Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Land use Northern Territory Philosophy"

This paper considers what the archival material of the 14th and 15th centuries can tell us about this question: how and to what extent the rights of the inhabitants of certain northern Italian cities (Ferrara, Cremona, Padua and Venice) were protected if their property was located in foreign territory and/or their property interests could be restricted by the power structures of another Italian centre. The first problem concerned the property of the Church. A study of the documentary material shows that one way of preserving the property of the Church on foreign territory, despite the increasing tendency of secular rulers to seize church lands, was to place it in possession of the local population on a secure basis - emphyteusis, livelles, or other type of long-term use. The second problem was enforcing the contracts, i.e. suing the party which had not fulfilled or improperly fulfilled their terms if the infringer was on foreign soil. The records show that this was most probably enshrined in agreements between the Italian city-states and was incorporated by means of a special formula in the treaties. The third problem was related to the property rights of the inhabitants of medieval Italy, whose real estate, together with the territory in which it was situated, passed under the jurisdiction of another ruler. A study of the lettere ducali shows that such legal relations were based on treaties between the rulers of Italian territorial states and became the subject of diplomatic correspondence

The zones of ecological trouble cover about 15% of the territory of Russia, where the main production capacities and the most productive agricultural lands are concentrated. The Samara region is characterized by a distinct natural zonality from a typical forest-steppe in the North with a forest cover close to 30%, to an open dry steppe in the South with a natural forest cover of only 0.1...0.2%. The article presents an analysis of land use in the Samara region on the example of the Borsky municipal district. Research methods include environmental analysis and statistical data analysis.The article presents an analysis of the land use of the Borskiy municipal district. During zoning, the territory of the district is divided into the northern, central and southern parts. Assessment of environmental and economic parameters showed heterogeneity of the territory and the need for detailed consideration of climatic, soil, economic conditions in the design of landscape optimization systems, even in the municipal area. In general, the district's land fund experiences an average anthropogenic load, the ecological stability of the territory as a whole is characterized as unstable stable. In comparison with other areas of the Central MES, the municipal Borskiy district belongs to the category with an average ecological intensity with a stabilization index of 0.59 units due to the beneficial influence of the Buzuluksky area.

The distributions of the 567 plant species considered to be endemic to the Northern Territory, Australia, were collated from a distributional database comprising about 600 000 records. Endemic species comprise a non-random taxonomic subset of all plants known from the Northern Territory. Because of substantial geographic disparity in collecting effort, we analysed geographic patterning of these endemic species by using both (1) actual records only and (2) interpolated ranges (minimum convex polygons). The geographic distribution of the number of Northern Territory endemic plant species was well predicted by a measure of topographic complexity and climate (particularly rainfall). The observed distributional patterning of endemic species was also influenced by survey effort, but this latter influence was substantially reduced by the use of minimum convex polygons. Both analyses revealed that there was a clear aggregation of endemic species in the 32 000 km2 of the sandstone plateau of western Arnhem Land. This ‘hotspot’ has been previously recognised in coarser-scale assessments of national and international centres of plant biodiversity. Our analysis concluded that 172 species are restricted to this plateau, and that the plateau comprised at least 90% of the distribution of a further 25 species. More broadly, 438 plant species are endemic to the northern part of the Northern Territory (the 316 000 km2 north of 16°S), a level of endemism that may match that of Cape York Peninsula and surpasses that of the Kimberley. The core area for Northern Territory endemic plants, the plateau of western Arnhem Land, is currently threatened, particularly by unfavourable fire regimes.

Tropical mountain ecosystems are threatened by land use pressures, compromising their capacity to provide ecosystem services. Although local patterns and interactions among anthropogenic and biophysical factors shape these socio-ecological systems, the analysis of landscape changes and their driving forces is often qualitative and sector oriented. Using the Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework, we characterized land use land cover (LULC) dynamics using Markov chain probabilities by elevation and geographic settings and then integrated them with a variety of publicly available geospatial and temporal data into a Generalized Additive Model (GAM) to evaluate factors driving such landscape dynamics in a sensitive region of the northern Ecuadorian Andes. In previous agricultural land located at lower elevations to the east of the studied territory, we found a significant expansion of floriculture (13 times) and urban areas (25 times), reaching together almost 10% of the territory from 1990 to 2014. Our findings also revealed an unexpected trend of páramo stability (0.75–0.90), but also a 40% reduction of montane forests, with the lowest probability (<0.50) of persistence in the elevation band of 2800–3300 m; agricultural land is replacing this LULC classes at higher elevation. These trends highlight the increasing threat of permanently losing the already vulnerable native mountain biodiversity. GAMs of socio-economic factors, demographic, infrastructure variables, and environmental parameters explained between 21 to 42% of the variation of LULC transitions observed in the study region, where topographic factors was the main drivers of change. The conceptual and methodological approach of our findings demonstrate how dynamic patterns through space and time and their explanatory drivers can assist local authorities and decision makers to improve sustainable resource land management in vulnerable landscapes such as the tropical Andes in northern Ecuador.

The pastoral industry of the Northern Territory faces a suite of environmental and economic challenges associated with, inter alia, export markets, costs of production, climate change, change in government policies, and potential cattle diseases. A participatory planning process was adopted by the industry’s principal representative body, the Northern Territory Cattlemen’s Association to explore the complexity and extent of possible impacts on the industry, and to initiate conversations about anticipating potential futures. The process was facilitated by a system dynamics model, named the Pastoral Properties Future Simulator (PPFS). The PPFS combined a systems modelling approach of the pastoral industry with scenario explorations to gauge the likely impacts on, and possible industry adaptations to, beef price variation, productivity improvements, diversification of land use, climate change, climate policy and employment. The PPFS was used as an interactive tool during stakeholder workshops and results underpinned discussions about impacts and adaptation strategies. Land use and enterprise diversification emerged as key strategies for building enterprise and industry resilience, but with regionally diverging emphasis. The research illustrates the benefits of applied systems dynamic modelling for participatory strategic planning in the face of an uncertain future. The PPFS helped industry members and stakeholders understand the complexity of drivers affecting the industry’s future, risk profiles, possible adaptation strategies and trade-offs.

Rivers in the Northern Territory (NT) of Australia are under pressure from increasing vegetation clearance, land use and nutrient run-off. The literature on algal blooms clearly identifies the predisposing factors but in the NT, these factors are not well researched. We report on the potential for tropical rivers to experience problems related to algal growth. NT rivers were found to have a low nutrient status and a viable inoculum of blue-green, brown and green algal communities. The growth response of these algal groups to nutrient enrichment via bioassays and pulse-amplitude-modulation (PAM) fluorometry measurements varied among rivers and the addition of N, P or N&P. However, the overwhelming findings were that all rivers had the potential to experience algal blooms with enrichment. Back-calculations based on the chlorophyll concentrations recorded in bioassay experiments and stoichiometric ratios of chlorophyll:nutrients suggest there are pools of biologically available organic forms of N and P in addition to inorganic forms. The role of river length in the development of algal blooms was investigated: the longer the river reach, the slower the flow, and the greater the availability of nutrients, the higher potential for algal blooms. Given the strong indications that increased nutrient run-off to tropical rivers will result in algal blooms, prudent land-use and development with nutrient management strategies is essential.

Context. World-wide, primary forest is in decline. This places increasing importance on understanding the use by biodiversity of regrowth (secondary) forest, and on the management of such regrowth. Aims. This study aimed to compare the terrestrial vertebrate assemblages in tropical eucalypt forests, regrowth in these forests (following clearing for pastoral intensification) and cleared land without regrowth, to provide evidence for developing management guidelines for regrowth vegetation in a region (the Daly catchment of the Northern Territory) subject to increasing demands for land-use intensification. Methods. The terrestrial vertebrate fauna was surveyed consistently at 43 quadrats sampling forest, 38 sampling regrowth and 19 sampling cleared land (formerly forest), and the faunal composition was compared with ordination and analysis of variance. Further analysis used generalised linear modelling to include consideration of the relative importance of disturbance (condition) of quadrats. Key results. Faunal assemblages in regrowth vegetation were found to be intermediate between cleared land and intact forest, and converged towards the faunal assemblage typical of intact forest with increase in the canopy height of the regrowth. However, even the tallest regrowth quadrats that were sampled supported relatively few hollow-associated species. The management of fire, weeds and grazing pressure substantially affected the faunal assemblages of the set of regrowth and intact forest quadrats, in many cases being a more important determinant of faunal attributes than was whether or not the quadrat had been cleared. Conclusions. In this region, regrowth vegetation has value as habitat for fauna, with this value increasing as the regrowth structure increases. The convergence of the faunal composition of regrowth vegetation to that of intact forest may be substantially affected by post-clearing management factors (including fire regime and level of grazing pressure and weed infestation). Implications. Regrowth vegetation should be afforded appropriate regulatory protection, with the level of protection increasing as the regrowth increases in stature.

A commitment in applied anthropological policy work to maximising cultural appropriateness or even to supporting what indigenous people say they want is not always possible. This proved to be the case in connection with formulating recommendations for land rights legislation in Australia's Northern Territory. Until 1992 the only rights in land that Aboriginal people had as the original occupiers of the continent were statutory (that is, through acts of state and federal parliaments). No treaties were signed with Aboriginal people and until that date the continent was treated as terra nullius, unowned, at the time of colonisation in 1788. From early on in the history of European colonisation, however, areas of land had been set aside for the use and benefit of Aboriginal people. These reserves were held by the government, or by one of a number of religious bodies that ministered to Aboriginal people, usually supported by government funding. Beginning with South Australia in 1966 all of the states, except Tasmania, have passed legislation that gives varying degrees of control of these reserves to land trusts governed by Aboriginal people. Each of these pieces of legislation had/have different shortcomings which included some or all of the following: the total area that had been reserved was small; the powers granted over the land were limited; the majority of the Aboriginal population did not benefit from the legislation; and none of them addressed the issue of self-determination. In 1973 a Royal Commission into Aboriginal Land Rights, with a single Commissioner, Mr. Justice Woodward, was established by the newly elected Federal Labor government, the first in 23 years. It was planned that it would deal with the continent but that it would begin by focusing on the Northern Territory which until 1978 was administered by the Federal government. At the time there were 25,300 Aboriginal people in the Territory making up 25% of the population.

Aboriginal peoples' involvement in the pastoral industry of the Northern Territory has been a feature of that industry almost since first contact between Aboriginal people and non-Aboriginal people. However, whilst Aboriginal involvement in the pastoral industry has been celebrated in terms of their bush skills and their qualities as stockmen, their association with the industry has always been ambivalent. For it was the pastoral industry that occupied and exploited their traditional land. Aboriginal peoples' involvement in the pastoral industry was both exploitative and oppressive as they were always restricted to fulfilling a labour provision role. The development of Aboriginal people as owners and managers of pastoral cattle enterprises is relatively new, dating from the mid 1970s. This involvement has arisen in part through the policies directed at meeting Aboriginal peoples' land needs through various pastoral property acquisition policies, and in part through the privatisation of government and mission cattle projects. The policies that have supported Aboriginal involvement as owners and managers of pastoral properties have varied over time ranging from support for employment, meat selfsufficiency and commercial success, to an increasing focus on commercial success only. The increased emphasis of policy and program upon commercial success has had a number of outcomes. The number of properties receiving economic development support has been reduced, as has the actual number of operating beef cattle enterprises. In addition, herds on Aboriginal properties have been substantially reduced and there has been no real independent Aboriginal-owned and operated pastoral sector established. This has occurred because, to a large extent, policy has ignored the biogeographical, social and industry factors that constrained the development of an Aboriginal-owned and operated cattle industry. The primary factor for the failure of the policies to develop a commercially successful Aboriginal owned, operated and managed cattle industry in the Northern Territory is that the policies and the programs that supported them did not support Aboriginal people in their multiple land use aspirations, which in many cases included cattle production.

Since the 1970s, the joint management of national parks and other protected areas has been seen as an ideal political solution to recognising Aboriginal land rights in the Northern Territory (NT) whilst simultaneously allowing continued public access to its protected areas. Despite widespread public acceptance of the notion of joint management, an examination of the literature reveals that not only is joint management largely unproblematised, the interests and understandings about joint management held by government conservation agencies, their staff and higher levels of government is little understood. Following a determination handed down in a landmark native title case, Western Australia v. Ward in 2002, thirty-three of the NT's national parks and reserves in the Northern Territory became subject to simultaneous, widespread joint management arrangements. Consequently, this thesis focusses upon how government conservation agencies understand and implement joint management on-the-ground. As the NT's government-run conservation agency, the Parks and Wildlife Service (PWS) was given primary operational responsibility for implementing these new joint management agreements, an examination of the interests, organisational culture, structures and practices of the PWS, and their dialectic with the interests of other groups involved in these arrangements is the subject of this thesis. Thus, the central question posed in this study is: What does joint management mean to conservation agencies and their staff in NT? I argue that conservation agencies can be viewed as complex adaptive systems which operate in dialectic with other similar complex adaptive systems, such as land councils or Aboriginal cultures. Crucial to this approach is the identification of elements within organisations that are resilient, self-organising, dynamic and non-linear. To do this, I examine several normative cultural constructs which underlie the conceptualisation and creation of conservation agencies -national parks, conservation, and conservation agencies-arguing that these are important in understanding how the culture, structure and practices of the PWS function as a complex adaptive system, and in tum, act to influence the implementation of joint management on the ground. Within PWS's organisation the agency's strong sense of autonomy, its legislatively-derived and internally stable understanding about the agency's role and functions, its fixed notions about natural values and its inherent 'rangercentrism' comprise elements which influence and shape the nature of joint management undertaken by the agency. These elements are reproduced not only across multiple scales within the agency, but also in interactions with other groups involved in joint management.

For Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (Indigenous) Australians, tobacco, alcohol and petrol misuse have received much attention. Cannabis, by contrast, has not been viewed as a major problem. However, since the 1990s it has become apparent that cannabis use is very common in some remote Indigenous communities in northern Australia. Significant associated health and social burdens are now being recognised. Indigenous Australians, whether living in urban or rural settings, are more likely than other Australians to report cannabis use. This appears similar to recent reports of cannabis use in Indigenous populations in New Zealand, Canada and North America. Limited data are available to describe patterns of use among Indigenous Australians. This thesis describes patterns and natural history of cannabis use in a five year followup study, and their cross-sectional association with depressive symptoms, in a community sample of adolescents and adults (aged 13–36 at baseline in 2001) in remote Indigenous communities in Arnhem Land, Northern Territory (NT, Australia). It also considers the potential of three community-driven initiatives established to address cannabis and other substance use. Data for this thesis are drawn from two research projects. A combination of quantitative and qualitative methods were adapted to suit the study setting, to meet the needs of research conducted in small and highly mobile groups, and across considerable language and cultural barriers. Primary data collection methods include a structured survey, semi-structured interviews, review of data routinely collected by health and other agencies, and estimations of cannabis use in the communities by local Aboriginal Health Workers and key community informants (proxy respondents). Interviews were conducted wherever possible using a combination of plain English and the local Indigenous language. Interviews were typically conducted in a private location comfortable for participants. Local Indigenous research staff assisted in interviews for the longitudinal study of cannabis use. Persistent cannabis use and dependence symptoms were found to be commonplace in this Indigenous cohort, raising concerns for the physical, social and psychiatric burden on these vulnerable communities. High prevalence of cannabis use appears to have persisted from baseline to five year follow-up (63%–60%; use in the previous 12 months). After five years, the majority reported continuing cannabis use, with continuing users aged thirty years (median). Past petrol sniffing among baseline cannabis users is also a key predictor of heavy cannabis use (≥ 6 cones, daily) at follow-up. Regular heavy cannabis use was found in almost 90% of users, and around 90% of the Indigenous users report symptoms of cannabis dependence (DSM-IVR). Regular and heavy patterns of cannabis use that are predominant in these study communities also occur alongside poor mental health and severe disadvantage. In a cross-sectional study, heavy cannabis users were found to be four times more likely than the remainder of the sample to report moderate–severe depressive symptoms (on a modified Patient Health Questionnaire-9) after adjusting for age, sex and other substance use. What might be done to address the substantial health and social burdens related to cannabis misuse in these remote Indigenous communities? Broad community-wide preventive measures and programs that provide youth diversion from court and prison offer enhanced youth resilience and connectedness in remote Aboriginal communities, and alternatives to substance use. Treatment programs for chronic cannabis users are urgently needed, along with locally developed preventive programs to raise community awareness of the harms associated with cannabis and other substance use. Such programs would need to incorporate local Indigenous language and cultural concepts, build capacity of local Indigenous professionals, be guided by Indigenous residents, and be founded on strong partnerships between a range of Indigenous and non-Indigenous stakeholders. A holistic approach is needed to address substance misuse instead of tackling each substance separately, and to address mental illness and the social determinants of poor health. Potential programs need to draw on community ideas and understanding of the problems being faced. Solutions imposed without reference to local context have little chance of success or longevity. The one-size-fits-all approach assumes homogeneity, but what works for one community is unlikely to be suitable for mass rollout. Ultimately tackling cannabis and other forms of substance misuse in remote settings will depend on working with communities to create opportunities for social development, and continuing education, training and employment in adolescents and young adults.

The main features of geological and tectonic structure, relief, climate, hydrography, soils, natural vegetation are outlined in the article, as well as landscapes are described and the scheme of physical and geographical zoning of Luhansk region (Ukraine) is given. The analysis of the southern (right bank of the Seversky Donets River) and northern (left bank of the Seversky Donets River) parts of Luhansk region from the standpoint of land development. Intensive and extensive agricultural activity over the centuries and the consequences it has led to have been studied. Emphasis is placed on the irrational attitude to the natural resources of Luhansk region, which refers it to environmentally dangerous (problematic) regions of Ukraine. The purpose of this publication is to analyze the spatial features of land use, namely the natural preconditions for land development in Luhansk region (Ukraine). Statement of scientific and practical problem. The territory of Luhansk region, as of today, is characterized by a high level of economic development, which has exacerbated environmental problems, the solution of which requires, first of all, change the structure of land use, reclamation of eroded lands, create land protection projects and implement them. The greatest environmental danger is posed by lands occupied by mining enterprises and industries, as well as those lands that are in their area of influence. That is why the study of natural preconditions for land development in Luhansk, features of geological and tectonic structure, relief, climate, hydrography, soils, natural vegetation, as well as landscapes of Luhansk region is a key element in solving these problems in the study region. Relevance and novelty of the study. One of the most important components of the natural environment of human life are land resources, which are the main means of production, the most important component of the resource base of agriculture, as well as the spatial basis for the location of all sectors of the economy. The invaluable importance of land resources in all spheres of human life necessitates their study and implementation of the idea of comprehensive protection of productive lands as a guarantee of food, economic and environmental security of the state. In Ukraine, there is a very critical situation in agricultural land use. Land resources are rapidly degrading, which in the future may threaten the food security of the state. A striking example of human waste is the practice of irrational land use in Luhansk region, which is located in the far east of Ukraine. Due to the special circumstances of today (military action in the Luhansk region) research in the field of land resources is becoming very acute. Among the administrative regions of Ukraine, Luhansk region has the worst indicators of land use, especially the state of land resources. Physical disturbance of soil cover due to erosion, disturbance of physical and chemical processes in soils, reduction of land productivity leads to the loss of part of the land value of the object of labor. Soils mostly suffer from excessive plowing, ie due to suboptimal land structure. Over the last century, land degradation due to the intensification of negative both purely natural and anthropogenically conditioned and enhanced processes has become catastrophic. Analysis of recent publications on the research topic. Land resources both in Ukraine and in the world have been the subject of research for a long time, so many scientists of various profiles study them in many ways. In particular, the issues of land use and protection are studied by L. Ya. Novakovsky (2015), A. Ya. Sokhnych (2018), M. G. Stupen (2019), A. M. Tretyak (2018). The issue of ecologically safe land use is the subject of research by V. O. Belolipsky (2015), D. S. Dobryak (2006), O. M. Drugov (2012). Problems of concentration of agricultural land use in the conditions of completion of land reform are raised by O. P. Kanash (2010), O. V. Lazareva (2015). A. M. Joss (2002), O. O. Kiselyova (2019), G. G. Kominova (2003), P. A. Milekhin (2002) and others dealt with the problems of land use optimization in Luhansk region at different times.

The object of research is the territory of the city of Lviv (Ukraine). Lviv (geographical coordinates: 49N50, 24E00) is the largest city in Western Ukraine, with a population of over 720,000 inhabitants. The city is located in the western part of the Volyn-Podilska Upland, on the line of the Main European Ridge of the Baltic and Black Sea basins. Subject of research is relief parameters (maximum, average and minimum heights, vertical dismemberment and steepness of the surface) and land use characteristics (building intensity, phytocenotic cover). The purpose of research is to study the features of the territory of Lviv from the standpoint of influence on the hydrological regime and erosion processes. Methodology. Peculiarities of the territory of Lviv were studied by processing topographic maps using aerial photography materials and route surveys. Morphometric analysis of the relief was performed on topographic maps of scale 1: 10000 by dividing the map into elementary squares with an area of 0.25 km2. The research covers an area of 100.25 km2 (401 elementary squares). Within the elementary squares, the maximum, average and minimum heights of the territory, the depth of local erosion bases, the average surface steepness, the intensity and nature of construction, and the features of vegetation were determined. Results. The territory of Lviv is characterized by a variety of relief conditions and related nature of surface use. On the basis of morphometric maps of maximum and minimum heights, vertical dismemberment and steepness of the surface, we can distinguish the flat peripheral part of the city and the middle band of elevations. The asymmetry of the territory of Lviv in relation to the watershed causes various potential dangers of erosion processes and related unproductive moisture losses. The intensity of construction increases from the periphery to the center, with the exception of modern multi-storey buildings of the Sykhiv massif and industrial areas in the western part of the city. Low specific weight of waterproof coatings is characterized by the eastern and northern parts of the city with a complex relief. The largest amount of greenery is concentrated in the eastern part of the city (Vysokyi Zamok Park, Shevchenkivskyi grove, Pohulyanka Forest Park, Lychakiv), where surfaces with maximum relative heights predominate. The great variety of the underlying surface on the territory of Lviv causes different conditions for the formation of surface runoff and associated unproductive moisture consumption. The high potential danger of erosion processes is primarily noted by the structural-denudation level of Roztochia, which is characterized by the highest values of surface steepness. Complex relief conditions, intensive anthropogenic impact determine the need for anti-erosion organization of the city and measures aimed at optimizing hydrological processes. Scientific novelty. One of the criteria that characterizes the degree of landscape transformation within the city is the intensity of construction, which is determined by the proportion of watertight areas in the overall balance of the territory. Peculiarities of spatial arrangement of elementary plots with different intensity of construction in combination with relief parameters and land use scheme are determined. Practical significance. Knowing the parameters of the terrain and the peculiarities of land use, it is possible to determine the potential intensity of erosion processes in the territory of Lviv, to assess the level of anthropogenic changes in the hydrological regime.

This study has three main aims: 1. to develop software for an indigenous kinship database and genealogy using a crossplatform Java engine; 2. to contribute to a kinship study, which will serve as a fieldwork support tool for anthropologists; and 3. to assess the importance and potential of the kinship database and genealogy in IT-based indigenous knowledge management. Regarding the third aim, we would like to emphasize the importance of kinship data in the post-colonial era, and the need for kinship data in land rights issues and the recognition of indigenous identity, as well as the possibility of the autonomous use of this visualized kinship database by indigenous peoples in the future. The Alliance Project, which is named after the alliance theory by C. Levi-Strauss (1969), started as the management of a kinship study for the Yolngu people of Eastern Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia, and was later extended to the study of kinship in general.

This chapter presents digital forms of anthropological restitution developed in the late 1990’s and early 2000 by Barbara Glowczewski with different Aboriginal peoples for their own use and a larger audience. She designed the CD-ROM Dream Trackers (Yapa Art and Knowledge of the Australian Desert published by Unesco) with 51 elders and artists from the Central Australian community of Lajamanu in the Northern Territory. Quest in Aboriginal Land is an interactive DVD based on films by Indigenous filmmaker Wayne Barker, juxtaposing four regions of Australia. Both projects aimed to explore and enhance the cultural foundations of the reticular way in which many Indigenous people in Australia map their knowledge and experience of the world in a geographical virtual web of narratives, images and performances. The relevance of games for anthropological insights is also discussed in the paper. Reticular or network thinking, Glowczewski argues, is a very ancient Indigenous practice but it gains today a striking actuality thanks to the fact that our so-called scientific perception of cognition, virtuality and social performance has changed through the use of new technologies. First published in 2002.

Contemporary processes of urbanization have outpaced the traditional notion of city. Connectivity has become a distinctive characteristic of urban spaces, so that networked cities don’t rely anymore on continuous urbanized areas, but on connections that rarely leave a direct spatial footprint. The new spatial structure of urban areas include greater inter-penetration of built-up and open spaces, and the emergence of urban enclaves, which can be spatially isolated despite being functionally connected to a city. In order to study these enclaves and their impact on urban form, a sample of 47 Spanish functional urban areas was examined, ranging from 36,000 to 6.0 million inhabitants. Land use polygons provided by SIOSE were grouped into three main categories (residential, non-residential and urban infrastructure) and cross-matched with functional urban areas defined by AUDES (an iterative method than combines morphological and functional criteria) in order to calculate compactness proximity index, gross and net density. Factors that influence urban compactness were identified: most northern and some coastal urban areas display a low compactness which can be attributed to orographic conditions; bigger cities tend to display high compactness, but smaller ones display a great diversity of values, from the highest to the lowest. A further analysis of small and intermediate cities helped to identify two complementary mechanisms of urban growth, spatial expansion of core areas and functional integration of peripheral nuclei, whose ocurrence in different proportions can explain the variation of compactness in the studied sample. References Angel, S.; Parent, J.; Civco, D. L. (2012) ‘The fragmentation of urban landscapes: global evidence of a key attribute of the spatial structure of cities, 1990-2000’, Environment and Urbanization, 24 (1), 249-283. Ascher, F. (1995) Métapolis ou l'avenir des villes. (Paris: Éditions Odile Jacob.) Dupuy, G. (1991) L'urbanisme des réseaux, théories et méthodes. (Paris: Armand Colin.) Harvey, D. (1996) ‘Cities or urbanization?’, City 1 (2): 38-61. IGN (2007) SIOSE, Sistema de Información sobre Ocupación del Suelo (http://www.siose.es/), accessed 31 Jan. 2017. Ruiz, F. (2011) AUDES, Áreas Urbanas de España (http://alarcos.esi.uclm.es/per/fruiz/audes/), accessed 31 Jan. 2017.

La política de vivienda en México, implementada en el año 2002, otorgó un apoyo pleno a la iniciativa privada para participar en la producción de la vivienda social. La primera acción que el gobierno federal realizó fue la institución de la Comisión Nacional para el Fomento a la Vivienda, CONAFOVI (hoy CONAVI), órgano descentralizado de la Secretaría de Desarrollo Social, SEDESOL, creado por el Presidente de la República en el año 2001. Esta Comisión tiene como responsabilidad diseñar, promover, dirigir y coordinar la política nacional de vivienda. Aún cuando atiende a los diversos niveles, desde vivienda residencial hasta interés social, incide particularmente en esta última, vista ahora como un producto inmobiliario de muy alta rentabilidad, cuyo financiamiento está asegurado por los programas subsidiarios del gobierno, y es promovida, además, por el mismo sector público por considerarse un importante generador de actividad económica e impulsor del desarrollo del sector, creando un círculo virtuoso que inminentemente impacta los aspectos sociales y culturales aún en tiempos de recesión. Si bien la producción de vivienda social se vio estimulada en todo el país, fue en la frontera norte, particularmente en Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, donde el eco de este programa tuvo mayor magnitud. En ella se produjo la mayor producción de vivienda económica en cuatro ocasiones consecutivas, de 2004 a 2007, a nivel a nivel nacional. Ciudad Juárez es una de las 52 zonas metropolitanas de México, el principal polo de desarrollo del Estado en donde se asienta el 40.52% de la población de la entidad y la sexta ciudad en el país en cuanto a tamaño de habitantes se refiere. Aproximadamente el 82% de la PEA tiene ingresos iguales o menores a 4 salarios mínimos, lo cual la hace potencialmente beneficiaria de créditos de vivienda económica. Este hecho puede tener diversas lecturas, sin embargo, la que ahora merece nuestra atención es el impacto que este fenómeno ha tenido en el suelo de uso habitacional y la participación que han tenido el sector público y el privado en su ocupación durante el periodo 2001 a 2006, así como la presión inmobiliaria que se ha ejercido y derivado en la ampliación del fundo legal del municipio sin estar esto considerado en el Plan de Desarrollo del Municipio de Juárez. Los diferentes porcentajes de participación en la producción de vivienda social del sector público y privado con su proyección en la utilización de suelo, la ubicación de los conjuntos habitacionales desarrollados así como el número de acciones de vivienda realizadas de acuerdo a sus diversos tipos: social, media y residencial, al sumarse constituyen un importante segmento de la panorámica que habrá de llevarnos a conocer el impacto que la política nacional de vivienda ha tenido en la ciudad que ha sido su mejor receptora, y por tanto, su mejor ejemplificación. A siete años de distancia, tenemos una ciudad segregada, desarticulada y con grandes superficies vacías a su interior. El crecimiento disperso y la cuestionable “demanda de vivienda” han producido un paisaje en donde los barrios consolidados lucen abandonados. A la par, un alto porcentaje de viviendas emplazadas en los nuevos fraccionamientos ni siquiera han sido habitadas ante la falta de accesibilidad a equipamiento y servicios urbanos. El aval de las políticas públicas para adquirir una segunda vivienda, aún de interés social, ha hecho que éstas de incorporen al mercado de vivienda en renta pese a que ello se contrapone a su carácter social. En síntesis, tenemos que el apoyo incondicional a la producción de vivienda social sin visualizar sus efectos colaterales, han sido la piedra angular para la expansión irracional de las ciudades mexicanas. Mexico's housing policy, created in the year 2002, gave the private sector whole support to participate in the production of social housing. The first action of the federal government was creating the National Commission for Housing Support, (CONAFOVI, later CONAVI), a decentralized organization of the Secretary of Social Development, SEDESOL, created by the President on 2001. This Commission has the responsibility to design, promote, direct and coordinate the national housing policy, which despite supporting different housing levels, from high income to social housing, now seen this last one as a highly profitable real state product, whose credit is insured by the government's subsidies. The social housing is promoted by the public sector itself since its considered an important source of economic activity even while in times of a recession and to economic development is granted and being a support for the sector development, creating a virtuous circle which imminently impacts on social and cultural aspects. Though social housing development was stimulated in the whole country, it was in the northern border, particularly in Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, where the echoes of this program had a greater magnitude; so much that it is responsible for the biggest production of economical housing on four consecutive years, from 2004 to 2007, in the whole country. Ciudad Juarez is the main pole of development in the state, where 40.52% of the state's population resides and proximately 82% of the PEA has an income equal or less than four minimal wages, which makes it a potentially beneficiary of economic housing credits. This fact can have several different readings, nevertheless the one now deserves our attention is the impact this phenomenon has had in the residential land use and the participation that the public and private sector have had in its occupation during the 2001 to 2006 period, as well as the real state pressure that has been exerted and is responsible for increasing the city limits without taking into account the Municipal Development Plan of Juarez. The different percentages of participation in the production of social housing by the public and private sectors with their projection in the land use, the location of developed housing sectors and the number of housing actions that have taken place according to their diverse levels: social, middle and high income, when added constitute an important segment of the panorama that will take us to know the impact that the national housing policy has had in the city, which has been its main receptor, thus, its best example. Seven years in time, we have a city that suffers from segregation, disarticulation and with a great amount of inner empty spaces. Disperse growth and the questionable "housing demand" have produced a scenery in which consolidated neighborhoods look abandoned; along side, a high percentage of built homes in the new neighborhoods have not been inhabited because of the lack of equipment and urban services. The ability to acquire a second house, even if it is social level, has caused them to be incorporated to the rental market even though this contradicts their social character. In conclusion, we have found that unconditional support to the production of social housing without foreseeing its collateral effects has been a key factor for the irrational expansion in Mexican cities.

In this work we propose to historically analyze the material and symbolic construction of the north bank in the suburban area of ​​the city of Buenos Aires (the coastal path that goes from the vicinity of the Nuñez neighborhood to the town of Tigre) from the spaces for circulation. The investigation will take as a starting point the paved road - or at least some of its sections - that linked the Capital with El Tigre-, inaugurated by the Governor of the Province of Buenos Aires, Mr. Ignacio Darío Irigoyen and Minister Etcheverry as part of the works that were carried out for the celebrations of the Centennial of the May Revolution in 1910. In this way, we are interested in accounting for the existence of a link between the city and the northern suburb that was defined during the first decades of the century XX. How did this waterfront take shape in relation to mobility practices? What type of activities characterized the localities that made it up? What kind of image was built on that territory? In the 1920s, a project arises to build a coastal avenue to join the Capital with the town of Tigre, considering the topography of the land, the link with the river and the popularity that it was acquiring as a relatively close place of relaxation and recreation. to the capital.Although this project did not materialize in a coastal avenue, we consider it a relevant element when thinking about the image built on the riverside towns of the north of Buenos Aires. Now, in terms of connectivity, the space for the “good circulation” of automobiles was made on a trace some 20/25 blocks away from the coast that was only consolidated between the decades of 1950-1960 with the construction of the North access, branch Tiger. A branch that in terms of the project recovers that picturesque suburban image of low houses, green spaces where space for speed and walking are combined.From the use of historical sources such as mass circulation magazines, local tourism promotion guides, maps, urbanization projects and the development of road works, we are interested in analyzing the relationship between these first projects and mobility infrastructure works for the area of the north bank and the construction of a picturesque suburban landscape.In these terms, from a historical perspective that allows us to take a broad temporality, we argue that these incipient milestones (projects of particular routes and mobility infrastructures not necessarily developed) gained relevance in shaping the suburban image built on this space of the GBA .Keywords: mobility, suburbs, lightning tourism, North of Buenos AiresThematic block: Theory and History of the city En este trabajo nos proponemos analizar históricamente la construcción material y simbólica de la ribera norte en el área suburbana de la ciudad de Buenos Aires (el trayecto costero que abarca desde las inmediaciones del barrio de Nuñez hasta la localidad de Tigre) a partir de los espacios para la circulación. La investigación tomará como punto de partida el camino pavimentado – o por lo menos algunos de sus tramos- que unía a la Capital con el Tigre-, inaugurado por el Gobernador de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Señor Ignacio Darío Irigoyen y el ministro Etcheverry como parte de las obras que se realizaron para los festejos del Centenario de la Revolución de Mayo en 1910. De esta forma nos interesa dar cuenta de la existencia de un vínculo entre la ciudad y el suburbio norte que se fue definiendo durante las primeras décadas del siglo XX. ¿Cómo se fue conformando esa costanera en relación a las prácticas de movilidad? ¿Qué tipo de actividades caracterizaron a las localidades que la integraron? ¿Qué tipo de imagen se construyó sobre ese territorio? En la década de 1920, surge un proyecto para construir una avenida costanera para unir la Capital con la localidad del Tigre, ponderando la topografía del terreno, la vinculación con el río y la popularidad que fue adquiriendo como un lugar de esparcimiento y recreación relativamente cercano a la Capital. Si bien este proyecto no se materializó en una avenida costanera, lo consideramos un elemento relevante a la hora de pensar la imagen construida sobre los pueblos ribereños del norte de Buenos Aires. Ahora bien, en términos de conectividad, el espacio para la “buena circulación” automotor se realizó sobre una traza alejada unas 20/25 cuadras de la costa que recién se consolidó entre las décadas de 1950-1960 con la construcción del acceso Norte, ramal Tigre. Un ramal que en términos de proyecto recupera esa imagen pintoresca suburbana de casas bajas, espacios verdes donde se combinan el espacio para la velocidad y el paseo. A partir del uso de fuentes históricas como revistas de circulación masiva, guías de promoción del turismo local, mapas, proyectos de urbanización y de desarrollo de obras viales nos interesa analizar la relación entre estos primeros proyectos y obras de infraestructuras de movilidad para el área de la ribera norte y la construcción de un paisaje suburbano pintoresco. En estos términos, desde una perspectiva histórica que nos permite tomar una temporalidad amplia, sostenemos que estos hitos incipientes (proyectos de trazados particulares y de infraestructuras de movilidad no necesariamente desarrollados) cobraron relevancia en la conformación de la imagen suburbana construida sobre este espacio del GBA. Palabras clave: movilidad, suburbios, turismo relámpago, Norte de Buenos Aires Bloque temático: Teoría e Historia de la ciudad