Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Land use Environmental aspects Northern Territory"

Theoretical bases of modern water use, water resource potential, rational use, protection and reproduction of water resources of the region are considered. Changes in the ecological and economic system of water use in the Volyn region in market conditions are analyzed. Anthropogenically altered natural areas, progressive pollution of human habitat, caused a deterioration in quality of life, negatively affected the demographic characteristics of the inhabitants of the planet. Water, as an important natural resource, is used in all aspects of human life and in the spheres of the national economy, has become an important factor determining the development of society as a whole. The water management complex and especially its development must meet the socio-economic and environmental requirements of both society and the environment. The socio-economic aspect of these requirements is aimed at implementing measures and improving the territorial and sectoral structure and technologies of water use. Providing quality water to maintain the health of the population is the main goal of water use. International cooperation in the field of use and protection of water resources; taking into account environmental constraints and requirements in social and economic decisions should contribute to the stable development of regions. The Chernobyl catastrophe contaminated a large part of the territory of Volyn Polissya with radionuclides, which reduced the possibility of agricultural use of lands in the northern and north-western regions. Today it is becoming more and more important. acquires the need to develop the active use of environmental and economic tools to improve the process of water use. A number of proposals for solving an effective ecological and economic system of water use are presented A distinction is made between losses caused to fixed assets that lead to deterioration or reduction in the amount of resources such as soil, water, fish, wildlife, buildings and structures, and losses resulting from reduced output or profits from reduced productivity of these resources. The first type of loss is simultaneous, the second - current (deduction from production). To determine the value of the simultaneous damage to natural resources, it is necessary to use their economic evaluation: land and water, forests, mineral deposits. Current losses (reduction of output, reduction of its quality or reduction of profits) can be determined by direct calculation. Of particular importance are environmental losses of a social nature, which can only be partially measured by economic indicators: the cost of treatment, payment for sick leaves, loss of products due to illness and reduced productivity. Deterioration of health and reduced life expectancy are, of course, unacceptable and cannot be offset by any economic indicators. Damage to landscapes that worsen recreation conditions cannot be measured economically either. Economical rational use of natural resources largely depends on the comprehensive restructuring of the entire system of production and consumption. Organize control over the level of environmental pollution; correct determination of the costs necessary to overcome the harmful effects of irrational water use. In order to reduce the negative effects of radioactive contamination, to implement a set of organizational agrochemical, agrotechnical and technological measures. Given the great importance of water resources in the development of the national economy, not only Volyn region, but the state as a whole, the problem of balanced, scientifically sound, environmentally safe water use and dynamic development of the water complex of Ukraine is extremely important. Key words: water bodies, water use, urbanization, pollution, purification, water supply.

Introduction. The foundation of the creation of ecologically clean land masses is the economic organization of the territory. The leading component of ecologically safe land use is the need to determine the suitability of land soils for the cultivation of raion crops and the maintenance of maximum soil quality adapted to the quality of crop rotation. Aim and tasks. In the article the purpose of planning the organization of land mass structures is determined. The task of the internal land management is to formulate a strategy for using land masses that would maximally focus on the actions of land users in optimizing, transforming and using land to the natural conditions of the region. Research results. Measures to create ecologically pure land masses are carried out directly at agricultural enterprises, therefore, agricultural land use is a prerequisite for them. The organization of agricultural land use envisages for business entities, the establishment of a warehouse, the transformation of lands and conservation of degraded and low productivity land, which at the present stage has become the most effective factor in the environmental optimization of land use. Agroecological organization of the territory includes measures on four systemic properties of agroecosystems: productivity, stability, stability and uniformity. All four properties are interrelated in agroecosystems. Without these links it is impossible to organize the territory in order to create conditions for rational use and protection of land, which is demanded by the agricultural land management system. Conclusion. In the article the necessity of characterization of qualitative and quantitative characteristics of lands is grounded in order to find out the influence of the creation of the land mass and the appearance of possible dangers. The basic stages of the transition to environmentally safe agriculture and the formation of ecologically clean land masses have been determined. The types of development of the land mass are described: one-time and step-by-step. The complex problems that may be encountered by an enterprise of any ownership type in the transition to the maintenance of ecologically pure agriculture are determined. Creation of ecologically pure massifs of lands and agroecological organization of the territory includes a system of measures for the adaptation of agricultural production, agriculture to the peculiarities of the natural environment, along with the system of levers of state management of rational ecologically safe use of agricultural land. So the necessity of state support and motivation for enterprises planning to switch to the production of ecologically clean products and the formation of ecologically clean land masses has been substantiated.

The zones of ecological trouble cover about 15% of the territory of Russia, where the main production capacities and the most productive agricultural lands are concentrated. The Samara region is characterized by a distinct natural zonality from a typical forest-steppe in the North with a forest cover close to 30%, to an open dry steppe in the South with a natural forest cover of only 0.1...0.2%. The article presents an analysis of land use in the Samara region on the example of the Borsky municipal district. Research methods include environmental analysis and statistical data analysis.The article presents an analysis of the land use of the Borskiy municipal district. During zoning, the territory of the district is divided into the northern, central and southern parts. Assessment of environmental and economic parameters showed heterogeneity of the territory and the need for detailed consideration of climatic, soil, economic conditions in the design of landscape optimization systems, even in the municipal area. In general, the district's land fund experiences an average anthropogenic load, the ecological stability of the territory as a whole is characterized as unstable stable. In comparison with other areas of the Central MES, the municipal Borskiy district belongs to the category with an average ecological intensity with a stabilization index of 0.59 units due to the beneficial influence of the Buzuluksky area.

The organization of an effective land use system is an important state task. Modern technologies allow us to find a balance, optimality in the use of land resources. At the same time, it can be said that the combination of technologies and their integrated application gives a more powerful synergetic effect, which is expressed, among other things, in the prevention of global environmental disasters, and currently can contribute to solving a number of economic breakdowns, in particular the food crisis. Among the technological solutions and geotechnologies developed and currently used in the field of land and property relations, it is possible to single out the main ones that allow organizing effective land use on the territory of the state: Unified State Register of Real Estate, automated cadastral systems, geoinformation basis of the territory, Unified electronic cartographic basis, geoinformation analysis, information modeling, geodesign technology, smart technologies, digital twin. As examples of the practical application of geotechnologies for the design and organization of an effective land use system, the following are considered: a study of the destruction of the shoreline of the Novosibirsk reservoir in the periods from 1970 to 2020, a study of seasonal flooding of the territory of dacha societies in the Soviet and Pervomaisky districts of Novosibirsk, the design of the placement of solid municipal waste accumulation sites (MSW) on the territory of the private sector of Novosibirsk, analysis of the road network of the city of Novosibirsk for the development of solutions to improve capacity, a comprehensive study of the level of development of social and household comfort of the population on the territory of the city of Novosibirsk, three-dimensional modeling of zones of accumulation of environmental damage on the territory of the city of Novosibirsk, geoinformation analysis of the provision of the territory of the city of Novosibirsk with recreational zones. The considered geotechnologies form the general geospatial structure of the rational land use system. A distinctive feature of their complex application is the possibility of predictive modeling and pre-project analysis of the consequences of economic use of land resources.

I examine aspects of land-use in the north-west Northern Territory by Aboriginal hunter-gatherers and white pastoralists since the early twentieth century. A case study of Legune Station and Marralam Outstation highlights issues of general relevance to those areas of rangelands where pastoralism and huntinglgathering coexist and compete. The historical record indicates that, contrary to widely held views, many aspects of Aboriginal relations to land were maintained throughout the pastoral period. In effect, multiple use has been a reality since contact, and in the wake of the Mabo debate will continue to be an issue for the next century. I argue that policy and bureaucratic frameworks, both past and present, fail to deal with this cross-cultural reality. There are both ethical imperatives and land management advantages in recognising Aborigines as stakeholders in decisions about the future of the rangelands.

This article covers the problem of rational use of land taking into account the economic and environmental aspects, aiming to eliminate any irrational use of land plots in the future. For this reason, it specifies the parameters characterizing the components of a rational land use concept, namely, its compliance with the intended use, sustainable soil fertility and environmental situation. The achievement of rationalization often contradicts the basic objectives of the concept of territorial development. To avoid such contradictions, the authors disclose the principles of rational land use. As of today, the concept of rational land use covers aspects in various spheres, such as ecology, economics, sociology, and, besides, affects environmental measures. Land resources management refers not only to the use of land resources, when natural and economic conditions and properties of the territory are the most fully taken into account, the fundamental socio-economic interests of the society are ensured, high efficiency of production and other activities is achieved, and the productive and other soil properties are recovered and ensured, but also to the possibility of using land by legitimate land users.

The pastoral industry of the Northern Territory faces a suite of environmental and economic challenges associated with, inter alia, export markets, costs of production, climate change, change in government policies, and potential cattle diseases. A participatory planning process was adopted by the industry’s principal representative body, the Northern Territory Cattlemen’s Association to explore the complexity and extent of possible impacts on the industry, and to initiate conversations about anticipating potential futures. The process was facilitated by a system dynamics model, named the Pastoral Properties Future Simulator (PPFS). The PPFS combined a systems modelling approach of the pastoral industry with scenario explorations to gauge the likely impacts on, and possible industry adaptations to, beef price variation, productivity improvements, diversification of land use, climate change, climate policy and employment. The PPFS was used as an interactive tool during stakeholder workshops and results underpinned discussions about impacts and adaptation strategies. Land use and enterprise diversification emerged as key strategies for building enterprise and industry resilience, but with regionally diverging emphasis. The research illustrates the benefits of applied systems dynamic modelling for participatory strategic planning in the face of an uncertain future. The PPFS helped industry members and stakeholders understand the complexity of drivers affecting the industry’s future, risk profiles, possible adaptation strategies and trade-offs.

Tropical mountain ecosystems are threatened by land use pressures, compromising their capacity to provide ecosystem services. Although local patterns and interactions among anthropogenic and biophysical factors shape these socio-ecological systems, the analysis of landscape changes and their driving forces is often qualitative and sector oriented. Using the Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework, we characterized land use land cover (LULC) dynamics using Markov chain probabilities by elevation and geographic settings and then integrated them with a variety of publicly available geospatial and temporal data into a Generalized Additive Model (GAM) to evaluate factors driving such landscape dynamics in a sensitive region of the northern Ecuadorian Andes. In previous agricultural land located at lower elevations to the east of the studied territory, we found a significant expansion of floriculture (13 times) and urban areas (25 times), reaching together almost 10% of the territory from 1990 to 2014. Our findings also revealed an unexpected trend of páramo stability (0.75–0.90), but also a 40% reduction of montane forests, with the lowest probability (<0.50) of persistence in the elevation band of 2800–3300 m; agricultural land is replacing this LULC classes at higher elevation. These trends highlight the increasing threat of permanently losing the already vulnerable native mountain biodiversity. GAMs of socio-economic factors, demographic, infrastructure variables, and environmental parameters explained between 21 to 42% of the variation of LULC transitions observed in the study region, where topographic factors was the main drivers of change. The conceptual and methodological approach of our findings demonstrate how dynamic patterns through space and time and their explanatory drivers can assist local authorities and decision makers to improve sustainable resource land management in vulnerable landscapes such as the tropical Andes in northern Ecuador.

This paper discusses aspects of the intercultural communication processes involved in the quasi-legal presentation of claims to traditional land by Aboriginal people in the Northern Territory before the Aboriginal Land Commissioner. The findings are documented by means of selected extracts from the transcripts of proceedings. Although the proceedings took place predominantly in English, there was some use of interpreters, liberal use of words from Aboriginal languages, and even considerable usage of nonverbal gestures. Most of the Aboriginal witnesses spoke some form of non-standard English influenced by Kriol and traditional Australian languages. The most salient features of their non-standard English are described here. Aboriginal witnesses accommodated their language toward Standard English. Some of their non-standard utterances were clarified by others for the record. The court also accommodated somewhat to Aboriginal styles and forms of speech. Nevertheless there were numerous instances of communication failure, which had various specific causes but were not aided by the culturally alien general legal procedure of question-and-answer elicitation of information.

In the Krasnodar territory, agricultural land occupies 62 % of the territory; of which 79 % is arable land. Most of the agricultural land is located on the Azov-Kuban Plain in the northern part of the region in the steppe river basins. The basin of the Beysug river with an area of about 6,000 km2, in terms of its geographical characteristics, should be attributed to representative basins from the standpoint of the modern dynamics of agricultural landscapes and transformations of the river network. The article analyzes the changes in the steppe agricultural landscapes in the Beysug river basin for the period 1999–2020 in terms of changes in the structure of land use and hydrographic characteristics, based on the data of satellite images. The transformation of agrolandscapes is accompanied by redevelopment of the territory, massive construction of dams on rivers, violation of the conditions of natural drainage, which leads to the restructuring of water exchange processes in river basins. Changes in water exchange processes under semi-arid conditions can be sensitive to local landscapes and agriculture. Until now, insufficient attention has been paid to the hydrological aspects of the transformation of steppe landscapes. According to the DEM ASTER GDEM, 15 river basins were identified with the subsequent determination of land use types on the surface of the basins. In each of the basins, a land use structure has been established, which directly affects the hydrographic indicators, and a decrease in the length of watercourses and the density of the river network has been revealed. Over the past 20 years, in the studied basins, the total length of watercourses due to plowing and redevelopment of the surface has decreased by 8–37 %, and in general in the Beysug river basin—by 469 km.

The main features of geological and tectonic structure, relief, climate, hydrography, soils, natural vegetation are outlined in the article, as well as landscapes are described and the scheme of physical and geographical zoning of Luhansk region (Ukraine) is given. The analysis of the southern (right bank of the Seversky Donets River) and northern (left bank of the Seversky Donets River) parts of Luhansk region from the standpoint of land development. Intensive and extensive agricultural activity over the centuries and the consequences it has led to have been studied. Emphasis is placed on the irrational attitude to the natural resources of Luhansk region, which refers it to environmentally dangerous (problematic) regions of Ukraine. The purpose of this publication is to analyze the spatial features of land use, namely the natural preconditions for land development in Luhansk region (Ukraine). Statement of scientific and practical problem. The territory of Luhansk region, as of today, is characterized by a high level of economic development, which has exacerbated environmental problems, the solution of which requires, first of all, change the structure of land use, reclamation of eroded lands, create land protection projects and implement them. The greatest environmental danger is posed by lands occupied by mining enterprises and industries, as well as those lands that are in their area of influence. That is why the study of natural preconditions for land development in Luhansk, features of geological and tectonic structure, relief, climate, hydrography, soils, natural vegetation, as well as landscapes of Luhansk region is a key element in solving these problems in the study region. Relevance and novelty of the study. One of the most important components of the natural environment of human life are land resources, which are the main means of production, the most important component of the resource base of agriculture, as well as the spatial basis for the location of all sectors of the economy. The invaluable importance of land resources in all spheres of human life necessitates their study and implementation of the idea of comprehensive protection of productive lands as a guarantee of food, economic and environmental security of the state. In Ukraine, there is a very critical situation in agricultural land use. Land resources are rapidly degrading, which in the future may threaten the food security of the state. A striking example of human waste is the practice of irrational land use in Luhansk region, which is located in the far east of Ukraine. Due to the special circumstances of today (military action in the Luhansk region) research in the field of land resources is becoming very acute. Among the administrative regions of Ukraine, Luhansk region has the worst indicators of land use, especially the state of land resources. Physical disturbance of soil cover due to erosion, disturbance of physical and chemical processes in soils, reduction of land productivity leads to the loss of part of the land value of the object of labor. Soils mostly suffer from excessive plowing, ie due to suboptimal land structure. Over the last century, land degradation due to the intensification of negative both purely natural and anthropogenically conditioned and enhanced processes has become catastrophic. Analysis of recent publications on the research topic. Land resources both in Ukraine and in the world have been the subject of research for a long time, so many scientists of various profiles study them in many ways. In particular, the issues of land use and protection are studied by L. Ya. Novakovsky (2015), A. Ya. Sokhnych (2018), M. G. Stupen (2019), A. M. Tretyak (2018). The issue of ecologically safe land use is the subject of research by V. O. Belolipsky (2015), D. S. Dobryak (2006), O. M. Drugov (2012). Problems of concentration of agricultural land use in the conditions of completion of land reform are raised by O. P. Kanash (2010), O. V. Lazareva (2015). A. M. Joss (2002), O. O. Kiselyova (2019), G. G. Kominova (2003), P. A. Milekhin (2002) and others dealt with the problems of land use optimization in Luhansk region at different times.

The Andes represent Earth’s longest mountain system and include some of the world’s highest peaks. The rugged relief found above 1,000 m elevation produces strong environmental gradients tied to dramatic changes in temperature, moisture, and atmospheric pressure. These physical factors provide the background to understanding Andean landforms and land cover. In this chapter, we review these factors and patterns, and the complicating influences of geology and human land use, for the tropical and subtropical portions of the Andes, above 1,000 m and from 11°N to 24°S, in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Perú, Bolivia, and northernmost Argentina and Chile. The tropical Andes are recognized as one of the most important regions in the world from the viewpoint of biodiversity conservation (Myers et al., 2000; Brooks et al., 2002). They are home to ancient human settlements and early civilizations (Burger, 1992; Bruhns, 1994; Dillehay, 1999), and large indigenous populations (Maybury-Lewis, 2002) living in some of the highest permanent settlements in the world. As a result, a better understanding of the physical geography of this complex region is important for sustainable development initiatives and other global environmental concerns. Historically important overviews have been written for this region by von Humboldt (1807), Troll (1931), and Ellenberg (1958). Country-level studies include those for Venezuela (Monasterio, 1980), Colombia (Cuatrecasas, 1958; Rangel, 2000), Ecuador (Whymper, 1896; Acosta Solís, 1968; Jørgensen and León-Yánez, 1999), Perú (Weberbauer, 1945; Young and León, 2001), and Bolivia (Navarro and Maldonado, 2002). Luteyn (1999) has assembled information on the plants of the high elevations of the northern Andes, Luteyn and Churchill (2000) have examined the plant communities of the tropical Andes, and Kappelle and Brown (2001) have provided descriptive accounts of the montane forests. Inspiring chronicles can be found in Steele (1964) and Botting (1973). In this chapter, we first describe the relationships among the physical environments and natural landscapes of the tropical and subtropical Andes. We then discuss the natural vegetation types to be found, as typified by the forests, shrublands, grasslands, high Andean types, and wetlands. Finally, we summarize key aspects of the role of historical biogeography and human influences on and within those landscapes.

The social structure and physical form of the state-owned farm in north-east China Xiujie Li, Hongpeng Fu, Meng Yang College of Urban and Environmental Sciences. Peking University. Beijing. China. 100871 E-mail: 1400013234@pku.edu.cn, issacfuhongpeng@163.com, shuangzizhixin@163.com Keywords: state-owned farm, policy, social structure, physical form, urban morphology Conference topics and scale: Urban form and social use of space State-owned farms in north-east China are numerous and large in size. They have played an important role in the reclamation and guarding of the frontier in China. Their physical form is sensitive to government policy. Following the historical development of a particular farm, an examination is made of how its social structure and physical form have been influenced by the policies of different periods. The development process has experienced three stages since this farm’s founding. There has been a change from ‘farmers farming together on the land which belongs to the whole farm’ to ‘farmers farming together on the land which belongs to the companies of the farm’, and then ‘farmers farming severally on the land’. The physical form of the farm has been influenced by the policies in different historical periods. Important aspects of these policies include industrial structure, population structure, land ownership, and town and country planning. This study provides a basis for future urban morphological research. References Conzen, M.R.G. (2011) Alnwick, Northumberland: a study in town-plan analysis (China Architecture &amp; Building Press, China) Bray, D. (2005) Social space and governance in urban China (Stanford University Press, Stanford)

En esta investigación, se evidencian las implicancias ambientales de los procesos de transformación del paisaje sobre el territorio del borde costero de La Araucanía en Chile, el cual se caracteriza por cinco aspectos: (1) altos niveles de pobreza y de ruralidad, (2) una importante consolidación y expansión de asentamientos agregados, (3) presencia de elementos singulares dados por condiciones naturales (humedales, bosques pantanosos, estuarios), (4) pueblos originarios (mapuche) y (5) procesos de colonización tardía. La investigación muestra inicialmente una revisión exploratoria de los hitos históricos más relevantes que han determinado los procesos de transformación del paisaje. Luego se evalúa geoespacialmente el cambio de uso del suelo entre los años 1980 y 2004, lo que permite precisar las principales categorías de cambio del uso del suelo y el estado actual del paisaje ecológico. Este análisis se complementó con la revisión de indicadores demográficos y socioeconómicos que permite visualizar los efectos del cambio de uso del suelo en la población. Los resultados mostraron que la irrupción de la agroganadería hispano-mediterránea y la posterior desforestación por parte de los colonos tuvo graves efectos en el paisaje. Más recientemente, la dinámica de transformación en la matriz agropecuaria dominante hacia la actividad forestal (pasando de 1% en 1980 a 19% en 2004), ocasionó un retroceso de 8.762 ha de la matriz agropecuaria y una disminución general de todas las coberturas naturales. De este modo, se cuantificó una redistribución de los usos del suelo, aumento de la fragmentación del paisaje y pérdida de conectividad espacial de los sistemas naturales. A su vez, se constató un desplazamiento de la población rural y la consolidación de centros urbanos como Nueva Toltén, Hualpín, Teodoro Schmidt y Saavedra, lo cual se relaciona con la disminución de la natalidad, el incremento de la tasa de envejecimiento y la falta de empleo. Se concluye que la interfaz de relaciones socio-culturales, físico-ambientales y económicas en el área, dan cuenta de la necesidad de nuevos enfoques e instrumentos de planificación que permitan potenciar el desarrollo local. This research makes evident the environmental implications of the process of transforming the landscape in the territory of the coastal strip of La Araucania in Chile, which is characterized by five aspects: (1) high level of poverty and rurality, (2) a major consolidation and expansion of aggregate settlements, (3) the presence of singular elements due to natural conditions (wetlands, swamp forests, estuaries), (4) aboriginal people (mapuche) and, (5) late colonization process. The research shows initially an exploratory revision of the more relevant historical milestones, which have determined the process of transforming the landscape. Then, the change in land use between 1980 and 2004 it is geospatial rated, which allows to specify the main categories of change in land use and the current status of the ecological landscape. This analysis was complemented with the revision of demographic and socioeconomic indicators which permits to view the effects of the change in land use in the population. The results showed that the irruption of the spanish agriculture and and the subsequent deforestation by the settlers had severe effects on the landscape. More recently, the dynamics of transformation in the matrix to the dominant agricultural towards forestry (from 1% in 1980 to 19% in 2004), caused a decrease of 8.762 hectares of the agricultural matrix and a general decline of all natural coverage. Thus, a redistribution of the land use, an increased fragmentation of the landscape and a loss of spatial connectivity of natural systems was quantified. Besides, there was a movement of the rural population and a consolidation of urban centers like Nueva Toltén, Hualpin, Teodoro Schmidt y Saavedra, which it is related to falling of birth rate, increasing of rate of aging and lack of employment. We conclude that the interface of socio-cultural relations, economic and physical environment in the area, reveals the need for new approaches and planning tools for enhancing local development.

La política de vivienda en México, implementada en el año 2002, otorgó un apoyo pleno a la iniciativa privada para participar en la producción de la vivienda social. La primera acción que el gobierno federal realizó fue la institución de la Comisión Nacional para el Fomento a la Vivienda, CONAFOVI (hoy CONAVI), órgano descentralizado de la Secretaría de Desarrollo Social, SEDESOL, creado por el Presidente de la República en el año 2001. Esta Comisión tiene como responsabilidad diseñar, promover, dirigir y coordinar la política nacional de vivienda. Aún cuando atiende a los diversos niveles, desde vivienda residencial hasta interés social, incide particularmente en esta última, vista ahora como un producto inmobiliario de muy alta rentabilidad, cuyo financiamiento está asegurado por los programas subsidiarios del gobierno, y es promovida, además, por el mismo sector público por considerarse un importante generador de actividad económica e impulsor del desarrollo del sector, creando un círculo virtuoso que inminentemente impacta los aspectos sociales y culturales aún en tiempos de recesión. Si bien la producción de vivienda social se vio estimulada en todo el país, fue en la frontera norte, particularmente en Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, donde el eco de este programa tuvo mayor magnitud. En ella se produjo la mayor producción de vivienda económica en cuatro ocasiones consecutivas, de 2004 a 2007, a nivel a nivel nacional. Ciudad Juárez es una de las 52 zonas metropolitanas de México, el principal polo de desarrollo del Estado en donde se asienta el 40.52% de la población de la entidad y la sexta ciudad en el país en cuanto a tamaño de habitantes se refiere. Aproximadamente el 82% de la PEA tiene ingresos iguales o menores a 4 salarios mínimos, lo cual la hace potencialmente beneficiaria de créditos de vivienda económica. Este hecho puede tener diversas lecturas, sin embargo, la que ahora merece nuestra atención es el impacto que este fenómeno ha tenido en el suelo de uso habitacional y la participación que han tenido el sector público y el privado en su ocupación durante el periodo 2001 a 2006, así como la presión inmobiliaria que se ha ejercido y derivado en la ampliación del fundo legal del municipio sin estar esto considerado en el Plan de Desarrollo del Municipio de Juárez. Los diferentes porcentajes de participación en la producción de vivienda social del sector público y privado con su proyección en la utilización de suelo, la ubicación de los conjuntos habitacionales desarrollados así como el número de acciones de vivienda realizadas de acuerdo a sus diversos tipos: social, media y residencial, al sumarse constituyen un importante segmento de la panorámica que habrá de llevarnos a conocer el impacto que la política nacional de vivienda ha tenido en la ciudad que ha sido su mejor receptora, y por tanto, su mejor ejemplificación. A siete años de distancia, tenemos una ciudad segregada, desarticulada y con grandes superficies vacías a su interior. El crecimiento disperso y la cuestionable “demanda de vivienda” han producido un paisaje en donde los barrios consolidados lucen abandonados. A la par, un alto porcentaje de viviendas emplazadas en los nuevos fraccionamientos ni siquiera han sido habitadas ante la falta de accesibilidad a equipamiento y servicios urbanos. El aval de las políticas públicas para adquirir una segunda vivienda, aún de interés social, ha hecho que éstas de incorporen al mercado de vivienda en renta pese a que ello se contrapone a su carácter social. En síntesis, tenemos que el apoyo incondicional a la producción de vivienda social sin visualizar sus efectos colaterales, han sido la piedra angular para la expansión irracional de las ciudades mexicanas. Mexico's housing policy, created in the year 2002, gave the private sector whole support to participate in the production of social housing. The first action of the federal government was creating the National Commission for Housing Support, (CONAFOVI, later CONAVI), a decentralized organization of the Secretary of Social Development, SEDESOL, created by the President on 2001. This Commission has the responsibility to design, promote, direct and coordinate the national housing policy, which despite supporting different housing levels, from high income to social housing, now seen this last one as a highly profitable real state product, whose credit is insured by the government's subsidies. The social housing is promoted by the public sector itself since its considered an important source of economic activity even while in times of a recession and to economic development is granted and being a support for the sector development, creating a virtuous circle which imminently impacts on social and cultural aspects. Though social housing development was stimulated in the whole country, it was in the northern border, particularly in Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, where the echoes of this program had a greater magnitude; so much that it is responsible for the biggest production of economical housing on four consecutive years, from 2004 to 2007, in the whole country. Ciudad Juarez is the main pole of development in the state, where 40.52% of the state's population resides and proximately 82% of the PEA has an income equal or less than four minimal wages, which makes it a potentially beneficiary of economic housing credits. This fact can have several different readings, nevertheless the one now deserves our attention is the impact this phenomenon has had in the residential land use and the participation that the public and private sector have had in its occupation during the 2001 to 2006 period, as well as the real state pressure that has been exerted and is responsible for increasing the city limits without taking into account the Municipal Development Plan of Juarez. The different percentages of participation in the production of social housing by the public and private sectors with their projection in the land use, the location of developed housing sectors and the number of housing actions that have taken place according to their diverse levels: social, middle and high income, when added constitute an important segment of the panorama that will take us to know the impact that the national housing policy has had in the city, which has been its main receptor, thus, its best example. Seven years in time, we have a city that suffers from segregation, disarticulation and with a great amount of inner empty spaces. Disperse growth and the questionable "housing demand" have produced a scenery in which consolidated neighborhoods look abandoned; along side, a high percentage of built homes in the new neighborhoods have not been inhabited because of the lack of equipment and urban services. The ability to acquire a second house, even if it is social level, has caused them to be incorporated to the rental market even though this contradicts their social character. In conclusion, we have found that unconditional support to the production of social housing without foreseeing its collateral effects has been a key factor for the irrational expansion in Mexican cities.

The role of historical green spaces in the identity and image of today’s cities: The case of Madrid Eva J. Rodríguez Romero¹, Carlota Sáenz de Tejada Granados², Rocío Santo-Tomás Muro3 1, 2, 3 Departamento de Arquitectura y Diseño. Universidad CEU San Pablo. Escuela Politécnica Superior, Campus de Montepríncipe. 28668 Boadilla del Monte, Madrid. E-mail: rodrom@ceu.es, carlota.saenztejada@ceu.es, rocio.santotomasmuro@beca.ceu.es Keywords: landscape history, proximity landscape, city iconography, sense of place, Madrid Conference topics and scale: Urban green space The image that a city offers when approaching it, depending on its topographical situation, the drawing of its borders or its urban form, generates a perceptive construction, for both locals and tourists, with the potential to become an iconic image and therefore play a part in the collective imagery. The character and value of those landscapes is largely determined by their green spaces, preserved in most European cities for their ecological or historical significance. Being able to recognize the worthiness of these proximity visions, in the context of today’s growing cities, is of fundamental relevance in order to enhance the sense of place, amongst other community values. In this communication we study the above-mentioned aspects in the image of the city of Madrid, within the framework of the project ‘Proximity landscapes of the city of Madrid. From the 19thC to the present’ currently in process. Through a landscape analysis of a selection of iconographic representations of the surroundings of the city, we draw special attention to the presence of historical green spaces throughout time, and its relation with architectural landmarks in the progressive construction of an iconic image of the city. From here, we can deduce the relevance that these elements have in the generation of a recognizable character and the decisive role of protection mechanisms in order to preserve it. References Lasso de la Vega, M. (2007) Quintas de recreo. Las casas de campo de la aristocracia alrededor de Madrid, 2Vol. (Madrid City Council, Madrid) Martínez, A. (2008). El entorno urbano del Palacio Real de Madrid entre 1735 y 1885 (Madrid City Council, Madrid). Ortega, J., Martínez, A. &amp; Martín, F.J. (2008) Entre los Puentes del Rey y de Segovia. Secuencias gráficas del río Manzanares (Madrid City Council, Madrid). Ramón-Laca, L., Tardío, F.J. (2005) ‘Vegetal products used in Madrid between the 14th and 19thC, Asclepio (LVII-2, 25-44. Wester-Heber, M. (2004) ‘Underlying concerns in land-use conflicts-the role of place identity in risk perception’, Environmental Science &amp; Policy, 7, 109-116.

Downstream of the Somma-Vesuvius volcanic complex, the countryside records the flourishing of communities based on agricultural economies that have been facilitated, since the early modern history, by the fertility of the land, the mildness of the climate and the favourable location with respect to the natural routes of communication. The adaptation and dialogue between this territory and man led to the realization of the so-called “masserie”, the articulated rural artefacts, mostly developed on a primitive compositional structure at court, in which residential and working functions seamlessly coexist. The paper discusses the sustainable and bioclimatic solutions for building and running evidence of this volcanic vernacular system, to inquire how the constructive knowledge, based on the awareness of the properties of local materials, has given solutions to various needs. Indeed, the peasants used the different characteristics of the various igneous rocks, exploited to their maximum performance capabilities, to realize rubble masonry, light vaults, outdoor flooring, and even fixed furniture. In the same functional and “green” resource use, the plan layout follows a distribution corresponding to the best use of the sun and its effects on environmental optimization, and the rainwater collection system connects multiple wells to the underground tank whose position, spatial conformation and materials are expertly engineered. The study finally deepens a case study (the masseria of the Duke of Salza) representing the application of local building tradition in terms of construction features and typological aspects, and the evidence of the history and vulnerabilities of the Vesuvian land. In addition, the specificities of the masseria sample allow mastering the functioning of the whole building organism and the quality of the finishes, which demonstrate how, in their formal simplicity, these vernacular “monuments” were soberly embellished and complexly designed.