular use of the UNSW student newspaper Tharunka and the NOSCA publications Truganini and Default. It also draws upon nine oral history interviews with former members of NOSCA.FindingsThe NOSCA was particularly prominent at the UNSW, building a base there and engaging substantially in the student union. Informed by anarchism, its activists were interested in an array of issues–especially opposition to student fees and in solidarity with struggles for democracy and national liberation in Southeast Asia, especially around East Timor. Moreover, the group would serve as a training ground for a layer of activists, dissidents and opposition politicians throughout Southeast Asia, with a milieu of ex-NOSCA figures sometimes disparagingly referred to as “the NOSCA Mafia.”Originality/valueWhile there has been much research on overseas students, there has been far less on overseas students as protestors and activists. This paper is the first case study to specifically hone in on NOSCA, one of the most substantial and left wing overseas student groups. Tracing the group's history helps us to reframe and rethink the landscape of student activism in Australia, as less white, less middle class and less privileged.
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H. Kelly, Andrew. "Amenity enhancement and biodiversity conservation in Australian suburbia." International Journal of Law in the Built Environment 6, no. 1/2 (April 8, 2014): 91–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlbe-05-2013-0022.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to critically explore the historical background and current approach of the most common statutory instrument to maintain green landscapes in private residential gardens in cities and townships in suburban New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Design/methodology/approach – The narrative presents a transdisciplinary study. While its emphasis is on law and town planning, it also encompasses local government and legal history while touching upon environmental management and ecological science. This panoply of areas reflects the sheer complexity of the topic. While the presentation is initially descriptive, it moves on to a critique of the NSW Government's recent statutory approach. Findings – The paper demands that further attention must be paid to improving the design and architecture of statutory plans and underlying policies to not only improve urban biodiversity but also retain, as far as practicable, the visual beauty of the suburban landscape. This means reliance on local government to devise their own acceptable approaches. Flexibility rather than rigidity is warranted. Originality/value – The amount of scholarly material on this topic is relatively rare. The majority of information relies on excellent on-ground research and experience on the part of local experts, namely council employees and consultants. Academic and practical material must be drawn together to improve biodiversity conservation at both the local and regional spheres.
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Lindenmayer, DB. "Wildlife Corridors and the Mitigation of Logging Impacts on Fauna in Wood-Production Forests in South-Eastern Australia: a Review." Wildlife Research 21, no. 3 (1994): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9940323.
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Retained systems of linear habitat or wildlife corridors are used widely in Australian temperate wood-production forests as a strategy to mitigate the effects of logging on populations of animals. Investigations of corridors in Australian forests are limited and there are few data to determine whether such approaches will be effective for the long-term conservation of forest fauna. However, a review of the range of studies completed to date indicates that many factors have the potential to influence the use of corridors by wildlife. These include: (1) the biology, ecology and life history of species; (2) habitat suitability and attributes (width, length) of retained strips; (3) the location of sites in the landscape; (4) the type of logging operations and their intensity and pattern at a landscape scale; (5) the suitability of habitats for fauna in the areas surrounding retained strips; and (6) the value for fauna of reserves connected by corridors. This diverse array of factors means that it is important to identify explicitly both the species targeted for conservation and the principal objectives of establishing a network of wildlife corridors within a given area of wood-production forest. Such an analysis may reveal that, within the constraints that typically apply in timber-production forests, it may not be possible to design corridor systems that conserve all of those species that are vulnerable to the effects of timber harvesting. As a result of limited data, it is presently not possible to assess the adequacy of most prescriptions for wildlife corridors. Consequently, more investigations of wildlife corridors are required to provide data to guide their design. Until these studies are completed, a conservative approach to forest management is recommended.
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FIELKE, SIMON J., and DOUGLAS K. BARDSLEY. "A Brief Political History of South Australian Agriculture." Rural History 26, no. 1 (March 9, 2015): 101–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095679331400017x.
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Abstract:This paper aims to explain why South Australian agricultural land use is focused on continually increasing productivity, when the majority of produce is exported, at the long-term expense of agriculturally-based communities and the environment. A historical analysis of literature relevant to the agricultural development of South Australia is used chronologically to report aspects of the industry that continue to cause concerns in the present day. The historically dominant capitalist socio-economic system and ‘anthropocentric’ world views of farmers, politicians, and key stakeholders have resulted in detrimental social, environmental and political outcomes. Although recognition of the environmental impacts of agricultural land use has increased dramatically since the 1980s, conventional productivist, export oriented farming still dominates the South Australian landscape. A combination of market oriented initiatives and concerned producers are, however, contributing to increasing the recognition of the environmental and social outcomes of agricultural practice and it is argued here that South Australia has the opportunity to value multifunctional land use more explicitly via innovative policy.
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Wakelin-King, Gresley. "Using geomorphology to assess contour furrowing in western New South Wales, Australia." Rangeland Journal 33, no. 2 (2011): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj10080.
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This study examines landscape rehabilitation treatments installed 20–40 years ago in the Western Catchment of NSW. Treatment outcomes were assessed using geomorphic criteria, because geomorphic processes are fundamental to ecological permanence. Contour furrowing creates artificial runoff-runon sets which intercept runoff (resistance to flow by windrows microrelief and surface roughness) and promote infiltration (artificial permeability by ripping). As originally conceived, after windrows subside, flow resistance would be afforded by surface roughness under belts of vegetation. This study shows that rehabilitation treatments have a more complex relationship with the landscape than this would suggest, and that the final effect of the treatment depends on the geomorphic processes natural to the site. Treatment design should therefore be site-specific. The relevant aspects of treatment design are site location, runoff : runon ratio (expressed as furrow spacing and furrow length), furrow placement, and post-treatment management. Some long-term successes are documented. In ironstone ridge country affected by impermeable hard-setting soils, furrowing creates artificial permeability, allowing plant germination; plant material in the soil reverses hard-setting and establishes self-sustaining permeability. In stony gilgai country furrowing through vegetated patches can aid in re-establishing vegetation, but furrowing through stony runoff patches only diminishes, rather than improves, landscape function. Other landscape types will have different key attributes. In all cases, selection of appropriate sites for rehabilitation treatment is of primary importance. The 1990s NSW Soil Conservation Service best-practice included a specialised furrower, surveying techniques for accurate furrow placement along the contour, staggered gaps along each furrow line to reduce risks of gullying by windrow breakthrough, and post-treatment management of total grazing pressure. New guidelines for treatment design developed from this study include determining for each site the optimum runoff:runon ratio (which varies according to climate, gradient, vegetation, and regolith), and matching furrow spacing and furrow/gap length to local runoff:runon ratios. In stony gilgai country, furrow placement should be along the contour but within non-stony patches; elsewhere, placement should be rigorously along the contour. In ironstone ridge country, a greater runoff:runon ratio, commensurate with the area’s apparently larger patch scale, can be achieved by having more gap than furrow along each furrow line. No single rehabilitation technique will fit all landscape types, and these guidelines will ideally be developed further with investigation of other landscapes.
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Su, Yang, and David Jones. "Healing the ‘Scar’ of the Landscape: Post-Mining Landscape in Anglesea." KnE Engineering 2, no. 2 (February 9, 2017): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/keg.v2i2.613.
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<p>The nexus between environmental bio-remediation and environmental design, as it pertains to disused coal mining sites in Australia, is little investigated. Increasingly, many of these open cut extraction holes around south-eastern Australia, are becoming redundant as their resources are exhausted or non-economic viability creeps into the industry or are becoming management ‘nightmares’. The recently announced March 2017 cessation of the Yallourn Power Station and associated brown coal Open Cut, and the recent fires and insurance liability legal determinations of the Yallourn Open Cut are exemplar of the former and latter respectively.</p>This paper surveys the deeper bio-remediation and ecological transformative issues directly associated with the Anglesea brown coal Open Cut, and offers an ecological design lens insight as to possible treatments and scenarios that can be offered to guide the future use and management of the site. The lens demonstrates the richness that interdisciplinary design and applied research offers in assisting the healing and mediation of sites. The extraordinary nature and scope of the Anglesea coal mine site provides an opportunity to create a range of cultural attractions, natural succession treatments, natural bio-remediation strategies and educational opportunities. One scenario, for an Anglesea Lake Eco-Resort, proposes to incorporate an integrated Aboriginal cultural destination, performance centre, art installations and recreational venues, engaging the Anglesea community, visitors, researchers and students towards creating a vibrant and unique environment.
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Fanning, Patricia C. "Recent landscape history in arid western New South Wales, Australia: a model for regional change." Geomorphology 29, no. 3-4 (September 1999): 191–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-555x(99)00014-8.
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Wardell-Johnson, G. W., M. R. Williams, A. E. Mellican, and A. Annells. "Floristic patterns and disturbance history in karri forest, south-western Australia." Forest Ecology and Management 199, no. 2-3 (October 2004): 449–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2004.05.057.
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Piddock, Susan, Pam Smith, and F. Donald Pate. "A Changed Landscape: Horticulture and Gardening in the Adelaide Hills Face Zone, South Australia, 1836–1890." Historical Archaeology 43, no. 3 (September 2009): 65–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03376761.
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Lullfitz, Alison, Margaret Byrne, Lynette Knapp, and Stephen D. Hopper. "Platysace (Apiaceae) of south-western Australia: silent story tellers of an ancient human landscape." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 130, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 61–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blaa035.
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Abstract High gene flow and a population structure corresponding to human rather than geographical drivers are likely to be genetic patterns of human-dispersed plant taxa. We examined variation in geographical structure and gene flow estimates based on three non-coding regions of plastid DNA in three south-west Australian members of the Platysace genus to identify whether a human influence on dispersion of utilized taxa was detectable. Edible tubers of Platysace deflexa and Platysace trachymenioides have been harvested historically by Noongar traditional owners, whereas Platysace effusa has no known cultural significance. We found differences between utilized and non-utilized taxa, particularly when considered against the generally complex phylogeographical patterning in south-west Australian plant taxa. Platysace effusa showed a pattern of high population divergence, low gene flow and multiple refugia, consistent with a long evolutionary history, past climatic oscillations and persistence in a highly fragmented landscape. In contrast, higher gene flow estimates, less divergence between populations and common haplotypes in P. deflexa and in P. trachymenioides over the south-eastern part of its range are consistent with anthropogenic influences. This study contributes to the understanding of human influences on south-west Australian plant taxa that have been present since the late Pleistocene, but to date have received little scientific attention.
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Byerlee, Derek. "The Super State: The Political Economy of Phosphate Fertilizer Use in South Australia, 1880–1940." Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte / Economic History Yearbook 62, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 99–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbwg-2021-0005.
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Abstract From 1882 to 1910 superphosphate was almost universally adopted by wheat farmers in South Australia. A supply chain perspective is used to link the mining of phosphate rock in distant Pacific islands to the final application of superphosphate in the fields of Australian wheat farmers. Farmers and private manufacturers led the adoption stage in the context of a liberal market regime and the role of the state at this stage was limited although strategic. After 1920, the role of the state in the industry sharply increased in all phases of the industry. A political economy perspective is used to analyse state-ownership of raw material supplies and protectionist policies to manufacturers that resulted in high prices in Australia by 1930. Numerous government reviews pitted the interests of farmers and manufacturers leading to a complex system of tariffs and subsidies in efforts to serve all interests. Overall, the adoption of superphosphate was a critical factor in developing productive and sustainable farming systems in Australia, although at the expense of Pacific Islanders who prior to WWII received token benefits and were ultimately left with a highly degraded landscape.
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Kim, Eyun Jennifer. "The Historical Landscape: Evoking the Past in a Landscape for the Future in the Cheonggyecheon Reconstruction in South Korea." Humanities 9, no. 3 (September 16, 2020): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/h9030113.
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As cities become increasingly de-industrialized and emphasize building a sustainable future, we have seen an increase in the design of large-scale landscapes being incorporated into the urban fabric. The reconstruction of the Cheonggyecheon stream and park in Seoul, South Korea, is an example of this phenomenon. Since its completion in 2005, the city of Seoul has promoted the project as a restoration of its history and recreation of a collective memory of the site and historic stream from its geographic origins. However, this narrative of historic rebirth of a stream raises questions of authenticity, the selective emphasis of one history over another, and how this transformation of Seoul’s built environment may change the identity of the city’s culture and society. Using a mixture of direct observations of the park design, activities, and events held at the site, and interviews with project designers and former Seoul Metropolitan Government staff who worked on the project and Cheonggyecheon park visitors, this research examines the reconstruction of the Cheonggyecheon as simultaneously a recovery of and break with the past, and the representation of Seoul’s history, memory, and culture as performative functions of the design of the landscape and its activities. In the process, this new landscape offers a rewriting of the past and memory of the city as it redefines the identity of the city for its present and future.
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Holdaway, SJ, PC Fanning, and DC Witter. "Prehistoric aboriginal occupation of the rangelands: Interpreting the surface archaeological record of far western New South Wales, Australia." Rangeland Journal 22, no. 1 (2000): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj0000044.
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Recent erosion in arid regions of western NSW has exposed large areas that are scattered with stone artefacts manufactured by Aboriginal people in prehistory. These exposures offer an opportunity for archaeologists to study the artefacts abandoned by Aboriginal people through time and to compare those artefacts that accumulate in different parts of the landscape. To reconstruct the nature of prehistoric behaviour in the rangelands, two approaches are needed. First, the geomorphological context of the artefacts needs to be considered since exposure of the artefacts is a function of landscape history. Second, large areas (measured in thousands of square metres) and large numbers of artefacts need to be considered if patterns reflecting long-term abandonment behaviour by Aboriginal people are to be identified. This paper reports on the Western New South Wales Archaeological Program (WNSWAP) which was initiated in 1995 to study surface archaeology in the rangelands. Geomorphological studies are combined with artefact analysis using geographic information system software to investigate Aboriginal stone artefact scatters and associated features such as heat retainer hearths, in a landscape context. Results suggest that apparently random scatters of stone artefacts are in fact patterned in ways which inform on prehistoric Aboriginal settlement of the rangelands. Key words: Aboriginal stone artefacts; rangelands; landscape archaeology; geomorphology; GIs
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Edwards, D. L., and J. D. Roberts. "Genetic diversity and biogeographic history inform future conservation management strategies for the rare sunset frog (Spicospina flammocaerulea)." Australian Journal of Zoology 59, no. 2 (2011): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo11005.
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Outlining the distribution of genetic variation, patterns of gene flow and clarifying the biogeographic processes underlying population history are critical components of a comprehensive conservation strategy for endangered or vulnerable species. We provide this information for the vulnerable sunset frog (Spicospina flammocaerulea) using a comprehensive genetic dataset (ND2) with samples from 17 of 22 geographic localities where this species has been found. From genetic, biogeographic and coalescent-based analyses, we document the existing genetic variation, likely movement patterns and explore the biogeographic history of S. flammocaerulea. While catchment-based genetic variation is well documented in other high-rainfall taxa in south-western Australia, a much more complex scenario including dispersal across ridge lines between catchments better explains the distribution of genetic variation and observed patterns of gene flow in S. flammocaerulea. The population history of S. flammocaerulea is strongly indicative of recent population contraction and expansion, which may be related to late Pleistocene climate fluctuations. This suggests that this species can adapt or move in response to fluctuating climates provided suitable habitats or expansion areas are available. However, like many other endemic taxa with limited geographic ranges in south-western Australia, the potential to shift distributions is hampered by being land-locked within an agricultural landscape, limiting management options in the face of climate change.
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Jurskis, Vic. "River red gum and white cypress forests in south-western New South Wales, Australia: Ecological history and implications for conservation of grassy woodlands." Forest Ecology and Management 258, no. 11 (November 2009): 2593–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.09.017.
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Curnow, Timothy Jowan, and Michelle Kohler. "Applied linguistics research in Australia as represented through ARAL." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 40, no. 3 (December 31, 2017): 311–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.17039.cur.
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Abstract From its inception in 1977 until its last year of publication by an Australian publisher in 2015, the Australian Review of Applied Linguistics featured over 700 articles related to applied linguistics. This publication history provides a unique resource for tracing the scope and change of the applied linguistics landscape in Australia over the last four decades. While the journal design and format have naturally undergone some changes in this time, in this paper we consider the nature of the articles themselves, whether there have been changes in coverage or emphasis, and what this can tell us about the history of and the changes in applied linguistics in Australia. Our analysis of the articles focuses in particular on two independent dimensions – the sub-field of applied linguistics and the particular language under focus in each article – and the changes in frequencies of each of these over time.
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Hill, Robert S., Yelarney K. Beer, Kathryn E. Hill, Elizabeth Maciunas, Myall A. Tarran, and Carmine C. Wainman. "Evolution of the eucalypts – an interpretation from the macrofossil record." Australian Journal of Botany 64, no. 8 (2016): 600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt16117.
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Eucalypts have influenced the fire ecology of the Australian landscape more than any other plant group. They are the iconic plant taxon in the Australian vegetation today, but their origin, early evolution and migration remain poorly understood, mostly because of a remarkably sparse and underworked fossil record. However, a recent major macrofossil find in southern South America, coupled with increasing sophistication of molecular phylogenetic and palynological research allow for a more comprehensive summary of the likely early history of this group of genera. It is likely that the origin was close to the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary, somewhere in the Weddellian Biogeographic Province (which includes southern South America, western Antarctica and south-eastern Australia), in an area with high natural fire frequency. Evidence for the early record of eucalypts in Australia and their eventual spread across the continent, leading to their current dominance of the Australian plant biomass is growing and is consistent with a drying climate and increasing fire frequency following a very wet period during the Paleogene. The causes of the extinction of eucalypts from South America and probably New Zealand are considered, but remain obscure.
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Jackson, Stephen James. "“Not in the business of indoctrination”: religious education in South Australian public schools, 1968–1980." History of Education Review 49, no. 2 (October 16, 2020): 249–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/her-01-2020-0006.
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PurposeThis paper explores religious education (RE) in South Australia from 1968–1980. It focuses especially on the collapse of the RE settlement from 1968–1972 and the controversial legislation and subsequent curricula emerging from changes to the Education Act in 1972.Design/methodology/approachThis paper draws upon archival materials, published sources from the South Australian Institute of Teachers, the South Australian Education Department and the Religious Education Project Team, as well as an interview with Malcolm McArthur, one of the most influential figures in the controversy.FindingsFollowing the collapse of religious instruction from 1968–1972, the Minister of Education quickly passed legislation regarding a new course of religious education. A major controversy subsequently broke out over the appropriateness and design of a new programme of religious education. Educators attempted to design an educationally sound programme of RE that would avoid the problem of indoctrination. Ultimately, a new programme was created that satisfied neither proponents nor opponents of religion in state schools, and General Religious Teaching gradually faded from South Australian classrooms by 1980.Originality/valueThe article engages with broader debates on the nature of secularity in Australian history. In particular, it complicates the political-institutional approach developed by Damon Mayrl by stressing the agency and significance of elite educational and religious actors in the creation of new secular settlements. It also provides a useful addition to an older South Australian historiography by utilising newly available sources on the topic.
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Cozens, Paul, and Terence Love. "A Review and Current Status of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED)." Journal of Planning Literature 30, no. 4 (August 6, 2015): 393–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0885412215595440.
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This article reviews the current status of the concept of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED). It provides an overview of its history and origins and defines how it is commonly understood and conceptualized. Globally, CPTED is an increasingly popular crime prevention strategy supported by governments all over Europe, North America, Australia, and New Zealand, as well as in Asia and South Africa. This review inspects some of the evidence associated with CPTED and provides a detailed overview of the main criticisms facing this field.
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Sloss, Craig R., Luke Nothdurft, Quan Hua, Shoshannah G. O’Connor, Patrick T. Moss, Daniel Rosendahl, Lynda M. Petherick, et al. "Holocene sea-level change and coastal landscape evolution in the southern Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia." Holocene 28, no. 9 (June 26, 2018): 1411–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683618777070.
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A revised Holocene sea-level history for the southern Gulf of Carpentaria is presented based on new data from the South Wellesley Archipelago and age recalibration of previous research. Results confirm that rising sea levels during the most recent post-glacial marine transgression breached the Arafura Sill ca. 11,700 cal. yr BP. Sea levels continued to rise to ca. –30 m by 10,000 cal. yr BP, leading to full marine conditions. By 7700 cal. yr BP, sea-level reached present mean sea-level (PMSL) and continued to rise to an elevation of between 1.5 m and 2 m above PMSL. Sea level remained ca. + 1.5 between 7000 and 4000 cal. yr BP, followed by rapid regression to within ± 0.5 m of PMSL by ca. 3500 cal. yr BP. When placed into a wider regional context results from this study show that coastal landscape evolution in the tropical north of Australia was not only dependent on sea-level change but also show a direct correlation with Holocene climate variability. Specifically, the formation and preservation of beach-rock deposits, intertidal successions, beach and chenier ridge systems hold valuable sea-level and Holocene climate proxies that can contribute to the growing research into lower latitude Holocene sea-level and climate histories.
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Tibby, John, Deborah Haynes, and Kerri Muller. "The predominantly fresh history of Lake Alexandrina, South Australia, and its implications for the Murray–Darling Basin Plan: a comment on Gell (2020)." Pacific Conservation Biology 26, no. 2 (2020): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc19039.
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The pre-European settlement state of Lake Alexandrina, a lake system at the mouth of the River Murray has been the subject of some debate. Fluin et al. (2007) concluded on the basis of diatom evidence from sediment cores that ‘Marine water indicators were never dominant in Lake Alexandrina’. In a report to the South Australian Government, Fluin et al. (2009) stated, consistent with the earlier research, that ‘There is no evidence in the 7000 year record of substantial marine incursions into Lake Alexandrina’. Gell (2020) has argued both that Fluin et al. (2009) is in error and claims that it, and Sim and Muller’s (2004) book that describes early European settler accounts of the lake being fresh, underpin water provisions for Lake Alexandrina under the Murray–Darling Basin Plan. This response demonstrates that all these claims are untrue. Of the three diatom species suggested by Gell (2020) to be indicators of marine waters, Thalassiosira lacustris grows in the freshwater River Murray today, Cyclotella striata was never more than a minor component of the diatom flora and Paralia sulcata has not been detected in the lake in over 3000 years. Water provisions for Lake Alexandrina under The Basin Plan are founded on contemporary environmental water requirements and achievement of agreed socio-ecological-economic objectives, rather than the history of the lake. Nevertheless, the aim to maintain the lake as a freshwater ecosystem under The Murray–Darling Basin Plan is consistent with its history.
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Spooner, Peter G., and Ian D. Lunt. "The influence of land-use history on roadside conservation values in an Australian agricultural landscape." Australian Journal of Botany 52, no. 4 (2004): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt04008.
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We investigated the influence of land-use history on roadside conservation values in a typical agricultural landscape of southern New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Historical information on the development of rural road reserves was collated from recently digitised 19th and 20th century pastoral and parish maps, such as road-reserve age and original survey width, as well as data relating to locations of old fence lines, county or parish boundaries, previous reserves, stock routes and road re-alignments. Ordinal regression statistics showed that road-reserve age and road width were significant predictors of roadside conservation values. Importantly, analyses showed that the first roads surveyed during the pastoral era (1840–1860s) were often of lower conservation value than roads surveyed in the 1870s, when major clearing of these landscapes commenced. Most roads were surveyed at one-chain width (20.12 m); however, pre-1870s historic roads, traveling stock routes (TSRs) and county or parish boundaries were significantly wider, decisions that have indirectly led to higher present-day conservation values. In separate analyses, historical data also formed a useful model to predict the absence of short-lived shrub species. These results highlight the influence and prevailing imprint of historical land-use on current roadside conservation values.
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Doherty, Tim S., Robert A. Davis, Eddie J. B. van Etten, Neil Collier, and Josef Krawiec. "Response of a shrubland mammal and reptile community to a history of landscape-scale wildfire." International Journal of Wildland Fire 24, no. 4 (2015): 534. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf14115.
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Fire plays a strong role in structuring fauna communities and the habitat available to them in fire-prone regions. Human-mediated increases in fire frequency and intensity threaten many animal species and understanding how these species respond to fire history and its associated effect on vegetation is essential to effective biodiversity management. We used a shrubland mammal and reptile community in semiarid south-western Australia as a model to investigate interactions between fire history, habitat structure and fauna habitat use. Of the 15 species analysed, five were most abundant in recently burnt habitat (8–13 years since last fire), four were most abundant in long unburnt areas (25–50 years) and six showed no response to fire history. Fauna responses to fire history were divergent both within and across taxonomic groups. Fire management that homogenises large areas of habitat through either fire exclusion or frequent burning may threaten species due to these diverse requirements, so careful management of fire may be needed to maximise habitat suitability across the landscape. When establishing fire management plans, we recommend that land managers exercise caution in adopting species-specific information from different locations and broad vegetation types. Information on animal responses to fire is best gained through experimental and adaptive management approaches at the local level.
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Branfoot, Crispin. "Remaking the past: Tamil sacred landscape and temple renovations." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 76, no. 1 (January 15, 2013): 21–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x12001462.
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AbstractThis article explores the repeated renovation of south Indian temples over the past millennium and the conception of the Tamil temple-city. Though the requirement for renovation is unremarkable, some “renovations” have involved the wholesale replacement of the central shrine, in theory the most sacred part of the temple. Rather than explaining such radical rebuilding as a consequence of fourteenth-century iconoclasm, temple renovation is considered in this article as an ongoing process. Several periods of architectural reconstruction from the tenth to the early twentieth centuries demonstrate the evolving relationship between building, design and sacred geography over one millennium of Tamil temple history. The conclusion explores the widespread temple “renovations” by the devout Nakarattar (Nattukottai Chettiar) community in the early twentieth century, and the consequent dismay of colonial archaeologists at the perceived destruction of South India's monumental heritage, in order to reassess the lives and meanings of Tamil sacred sites.
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Bengsen, Andrew J., John A. Butler, and Pip Masters. "Applying home-range and landscape-use data to design effective feral-cat control programs." Wildlife Research 39, no. 3 (2012): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr11097.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Context Effective feral-cat (Felis silvestris catus) management requires a sound understanding of the ways cats use their environment. Key characteristics of landscape use by cats vary widely among different regions and different conditions. Aims The present study aimed to describe the most important characteristics of landscape use by feral cats on a large, human-populated island, and to use this information to guide the development of feral-cat management programs. Methods We used GPS tracking collars to record the movements of 13 feral cats at two sites on Kangaroo Island, South Australia, for between 20 and 106 days. We described home-range extents by using local convex hulls, and derived management suggestions from examination of home-range and movement data. Key results Median feral-cat home range was 5.11 km2, and this did not differ between sexes or sites. Cats at a fragmented pastoral site tended to favour woody vegetation over open paddocks, but habitat preferences were less clear at a bushland site. Cats that preferentially used treelines at the pastoral site were almost twice as likely to be recorded close to a tree-line junction as expected. Conclusions Control programs for feral cats on Kangaroo Island should deploy control devices at a density no less than 1.7 devices km–2. Spatial coverage should be as large as practicable or repeated frequently. Infrequent programs covering small areas can be expected only to provide short-term reductions in cat abundance. Implications The information gained from the present study will contribute to the development of strategic sustained management plans for feral cats on Kangaroo Island. The principles from which we inferred management guidelines are applicable to other regions and species.
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Marchesan, Doreen, and Susan M. Carthew. "Autecology of the yellow-footed antechinus (Antechinus flavipes) in a fragmented landscape in southern Australia." Wildlife Research 31, no. 3 (2004): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr02038.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Autecological data were collected on southern populations of the yellow-footed antechinus (Antechinus flavipes), during a wider study on the persistence of this species in a highly fragmented landscape of the southern Mt Lofty Ranges, South Australia. Data are presented to provide information on this species in the southern part of its range, to present a comparison with populations in other, more northern regions, and to provide an insight into the species' persistence in a fragmented system. Resulting recapture rates lend support to the presence of a male-biased dispersal strategy, which is the first published indication of such a strategy for the species. New information was also recorded for nest sites, with most sites occurring in tall Xanthorrhoea semiplana tateana, and only 33% found in tree cavities. Other results showed mostly comparable population densities and weights with other, more northern populations. However, differences were apparent with respect to juvenile dispersal behaviour and, to some extent, breeding times. Within-study populations also showed variation with regard to weights, density and breeding times. Forest animals were lighter, were largely of lower population densities, and were generally later breeders than animals that inhabited patches and strips of remnant vegetation. Such differences in weight and density may have been due to favourable 'edge effects' in patches and strips, while variations in breeding times may be due to local climatic or habitat factors. The life-history strategies and tolerance of habitat edges shown by A.�flavipes (presently and historically) provide some explanation for the species' persistence in this fragmented system.
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Arnold, David. "The Arboreal Empire and the 'Parliament of Things': Australian Trees in Colonial South India." Global Environment 13, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 67–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/ge.2020.130103.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the second half of the nineteenth century India and Australia were linked through a series of ecological exchanges, among the most important of which was the introduction of such Australian trees as eucalyptus, casuarina and acacia. South India was particularly affected by these importations, especially the Nilgiri hills, a plausible 'neo-Europe'. But, contrary to A. W. Crosby's argument about 'ecological imperialism', many of these introductions relied heavily on calculated human agency and transoceanic networks of foresters and horticulturalists for their success; other attempted transfers either failed or took off in unpredictable ways. The motives behind the introduction of Australian tree species varied but included the acute shortage of fuelwood in south India, colonial landscape aesthetics, an ideology of 'improvement' and belief in the transferability of species within the same temperate or tropical climatic zone. By 1914 experience had revealed the complexity of these ecological exchanges and their limitations, as well as the ability of some introduced species to become 'wild' and 'invasive'.
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Semeniuk, Trudi A. "The Hornsby Quarry Geosite, NSW, Australia—A Geoheritage Treasure." Land 11, no. 12 (November 25, 2022): 2124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11122124.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Quarrying for aggregate material at Hornsby in New South Wales (Australia) exposed a >100 m-deep cross-section of the volcanic neck of a Jurassic diatreme, which extruded through the Sydney Basin deposits. The cross-section reveals volcanic features at many scales. Globally, there are very few instances of such excellent 3D exposure. It is arguable that this exposure alone makes it a geosite of international value. However, evaluation of the Hornsby Diatreme using a geoheritage toolkit shows that it meets various geoheritage conservation criteria, being a reference site, and an historically and culturally important site, as well as hosting important archival material. It has significant features at various scales: at the macroscale, where dish beds are visible on all quarry walls, preserving the structure formed during volcanic accretion and later caldera collapse; at the mesoscale, where breccia and surge layers are visible, providing insight into how magma interacted with various host rock types; and at the microscale, where lapilli, chilled margins on host rock blocks, and carbon-rich xenoliths are visible in hand specimens. As such, the Hornsby Quarry hosts a world-class array of volcanic features and preserves an important period of volcanic and post-volcanic history within the Sydney Basin, fostering geoeducation and geotourism.
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Hubble, Thomas, Anna Helfensdorfer, and Hannah Power. "Response to ‘The predominantly fresh history of Lake Alexandrina, South Australia, and its implications for the Murray–Darling Basin Plan: a comment on Gell (2020)'." Pacific Conservation Biology 26, no. 3 (2020): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc20053.
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Tooth, Stephen, and Gerald C. Nanson. "The geomorphology of Australia's fluvial systems: retrospect, perspect and prospect." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 19, no. 1 (March 1995): 35–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913339501900103.
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This article provides a review of the study and geomorphology of Australia's fluvial systems by offering comment on the development, concerns and future of the subject. Trends in the history of fluvial landform studies in Australia are traced from the observations and comments of the early explorers and visiting scientists through to the emergence and growth of fluvial geomorphology as a study discipline. Subsequent development of the idea of a distinctive geomorphology of Australian fluvial systems that often contrast with Anglo-American observations is outlined and illustrated with particular reference to fluvial studies in south-east Australia. Key features of the Australian setting include low long-term denudation rates, the absence of extensive Quaternary glaciation and the predominance of low gradient fluvial systems over much of the continent. Some of the most important themes in contemporary Australian fluvial research are discussed and include long-term landscape evolution, thresholds and riverine response to secular trends in climate, Quaternary environmental change, arid-environment systems, bedrock channels and applied approaches to study. Consideration is also given to present deficiencies in research and to future priorities. Particular attention is focused on the need firstly to collect additional process data, secondly to shift the bias in research away from south-east Australia, and thirdly to develop links between fluvial process and alluvial stratigraphy/chronology. It is concluded that, given the variety of hydrogeomorphological environments in Australia and the diversity of approaches to study, ongoing research will provide further indications of the unusual nature of many of the continent's fluvial systems.
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Wilde, Brendan C., Susan Rutherford, Jia-Yee S. Yap, and Maurizio Rossetto. "Allele Surfing and Holocene Expansion of an Australian Fig (Ficus—Moraceae)." Diversity 13, no. 6 (June 7, 2021): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13060250.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The creek sandpaper fig of southeastern Australia, Ficus coronata Spin, is culturally significant to Australian traditional owners who made use of the leaves to smooth timber and ate the fruit. The species is thought to have a long history on the continent, with some suggesting a Gondwanan origin. However, distributional patterns and overall ecology suggest a recent expansion across suitable habitats. We used landscape genomic techniques and environmental niche modelling to reconstruct its history and explore whether the species underwent a recent and rapid expansion along the east coast of New South Wales. Genomic analysis of 178 specimens collected from 32 populations throughout the species’ New South Wales distribution revealed a lack of genetic diversity and population structure. Some populations at the species’ southern and western range limits displayed unexpected diversity, which appears to be the result of allele surfing. Field work and genetic evidence suggest a Holocene expansion which may have increased since European colonisation. We also present a novel method for detecting allele surfing—MAHF (minor allele at highest frequency).
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Fischer, Joern, David Lindenmayer, and Ann Cowling. "Habitat models for the four-fingered skink (Carlia tetradactyla) at the microhabitat and landscape scale." Wildlife Research 30, no. 5 (2003): 495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr02096.
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A spatially nested experimental design was used to survey reptiles in a sheep- and cattle-grazing landscape in southern New South Wales, Australia. Sixteen landscape units were chosen on the basis of their aspect, topography and amount of tree cover. Across these landscape units, 288 pitfall traps were established at 144 plots arranged in 48 sites. Each plot was searched for reptiles and pitfall-trapped in two separate survey periods. The four-fingered skink (Carlia tetradactyla) was the most commonly encountered reptile species, and detailed statistical habitat models were constructed for this species. The four-fingered skink responded to both landscape scale and microhabitat variables. The species was more likely to be detected in landscape units characterised by a high amount of tree cover. Adults were most likely to inhabit microhabitats dominated by box- or gum-type eucalypts, with a moderate amount of canopy cover and with a large number of spiders. Juveniles were most likely to inhabit microhabitats with a moderate amount of weed invasion where shrubs were present. Finally, the four-fingered skink was more likely to be found at sites with at least two other co-occurring small reptile species. Body condition and tail loss of adult skinks were not related to the habitat or microhabitat where a given individual was found. The results are discussed in relation to current herpetological research, and some long-term conservation implications are highlighted.
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Goad, Philip. "Designing Woodleigh School: educator and architects in context." History of Education Review 43, no. 2 (September 30, 2014): 190–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/her-03-2014-0014.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the professional context of the educator and architects who designed and conceived Woodleigh School in Baxter, Victoria, Australia (1974-1979) and to identify common design threads in a series of schools designed by Daryl Jackson and Evan Walker in the 1970s. Design/methodology/approach – The research was derived from academic and professional publications, film footage, interviews, archival searches and site visits. Standard analytical methods in architectural research are employed, including formal, planning and morphological analysis, to read building designs for meaning and intent. Books, people and buildings were examined to piece together the design “biography” of Woodleigh School, the identification of which forms the basis of the paper's argument. Findings – Themes of loose fit, indeterminate planning, coupled with concepts of classroom as house, and school as town, and engagement with a landscape environment are drawn together under principal Michael Norman's favoured phrase that adolescents might experience “a slice of life”, preparing them for broader engagement with a world and a community outside school. The themes reflect changing aspirations for teenage education in the 1970s, indicating a free and experimental approach to the design of the school environment. Originality/value – The paper considers, for the first time, the interconnected role of educator and architect as key protagonists in envisioning connections between space and pedagogy in the 1970s alternative school.
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Keane, Robert E., Geoffrey J. Cary, and Russell Parsons. "Using simulation to map fire regimes: an evaluation of approaches, strategies, and limitations." International Journal of Wildland Fire 12, no. 4 (2003): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf03017.
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Spatial depictions of fire regimes are indispensable to fire management because they portray important characteristics of wildland fire, such as severity, intensity, and pattern, across a landscape that serves as important reference for future treatment activities. However, spatially explicit fire regime maps are difficult and costly to create requiring extensive expertise in fire history sampling, multivariate statistics, remotely sensed image classification, fire behaviour and effects, fuel dynamics, landscape ecology, simulation modelling, and geographical information systems (GIS). This paper first compares three common strategies for predicting fire regimes (classification, empirical, and simulation) using a 51�000�ha landscape in the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness Area of Montana, USA. Simulation modelling is identified as the best overall strategy with respect to developing temporally deep spatial fire patterns, but it has limitations. To illustrate these problems, we performed three simulation experiments using the LANDSUM spatial model to determine the relative importance of (1) simulation time span; (2) fire frequency parameters; and (3) fire size parameters on the simulation of landscape fire return interval. The model used to simulate fire regimes is also very important, so we compared two spatially explicit landscape fire succession models (LANDSUM and FIRESCAPE) to demonstrate differences between model predictions and limitations of each on a neutral landscape. FIRESCAPE was developed for simulating fire regimes in eucalypt forests of south-eastern Australia. Finally, challenges for future simulation and fire regime research are presented including field data, scale, fire regime variability, map obsolescence, and classification resolution.
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Smith, Nicola, and Paul Bishop. "The use of palaeo-flow direction indicators in basaltic lavas in landscape history reconstruction: A reconnaissance study and evaluation from northern New South Wales, Australia." Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 37, no. 2 (July 14, 1993): 157–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfg/37/1993/157.
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Krishna Kumar, Vaisali. "Cultural landscapes of South Asia: studies in heritage conservation and management (Routledge research in landscape and environmental design)." International Journal of Heritage Studies 23, no. 9 (May 26, 2017): 908–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2017.1333523.
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Griffiths, Tom. "How many trees make a forest? Cultural debates about vegetation change in Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 50, no. 4 (2002): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt01046.
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Environmental history, as it has emerged in recent years, is most distinctive in the way it illustrates a serious engagement between the disciplines of ecology and history. This article begins with an exploration of the lineage and promise of environmental history, particularly in the Australian setting. It then analyses a number of the cultural debates about vegetation change in Australia—about clearing, open landscapes, scrub encroachment and burning practices—and draws attention to the way that morals, politics and aesthetics shaped environmental perception and still do. Clearing was the dominant discourse in the history of landscape change and a legislative requirement for secure settlement. At the same time, criticism of clearing and its effects represented an early conservationist sensibility, but the heroic pioneering labour of clearing, the political imperatives associated with it and the escalating ecological legacy it generated, have sometimes made us forget how open was much of the Australian landscape when Europeans first arrived. The morality of clearing—the arguments for and against—focused the minds of settlers on the trees and the loss of them, while the aesthetics of pastoralism attracted their eyes to the grasslands and made them rejoice in the curious legacy of 'open' landscapes. In the early nineteenth century, the most common usage of the word 'forest' was to describe land fit to graze: 'according to the local distinction, the grass is the discriminating character [of forest land] and not the Trees'. At the same time, pastoralists were unwilling to recognise the role of Aboriginal people in creating such open landscapes and this reticence to acknowledge the Aboriginality of the pastoral economy persists today. This in turn affected the way settlers perceived the new forests that appeared after European invasion. The fate of the vegetation Europeans found has understandably been so much the focus of science and history—its removal, replacement, utilisation, modification and conservation—that 'new forests' easily escape scholarly attention; and being new, they seem far less valuable and threatened. They have generally been perceived as a nuisance, as enclosing and encroaching, as 'scrub', as 'woody weeds'. The politics of understanding regrowth are related not only to the issues of clearing and density, but especially to the culture of burning in Aboriginal and settler society and its implications for management and biodiversity. If the coming together of ecology and history best defines the new 'environmental history', then the most illuminating confluences are those where each discipline helps the other to identify what constitutes a unique 'event', both ecologically and historically. The article therefore finishes with examples of events in two landscapes—the long drought of the 1890s in western New South Wales and the Black Friday bushfires of 1939 in the mountain ash forests of Victoria—to illustrate how each emerges as an intriguing artefact of nature and history, a cultural exaggeration of a natural rhythm. Even as we discover the ecological depth of each apparently 'natural' event, we are reminded of its historical specificity.
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Craig, Michael D., and J. Dale Roberts. "The short-term impacts of logging on the jarrah forest avifauna in south–west Western Australia: implications for the design and analysis of logging experiments." Biological Conservation 124, no. 2 (July 2005): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2004.12.014.
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Lamont, Byron B., Neal J. Enright, E. T. F. Witkowski, and J. Groeneveld. "Conservation biology of banksias: insights from natural history to simulation modelling." Australian Journal of Botany 55, no. 3 (2007): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt06024.
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We have studied the ecology and conservation requirements of Banksia species in the species-rich sandplains of south-western Australia for 25 years. Loss of habitat through land-clearing has had the greatest impact on their conservation status over the last 50 years. Ascertaining optimal conditions for conservation management in bushland requires detailed knowledge of the species under consideration, including demographic attributes, fire regime, growing conditions and interactions with other species. Where populations have been fragmented, seed production per plant has also fallen. The group most vulnerable to the vagaries of fire, disease, pests, weeds and climate change are the non-sprouters, rather than the resprouters, with population extinction so far confined to non-sprouting species. Recent short-interval fires (<8 years) appear to have had little impact at the landscape scale, possibly because they are rare and patchy. Fire intervals exceeding 25–50 years can also lead to local extinction. Up to 200 viable seeds are required for parent replacement in Banksia hookeriana when growing conditions are poor (low post-fire rainfall, commercial flower harvesting) and seed banks of this size can take up to 12 years to be reached. Seed production is rarely limited by pollinators, but interannual seasonal effects and resource availability are important. Genetic diversity of the seed store is quickly restored to the level of the parents in B. hookeriana. Florivores and granivores generally reduce seed stores, although this varies markedly among species. In Banksia tricuspis, black cockatoos actually increase seed set by selectively destroying borers. Potential loss of populations through the root pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi also challenges management, especially in the southern sandplains. Prefire dead plants are a poor source of seeds for the next generation when fire does occur. Harvesting seeds and sowing post-fire have much to commend them for critically endangered species. Bare areas caused by humans can result in ideal conditions for plant growth and seed set. However, in the case of B. hookeriana/B. prionotes, disturbance by humans has fostered hybridisation, threatening the genetic integrity of both species, whereas fine-textured soils are unsuitable for colonisation or rehabilitation. Few viable seeds become seedlings after fire, owing to post-release granivory and herbivory and unsuitable germination conditions. Seedling-competitive effects ensure that season/intensity of fire is not critical to recruitment levels, except in the presence of weeds. Water availability during summer–autumn is critical and poses a problem for conservation management if the trend for declining rainfall in the region continues. Our simulation modelling for three banksias shows that the probability of co-occurrence is maximal when fire is stochastic around a mean of 13 years, and where fire-proneness and post-fire recruitment success vary in the landscape. Modelling results suggest that non-sprouting banksias could not survive the pre-European frequent-fire scenario suggested by the new grasstree technique for south-western Australia. However, we have yet to fully explore the conservation significance of long-distance dispersal of seeds, recently shown to exceed 2.5 km in B. hookeriana.
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Gell, Peter A. "Watching the tide roll away – contested interpretations of the nature of the Lower Lakes of the Murray Darling Basin." Pacific Conservation Biology 26, no. 2 (2020): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc18085.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Murray Darling Basin Plan (Murray Darling Basin Authority 2012) represents the largest investment by government in an Australian environmental management challenge and remains highly conflicted owing to the contested allocation of diminishing water resources. Central to the decision to reallocate consumptive water to environmental purposes in this Plan was the case made to maintain the freshwater character of two lakes at the terminus of the Murray Darling Basin, in South Australia. This freshwater state was identified as the natural condition on the basis of selected anecdotal evidence and was enshrined in the site’s listing under the Ramsar Convention. The commitment to the freshwater state was challenged under drought when sea water was seen as a means of averting acidification when low river flows risked the exposure of sulfidic sediments. Independent evidence from water quality indicators (diatoms) preserved in lake sediment records, however, attested to an estuarine, albeit variable, condition before the commissioning of near-mouth barrages in 1940. This interpretation for a naturally estuarine history, published after peer review, was overlooked in a report to the South Australian government, which argued, without the provision of new evidence from the lakes, that they were fresh for their entire history. This revised interpretation is widely cited in the scientific literature, government reports and online discussion and underpins a watering strategy aimed at a freshwater future for the Lower Lakes. The allocation of large volumes of fresh water to achieve this condition presents significant difficulties owing to the highly contested nature of water use across the Basin.
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Gell, Peter A. "Corrigendum to: Watching the tide roll away – contested interpretations of the nature of the Lower Lakes of the Murray Darling Basin." Pacific Conservation Biology 26, no. 2 (2020): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc18085_co.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Murray Darling Basin Plan (Murray Darling Basin Authority 2012) represents the largest investment by government in an Australian environmental management challenge and remains highly conflicted owing to the contested allocation of diminishing water resources. Central to the decision to reallocate consumptive water to environmental purposes in this Plan was the case made to maintain the freshwater character of two lakes at the terminus of the Murray Darling Basin, in South Australia. This freshwater state was identified as the natural condition on the basis of selected anecdotal evidence and was enshrined in the site's listing under the Ramsar Convention. The commitment to the freshwater state was challenged under drought when sea water was seen as a means of averting acidification when low river flows risked the exposure of sulfidic sediments. Independent evidence from water quality indicators (diatoms) preserved in lake sediment records, however, attested to an estuarine, albeit variable, condition before the commissioning of near-mouth barrages in 1940. This interpretation for a naturally estuarine history, published after peer review, was overlooked in a report to the South Australian government, which argued, without the provision of new evidence from the lakes, that they were fresh for their entire history. This revised interpretation is widely cited in the scientific literature, government reports and online discussion and underpins a watering strategy aimed at a freshwater future for the Lower Lakes. The allocation of large volumes of fresh water to achieve this condition presents significant difficulties owing to the highly contested nature of water use across the Basin.
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Pietsch, Tamson. "Universities, war and the professionalization of dentistry." History of Education Review 45, no. 2 (October 3, 2016): 168–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/her-09-2015-0016.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to bring together the history of war, the universities and the professions. It examines the case of dentistry in New South Wales, detailing its divided pre-war politics, the role of the university, the formation and work of the Dental Corps during the First World War, and the process of professionalization in the 1920s. Design/methodology/approach The paper draws on documentary and archival sources including those of the University of Sydney, contemporary newspapers, annual reports and publication of various dental associations, and on secondary sources. Findings The paper argues that both the war and the university were central to the professionalization of dentistry in New South Wales. The war transformed the expertise of dentists, shifted their social status and cemented their relationship with the university. Originality/value This study is the first to examine dentistry in the context of the histories of war, universities and professionalization. It highlights the need to re-evaluate the changing place of the professions in interwar Australia in the light both of the First World War and of the university’s involvement in it.
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Coughlan, Michael R., and Aaron M. Petty. "Linking humans and fire: a proposal for a transdisciplinary fire ecology." International Journal of Wildland Fire 21, no. 5 (2012): 477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf11048.
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Human activity currently plays a significant role in determining the frequency, extent and intensity of landscape fires worldwide. Yet the historical and ecological relationships between humans, fire and the environment remain ill-defined if not poorly understood and an integrative approach linking the social and physical aspects of fire remains largely unexplored. We propose that human fire use is ubiquitous and evidence that historical fire patterns do not differ from non-anthropogenic fire regimes is not evidence that humans did not practice fire management. Through literature review and the presentation of two case studies from the south-eastern USA and tropical Australia, we discuss how the study of fire ecology can benefit from paying attention to the role of humans in three thematic areas: (1) human agency and decision processes; (2) knowledge and practice of landscape fire and (3) socioecological dynamics inherent in the history of social systems of production and distribution. Agency, knowledge of fire ecology and social systems of production and distribution provide analytical links between human populations and the ecological landscape. Consequently, ignitions ultimately result from human behaviours, and where fire use is practised, ignitions result from decision process concerning a combination of ecological knowledge and belief and the rationale of livelihood strategies as constrained by social and ecological parameters. The legacy of human land use further influences fuel continuity and hence fire spread.
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Holdaway, Simon, and Patricia Fanning. "Developing a Landscape History as Part of a Survey Strategy: A Critique of Current Settlement System Approaches based on Case Studies from Western New South Wales, Australia." Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 15, no. 2 (May 1, 2008): 167–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10816-008-9051-y.
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Brown, Geoff W., Peter Robertson, and Ben G. Fanson. "Digging in: a review of the ecology and management of a threatened reptile with a small disjunct distribution – the heath skink, Liopholis multiscutata, in Victoria, south-eastern Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology 25, no. 3 (2019): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc17057.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The central issue for species that are highly localised habitat specialists and occur in relatively small numbers is vulnerability to extinction processes. The heath skink, Liopholis multiscutata, is considered Critically Endangered in Victoria, in part because it is restricted to essentially four small and highly disjunct populations in semiarid mallee dunefields. It provides an example of a rare and cryptic species that is especially vulnerable to decline and consequently provides management challenges. Here, we crystallise available information on the ecology and life history of this threatened lizard, and review monitoring data to evaluate population status, primary threats and management imperatives. There has been a substantial decrease across the known range of the lizard in Victoria, most likely due to predation and fire. Recent monitoring of the four potentially viable populations revealed a general trend of decline. Recommendations for research and management priorities for the lizard in Victoria are provided; generally, these include further exploration of the lizard’s phylogeny and ecology, and ongoing monitoring of the trajectory of the lizard’s population status, threats to the lizard’s persistence and the effectiveness of management actions employed to ameliorate extinction threats.
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Farrar, Alison, Dave Kendal, Kathryn J. H. Williams, and Ben J. Zeeman. "Social and Ecological Dimensions of Urban Conservation Grasslands and Their Management through Prescribed Burning and Woody Vegetation Removal." Sustainability 12, no. 8 (April 24, 2020): 3461. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12083461.
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Natural grasslands are threatened globally. In south-eastern Australia, remnants of critically endangered natural grasslands are increasingly being isolated in urban areas. Urbanisation has led to reduced fire frequency and woody plant encroachment in some patches. Grasslands are currently being managed under the assumption that desirable management actions to address these threats (prescribed burning and removing woody vegetation) (1) lead to improved conservation outcomes and (2) are restricted by negative public attitudes. In this study, we tested these two assumptions in the context of native grassland conservation reserves in Melbourne, Australia. Firstly, we investigated differences in species and functional trait composition between patches that had been recently burnt, patches that were unburnt and patches subject to woody vegetation encroachment. We found that the functional traits of species converged in areas subject to woody plant encroachment and areas frequently disturbed by fire. Burning promoted native species, and patches of woody plants supressed the dominant grass, providing a wider range of habitat conditions. Secondly, we surveyed 477 residents living adjacent to these grassland conservation reserves to measure values, beliefs and attitudes and the acceptance of prescribed burning and removing woody vegetation. We found conflict in people’s attitudes to grasslands, with both strongly positive and strongly negative attitudes expressed. The majority of residents found prescribed burning an acceptable management practice (contrary to expectations) and removing trees and shrubs from grasslands to be unacceptable. Both cognitive factors (values and beliefs) and landscape features were important in influencing these opinions. This research provides some guidance for managing urban grassland reserves as a social–ecological system, showing that ecological management, community education and engagement and landscape design features can be integrated to influence social and ecological outcomes.
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Southgate, R., G. Allan, and B. Ostendorf. "An examination of the Stafford Smith - Morton ecological model: a case study in the Tanami Desert, Australia." Rangeland Journal 28, no. 2 (2006): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj06022.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The pattern of substrate, climatic, vegetation and fire features in the Tanami Desert were considered in relation to the ecological model for arid Australia proposed by Stafford Smith and Morton. The nature and accuracy of spatial data used to describe and quantify the pattern of the landscape features were also examined. Components of the ecological model were accurately reflected in the study area. For example, substrates identified as the most productive amounted to less than 8% of the region, and there was substantial spatial and interannual variation in rainfall. However, a strong climatic gradient was also evident in the study area, a feature not accommodated for in the model proposed by Stafford Smith and Morton. Vegetative ground and shrub cover decreased from north to south and was strongly associated with increasing aridity and lower maximum and minimum temperatures. Spinifex (Triodia spp.) cover showed a curvilinear response. The spatial data for both substrate and fire history were reasonably accurate (around 90%) when compared with ground-truthed data, and is considered suitable to reflect ecological pattern and process in the Tanami Desert. Both the adequacy of the ecological model and accuracy of spatial data are important issues to consider before the development of statistical modelling for prediction of species distribution.
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Jenkins, Meaghan E., Michael Bedward, Owen Price, and Ross A. Bradstock. "Modelling Bushfire Fuel Hazard Using Biophysical Parameters." Forests 11, no. 9 (August 24, 2020): 925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11090925.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Environmental gradients or biophysical parameters such as climate, topography and geology drive landscape-scale vegetation structure, species distribution and productivity. These gradients have the potential to provide detailed, fine-scale spatial prediction of the accumulation of bushfire fuels and hence fire hazard by elucidating patterns in field information in a consistent and repeatable way. Rapid visual assessment of bushfire fuel hazard via ratings provides fire and land management agencies with a measure of the probability of first attack success and general suppression difficulty of bushfires at a location. This study used generalised additive modelling to examine how measures of fuel hazard, recorded for locations in New South Wales, Australia, varied in response to environmental gradients and whether these gradients could be used to predict fuel hazard at a landscape scale. We found that time since last fire, temperature and precipitation were strong predictors of fuel hazard. Our model predictions for fuel hazard outperformed current operational methods; however, both methods tended to overestimate lower fuel hazard and underestimate higher fuel hazard. Biophysical modelling of fuel hazard provides significant advancement for predicting fuel hazard. These models have the capability to be improved and developed as additional fuel hazard data, fire history mapping and remote sensing of environmental variables advance both spatially and temporally.
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Lee, David, and John Corner. "SituatingThe South Bank Show: Continuity and Transition in British Arts Television." Journal of British Cinema and Television 12, no. 3 (July 2015): 364–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jbctv.2015.0270.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article examines aspects of The South Bank Show (SBS), the UK's long-running and successful series over 35 years, closely associated with its editor and presenter Melvyn Bragg and since 2010 broadcast on the channel Sky Arts 1 rather than on its previous home, the ITV network. After placing this series in the broader history of arts television, the article examines aspects of programme design and address, the diversity of topics treated, and the way in which it has reflected some of the changes at work in the social positioning and evaluation of the arts in Britain. It explores questions about the documentary methods and forms used, the relationship of programme design to different kinds of artistic practice, the way in which artists themselves figure in expositions of their work and the forms of engagement both with the high/popular divide and the playoff between the established and the new. The series is seen to be defined not only by its attempts to be ‘accessible’ but also by its ‘sociability’, often grounded in the settings, informality and tone of the interview exchanges. The article pays attention to the continuation of SBS on Sky Arts 1, including the SBS Specials, before concluding with some more general observations on arts coverage within a changing television economy and an increasingly diverse cultural landscape.
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Descheemaeker, K., A. P. Smith, M. J. Robertson, A. M. Whitbread, N. I. Huth, W. Davoren, J. Emms, and R. Llewellyn. "Simulation of water-limited growth of the forage shrub saltbush (Atriplex nummularia Lindl.) in a low-rainfall environment of southern Australia." Crop and Pasture Science 65, no. 10 (2014): 1068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13452.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Old man saltbush (Atriplex nummularia Lindl.) is a useful forage shrub for livestock in the low-rainfall areas of the world, and particularly in Australia. In these semi-arid and arid environments, saltbush is valuable for increasing the production from otherwise marginal areas of the farm and during drought periods when there are few feed alternatives. The ability to predict the growth and development of perennial forages such as old man saltbush in response to rainfall, soils and farm management is necessary for farming system planning and design purposes. A field experiment was conducted at Waikerie, South Australia, to inform the development of a new forage shrub model for use in the APSIM framework. The model takes into account the common setup of saltbush plantations in alley systems, by simulating light interception and water uptake for interacting shrub and inter-row zones separately. This is done by modelling the canopy and root system development. Field data across three soil types along a landscape catena showed that the model was able to satisfactorily predict daily biomass accumulation, partitioning into leaf and woody biomass, and regrowth after grazing. The model was sensitive to properties associated with the root system, and with limited parameterisation can be tailored to simulate different clonal cultivars. The model can now be used in the APSIM framework to assess temporal and spatial dynamics of forage systems combining shrubs with herbaceous pasture components.